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# Date 2008-01-16 Time 03:19:22 PST -0800 (1200482362.10 s)
#phil __OFF__
Command line arguments: "../1189.param" "adp.set_b_iso=10" "sites.shake=0.5" "main.number_of_macro_cycles=5" "--overwrite"
HOST = moonbird.lbl.gov
HOSTTYPE = x86_64-linux
USER = phzwart
PID = 31848
JOB_ID = 5158
SGE_ARCH = lx24-amd64
SGE_TASK_FIRST = 1
SGE_TASK_LAST = 1330
SGE_TASK_ID = 1189
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHENIX: Python-based Hierarchical ENvironment for Integrated Xtallography
User: phzwart
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
phenix.refine: Macromolecular Structure Refinement
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phenix developers include:
Paul Adams, Pavel Afonine, Vicent Chen, Ian Davis, Kreshna Gopal,
Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve, Li-Wei Hung, Robert Immormino, Tom Ioerger,
Airlie McCoy, Erik McKee, Nigel Moriarty, Reetal Pai, Randy Read,
Jane Richardson, David Richardson, Tod Romo, Jim Sacchettini,
Nicholas Sauter, Jacob Smith, Laurent Storoni, Tom Terwilliger,
Peter Zwart
Phenix home page:
http://www.phenix-online.org/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phenix components are copyrighted by:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Duke University
- Texas Agricultural Experiment Station &
Texas Engineering Experiment Station
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Major third-party components of Phenix include:
Python, wxwidgets, wxPython, Boost, SCons, Clipper,
CCP4 Monomer Library, CCP4 I/O libraries, PyCifRW, FFTPACK, L-BFGS
Enter phenix.acknowledgments for details.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Processing inputs. This may take a minute or two.
Command line parameter definitions:
refinement.modify_start_model.adp.set_b_iso = 10
refinement.modify_start_model.sites.shake = 0.5
refinement.main.number_of_macro_cycles = 5
Working crystal symmetry after inspecting all inputs:
Unit cell: (71.655, 47.8686, 84.6622, 90, 90, 90)
Space group: P 21 21 21 (No. 19)
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/model.pdb
Monomer Library directory:
"/net/rosie/scratch3/phzwart/CCTBX/Sources/mon_lib"
Total number of atoms: 2823
Number of models: 1
Model: 0
Number of conformers: 2
Conformer: "A"
Number of atoms: 2769
Number of chains: 2
Number of residues, atoms: 302, 2333
Classifications: {'peptide': 302}
Modifications used: {'COO': 1}
Link IDs: {'PTRANS': 7, 'CIS': 1, 'TRANS': 293}
Number of residues, atoms: 436, 436
Classifications: {'water': 436}
Link IDs: {None: 435}
Conformer: "B"
Number of atoms: 2771
Common with "A": 2717
Number of chains: 2
Number of residues, atoms: 302, 2333
Classifications: {'peptide': 302}
Modifications used: {'COO': 1}
Link IDs: {'PTRANS': 7, 'CIS': 1, 'TRANS': 293}
bond proxies already assigned to first conformer: 2332
Number of residues, atoms: 438, 438
Classifications: {'water': 438}
Link IDs: {None: 437}
Time building chain proxies: 3.25, per 1000 atoms: 1.15
================================== X-ray data =================================
F-obs:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:FOBS,SIGMA
R-free flags:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:TEST
Miller array info: /net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:FOBS,SIGMA
Observation type: xray.amplitude
Type of data: double, size=19589
Type of sigmas: double, size=19589
Number of Miller indices: 19589
Anomalous flag: False
Unit cell: (71.655, 47.8686, 84.6622, 90, 90, 90)
Space group: P 21 21 21 (No. 19)
Systematic absences: 0
Centric reflections: 2427
Resolution range: 15.124 1.96152
Completeness in resolution range: 0.913368
Completeness with d_max=infinity: 0.910693
Number of F-obs in resolution range: 19589
Number of F-obs <= 0: 0
Refinement resolution range: d_max = 15.1240
d_min = 1.9615
Miller array info: /net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:TEST
Observation type: None
Type of data: int, size=19589
Type of sigmas: None
Number of Miller indices: 19589
Anomalous flag: False
Unit cell: (71.655, 47.8686, 84.6622, 90, 90, 90)
Space group: P 21 21 21 (No. 19)
Systematic absences: 0
Centric reflections: 2427
Resolution range: 15.124 1.96152
Completeness in resolution range: 0.913368
Completeness with d_max=infinity: 0.910693
Test (R-free flags) flag value: 1
Number of work/free reflections by resolution:
work free %free
bin 1: 15.1245 - 4.1987 [2256/2285] 2032 224 9.9%
bin 2: 4.1987 - 3.3445 [2151/2174] 1934 217 10.1%
bin 3: 3.3445 - 2.9252 [2127/2152] 1913 214 10.1%
bin 4: 2.9252 - 2.6593 [2124/2141] 1914 210 9.9%
bin 5: 2.6593 - 2.4696 [2083/2126] 1880 203 9.7%
bin 6: 2.4696 - 2.3245 [2094/2122] 1879 215 10.3%
bin 7: 2.3245 - 2.2085 [2092/2128] 1885 207 9.9%
bin 8: 2.2085 - 2.1126 [2054/2096] 1848 206 10.0%
bin 9: 2.1126 - 2.0315 [2014/2115] 1809 205 10.2%
bin 10: 2.0315 - 1.9615 [ 594/2108] 536 58 9.8%
overall 17630 1959 10.0%
Writing MTZ file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_1189/model_refine_data.mtz
========================== Anomalous scatterer groups =========================
All atoms refined with f_prime=0 and f_double_prime=0.
========================== Set up restraints manager ==========================
Number of disulfides: simple=3, symmetry=0
Simple disulfide: " SG CYS A 168 " - " SG ACYS A 201 " distance=2.08
Simple disulfide: " SG CYS A 168 " - " SG BCYS A 201 " distance=1.98
Simple disulfide: " SG CYS A 254 " - " SG CYS A 260 " distance=2.05
Time building geometry restraints manager: 0.15 seconds
Histogram of bond lengths:
1.21 - 1.38: 943
1.38 - 1.56: 1465
1.56 - 1.73: 7
1.73 - 1.90: 21
1.90 - 2.08: 3
Bond restraints sorted by residual:
atom i - atom j ideal model delta weight residual
" SG CYS A 168 " - " SG BCYS A 201 " 2.031 1.983 0.048 2.50e+03 5.87e+00
" C GLN A 88 " - " N GLN A 89 " 1.329 1.360 -0.031 5.10e+03 4.97e+00
" SG CYS A 168 " - " SG ACYS A 201 " 2.031 2.075 -0.044 2.50e+03 4.89e+00
" CB CYS A 201 " - " SG ACYS A 201 " 1.808 1.738 0.070 9.18e+02 4.46e+00
" C PRO A 198 " - " N ILE A 199 " 1.329 1.301 0.028 5.10e+03 4.10e+00
... (remaining 2434 not shown)
Histogram of nonbonded interaction distances:
1.53 - 2.20: 22
2.20 - 2.88: 1257
2.88 - 3.55: 4399
3.55 - 4.23: 9171
4.23 - 4.90: 13307
Nonbonded interactions sorted by model distance:
atom i - atom j model vdw sym.op. j
" O HOH Z 206 " - " O HOH Z 342 " 1.529 3.040 -x+1/2,-y+1,z+1/2
" ND2 ASN A 215 " - " O HOH Z 203 " 1.537 3.120 -x+1/2,-y+1,z-1/2
" OG1 THR A 246 " - " O HOH Z 201 " 1.561 3.040 -x+1/2,-y+1,z-1/2
" O HOH Z 207 " - " O HOH Z 341 " 1.565 3.040 -x+1/2,-y+1,z+1/2
" O TYR A 214 " - " O HOH Z 204 " 1.686 3.040 -x+1/2,-y+1,z-1/2
... (remaining 28151 not shown)
Histogram of dihedral angle deviations from ideal:
0.01 - 17.19: 754
17.19 - 34.36: 62
34.36 - 51.54: 27
51.54 - 68.71: 23
68.71 - 85.89: 4
Dihedral angle restraints sorted by residual:
" CA PHE A 192 "
" CB PHE A 192 "
" CG PHE A 192 "
" CD1 PHE A 192 "
ideal model delta periodicty weight residual
90.00 7.91 82.09 2 2.50e-03 1.68e+01
" N PRO A 54 "
" CG PRO A 54 "
" CD PRO A 54 "
" CB PRO A 54 "
ideal model delta periodicty weight residual
30.00 -27.17 57.17 3 4.44e-03 1.45e+01
" N PRO A 280 "
" CA PRO A 280 "
" CB PRO A 280 "
" CG PRO A 280 "
ideal model delta periodicty weight residual
-25.00 38.44 56.56 3 4.44e-03 1.42e+01
... (remaining 867 not shown)
==================== Fixing bad ADP in input model (if any) ===================
============================== Scattering factors =============================
----------X-ray scattering dictionary----------
Number of scattering types: 4
Type Number sf(0) Gaussians
S 13 15.96 2
O 902 7.97 2
N 437 6.97 2
C 1471 5.97 2
sf(0) = scattering factor at diffraction angle 0.
====================== Modifying start model if requested =====================
Setting all isotropic ADP = 10.000: selected atoms: all (2823)
Shaking sites (RMS = 0.500): selected atoms: all (2823)
==================== Fixing bad ADP in input model (if any) ===================
================== Extract refinement strategy and selections =================
individual_sites = True
rigid_body = False
individual_adp = True
group_adp = False
tls = False
individual_occupancies = True
group_occupancies = False
group_anomalous = False
size = 2823
n_use = 2823
n_use_u_iso = 2823
n_use_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_site = 0
n_grad_u_iso = 0
n_grad_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_occupancy = 0
n_grad_fp = 0
n_grad_fdp = 0
n_anisotropic_flag = 0
total number of scatterers = 2823
==================== Process input NCS or/and find new NCS ====================
Using existing and finding new NCS is disabled.
Use refinement.main.ncs=true to activate it.
Look at refinement.ncs for more NCS related parameters.
=================== Write initial parameters into .eff file ===================
Writing effective parameters to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_1189/model_refine_001.eff
Writing geometry restraints to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_1189/model_refine_001.geo
CPU time processing inputs: 9.04
============================ Non-default parameters ===========================
A complete record of all parameters was written to the .eff file above.
Below are only the non-defaults.
#phil __ON__
refinement {
crystal_symmetry {
unit_cell = 71.655 47.8686 84.6622 90 90 90
space_group = "P 21 21 21"
}
input {
pdb {
file_name = "/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/model.pdb"
}
xray_data {
file_name = "/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns"
labels = "FOBS,SIGMA"
r_free_flags {
file_name = "/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns"
label = "TEST"
test_flag_value = 1
}
}
}
output {
prefix = "model_refine"
serial = 1
}
main {
number_of_macro_cycles = 5
}
modify_start_model {
adp {
set_b_iso = 10
}
sites {
shake = 0.5
}
}
}
#phil __OFF__
============================= ml refinement start =============================
----------structure factors based statistics (before refinement)----------
----------X-ray data----------
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.5076 r_free= 0.5013 ksol= 0.00 Bsol= 0.00 scale= 0.767 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.91 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.307860 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bin Resolution Compl. No. Refl. R-factors Targets |
|number range work test work test work test|
| 1: 15.1245 - 4.6837 0.99 1463 166 0.4212 0.4201 6.6492 6.6335|
| 2: 4.6837 - 3.7360 0.99 1398 154 0.4373 0.4603 6.8603 6.9335|
| 3: 3.7360 - 3.2692 0.99 1382 148 0.4902 0.4243 6.7119 6.6645|
| 4: 3.2692 - 2.9728 0.99 1364 154 0.5109 0.4854 6.5397 6.5225|
| 5: 2.9728 - 2.7611 0.99 1371 153 0.5373 0.5641 6.3799 6.3813|
| 6: 2.7611 - 2.5992 0.99 1355 154 0.5375 0.4949 6.2928 6.2015|
| 7: 2.5992 - 2.4696 0.98 1340 139 0.5370 0.4861 6.2592 6.2073|
| 8: 2.4696 - 2.3625 0.98 1338 152 0.5448 0.5782 6.1534 6.1966|
| 9: 2.3625 - 2.2719 0.99 1349 154 0.5522 0.5565 6.1518 6.1267|
| 10: 2.2719 - 2.1937 0.98 1335 150 0.5249 0.5314 6.074 6.1276|
| 11: 2.1937 - 2.1253 0.97 1341 145 0.5366 0.5503 6.0406 5.9901|
| 12: 2.1253 - 2.0647 0.98 1301 147 0.5496 0.5437 5.9304 5.9688|
| 13: 2.0647 - 2.0105 0.76 1034 120 0.5554 0.5517 5.8765 5.8382|
| 14: 2.0105 - 1.9615 0.19 259 23 0.5700 0.5313 5.7882 5.7954|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|R-free likelihood based estimates for figures of merit, absolute phase error,|
|and distribution parameters alpha and beta (Acta Cryst. (1995). A51, 880-887)|
| |
| Bin Resolution No. Refl. FOM Phase Scale Alpha Beta |
| # range work test error factor |
| 1: 15.1245 - 4.6837 1463 166 0.66 38.08 0.78 0.69 85979.45|
| 2: 4.6837 - 3.7360 1398 154 0.64 40.28 0.85 0.71 129021.65|
| 3: 3.7360 - 3.2692 1382 148 0.50 51.51 0.78 0.62 140873.60|
| 4: 3.2692 - 2.9728 1364 154 0.39 60.58 0.77 0.50 125327.71|
| 5: 2.9728 - 2.7611 1371 153 0.31 66.98 0.70 0.39 99293.73|
| 6: 2.7611 - 2.5992 1355 154 0.31 66.65 0.71 0.38 80816.04|
| 7: 2.5992 - 2.4696 1340 139 0.31 66.91 0.72 0.35 69054.35|
| 8: 2.4696 - 2.3625 1338 152 0.28 69.26 0.70 0.34 65392.28|
| 9: 2.3625 - 2.2719 1349 154 0.20 74.96 0.71 0.24 61768.73|
| 10: 2.2719 - 2.1937 1335 150 0.14 79.29 0.73 0.17 60458.65|
| 11: 2.1937 - 2.1253 1341 145 0.10 82.23 0.77 0.13 55566.91|
| 12: 2.1253 - 2.0647 1301 147 0.11 81.86 0.71 0.15 51607.15|
| 13: 2.0647 - 2.0105 1034 120 0.11 81.47 0.70 0.15 43907.20|
| 14: 2.0105 - 1.9615 259 23 0.09 83.08 0.66 0.12 37719.13|
|alpha: min = 0.12 max = 0.71 mean = 0.38|
|beta: min = 37719.13 max = 140873.60 mean = 82718.29|
|figures of merit: min = 0.00 max = 1.00 mean = 0.32|
|phase err.(work): min = 0.00 max = 89.99 mean = 65.79|
|phase err.(test): min = 0.00 max = 89.99 mean = 65.93|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
============================== Outliers rejection =============================
basic_wilson_outliers = 0
extreme_wilson_outliers = 0
beamstop_shadow_outliers = 0
total = 0
====================== Target weights (before refinement) =====================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 22.486727 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 83.349 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 2.317083 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 81.375 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------Initial model statistics (before refinement)----------
|-Geometry statistics: start--------------------------------------------------|
| Histogram of deviations from ideal values for |
| Bonds | Angles | Nonbonded contacts |
| 0.000 - 0.140: 597 | 0.009 - 7.457: 713 | 1.160 - 1.534: 5 |
| 0.140 - 0.280: 585 | 7.457 - 14.906: 711 | 1.534 - 1.908: 21 |
| 0.280 - 0.420: 441 | 14.906 - 22.354: 630 | 1.908 - 2.282: 164 |
| 0.420 - 0.560: 366 | 22.354 - 29.802: 474 | 2.282 - 2.656: 660 |
| 0.560 - 0.700: 237 | 29.802 - 37.251: 338 | 2.656 - 3.030: 1440 |
| 0.700 - 0.840: 127 | 37.251 - 44.699: 241 | 3.030 - 3.404: 2566 |
| 0.840 - 0.980: 59 | 44.699 - 52.147: 125 | 3.404 - 3.778: 3920 |
| 0.980 - 1.120: 17 | 52.147 - 59.595: 51 | 3.778 - 4.152: 5029 |
| 1.120 - 1.260: 9 | 59.595 - 67.044: 13 | 4.152 - 4.526: 6586 |
| 1.260 - 1.400: 1 | 67.044 - 74.492: 3 | 4.526 - 4.900: 7774 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-Geometry statistics: start--------------------------------------------------|
| Type | Count | Deviation from ideal | Targets | Target (sum) |
| | | rmsd max min | | |
| bond | 2439 | 0.414 1.400 0.000 | 454.651 | |
| angle | 3299 | 24.226 74.492 0.009 | 193.752 | |
| chirality | 348 | 2.119 6.404 0.009 | 112.240 | 53.988 |
| planarity | 436 | 0.145 0.405 0.000 | 250.485 | |
| dihedral | 870 | 33.790 144.062 0.019 | 20.704 | |
| nonbonded | 2439 | 4.091 4.900 1.160 | 2.175 | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 12.102)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 10.000 - 10.000: 2823 | 5: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 1: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 6: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 2: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 7: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 3: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 8: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 4: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 9: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-Occupancies statistics------------------------------------------------------|
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.30 number of occupancies < 0.1 = 0 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------Modify initial isotropic ADP----------
Randomizing
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 12.102)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.01 19.99 9.86 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.01 19.99 9.86 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.06 19.99 10.10 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.01 19.98 9.82 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.008 - 2.007: 301 | 5: 10.002 - 12.000: 285 |
| 1: 2.007 - 4.006: 276 | 6: 12.000 - 13.999: 292 |
| 2: 4.006 - 6.004: 309 | 7: 13.999 - 15.998: 289 |
| 3: 6.004 - 8.003: 285 | 8: 15.998 - 17.996: 266 |
| 4: 8.003 - 10.002: 251 | 9: 17.996 - 19.995: 269 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 1 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.5113 r_free= 0.5060 ksol= 0.00 Bsol= 0.00 scale= 0.739 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.96 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.308398 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.5011 r_free= 0.4904 ksol= 0.30 Bsol= 20.00 scale= 0.945 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (7.40,9.77,7.05,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 8.07 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.96 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.306245 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 17.754769 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 85.165 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 1.730703 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 81.954 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.5011 final r-factor (work) = 0.4492 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4904 final r-factor (free) = 0.4713 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 109.9505 = 17.75 * 0.50 * 6.3039 + 1.00 * 53.9885 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 55.6640 = 17.75 * 0.50 * 6.2521 + 1.00 * 0.1612 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 26 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.4492 final r-factor (work) = 0.4148 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4713 final r-factor (free) = 0.4630 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 10.8354 = 1.73 * 1.00 * 6.2521 + 1.00 * 0.0148 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 10.7778 = 1.73 * 1.00 * 6.2146 + 1.00 * 0.0222 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 28 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 12.102)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 145.00 16.96 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 145.00 16.96 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.00 145.00 27.73 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 86.63 14.99 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 14.500: 1482 | 5: 72.499 - 86.998: 20 |
| 1: 14.500 - 28.999: 893 | 6: 86.998 - 101.498: 6 |
| 2: 28.999 - 43.499: 304 | 7: 101.498 - 115.998: 1 |
| 3: 43.499 - 57.999: 82 | 8: 115.998 - 130.497: 1 |
| 4: 57.999 - 72.499: 33 | 9: 130.497 - 144.997: 1 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.4148 r_free = 0.4630 target_work(ml) = 6.208 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.30 number of occupancies < 0.1: 0 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.4146 r_free = 0.4635 target_work(ml) = 6.206 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 4 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 2 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.4146 r_free= 0.4635 ksol= 0.30 Bsol= 20.00 scale= 1.097 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (7.40,9.77,7.05,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 8.07 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.84 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.206232 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.4137 r_free= 0.4583 ksol= 0.31 Bsol= 35.21 scale= 1.024 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (4.25,6.15,4.67,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 5.03 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.85 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.207449 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 14.721099 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 102.431 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 0.832421 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 131.168 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.4137 final r-factor (work) = 0.3500 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4583 final r-factor (free) = 0.4205 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 45.8861 = 14.72 * 0.50 * 6.2122 + 1.00 * 0.1607 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 45.3441 = 14.72 * 0.50 * 6.1449 + 1.00 * 0.1143 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 28 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.3500 final r-factor (work) = 0.3322 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4205 final r-factor (free) = 0.4123 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 5.1371 = 0.83 * 1.00 * 6.1449 + 1.00 * 0.0220 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 5.0810 = 0.83 * 1.00 * 6.0855 + 1.00 * 0.0153 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 12.102)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 135.53 16.03 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 135.53 16.03 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.00 135.53 30.56 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 83.87 13.37 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 13.554: 1539 | 5: 67.767 - 81.321: 10 |
| 1: 13.554 - 27.107: 824 | 6: 81.321 - 94.874: 5 |
| 2: 27.107 - 40.660: 312 | 7: 94.874 - 108.427: 1 |
| 3: 40.660 - 54.214: 90 | 8: 108.427 - 121.981: 0 |
| 4: 54.214 - 67.767: 41 | 9: 121.981 - 135.534: 1 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.3322 r_free = 0.4123 target_work(ml) = 6.072 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 4 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.3320 r_free = 0.4127 target_work(ml) = 6.072 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 8 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 3 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.3320 r_free= 0.4127 ksol= 0.31 Bsol= 35.21 scale= 1.068 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (4.25,6.15,4.67,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 5.03 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.57 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.072169 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.3305 r_free= 0.4100 ksol= 0.31 Bsol= 58.57 scale= 1.007 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (2.13,3.38,2.32,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.61 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.58 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.072477 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 10.076105 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 101.601 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 0.577628 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 101.167 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.3305 final r-factor (work) = 0.2657 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4100 final r-factor (free) = 0.3354 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 30.7758 = 10.08 * 0.50 * 6.0860 + 1.00 * 0.1143 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 30.3285 = 10.08 * 0.50 * 6.0023 + 1.00 * 0.0886 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.2657 final r-factor (work) = 0.2460 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.3354 final r-factor (free) = 0.3146 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 3.4796 = 0.58 * 1.00 * 6.0023 + 1.00 * 0.0125 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 3.3966 = 0.58 * 1.00 * 5.8597 + 1.00 * 0.0119 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 28 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 12.102)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 131.00 16.11 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 131.00 16.11 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 2.12 131.00 36.48 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 77.25 12.37 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 13.100: 1597 | 5: 65.499 - 78.599: 21 |
| 1: 13.100 - 26.200: 705 | 6: 78.599 - 91.698: 3 |
| 2: 26.200 - 39.299: 283 | 7: 91.698 - 104.798: 1 |
| 3: 39.299 - 52.399: 158 | 8: 104.798 - 117.898: 0 |
| 4: 52.399 - 65.499: 54 | 9: 117.898 - 130.998: 1 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.2460 r_free = 0.3146 target_work(ml) = 5.830 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 8 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.2458 r_free = 0.3139 target_work(ml) = 5.829 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 8 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 4 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.2458 r_free= 0.3139 ksol= 0.31 Bsol= 58.57 scale= 1.038 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (2.13,3.38,2.32,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.61 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.36 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.828809 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.2449 r_free= 0.3123 ksol= 0.31 Bsol= 57.45 scale= 1.000 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.86,1.72,0.76,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 1.11 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.36 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.827292 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 4.960420 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 105.907 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 1.384253 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 150.301 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.2449 final r-factor (work) = 0.1907 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.3123 final r-factor (free) = 0.2470 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 14.6266 = 4.96 * 0.50 * 5.8616 + 1.00 * 0.0886 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 14.3003 = 4.96 * 0.50 * 5.7356 + 1.00 * 0.0747 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.1907 final r-factor (work) = 0.1703 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.2470 final r-factor (free) = 0.2305 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 7.9514 = 1.38 * 1.00 * 5.7356 + 1.00 * 0.0118 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 7.7039 = 1.38 * 1.00 * 5.5532 + 1.00 * 0.0168 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 26 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 12.102)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 118.01 17.27 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 118.01 17.27 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 3.16 118.01 46.65 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 108.55 11.88 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 11.801: 1561 | 5: 59.006 - 70.808: 74 |
| 1: 11.801 - 23.603: 689 | 6: 70.808 - 82.609: 43 |
| 2: 23.603 - 35.404: 186 | 7: 82.609 - 94.410: 25 |
| 3: 35.404 - 47.205: 124 | 8: 94.410 - 106.212: 10 |
| 4: 47.205 - 59.006: 109 | 9: 106.212 - 118.013: 2 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1703 r_free = 0.2305 target_work(ml) = 5.517 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 8 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1702 r_free = 0.2302 target_work(ml) = 5.517 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 8 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 5 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1702 r_free= 0.2302 ksol= 0.31 Bsol= 57.45 scale= 1.014 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.86,1.72,0.76,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 1.11 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.25 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.516517 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1706 r_free= 0.2309 ksol= 0.32 Bsol= 64.21 scale= 0.999 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.26,1.00,0.46,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.58 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.24 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.519292 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 3.555997 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 110.517 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 0.264279 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 138.725 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.1706 final r-factor (work) = 0.1455 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.2309 final r-factor (free) = 0.1989 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 9.9529 = 3.56 * 0.50 * 5.5558 + 1.00 * 0.0747 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 9.7713 = 3.56 * 0.50 * 5.4556 + 1.00 * 0.0712 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.1455 final r-factor (work) = 0.1409 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.1989 final r-factor (free) = 0.1903 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 1.4586 = 0.26 * 1.00 * 5.4556 + 1.00 * 0.0168 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 1.4508 = 0.26 * 1.00 * 5.3697 + 1.00 * 0.0317 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 11 | number of function evaluations = 11 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 12.102)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 113.97 16.52 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 113.97 16.52 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 3.50 113.97 44.85 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 107.59 11.32 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 11.397: 1642 | 5: 56.983 - 68.379: 65 |
| 1: 11.397 - 22.793: 654 | 6: 68.379 - 79.776: 45 |
| 2: 22.793 - 34.190: 144 | 7: 79.776 - 91.173: 24 |
| 3: 34.190 - 45.586: 129 | 8: 91.173 - 102.569: 9 |
| 4: 45.586 - 56.983: 108 | 9: 102.569 - 113.966: 3 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1409 r_free = 0.1903 target_work(ml) = 5.348 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 8 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1407 r_free = 0.1903 target_work(ml) = 5.348 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 7 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------X-ray data----------
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1407 r_free= 0.1903 ksol= 0.32 Bsol= 64.21 scale= 1.002 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.26,1.00,0.46,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.58 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.18 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.347762 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bin Resolution Compl. No. Refl. R-factors Targets |
|number range work test work test work test|
| 1: 15.1245 - 4.6837 0.99 1463 166 0.0995 0.1313 5.4179 5.6153|
| 2: 4.6837 - 3.7360 0.99 1398 154 0.0945 0.1237 5.5189 5.7812|
| 3: 3.7360 - 3.2692 0.99 1382 148 0.1302 0.1916 5.6402 5.9927|
| 4: 3.2692 - 2.9728 0.99 1364 154 0.1648 0.1926 5.6549 5.8159|
| 5: 2.9728 - 2.7611 0.99 1371 153 0.1704 0.2040 5.5463 5.6947|
| 6: 2.7611 - 2.5992 0.99 1355 154 0.1629 0.2586 5.4493 5.6963|
| 7: 2.5992 - 2.4696 0.98 1340 139 0.1607 0.2052 5.3831 5.5638|
| 8: 2.4696 - 2.3625 0.98 1338 152 0.1589 0.1954 5.2945 5.44|
| 9: 2.3625 - 2.2719 0.99 1349 154 0.1526 0.2426 5.2216 5.506|
| 10: 2.2719 - 2.1937 0.98 1335 150 0.1542 0.2069 5.1924 5.454|
| 11: 2.1937 - 2.1253 0.97 1341 145 0.1471 0.2140 5.1263 5.3511|
| 12: 2.1253 - 2.0647 0.98 1301 147 0.1498 0.2291 5.0737 5.299|
| 13: 2.0647 - 2.0105 0.76 1034 120 0.1515 0.1938 4.9731 5.1386|
| 14: 2.0105 - 1.9615 0.19 259 23 0.1412 0.2012 4.8369 5.1718|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|R-free likelihood based estimates for figures of merit, absolute phase error,|
|and distribution parameters alpha and beta (Acta Cryst. (1995). A51, 880-887)|
| |
| Bin Resolution No. Refl. FOM Phase Scale Alpha Beta |
| # range work test error factor |
| 1: 15.1245 - 4.6837 1463 166 0.93 10.27 0.96 0.94 8524.74|
| 2: 4.6837 - 3.7360 1398 154 0.94 9.40 1.01 0.99 10761.35|
| 3: 3.7360 - 3.2692 1382 148 0.91 14.54 1.04 1.04 14257.36|
| 4: 3.2692 - 2.9728 1364 154 0.88 18.68 1.01 0.98 15144.02|
| 5: 2.9728 - 2.7611 1371 153 0.85 21.35 1.01 0.99 13629.51|
| 6: 2.7611 - 2.5992 1355 154 0.85 21.24 1.00 0.95 11546.76|
| 7: 2.5992 - 2.4696 1340 139 0.86 20.96 1.00 0.96 10051.67|
| 8: 2.4696 - 2.3625 1338 152 0.86 20.63 1.00 0.96 8510.71|
| 9: 2.3625 - 2.2719 1349 154 0.86 20.33 1.01 0.98 7368.31|
| 10: 2.2719 - 2.1937 1335 150 0.86 20.24 0.99 0.94 6899.75|
| 11: 2.1937 - 2.1253 1341 145 0.86 20.43 0.99 0.95 6454.84|
| 12: 2.1253 - 2.0647 1301 147 0.86 21.03 1.00 0.98 6056.88|
| 13: 2.0647 - 2.0105 1034 120 0.85 21.15 0.99 0.98 4832.10|
| 14: 2.0105 - 1.9615 259 23 0.86 20.47 0.99 0.97 3805.93|
|alpha: min = 0.94 max = 1.04 mean = 0.97|
|beta: min = 3805.93 max = 15144.02 mean = 9570.83|
|figures of merit: min = 0.00 max = 1.00 mean = 0.88|
|phase err.(work): min = 0.00 max = 89.95 mean = 18.37|
|phase err.(test): min = 0.00 max = 89.85 mean = 17.57|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1411 r_free= 0.1905 ksol= 0.32 Bsol= 59.87 scale= 0.994 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (-0.28,0.28,-0.01,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.18 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.350007 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------X-ray data----------
|--(resolution: 1.96 - 15.12 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1411 r_free= 0.1905 ksol= 0.32 Bsol= 59.87 scale= 0.994 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (-0.28,0.28,-0.01,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.18 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.350007 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bin Resolution Compl. No. Refl. R-factors Targets |
|number range work test work test work test|
| 1: 15.1245 - 4.6837 0.99 1463 166 0.1022 0.1319 5.4349 5.6232|
| 2: 4.6837 - 3.7360 0.99 1398 154 0.0948 0.1246 5.525 5.7888|
| 3: 3.7360 - 3.2692 0.99 1382 148 0.1307 0.1901 5.6425 5.985|
| 4: 3.2692 - 2.9728 0.99 1364 154 0.1649 0.1924 5.6549 5.8129|
| 5: 2.9728 - 2.7611 0.99 1371 153 0.1710 0.2041 5.5475 5.697|
| 6: 2.7611 - 2.5992 0.99 1355 154 0.1631 0.2577 5.4492 5.6954|
| 7: 2.5992 - 2.4696 0.98 1340 139 0.1606 0.2059 5.3836 5.5654|
| 8: 2.4696 - 2.3625 0.98 1338 152 0.1588 0.1958 5.2951 5.4418|
| 9: 2.3625 - 2.2719 0.99 1349 154 0.1523 0.2430 5.2214 5.5061|
| 10: 2.2719 - 2.1937 0.98 1335 150 0.1541 0.2072 5.1923 5.4556|
| 11: 2.1937 - 2.1253 0.97 1341 145 0.1469 0.2141 5.1257 5.3503|
| 12: 2.1253 - 2.0647 0.98 1301 147 0.1498 0.2297 5.0748 5.3014|
| 13: 2.0647 - 2.0105 0.76 1034 120 0.1515 0.1935 4.9732 5.1378|
| 14: 2.0105 - 1.9615 0.19 259 23 0.1414 0.2005 4.8361 5.1673|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|R-free likelihood based estimates for figures of merit, absolute phase error,|
|and distribution parameters alpha and beta (Acta Cryst. (1995). A51, 880-887)|
| |
| Bin Resolution No. Refl. FOM Phase Scale Alpha Beta |
| # range work test error factor |
| 1: 15.1245 - 4.6837 1463 166 0.93 10.42 0.96 0.94 8671.11|
| 2: 4.6837 - 3.7360 1398 154 0.94 9.46 1.01 0.99 10926.35|
| 3: 3.7360 - 3.2692 1382 148 0.91 14.61 1.03 1.04 14367.15|
| 4: 3.2692 - 2.9728 1364 154 0.88 18.63 1.01 0.98 15090.25|
| 5: 2.9728 - 2.7611 1371 153 0.85 21.33 1.00 0.98 13618.02|
| 6: 2.7611 - 2.5992 1355 154 0.85 21.23 0.99 0.94 11549.15|
| 7: 2.5992 - 2.4696 1340 139 0.86 20.97 0.99 0.95 10072.52|
| 8: 2.4696 - 2.3625 1338 152 0.86 20.65 0.99 0.95 8532.57|
| 9: 2.3625 - 2.2719 1349 154 0.86 20.34 1.00 0.96 7383.68|
| 10: 2.2719 - 2.1937 1335 150 0.86 20.23 0.98 0.93 6905.34|
| 11: 2.1937 - 2.1253 1341 145 0.86 20.42 0.98 0.93 6454.35|
| 12: 2.1253 - 2.0647 1301 147 0.86 21.05 0.98 0.96 6072.59|
| 13: 2.0647 - 2.0105 1034 120 0.85 21.14 0.97 0.96 4829.98|
| 14: 2.0105 - 1.9615 259 23 0.86 20.44 0.97 0.95 3791.98|
|alpha: min = 0.93 max = 1.04 mean = 0.96|
|beta: min = 3791.98 max = 15090.25 mean = 9605.43|
|figures of merit: min = 0.00 max = 1.00 mean = 0.88|
|phase err.(work): min = 0.00 max = 89.96 mean = 18.39|
|phase err.(test): min = 0.00 max = 89.96 mean = 17.58|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 12.102)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.26 114.23 16.78 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.26 114.23 16.78 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 3.76 114.23 45.11 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.26 107.85 11.58 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.259 - 11.656: 1642 | 5: 57.242 - 68.639: 65 |
| 1: 11.656 - 23.053: 654 | 6: 68.639 - 80.035: 45 |
| 2: 23.053 - 34.449: 144 | 7: 80.035 - 91.432: 24 |
| 3: 34.449 - 45.846: 129 | 8: 91.432 - 102.828: 9 |
| 4: 45.846 - 57.242: 108 | 9: 102.828 - 114.225: 3 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========== residual map mFobs-DFmodel: highest peaks and deepst holes =========
----------peaks----------
Number of peaks found at mFobs-DFmodel map (map cutoff=3.00 sigma)= 364
Filter by distance & map next to the model:
mapped sites are within: 0.465 - 5.736
number of sites selected in [dist_min= 0.70, dist_max= 6.00]: 361 from: 364
mapped sites are within: 0.731 - 5.736
peak= 8.041 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 66 " = 2.022
peak= 7.338 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 296 " = 1.390
peak= 7.054 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 230 " = 1.341
peak= 6.931 closest distance to " O HOH Z 37 " = 1.811
peak= 6.868 closest distance to " O HOH Z 279 " = 1.391
peak= 6.819 closest distance to " O HOH Z 400 " = 0.968
peak= 5.910 closest distance to " CG ARG A 138 " = 1.297
peak= 5.775 closest distance to " CG LEU A 5 " = 1.372
peak= 5.585 closest distance to " O HOH Z 111 " = 2.041
peak= 5.576 closest distance to " O HOH Z 11 " = 1.587
peak= 5.476 closest distance to " O HOH Z 117 " = 1.349
peak= 5.422 closest distance to " O HOH Z 291 " = 1.497
peak= 5.318 closest distance to " CG GLN A 77 " = 0.892
peak= 5.306 closest distance to " O HOH Z 182 " = 1.413
peak= 5.253 closest distance to " NH1BARG A 275 " = 1.353
peak= 5.084 closest distance to " O HOH Z 221 " = 1.566
peak= 4.997 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 5 " = 1.261
peak= 4.927 closest distance to " O HOH Z 277 " = 1.657
peak= 4.896 closest distance to " NH2BARG A 102 " = 1.051
peak= 4.885 closest distance to " CG PRO A 54 " = 1.263
peak= 4.807 closest distance to " CD1AILE A 234 " = 1.161
peak= 4.771 closest distance to " O HOH Z 49 " = 1.335
peak= 4.759 closest distance to " O HOH Z 124 " = 1.713
peak= 4.754 closest distance to " O HOH Z 69 " = 1.862
peak= 4.722 closest distance to " O HOH Z 246 " = 1.636
peak= 4.714 closest distance to " O HOH Z 126 " = 2.068
peak= 4.690 closest distance to " O HOH Z 210 " = 1.523
peak= 4.684 closest distance to " O HOH Z 431 " = 1.637
peak= 4.639 closest distance to " O HOH Z 426 " = 1.336
peak= 4.588 closest distance to " O HOH Z 402 " = 1.501
peak= 4.551 closest distance to " O HOH Z 411 " = 2.744
peak= 4.545 closest distance to " O HOH Z 278 " = 1.147
peak= 4.545 closest distance to " CG PRO A 280 " = 0.979
peak= 4.498 closest distance to " NE2 HIS A 115 " = 0.824
peak= 4.462 closest distance to " CA ALA A 21 " = 1.463
peak= 4.443 closest distance to " O HOH Z 394 " = 1.930
peak= 4.424 closest distance to " CB VAL A 230 " = 1.347
peak= 4.399 closest distance to " O HOH Z 134 " = 2.051
peak= 4.355 closest distance to " O HOH Z 102 " = 1.281
peak= 4.350 closest distance to " O HOH Z 61 " = 1.410
peak= 4.343 closest distance to " OG ASER A 164 " = 0.845
peak= 4.335 closest distance to " NH1 ARG A 138 " = 0.980
peak= 4.319 closest distance to " O HOH Z 63 " = 1.896
peak= 4.304 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 228 " = 1.288
peak= 4.278 closest distance to " CA ARG A 66 " = 1.046
peak= 4.276 closest distance to " O HOH Z 374 " = 1.212
peak= 4.274 closest distance to " O HOH Z 4 " = 1.188
peak= 4.274 closest distance to " CB ALA A 100 " = 1.543
peak= 4.272 closest distance to " O HOH Z 186 " = 1.547
peak= 4.259 closest distance to " CB PRO A 198 " = 1.130
peak= 4.235 closest distance to " CB SER A 63 " = 1.362
peak= 4.228 closest distance to " CB ARG A 275 " = 1.002
peak= 4.227 closest distance to " O HOH Z 433 " = 1.993
peak= 4.225 closest distance to " O HOH Z 54 " = 1.320
peak= 4.224 closest distance to " O HOH Z 80 " = 2.281
peak= 4.200 closest distance to " O HOH Z 369 " = 2.057
peak= 4.195 closest distance to " OE1 GLN A 11 " = 1.974
peak= 4.182 closest distance to " CE LYS A 119 " = 1.392
peak= 4.180 closest distance to " O HOH Z 48 " = 2.041
peak= 4.172 closest distance to " O HOH Z 426 " = 2.087
peak= 4.170 closest distance to " CB TRP A 179 " = 1.379
peak= 4.151 closest distance to " CA ALA A 160 " = 1.046
peak= 4.150 closest distance to " O HOH Z 47 " = 1.835
peak= 4.140 closest distance to " O HOH Z 156 " = 3.366
peak= 4.136 closest distance to " O HOH Z 389 " = 1.958
peak= 4.124 closest distance to " O HOH Z 15 " = 2.272
peak= 4.090 closest distance to " CB GLN A 183 " = 1.217
peak= 4.087 closest distance to " O HOH Z 395 " = 1.450
peak= 4.084 closest distance to " CB GLN A 58 " = 0.859
peak= 4.078 closest distance to " O HOH Z 416 " = 1.503
peak= 4.076 closest distance to " OG ASER A 134 " = 1.311
peak= 4.069 closest distance to " CD ALYS A 290 " = 1.188
peak= 4.068 closest distance to " CG1BVAL A 121 " = 1.401
peak= 4.062 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 89 " = 1.217
peak= 4.040 closest distance to " CB SER A 62 " = 0.953
peak= 4.033 closest distance to " O HOH Z 68 " = 1.803
peak= 4.026 closest distance to " O HOH Z 215 " = 1.656
peak= 4.022 closest distance to " O HOH Z 178 " = 1.214
peak= 4.015 closest distance to " CB ASN A 187 " = 1.244
peak= 4.014 closest distance to " CB TYR A 169 " = 1.008
peak= 4.006 closest distance to " CB PRO A 54 " = 0.749
peak= 4.006 closest distance to " CB GLN A 223 " = 1.466
peak= 4.003 closest distance to " CB ALA A 256 " = 1.183
peak= 4.002 closest distance to " O HOH Z 47 " = 1.593
peak= 3.986 closest distance to " CG1 VAL A 153 " = 1.100
peak= 3.976 closest distance to " O HOH Z 108 " = 1.489
peak= 3.974 closest distance to " O HOH Z 5 " = 1.590
peak= 3.974 closest distance to " CB BVAL A 41 " = 1.233
peak= 3.970 closest distance to " O HOH Z 136 " = 1.485
peak= 3.961 closest distance to " CA GLY A 196 " = 0.977
peak= 3.958 closest distance to " O HOH Z 234 " = 3.664
peak= 3.945 closest distance to " CB GLN A 194 " = 0.855
peak= 3.941 closest distance to " CA GLU A 152 " = 0.945
peak= 3.939 closest distance to " O HOH Z 192 " = 1.534
peak= 3.937 closest distance to " O HOH Z 272 " = 1.134
peak= 3.936 closest distance to " CA TYR A 30 " = 1.061
peak= 3.935 closest distance to " O HOH Z 217 " = 1.656
peak= 3.924 closest distance to " O HOH Z 410 " = 1.259
peak= 3.921 closest distance to " O HOH Z 243 " = 1.147
peak= 3.915 closest distance to " O PRO A 198 " = 1.584
peak= 3.904 closest distance to " CD1 TRP A 274 " = 1.087
peak= 3.896 closest distance to " O HOH Z 133 " = 1.806
peak= 3.892 closest distance to " O HOH Z 89 " = 3.728
peak= 3.888 closest distance to " O HOH Z 301 " = 1.543
peak= 3.883 closest distance to " N GLN A 55 " = 0.882
peak= 3.874 closest distance to " O HOH Z 427 " = 3.571
peak= 3.872 closest distance to " O HOH Z 132 " = 1.233
peak= 3.867 closest distance to " O HOH Z 88 " = 3.278
peak= 3.862 closest distance to " O HOH Z 124 " = 1.913
peak= 3.861 closest distance to " CG PRO A 243 " = 1.200
peak= 3.854 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 117 " = 3.067
peak= 3.852 closest distance to " CD ARG A 269 " = 0.901
peak= 3.842 closest distance to " CD LYS A 166 " = 1.630
peak= 3.837 closest distance to " O HOH Z 240 " = 2.181
peak= 3.834 closest distance to " CD ARG A 138 " = 1.180
peak= 3.833 closest distance to " O HOH Z 131 " = 0.886
peak= 3.831 closest distance to " O HOH Z 183 " = 1.465
peak= 3.808 closest distance to " O HOH Z 112 " = 1.600
peak= 3.797 closest distance to " O HOH Z 411 " = 1.514
peak= 3.793 closest distance to " CG1 ILE A 33 " = 1.355
peak= 3.789 closest distance to " OE1 GLN A 58 " = 5.736
peak= 3.789 closest distance to " O HOH Z 174 " = 1.529
peak= 3.772 closest distance to " O HOH Z 339 " = 1.243
peak= 3.767 closest distance to " C SER A 32 " = 1.119
peak= 3.767 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 221 " = 0.992
peak= 3.755 closest distance to " CG AARG A 275 " = 1.000
peak= 3.748 closest distance to " O HOH Z 43 " = 1.959
peak= 3.739 closest distance to " O HOH Z 404 " = 1.586
peak= 3.731 closest distance to " O GLY A 211 " = 1.207
peak= 3.729 closest distance to " O HOH Z 193 " = 1.824
peak= 3.707 closest distance to " O HOH Z 261 " = 1.743
peak= 3.682 closest distance to " O HOH Z 276 " = 1.507
peak= 3.681 closest distance to " O HOH Z 99 " = 2.572
peak= 3.679 closest distance to " O HOH Z 19 " = 2.271
peak= 3.678 closest distance to " O HOH Z 324 " = 1.468
peak= 3.678 closest distance to " CA LEU A 282 " = 1.105
peak= 3.677 closest distance to " O HOH Z 128 " = 2.165
peak= 3.672 closest distance to " CB TRP A 179 " = 1.592
peak= 3.664 closest distance to " O HOH Z 92 " = 1.187
peak= 3.657 closest distance to " CB TRP A 266 " = 1.034
peak= 3.655 closest distance to " O HOH Z 225 " = 2.058
peak= 3.655 closest distance to " O HOH Z 207 " = 2.680
peak= 3.651 closest distance to " CB GLU A 277 " = 0.784
peak= 3.646 closest distance to " O HOH Z 425 " = 1.635
peak= 3.644 closest distance to " CD LYS A 119 " = 1.157
peak= 3.642 closest distance to " O HOH Z 417 " = 1.212
peak= 3.634 closest distance to " O HOH Z 281 " = 3.941
peak= 3.630 closest distance to " N LYS A 166 " = 0.844
peak= 3.626 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 45 " = 1.360
peak= 3.620 closest distance to " O HOH Z 47 " = 1.760
peak= 3.616 closest distance to " CB ALA A 137 " = 1.232
peak= 3.614 closest distance to " N HIS A 108 " = 1.921
peak= 3.613 closest distance to " CB SER A 62 " = 0.979
peak= 3.605 closest distance to " O GLY A 91 " = 1.262
peak= 3.604 closest distance to " N TYR A 15 " = 1.010
peak= 3.602 closest distance to " CB ASN A 285 " = 0.841
peak= 3.594 closest distance to " O HOH Z 132 " = 2.446
peak= 3.592 closest distance to " O HOH Z 39 " = 1.750
peak= 3.590 closest distance to " O HOH Z 232 " = 2.103
peak= 3.589 closest distance to " O HOH Z 44 " = 1.804
peak= 3.588 closest distance to " CB MET A 47 " = 1.057
peak= 3.580 closest distance to " O HOH Z 144 " = 1.550
peak= 3.579 closest distance to " O HOH Z 1 " = 2.703
peak= 3.579 closest distance to " CB ALA A 1 " = 1.305
peak= 3.572 closest distance to " O ASN A 301 " = 2.573
peak= 3.567 closest distance to " CB MET A 40 " = 0.786
peak= 3.561 closest distance to " CD1 TRP A 266 " = 1.229
peak= 3.559 closest distance to " O HOH Z 172 " = 2.049
peak= 3.559 closest distance to " CB TRP A 123 " = 1.075
peak= 3.552 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 166 " = 3.380
peak= 3.542 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 42 " = 0.907
peak= 3.541 closest distance to " O HOH Z 331 " = 1.350
peak= 3.535 closest distance to " CG PRO A 198 " = 1.316
peak= 3.535 closest distance to " O HOH Z 30 " = 1.801
peak= 3.533 closest distance to " OG SER A 97 " = 3.360
peak= 3.529 closest distance to " NH1 ARG A 14 " = 1.145
peak= 3.528 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 255 " = 1.305
peak= 3.524 closest distance to " O HOH Z 196 " = 2.261
peak= 3.519 closest distance to " O HOH Z 418 " = 1.560
peak= 3.518 closest distance to " OD1 ASN A 217 " = 1.603
peak= 3.517 closest distance to " NH1 ARG A 56 " = 1.192
peak= 3.512 closest distance to " O HOH Z 84 " = 0.992
peak= 3.512 closest distance to " O HOH Z 126 " = 1.890
peak= 3.511 closest distance to " O HOH Z 422 " = 2.611
peak= 3.505 closest distance to " O HOH Z 363 " = 1.003
peak= 3.501 closest distance to " CB ASP A 124 " = 0.935
peak= 3.495 closest distance to " O HOH Z 327 " = 2.859
peak= 3.490 closest distance to " O HOH Z 155 " = 1.733
peak= 3.489 closest distance to " CG MET A 185 " = 1.423
peak= 3.487 closest distance to " O HOH Z 236 " = 1.904
peak= 3.486 closest distance to " CA ALA A 295 " = 1.031
peak= 3.480 closest distance to " O HOH Z 150 " = 3.340
peak= 3.477 closest distance to " OD2 ASP A 286 " = 3.062
peak= 3.475 closest distance to " CB GLN A 88 " = 1.261
peak= 3.472 closest distance to " N ASN A 39 " = 1.226
peak= 3.470 closest distance to " CB VAL A 202 " = 1.426
peak= 3.465 closest distance to " O HOH Z 352 " = 1.227
peak= 3.464 closest distance to " O ALA A 165 " = 1.257
peak= 3.462 closest distance to " O HOH Z 368 " = 2.320
peak= 3.461 closest distance to " CA ILE A 33 " = 1.568
peak= 3.458 closest distance to " O HOH Z 272 " = 2.083
peak= 3.458 closest distance to " O GLN A 55 " = 0.900
peak= 3.457 closest distance to " O HOH Z 78 " = 1.344
peak= 3.456 closest distance to " OD2 ASP A 200 " = 1.351
peak= 3.456 closest distance to " O HOH Z 359 " = 2.148
peak= 3.455 closest distance to " CA THR A 246 " = 1.201
peak= 3.450 closest distance to " NH1AARG A 145 " = 1.092
peak= 3.446 closest distance to " CA ALA A 100 " = 1.198
peak= 3.444 closest distance to " CB PHE A 61 " = 0.902
peak= 3.441 closest distance to " CA VAL A 41 " = 0.775
peak= 3.440 closest distance to " O HOH Z 387 " = 2.569
peak= 3.438 closest distance to " OD1 ASP A 238 " = 0.915
peak= 3.433 closest distance to " CB LEU A 228 " = 1.276
peak= 3.431 closest distance to " CB GLN A 58 " = 1.470
peak= 3.430 closest distance to " CB PHE A 16 " = 1.456
peak= 3.418 closest distance to " CB SER A 26 " = 0.986
peak= 3.412 closest distance to " O HOH Z 368 " = 2.930
peak= 3.408 closest distance to " CB GLN A 73 " = 1.035
peak= 3.408 closest distance to " CB ILE A 199 " = 1.169
peak= 3.398 closest distance to " O HOH Z 118 " = 1.832
peak= 3.396 closest distance to " O HOH Z 386 " = 2.378
peak= 3.393 closest distance to " CA ASP A 140 " = 1.401
peak= 3.393 closest distance to " O HOH Z 118 " = 1.561
peak= 3.391 closest distance to " O HOH Z 85 " = 2.178
peak= 3.389 closest distance to " O HOH Z 139 " = 4.573
peak= 3.384 closest distance to " OG SER A 62 " = 3.749
peak= 3.382 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 228 " = 1.382
peak= 3.380 closest distance to " CB SER A 141 " = 1.002
peak= 3.379 closest distance to " CA ASP A 124 " = 0.731
peak= 3.375 closest distance to " CZ3 TRP A 92 " = 1.166
peak= 3.373 closest distance to " N TYR A 247 " = 1.349
peak= 3.370 closest distance to " OG SER A 22 " = 2.823
peak= 3.369 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 251 " = 1.214
peak= 3.367 closest distance to " CA ASN A 127 " = 1.172
peak= 3.360 closest distance to " O HOH Z 223 " = 1.253
peak= 3.360 closest distance to " O HOH Z 63 " = 2.036
peak= 3.359 closest distance to " O HOH Z 373 " = 1.654
peak= 3.358 closest distance to " CZ PHE A 218 " = 1.187
peak= 3.358 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 265 " = 1.261
peak= 3.358 closest distance to " O HOH Z 316 " = 2.991
peak= 3.357 closest distance to " CE1 TYR A 186 " = 1.353
peak= 3.352 closest distance to " O HOH Z 94 " = 2.422
peak= 3.352 closest distance to " CB THR A 31 " = 1.489
peak= 3.344 closest distance to " CG1 ILE A 120 " = 1.158
peak= 3.343 closest distance to " O HOH Z 185 " = 1.827
peak= 3.341 closest distance to " O HOH Z 174 " = 1.835
peak= 3.340 closest distance to " CE3 TRP A 85 " = 1.055
peak= 3.336 closest distance to " O HOH Z 422 " = 1.034
peak= 3.336 closest distance to " CA ALA A 248 " = 1.181
peak= 3.334 closest distance to " N GLY A 111 " = 1.278
peak= 3.331 closest distance to " CD LYS A 289 " = 1.145
peak= 3.331 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 67 " = 0.990
peak= 3.328 closest distance to " O HOH Z 258 " = 2.279
peak= 3.325 closest distance to " OE1 GLN A 58 " = 1.254
peak= 3.320 closest distance to " CD GLU A 236 " = 1.211
peak= 3.320 closest distance to " CA SER A 12 " = 1.359
peak= 3.313 closest distance to " OG BSER A 258 " = 3.083
peak= 3.313 closest distance to " CA LEU A 101 " = 1.472
peak= 3.313 closest distance to " ND1 HIS A 81 " = 1.451
peak= 3.311 closest distance to " CG PRO A 213 " = 1.347
peak= 3.310 closest distance to " O HOH Z 234 " = 2.073
peak= 3.309 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 220 " = 0.743
peak= 3.301 closest distance to " CD ARG A 159 " = 0.797
peak= 3.301 closest distance to " CB ARG A 56 " = 1.007
peak= 3.286 closest distance to " O SER A 62 " = 1.044
peak= 3.281 closest distance to " O HOH Z 76 " = 1.205
peak= 3.280 closest distance to " OE1 GLU A 2 " = 1.939
peak= 3.278 closest distance to " O HOH Z 154 " = 1.243
peak= 3.277 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 5 " = 1.419
peak= 3.276 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 156 " = 1.146
peak= 3.275 closest distance to " O PHE A 61 " = 0.957
peak= 3.274 closest distance to " CA LYS A 117 " = 1.329
peak= 3.273 closest distance to " O SER A 164 " = 1.207
peak= 3.269 closest distance to " CB LYS A 76 " = 1.041
peak= 3.269 closest distance to " CA ILE A 106 " = 0.827
peak= 3.266 closest distance to " CD PRO A 280 " = 1.008
peak= 3.264 closest distance to " O HOH Z 392 " = 1.350
peak= 3.262 closest distance to " N ALA A 100 " = 0.879
peak= 3.262 closest distance to " O HOH Z 22 " = 2.462
peak= 3.260 closest distance to " OG1 THR A 294 " = 1.679
peak= 3.256 closest distance to " O HOH Z 315 " = 2.059
peak= 3.254 closest distance to " O HOH Z 298 " = 5.232
peak= 3.254 closest distance to " O HOH Z 209 " = 1.120
peak= 3.254 closest distance to " O HOH Z 426 " = 3.144
peak= 3.253 closest distance to " O HOH Z 130 " = 2.833
peak= 3.252 closest distance to " CZ PHE A 192 " = 1.031
peak= 3.248 closest distance to " CG1 ILE A 49 " = 1.800
peak= 3.245 closest distance to " O HOH Z 214 " = 1.042
peak= 3.244 closest distance to " O HOH Z 93 " = 2.675
peak= 3.243 closest distance to " O HOH Z 78 " = 2.176
peak= 3.242 closest distance to " CB SER A 28 " = 1.056
peak= 3.242 closest distance to " CA SER A 87 " = 0.769
peak= 3.240 closest distance to " O HOH Z 50 " = 3.500
peak= 3.238 closest distance to " CA ALA A 9 " = 1.207
peak= 3.235 closest distance to " CB ASP A 140 " = 0.789
peak= 3.234 closest distance to " CB ASP A 107 " = 1.224
peak= 3.233 closest distance to " O HOH Z 379 " = 1.545
peak= 3.233 closest distance to " NE AARG A 275 " = 1.457
peak= 3.233 closest distance to " CB ALA A 71 " = 1.296
peak= 3.227 closest distance to " CG GLN A 88 " = 0.979
peak= 3.222 closest distance to " O HOH Z 189 " = 1.530
peak= 3.222 closest distance to " O HOH Z 135 " = 2.153
peak= 3.222 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 79 " = 1.500
peak= 3.220 closest distance to " CB ALA A 114 " = 1.499
peak= 3.212 closest distance to " O HOH Z 336 " = 1.714
peak= 3.209 closest distance to " O THR A 31 " = 1.483
peak= 3.207 closest distance to " O HOH Z 13 " = 1.761
peak= 3.206 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 181 " = 1.010
peak= 3.202 closest distance to " O HOH Z 66 " = 2.073
peak= 3.201 closest distance to " CD1 LEU A 300 " = 1.169
peak= 3.201 closest distance to " N ASN A 110 " = 1.229
peak= 3.198 closest distance to " O HOH Z 99 " = 1.995
peak= 3.196 closest distance to " CB TYR A 116 " = 1.785
peak= 3.195 closest distance to " O HOH Z 414 " = 1.148
peak= 3.191 closest distance to " CB LEU A 143 " = 1.125
peak= 3.191 closest distance to " O HOH Z 303 " = 2.306
peak= 3.187 closest distance to " CA MET A 40 " = 1.074
peak= 3.185 closest distance to " O HOH Z 420 " = 5.686
peak= 3.185 closest distance to " O HOH Z 57 " = 1.654
peak= 3.183 closest distance to " O HOH Z 200 " = 1.354
peak= 3.182 closest distance to " N GLU A 53 " = 1.504
peak= 3.181 closest distance to " CB ARG A 259 " = 1.160
peak= 3.181 closest distance to " O HOH Z 104 " = 3.584
peak= 3.180 closest distance to " CG ALYS A 290 " = 1.159
peak= 3.174 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 193 " = 1.397
peak= 3.168 closest distance to " CB ALA A 34 " = 0.885
peak= 3.165 closest distance to " CG2AVAL A 72 " = 1.800
peak= 3.164 closest distance to " CA ILE A 263 " = 0.951
peak= 3.160 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 58 " = 2.563
peak= 3.156 closest distance to " O HOH Z 130 " = 3.832
peak= 3.154 closest distance to " C GLY A 80 " = 1.272
peak= 3.148 closest distance to " CD ARG A 14 " = 1.356
peak= 3.147 closest distance to " CA LEU A 5 " = 0.962
peak= 3.146 closest distance to " CB ASN A 148 " = 1.164
peak= 3.146 closest distance to " O HOH Z 265 " = 2.340
peak= 3.144 closest distance to " C VAL A 265 " = 1.100
peak= 3.136 closest distance to " CB LEU A 261 " = 1.195
peak= 3.134 closest distance to " CA TYR A 116 " = 1.568
peak= 3.133 closest distance to " OD2 ASP A 50 " = 1.150
peak= 3.133 closest distance to " O ASP A 124 " = 1.360
peak= 3.132 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 110 " = 1.343
peak= 3.124 closest distance to " O HOH Z 189 " = 2.724
peak= 3.122 closest distance to " SD MET A 93 " = 1.726
peak= 3.122 closest distance to " O HOH Z 271 " = 2.179
peak= 3.113 closest distance to " CA ARG A 102 " = 1.451
peak= 3.111 closest distance to " CA GLU A 277 " = 0.908
peak= 3.104 closest distance to " CB ASN A 217 " = 1.054
peak= 3.100 closest distance to " O HOH Z 214 " = 1.922
peak= 3.100 closest distance to " O HOH Z 108 " = 2.281
peak= 3.099 closest distance to " CA MET A 105 " = 1.544
peak= 3.099 closest distance to " O HOH Z 258 " = 1.981
peak= 3.097 closest distance to " O ALA A 158 " = 1.158
peak= 3.093 closest distance to " CB ALA A 242 " = 1.067
peak= 3.091 closest distance to " CE1 PHE A 208 " = 1.157
peak= 3.087 closest distance to " CB PHE A 59 " = 1.047
peak= 3.071 closest distance to " O HOH Z 87 " = 2.306
peak= 3.065 closest distance to " O HOH Z 423 " = 1.764
peak= 3.055 closest distance to " O HOH Z 258 " = 3.108
peak= 3.049 closest distance to " CB MET A 105 " = 1.308
peak= 3.028 closest distance to " O HOH Z 282 " = 2.552
peak= 2.890 closest distance to " CA GLN A 55 " = 0.734
----------holes----------
Number of peaks found at mFobs-DFmodel map (map cutoff=3.00 sigma)= 223
Filter by distance & map next to the model:
mapped sites are within: 0.286 - 5.284
number of sites selected in [dist_min= 0.70, dist_max= 6.00]: 221 from: 223
mapped sites are within: 0.711 - 5.284
peak= -4.897 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 230 " = 0.973
peak= -4.527 closest distance to " O HOH Z 151 " = 1.119
peak= -4.525 closest distance to " O HOH Z 52 " = 2.337
peak= -4.406 closest distance to " O HOH Z 166 " = 1.729
peak= -4.368 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 66 " = 1.256
peak= -4.290 closest distance to " O HOH Z 13 " = 1.364
peak= -4.269 closest distance to " CD2 PHE A 59 " = 2.416
peak= -4.253 closest distance to " N GLN A 58 " = 1.572
peak= -4.228 closest distance to " CG ARG A 138 " = 0.867
peak= -4.224 closest distance to " O HOH Z 221 " = 1.161
peak= -4.187 closest distance to " OG ASER A 134 " = 1.143
peak= -4.115 closest distance to " CD ARG A 138 " = 1.307
peak= -4.092 closest distance to " N ARG A 275 " = 1.052
peak= -4.058 closest distance to " O HOH Z 380 " = 4.113
peak= -4.050 closest distance to " O HOH Z 430 " = 1.324
peak= -4.044 closest distance to " CG ASP A 231 " = 0.800
peak= -4.041 closest distance to " CB ALA A 291 " = 2.394
peak= -3.998 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 74 " = 0.761
peak= -3.990 closest distance to " O HOH Z 184 " = 0.790
peak= -3.985 closest distance to " O HOH Z 103 " = 2.453
peak= -3.970 closest distance to " O HOH Z 266 " = 4.436
peak= -3.960 closest distance to " O HOH Z 38 " = 1.075
peak= -3.959 closest distance to " O HOH Z 210 " = 0.944
peak= -3.948 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 55 " = 2.436
peak= -3.881 closest distance to " CD1 PHE A 59 " = 1.892
peak= -3.879 closest distance to " O HOH Z 124 " = 1.288
peak= -3.873 closest distance to " O HOH Z 186 " = 1.146
peak= -3.858 closest distance to " OH TYR A 169 " = 0.978
peak= -3.827 closest distance to " CB GLN A 55 " = 1.450
peak= -3.817 closest distance to " C ASN A 187 " = 1.844
peak= -3.816 closest distance to " O HOH Z 198 " = 1.592
peak= -3.793 closest distance to " CB ALA A 161 " = 2.609
peak= -3.762 closest distance to " O HOH Z 400 " = 1.183
peak= -3.755 closest distance to " O HOH Z 290 " = 1.011
peak= -3.752 closest distance to " C GLN A 55 " = 1.191
peak= -3.750 closest distance to " CE2 TRP A 85 " = 1.108
peak= -3.745 closest distance to " OG1 THR A 82 " = 1.982
peak= -3.742 closest distance to " O VAL A 121 " = 0.960
peak= -3.741 closest distance to " OG1 THR A 4 " = 1.743
peak= -3.737 closest distance to " O HOH Z 231 " = 1.297
peak= -3.735 closest distance to " O HOH Z 274 " = 2.647
peak= -3.733 closest distance to " O HOH Z 91 " = 1.981
peak= -3.724 closest distance to " O HOH Z 37 " = 3.648
peak= -3.716 closest distance to " O HOH Z 132 " = 0.905
peak= -3.715 closest distance to " N SER A 134 " = 1.264
peak= -3.711 closest distance to " O HOH Z 19 " = 1.793
peak= -3.705 closest distance to " N ALA A 226 " = 2.120
peak= -3.703 closest distance to " CB ALA A 227 " = 2.413
peak= -3.703 closest distance to " CA ASP A 298 " = 1.061
peak= -3.701 closest distance to " O HOH Z 120 " = 0.844
peak= -3.694 closest distance to " OG SER A 97 " = 2.366
peak= -3.693 closest distance to " O GLY A 136 " = 2.681
peak= -3.690 closest distance to " O GLY A 118 " = 2.283
peak= -3.689 closest distance to " CA GLY A 23 " = 2.324
peak= -3.687 closest distance to " C GLY A 91 " = 1.682
peak= -3.685 closest distance to " O PRO A 198 " = 1.282
peak= -3.678 closest distance to " O HOH Z 56 " = 1.923
peak= -3.677 closest distance to " O HOH Z 241 " = 1.069
peak= -3.674 closest distance to " CE MET A 93 " = 1.292
peak= -3.672 closest distance to " C THR A 279 " = 1.136
peak= -3.669 closest distance to " OG SER A 26 " = 1.527
peak= -3.662 closest distance to " OE2 GLU A 37 " = 2.639
peak= -3.655 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 60 " = 1.426
peak= -3.651 closest distance to " CD LYS A 289 " = 2.383
peak= -3.632 closest distance to " OE2 GLU A 2 " = 1.555
peak= -3.625 closest distance to " O HOH Z 166 " = 2.073
peak= -3.622 closest distance to " CA SER A 164 " = 1.847
peak= -3.610 closest distance to " CG GLN A 58 " = 1.244
peak= -3.606 closest distance to " C VAL A 265 " = 0.892
peak= -3.596 closest distance to " O HOH Z 222 " = 1.354
peak= -3.596 closest distance to " CA GLY A 203 " = 2.308
peak= -3.582 closest distance to " CE3 TRP A 150 " = 1.837
peak= -3.574 closest distance to " CG ARG A 269 " = 2.357
peak= -3.574 closest distance to " CD2 HIS A 115 " = 1.039
peak= -3.565 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 88 " = 0.946
peak= -3.559 closest distance to " N ALA A 114 " = 1.111
peak= -3.535 closest distance to " N THR A 235 " = 1.162
peak= -3.530 closest distance to " O SER A 135 " = 1.925
peak= -3.529 closest distance to " O HOH Z 93 " = 1.930
peak= -3.528 closest distance to " N GLY A 17 " = 1.543
peak= -3.526 closest distance to " CB SER A 146 " = 2.211
peak= -3.512 closest distance to " NH2AARG A 275 " = 5.284
peak= -3.502 closest distance to " O HOH Z 385 " = 4.042
peak= -3.500 closest distance to " O HOH Z 325 " = 1.408
peak= -3.499 closest distance to " O HOH Z 60 " = 1.691
peak= -3.493 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 237 " = 2.699
peak= -3.491 closest distance to " O HOH Z 396 " = 1.724
peak= -3.490 closest distance to " O HOH Z 179 " = 2.203
peak= -3.487 closest distance to " O HOH Z 71 " = 0.711
peak= -3.485 closest distance to " CD ARG A 259 " = 1.854
peak= -3.480 closest distance to " O HOH Z 100 " = 1.029
peak= -3.475 closest distance to " CA ASN A 127 " = 1.047
peak= -3.472 closest distance to " CG2BVAL A 41 " = 2.573
peak= -3.470 closest distance to " OG ASER A 164 " = 0.780
peak= -3.470 closest distance to " OG SER A 63 " = 1.439
peak= -3.460 closest distance to " OD2 ASP A 171 " = 1.919
peak= -3.449 closest distance to " CB ALA A 43 " = 2.563
peak= -3.449 closest distance to " CB LEU A 167 " = 2.105
peak= -3.447 closest distance to " O HOH Z 92 " = 1.179
peak= -3.446 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 143 " = 2.383
peak= -3.444 closest distance to " CA GLU A 277 " = 1.286
peak= -3.434 closest distance to " O HOH Z 275 " = 1.561
peak= -3.433 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 156 " = 1.178
peak= -3.423 closest distance to " CA GLY A 133 " = 1.910
peak= -3.422 closest distance to " O HOH Z 246 " = 1.028
peak= -3.416 closest distance to " CB ALA A 100 " = 2.030
peak= -3.396 closest distance to " O ALA A 1 " = 2.033
peak= -3.390 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 221 " = 2.419
peak= -3.389 closest distance to " O HOH Z 221 " = 1.649
peak= -3.386 closest distance to " C SER A 271 " = 1.206
peak= -3.383 closest distance to " CZ3 TRP A 92 " = 1.124
peak= -3.382 closest distance to " OG SER A 28 " = 2.096
peak= -3.377 closest distance to " OD1 ASN A 148 " = 1.467
peak= -3.376 closest distance to " O THR A 18 " = 1.573
peak= -3.372 closest distance to " CA TYR A 68 " = 2.663
peak= -3.372 closest distance to " CG GLU A 2 " = 1.497
peak= -3.372 closest distance to " CE MET A 188 " = 2.240
peak= -3.371 closest distance to " O ASP A 253 " = 1.824
peak= -3.370 closest distance to " C LEU A 101 " = 0.919
peak= -3.358 closest distance to " O ALA A 161 " = 1.460
peak= -3.357 closest distance to " O HOH Z 340 " = 1.010
peak= -3.353 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 167 " = 1.703
peak= -3.351 closest distance to " O HOH Z 208 " = 1.420
peak= -3.345 closest distance to " O HOH Z 117 " = 1.232
peak= -3.340 closest distance to " OD1 ASP A 298 " = 2.117
peak= -3.329 closest distance to " NH1 ARG A 195 " = 2.718
peak= -3.329 closest distance to " O HOH Z 423 " = 1.021
peak= -3.326 closest distance to " O HOH Z 17 " = 1.330
peak= -3.326 closest distance to " NH1 ARG A 195 " = 1.071
peak= -3.323 closest distance to " CG GLU A 53 " = 1.442
peak= -3.321 closest distance to " O HOH Z 297 " = 3.675
peak= -3.319 closest distance to " O HOH Z 40 " = 3.526
peak= -3.317 closest distance to " O HOH Z 416 " = 1.078
peak= -3.308 closest distance to " O HOH Z 243 " = 1.713
peak= -3.304 closest distance to " O ALA A 34 " = 2.053
peak= -3.299 closest distance to " N LEU A 261 " = 1.439
peak= -3.298 closest distance to " O HOH Z 215 " = 2.969
peak= -3.295 closest distance to " O HOH Z 183 " = 1.311
peak= -3.295 closest distance to " CA VAL A 67 " = 2.894
peak= -3.294 closest distance to " N LYS A 166 " = 1.934
peak= -3.289 closest distance to " O TYR A 15 " = 1.411
peak= -3.283 closest distance to " N LEU A 282 " = 2.383
peak= -3.275 closest distance to " O HOH Z 406 " = 1.371
peak= -3.275 closest distance to " O ASN A 170 " = 0.976
peak= -3.274 closest distance to " CA SER A 276 " = 1.408
peak= -3.271 closest distance to " CG TRP A 266 " = 1.890
peak= -3.269 closest distance to " O HOH Z 189 " = 2.229
peak= -3.265 closest distance to " O HOH Z 292 " = 1.916
peak= -3.265 closest distance to " CD GLN A 77 " = 1.028
peak= -3.264 closest distance to " O MET A 47 " = 2.458
peak= -3.261 closest distance to " CA VAL A 197 " = 1.100
peak= -3.260 closest distance to " CB ALA A 114 " = 2.338
peak= -3.259 closest distance to " O LEU A 101 " = 2.857
peak= -3.257 closest distance to " O ILE A 120 " = 0.796
peak= -3.253 closest distance to " CD GLU A 236 " = 0.937
peak= -3.250 closest distance to " O HOH Z 435 " = 1.794
peak= -3.250 closest distance to " C MET A 113 " = 0.995
peak= -3.249 closest distance to " O GLY A 211 " = 1.426
peak= -3.249 closest distance to " NE2 HIS A 86 " = 0.949
peak= -3.243 closest distance to " O HOH Z 210 " = 2.689
peak= -3.239 closest distance to " O HOH Z 402 " = 1.396
peak= -3.237 closest distance to " O HOH Z 31 " = 2.344
peak= -3.236 closest distance to " CG2 ILE A 49 " = 2.724
peak= -3.235 closest distance to " O HOH Z 369 " = 2.394
peak= -3.235 closest distance to " CB PRO A 163 " = 2.876
peak= -3.234 closest distance to " N PHE A 61 " = 0.968
peak= -3.233 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 73 " = 1.356
peak= -3.232 closest distance to " O HOH Z 377 " = 1.985
peak= -3.225 closest distance to " O HOH Z 111 " = 1.421
peak= -3.223 closest distance to " O HOH Z 37 " = 1.526
peak= -3.221 closest distance to " O HOH Z 231 " = 1.339
peak= -3.220 closest distance to " O HOH Z 191 " = 5.266
peak= -3.220 closest distance to " CB SER A 63 " = 3.214
peak= -3.218 closest distance to " CG MET A 105 " = 0.844
peak= -3.209 closest distance to " O LEU A 300 " = 2.620
peak= -3.208 closest distance to " O HOH Z 308 " = 1.087
peak= -3.203 closest distance to " O HOH Z 113 " = 2.043
peak= -3.203 closest distance to " O HOH Z 427 " = 1.377
peak= -3.202 closest distance to " O HOH Z 351 " = 1.563
peak= -3.200 closest distance to " CD1 ILE A 33 " = 1.946
peak= -3.200 closest distance to " CB PHE A 130 " = 1.256
peak= -3.196 closest distance to " SG CYS A 254 " = 3.154
peak= -3.190 closest distance to " ND2BASN A 224 " = 2.033
peak= -3.188 closest distance to " O ASP A 270 " = 1.878
peak= -3.187 closest distance to " OE1 GLN A 88 " = 1.042
peak= -3.185 closest distance to " O HOH Z 292 " = 1.721
peak= -3.181 closest distance to " CA ASN A 110 " = 1.047
peak= -3.173 closest distance to " O HOH Z 177 " = 1.433
peak= -3.172 closest distance to " O HOH Z 199 " = 1.483
peak= -3.170 closest distance to " CA LEU A 222 " = 2.570
peak= -3.160 closest distance to " O GLY A 80 " = 2.216
peak= -3.160 closest distance to " NH1BARG A 190 " = 2.140
peak= -3.159 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 237 " = 2.460
peak= -3.155 closest distance to " O HOH Z 120 " = 3.937
peak= -3.148 closest distance to " O HOH Z 69 " = 0.711
peak= -3.147 closest distance to " O HOH Z 414 " = 1.620
peak= -3.144 closest distance to " O HOH Z 388 " = 1.666
peak= -3.144 closest distance to " OD2 ASP A 65 " = 1.097
peak= -3.141 closest distance to " O HOH Z 352 " = 0.992
peak= -3.135 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 237 " = 2.730
peak= -3.132 closest distance to " OH TYR A 172 " = 1.570
peak= -3.132 closest distance to " O HOH Z 422 " = 1.746
peak= -3.132 closest distance to " O HOH Z 105 " = 2.107
peak= -3.128 closest distance to " CD GLN A 55 " = 1.539
peak= -3.122 closest distance to " CD2 TRP A 274 " = 2.379
peak= -3.114 closest distance to " O HOH Z 171 " = 2.509
peak= -3.113 closest distance to " O SER A 62 " = 1.774
peak= -3.108 closest distance to " CB ALA A 34 " = 2.484
peak= -3.100 closest distance to " O LEU A 143 " = 1.213
peak= -3.097 closest distance to " N THR A 220 " = 2.080
peak= -3.093 closest distance to " O HOH Z 11 " = 1.577
peak= -3.088 closest distance to " O HOH Z 234 " = 4.248
peak= -3.086 closest distance to " O HOH Z 269 " = 3.840
peak= -3.084 closest distance to " O TRP A 85 " = 2.151
peak= -3.081 closest distance to " CD LYS A 119 " = 0.887
peak= -3.066 closest distance to " N GLN A 55 " = 1.242
peak= -3.064 closest distance to " O HOH Z 193 " = 1.180
peak= -3.059 closest distance to " O HOH Z 434 " = 1.910
peak= -3.052 closest distance to " O HOH Z 410 " = 2.073
peak= -3.039 closest distance to " O HOH Z 200 " = 1.420
peak= -3.006 closest distance to " O HOH Z 109 " = 1.124
================= overall refinement statistics: step by step =================
****************** REFINEMENT STATISTICS STEP BY STEP ******************
leading digit, like 1_, means number of macro-cycle
0 : statistics at the very beginning when nothing is done yet
1_bss: bulk solvent correction and/or (anisotropic) scaling
1_xyz: refinement of coordinates
1_adp: refinement of ADPs (Atomic Displacement Parameters)
1_occ: refinement of individual occupancies
------------------------------------------------------------------------
R-factors, x-ray target values and norm of gradient of x-ray target
stage r-work r-free xray_target_w xray_target_t
0 : 0.5076 0.5013 6.307860e+00 6.298280e+00
1_bss: 0.5011 0.4904 6.306245e+00 6.294311e+00
1_xyz: 0.4492 0.4713 6.246147e+00 6.271410e+00
1_adp: 0.4148 0.4630 6.207609e+00 6.263108e+00
1_occ: 0.4146 0.4635 6.206232e+00 6.263258e+00
2_bss: 0.4137 0.4583 6.207449e+00 6.262797e+00
2_xyz: 0.3500 0.4205 6.099580e+00 6.214779e+00
2_adp: 0.3322 0.4123 6.072333e+00 6.198757e+00
2_occ: 0.3320 0.4127 6.072169e+00 6.198994e+00
3_bss: 0.3305 0.4100 6.072477e+00 6.198376e+00
3_xyz: 0.2657 0.3354 5.889733e+00 6.061762e+00
3_adp: 0.2460 0.3146 5.829931e+00 6.009972e+00
3_occ: 0.2458 0.3139 5.828809e+00 6.008385e+00
4_bss: 0.2449 0.3123 5.827292e+00 6.006653e+00
4_xyz: 0.1907 0.2470 5.603164e+00 5.802116e+00
4_adp: 0.1703 0.2305 5.517211e+00 5.734752e+00
4_occ: 0.1702 0.2302 5.516517e+00 5.733831e+00
5_bss: 0.1706 0.2309 5.519292e+00 5.735777e+00
5_xyz: 0.1455 0.1989 5.379278e+00 5.608226e+00
5_adp: 0.1409 0.1903 5.348102e+00 5.569455e+00
5_occ: 0.1407 0.1903 5.347762e+00 5.569300e+00
5_bss: 0.1411 0.1905 5.350007e+00 5.570261e+00
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage k_sol b_sol b11 b22 b33 b12 b13 b23
0 : 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_bss: 0.300 20.000 7.401 9.765 7.048 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_xyz: 0.300 20.000 7.401 9.765 7.048 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_adp: 0.300 20.000 7.401 9.765 7.048 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_occ: 0.300 20.000 7.401 9.765 7.048 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_bss: 0.314 35.213 4.252 6.153 4.673 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_xyz: 0.314 35.213 4.252 6.153 4.673 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_adp: 0.314 35.213 4.252 6.153 4.673 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_occ: 0.314 35.213 4.252 6.153 4.673 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_bss: 0.308 58.570 2.135 3.377 2.324 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_xyz: 0.308 58.570 2.135 3.377 2.324 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_adp: 0.308 58.570 2.135 3.377 2.324 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_occ: 0.308 58.570 2.135 3.377 2.324 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_bss: 0.315 57.453 0.856 1.721 0.759 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_xyz: 0.315 57.453 0.856 1.721 0.759 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_adp: 0.315 57.453 0.856 1.721 0.759 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_occ: 0.315 57.453 0.856 1.721 0.759 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_bss: 0.324 64.215 0.262 1.004 0.460 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_xyz: 0.324 64.215 0.262 1.004 0.460 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_adp: 0.324 64.215 0.262 1.004 0.460 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_occ: 0.324 64.215 0.262 1.004 0.460 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_bss: 0.322 59.868 -0.276 0.284 -0.009 0.000 0.000 0.000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage <pher> fom alpha beta
0 : 65.801 0.3175 0.3770 82707.230
1_bss: 65.447 0.3204 0.4700 80003.688
1_xyz: 61.926 0.3647 0.5208 70678.185
1_adp: 61.071 0.3752 0.5975 68187.208
1_occ: 60.679 0.3804 0.6072 67988.496
2_bss: 60.521 0.3823 0.5590 67599.316
2_xyz: 50.750 0.5080 0.7624 54628.603
2_adp: 48.045 0.5424 0.8168 50745.517
2_occ: 48.069 0.5421 0.8163 50803.724
3_bss: 47.838 0.5449 0.7570 50514.647
3_xyz: 36.479 0.6825 0.9170 31404.397
3_adp: 33.190 0.7212 0.9449 27093.372
3_occ: 33.122 0.7219 0.9452 26972.735
4_bss: 32.977 0.7233 0.8981 26742.907
4_xyz: 24.897 0.8111 0.9641 15896.537
4_adp: 22.635 0.8346 0.9628 13629.476
4_occ: 22.615 0.8348 0.9628 13613.230
5_bss: 22.623 0.8350 0.9454 13677.090
5_xyz: 19.344 0.8670 0.9693 10284.638
5_adp: 18.289 0.8775 0.9731 9564.187
5_occ: 18.288 0.8776 0.9729 9569.966
5_bss: 18.307 0.8775 0.9622 9604.549
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage angl bond chir dihe plan repu geom_target
0 : 24.226 0.414 2.119 33.790 0.145 4.091 5.3988e+01
1_bss: 24.226 0.414 2.119 33.790 0.145 4.091 5.3988e+01
1_xyz: 1.810 0.014 0.111 18.345 0.007 4.122 1.6123e-01
1_adp: 1.810 0.014 0.111 18.345 0.007 4.122 1.6123e-01
1_occ: 1.810 0.014 0.111 18.345 0.007 4.122 1.6123e-01
2_bss: 1.810 0.014 0.111 18.345 0.007 4.122 1.6123e-01
2_xyz: 1.333 0.010 0.089 17.126 0.005 4.109 1.1428e-01
2_adp: 1.333 0.010 0.089 17.126 0.005 4.109 1.1428e-01
2_occ: 1.333 0.010 0.089 17.126 0.005 4.109 1.1428e-01
3_bss: 1.333 0.010 0.089 17.126 0.005 4.109 1.1428e-01
3_xyz: 1.263 0.009 0.089 16.089 0.004 4.115 8.8630e-02
3_adp: 1.263 0.009 0.089 16.089 0.004 4.115 8.8630e-02
3_occ: 1.263 0.009 0.089 16.089 0.004 4.115 8.8630e-02
4_bss: 1.263 0.009 0.089 16.089 0.004 4.115 8.8630e-02
4_xyz: 1.110 0.009 0.077 15.608 0.004 4.114 7.4713e-02
4_adp: 1.110 0.009 0.077 15.608 0.004 4.114 7.4713e-02
4_occ: 1.110 0.009 0.077 15.608 0.004 4.114 7.4713e-02
5_bss: 1.110 0.009 0.077 15.608 0.004 4.114 7.4713e-02
5_xyz: 1.107 0.008 0.083 15.519 0.004 4.123 7.1199e-02
5_adp: 1.107 0.008 0.083 15.519 0.004 4.123 7.1199e-02
5_occ: 1.107 0.008 0.083 15.519 0.004 4.123 7.1199e-02
5_bss: 1.107 0.008 0.083 15.519 0.004 4.123 7.1199e-02
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximal deviations:
stage angl bond chir dihe plan repu |grad|
0 : 74.492 1.400 6.404144.062 0.405 1.160 6.9961e+00
1_bss: 74.492 1.400 6.404144.062 0.405 1.160 6.9961e+00
1_xyz: 15.863 0.181 0.500 87.438 0.049 2.116 1.0732e-01
1_adp: 15.863 0.181 0.500 87.438 0.049 2.116 1.0732e-01
1_occ: 15.863 0.181 0.500 87.438 0.049 2.116 1.0732e-01
2_bss: 15.863 0.181 0.500 87.438 0.049 2.116 1.0732e-01
2_xyz: 9.291 0.092 0.294 86.436 0.044 2.025 8.6466e-02
2_adp: 9.291 0.092 0.294 86.436 0.044 2.025 8.6466e-02
2_occ: 9.291 0.092 0.294 86.436 0.044 2.025 8.6466e-02
3_bss: 9.291 0.092 0.294 86.436 0.044 2.025 8.6466e-02
3_xyz: 8.629 0.068 0.282 79.786 0.030 2.280 6.2681e-02
3_adp: 8.629 0.068 0.282 79.786 0.030 2.280 6.2681e-02
3_occ: 8.629 0.068 0.282 79.786 0.030 2.280 6.2681e-02
4_bss: 8.629 0.068 0.282 79.786 0.030 2.280 6.2681e-02
4_xyz: 7.889 0.060 0.258 80.756 0.027 2.268 5.9843e-02
4_adp: 7.889 0.060 0.258 80.756 0.027 2.268 5.9843e-02
4_occ: 7.889 0.060 0.258 80.756 0.027 2.268 5.9843e-02
5_bss: 7.889 0.060 0.258 80.756 0.027 2.268 5.9843e-02
5_xyz: 7.871 0.055 0.469 89.540 0.032 2.336 4.9700e-02
5_adp: 7.871 0.055 0.469 89.540 0.032 2.336 4.9700e-02
5_occ: 7.871 0.055 0.469 89.540 0.032 2.336 4.9700e-02
5_bss: 7.871 0.055 0.469 89.540 0.032 2.336 4.9700e-02
------------------------------------------------------------------------
|-----overall-----|---macromolecule----|------solvent-------|
stage b_max b_min b_ave b_max b_min b_ave b_max b_min b_ave
0 : 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
1_bss: 19.99 0.01 9.86 19.98 0.01 9.82 19.99 0.06 10.10
1_xyz: 19.99 0.01 9.86 19.98 0.01 9.82 19.99 0.06 10.10
1_adp: 145.00 0.00 16.96 86.63 0.00 14.99 145.00 0.00 27.73
1_occ: 145.00 0.00 16.96 86.63 0.00 14.99 145.00 0.00 27.73
2_bss: 145.00 0.00 16.96 86.63 0.00 14.99 145.00 0.00 27.73
2_xyz: 145.00 0.00 16.96 86.63 0.00 14.99 145.00 0.00 27.73
2_adp: 135.53 0.00 16.03 83.87 0.00 13.37 135.53 0.00 30.56
2_occ: 135.53 0.00 16.03 83.87 0.00 13.37 135.53 0.00 30.56
3_bss: 135.53 0.00 16.03 83.87 0.00 13.37 135.53 0.00 30.56
3_xyz: 135.53 0.00 16.03 83.87 0.00 13.37 135.53 0.00 30.56
3_adp: 131.00 0.00 16.11 77.25 0.00 12.37 131.00 2.12 36.48
3_occ: 131.00 0.00 16.11 77.25 0.00 12.37 131.00 2.12 36.48
4_bss: 131.00 0.00 16.11 77.25 0.00 12.37 131.00 2.12 36.48
4_xyz: 131.00 0.00 16.11 77.25 0.00 12.37 131.00 2.12 36.48
4_adp: 118.01 0.00 17.27 108.55 0.00 11.88 118.01 3.16 46.65
4_occ: 118.01 0.00 17.27 108.55 0.00 11.88 118.01 3.16 46.65
5_bss: 118.01 0.00 17.27 108.55 0.00 11.88 118.01 3.16 46.65
5_xyz: 118.01 0.00 17.27 108.55 0.00 11.88 118.01 3.16 46.65
5_adp: 113.97 0.00 16.52 107.59 0.00 11.32 113.97 3.50 44.85
5_occ: 113.97 0.00 16.52 107.59 0.00 11.32 113.97 3.50 44.85
5_bss: 114.23 0.26 16.78 107.85 0.26 11.58 114.23 3.76 45.11
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage Deviation of refined
model from start model
max min mean
0 : 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_bss: 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_xyz: 1.150 0.023 0.415
1_adp: 1.150 0.023 0.415
1_occ: 1.150 0.023 0.415
2_bss: 1.150 0.023 0.415
2_xyz: 1.805 0.040 0.608
2_adp: 1.805 0.040 0.608
2_occ: 1.805 0.040 0.608
3_bss: 1.805 0.040 0.608
3_xyz: 1.889 0.037 0.735
3_adp: 1.889 0.037 0.735
3_occ: 1.889 0.037 0.735
4_bss: 1.889 0.037 0.735
4_xyz: 1.946 0.060 0.869
4_adp: 1.946 0.060 0.869
4_occ: 1.946 0.060 0.869
5_bss: 1.946 0.060 0.869
5_xyz: 1.876 0.060 0.907
5_adp: 1.876 0.060 0.907
5_occ: 1.876 0.060 0.907
5_bss: 1.876 0.060 0.907
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CPU time actual refinement: 353.91
============================== Exporting results ==============================
Writing refined structure to PDB file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_1189/model_refine_001.pdb
n_use = 2823
n_use_u_iso = 2823
n_use_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_site = 0
n_grad_u_iso = 0
n_grad_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_occupancy = 106
n_grad_fp = 0
n_grad_fdp = 0
n_anisotropic_flag = 0
total number of scatterers = 2823
Writing 2mFobs-DFmodel XPLOR map to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_1189/model_refine_001_2mFobs-DFmodel.map
Writing mFobs-DFmodel XPLOR map to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_1189/model_refine_001_mFobs-DFmodel.map
Writing map coefficients to MTZ file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_1189/model_refine_001_map_coeffs.mtz
Writing default parameters for subsequent refinement:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_1189/model_refine_002.def
=============================== Detailed timings ==============================
Pure refinement (no I/O, processing, etc)= 353.76
Macro-tasks:
bulk solvent and scale = 42.51
individual site refinement = 148.53
weights calculation = 32.40
collect and process = 6.25
model show statistics = 0.10
TOTAL for macro-tasks = 229.79
Micro-tasks:
mask = 3.07
f_calc = 113.82
alpha_beta = 8.58
target = 1.23
gradients_wrt_atomic_parameters = 122.19
fmodel = 7.25
r_factors = 0.15
phase_errors = 9.74
foms = 0.23
TOTAL for micro-tasks = 266.26
NUMBER OF MASK CALCS= 6
Time per interpreted Python bytecode instruction: 5.040 micro seconds
Total CPU time: 6.12 minutes
from_scatterers_fft: 618 calls, 113.47 s
gradients_fft: 562 calls, 109.61 s
=========================== phenix.refine: finished ===========================
# Date 2008-01-16 Time 03:25:28 PST -0800 (1200482728.34 s)
Start R-work = 0.5076, R-free = 0.5013 (no bulk solvent and anisotropic scale)
Final R-work = 0.1556, R-free = 0.2078 (no bulk solvent and anisotropic scale)
Start R-work = 0.5011, R-free = 0.4904
Final R-work = 0.1411, R-free = 0.1905
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
345054
|
**Understanding Spaceport Functions**
**(Functions, Description, and Sub-Functions Taken from Vision
Spaceport)**
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Func | ** | **Sub-Functions and/or |
| tions** | Description** | Elements/Components** |
+=========+===============+===========================================+
| ** | Functions | - Receiving/inspection |
| Offline | required at | |
| Payload | the spaceport | - Verify payload functional |
| Proce | to prepare | |
| ssing** | cargo for | - Prepare payload for transport to the |
| | shipment into | launch vehicle |
| | space and | |
| | retrieval | - Perform fluids servicing |
| | from space. | |
| | | - Perform weight, CG & balance |
| | | |
| | | - Package P/L in shipping container; |
| | | ship |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| ** | Functions | - Receiving and inspection |
| Element | required at | |
| Receipt | the spaceport | - Conditioning if required (purging, |
| & | to receive | temperature and humidity control) |
| Accep | the flight | |
| tance** | element at | |
| | the spaceport | |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| ** | Includes the | - Mate flight element to ground element |
| Vehicle | final | |
| A | assembly of | - Assemble/mate flight elements if |
| ssembly | the vehicle | required |
| & | elements, and | |
| Integr | the | - Perform interface verification |
| ation** | integration | |
| | of the | - Perform servicing/close-out if |
| | elements into | desired |
| | a total | |
| | flight | - Transfer elements and interface |
| | "stack" ready | hardware non-flight items to storage |
| | for launch | location |
| | activities | |
| | | - Transfer flight vehicle to next |
| | | module |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **La | Functions | - Verify launch facility on-line and |
| unch/De | required to | functional |
| parture | receive, | |
| Func | service and | - Position flight vehicle for/at launch |
| tions** | launch the | site |
| | flight | |
| | vehicle at | - Mate with facility and verify |
| | the | functional interfaces (if any) |
| | lau | |
| | nch/departure | - Integrate payload and/or personnel |
| | point | module with vehicle and verify |
| | | functional interfaces (if any) |
| | | |
| | | - Provide vehicle weather protection |
| | | (if required) wind, rain, ice, |
| | | lightning, etc. |
| | | |
| | | - Perform local servicing of |
| | | commodities and close-out for flight |
| | | if required at this module |
| | | |
| | | - Perform remote servicing of |
| | | commodities and close-out for flight |
| | | if required at this module |
| | | |
| | | - Ingress crew/passengers |
| | | |
| | | - Launch the vehicle |
| | | |
| | | - Recycle/ refurbish launch facility |
| | | |
| | | - Service launch facility support |
| | | systems |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| ** | Function that | - Provide landing area |
| Landing | includes the | |
| & | arrival or | - Provide utilities to vehicle element |
| Rec | return of a | at motion stop |
| overy** | flight | |
| | element | - Perform minor safing and check out |
| | during the | for return to spaceport |
| | course of a | |
| | space flight. | - Provide crew / passenger egress |
| | The arrival | capability |
| | may its trip | |
| | back from | - Provide down cargo removal capability |
| | space, or | |
| | perhaps a | - Maintain / Verify landing facility |
| | boost or | and systems functional |
| | assist stage | |
| | returning. | - Provide ferry facility and fueling |
| | | capability |
| | | |
| | | - Return element to the spaceport |
| | | |
| | | - Transfer vehicle element to next |
| | | facility in flow |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| * | Functions | - Safing, if required (ordnance, cryos, |
| *Flight | required to | etc.) |
| Element | receive and | |
| Tur | prepare | - Inspection/checkout to verify system |
| naround | reusable | health |
| Func | space vehicle | |
| tions** | element(s) | - Cargo removal/Installation if desired |
| | for | |
| | subsequent | - Troubleshooting and repair as needed |
| | as | |
| | sembly/launch | - Service commodities and perform |
| | ops | close-out if desired |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| ** | Functions | - Propellants (acquisition, storage, |
| Concept | required to | distribution, conditioning |
| -Unique | ship, receive | verification) |
| Lo | and repair | |
| gistics | flight line | - Other fluids and gases and unique |
| Func | replaceable | consumables |
| tions** | parts and | |
| | materials | - LRU replacement hardware (flight and |
| | after removal | ground systems) |
| | from the | |
| | vehicle. Also | |
| | Includes | |
| | logistics | |
| | support for | |
| | c | |
| | oncept-unique | |
| | consumables, | |
| | propellants | |
| | and gases. | |
| | Could include | |
| | : | |
| | | |
| | - On-site | |
| | repair | |
| | depots | |
| | | |
| | - Offsite | |
| | repair | |
| | depots | |
| | | |
| | - Vendor | |
| | repair | |
| | level | |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| ** | Functions | - Vehicle overhaul, |
| Vehicle | required to | inspection/verification, and |
| Depot | perform | modification (structural, flight |
| Func | offline | controls, etc.) |
| tions** | periodic | |
| | inspections, | - Modular element overhaul and |
| | checkout & | |
| | upgrade of | - Inspection/verification of major |
| | flight | flight elements (e.g., OMS-RCS pods, |
| | vehicles per | SSME, wheels/tires TPS, etc.) |
| | a scheduled | |
| | phased | - Hot test propulsion hardware |
| | maintenance | |
| | plan | |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| ** | Functions | - Management & control of systems for |
| Traffic | required | Ground-to-Flight Vehicle |
| and | monitor and | communications |
| Flight | control | |
| Control | outbound and | - Weather advisory for flight vehicle |
| Func | inbound space | departure and returns (also for |
| tions** | traffic, | ground operations) |
| | ground | |
| | element | - Flight Safety monitor and control |
| | movements | during Ascent, Reentry, and Approach |
| | within a | & Landing phases |
| | spaceport , | |
| | and also | - Audio-Visual monitoring of ground |
| | protect the | operations |
| | public and | |
| | high value | |
| | assets during | |
| | ground | |
| | processing | |
| | and space | |
| | flight | |
| | operations | |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Sp | Functions | - Shops and Labs |
| aceport | that may be | |
| Support | needed to | - Photographic Services |
| Func | support | |
| tions** | flight | - Fire Protection |
| | systems | |
| | processing | - Medical |
| | functions. | |
| | These may | - Security |
| | include a | |
| | variety of | - Library (technical documents) |
| | host services | |
| | needed to | - Utilities |
| | support | |
| | flight | - Roads and Grounds |
| | production | |
| | | - Foods Services |
| | | |
| | | - Heavy Equipment |
| | | |
| | | - Communication/Information Services |
| | | |
| | | - Ground Transportation Services |
| | | |
| | | - Environmental Compatibility |
| | | Management |
| | | |
| | | - Pyrotechnical Storage and Handling |
| | | |
| | | - Personal Environmental Protection |
| | | Equipment |
| | | |
| | | - Facility Maintenance Services and |
| | | Shops |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Ope | Functions | - Customer Relations |
| rations | that may be | |
| P | needed to | - Vehicle Manifesting and Scheduling |
| lanning | support | |
| & | flight/ground | - Ground Systems Scheduling and |
| Manag | systems | Management |
| ement** | processing. | |
| | These may | - Software Production |
| | include a | |
| | variety of | - Personnel Management |
| | host services | |
| | needed to | - Sustaining Operations Engineering |
| | support | |
| | flight | - Work Control |
| | production | |
| | | - Public Affairs |
| | | |
| | | - Business Management |
| | | |
| | | - Advanced Planning |
| | | |
| | | - Safety, Reliability & Quality |
| | | Assurance (SR&QA) |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Con | Functions | - Shelter |
| necting | that may be | |
| Infrast | needed to | - Connecting Utility Infrastructure |
| ructure | connect to | |
| & | and sustain | - Transportation Support |
| Co | the overall | |
| mmunity | spaceport | - Educational Support |
| Support | enterprise | |
| Ser | | - Community Police/Fire Protection |
| vices** | | |
| | | - Community Resources Infrastructure |
| | | and Services |
| | | |
| | | - Consumer Retail Support |
| | | |
| | | - Community Medical Support/Hospitals, |
| | | etc. |
| | | |
| | | - Financial Institutions |
| | | |
| | | - Economic Development |
+---------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
**Defining Performance Requirements for Functions**
**(Functions, Description, and Sub-Functions Taken from Vision
Spaceport)**
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| **Func | ** | **Sub-Functions | **Future Performance |
| tions** | Description** | and/or | Requirements** |
| | | Eleme | |
| | | nts/Components** | |
+=========+===============+==================+=======================+
| ** | Functions | - Rece | - |
| Offline | required at | iving/inspection | |
| Payload | the spaceport | | |
| Proce | to prepare | - Verify | |
| ssing** | cargo for | payload | |
| | shipment into | functional | |
| | space and | | |
| | retrieval | - Prepare | |
| | from space. | payload for | |
| | | transport to | |
| | | the launch | |
| | | vehicle | |
| | | | |
| | | - Perform | |
| | | fluids | |
| | | servicing | |
| | | | |
| | | - Perform | |
| | | weight, CG & | |
| | | balance | |
| | | | |
| | | - Package P/L | |
| | | in shipping | |
| | | container; | |
| | | ship | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | Functions | - Receiving | - |
| Element | required at | and | |
| Receipt | the spaceport | inspection | |
| & | to receive | | |
| Accep | the flight | - Conditioning | |
| tance** | element at | if required | |
| | the spaceport | (purging, | |
| | | temperature | |
| | | and humidity | |
| | | control) | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | Includes the | - Mate flight | - |
| Vehicle | final | element to | |
| A | assembly of | ground | |
| ssembly | the vehicle | element | |
| & | elements, and | | |
| Integr | the | - | |
| ation** | integration | Assemble/mate | |
| | of the | flight | |
| | elements into | elements if | |
| | a total | required | |
| | flight | | |
| | "stack" ready | - Perform | |
| | for launch | interface | |
| | activities | verification | |
| | | | |
| | | - Perform | |
| | | ser | |
| | | vicing/close-out | |
| | | if desired | |
| | | | |
| | | - Transfer | |
| | | elements and | |
| | | interface | |
| | | hardware | |
| | | non-flight | |
| | | items to | |
| | | storage | |
| | | location | |
| | | | |
| | | - Transfer | |
| | | flight | |
| | | vehicle to | |
| | | next module | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| **La | Functions | - Verify | - |
| unch/De | required to | launch | |
| parture | receive, | facility | |
| Func | service and | on-line and | |
| tions** | launch the | functional | |
| | flight | | |
| | vehicle at | - Position | |
| | the | flight | |
| | lau | vehicle | |
| | nch/departure | for/at | |
| | point | launch site | |
| | | | |
| | | - Mate with | |
| | | facility and | |
| | | verify | |
| | | functional | |
| | | interfaces | |
| | | (if any) | |
| | | | |
| | | - Integrate | |
| | | payload | |
| | | and/or | |
| | | personnel | |
| | | module with | |
| | | vehicle and | |
| | | verify | |
| | | functional | |
| | | interfaces | |
| | | (if any) | |
| | | | |
| | | - Provide | |
| | | vehicle | |
| | | weather | |
| | | protection | |
| | | (if | |
| | | required) | |
| | | wind, rain, | |
| | | ice, | |
| | | lightning, | |
| | | etc. | |
| | | | |
| | | - Perform | |
| | | local | |
| | | servicing of | |
| | | commodities | |
| | | and | |
| | | close-out | |
| | | for flight | |
| | | if required | |
| | | at this | |
| | | module | |
| | | | |
| | | - Perform | |
| | | remote | |
| | | servicing of | |
| | | commodities | |
| | | and | |
| | | close-out | |
| | | for flight | |
| | | if required | |
| | | at this | |
| | | module | |
| | | | |
| | | - Ingress | |
| | | | |
| | | crew/passengers | |
| | | | |
| | | - Launch the | |
| | | vehicle | |
| | | | |
| | | - Recycle/ | |
| | | refurbish | |
| | | launch | |
| | | facility | |
| | | | |
| | | - Service | |
| | | launch | |
| | | facility | |
| | | support | |
| | | systems | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | Function that | - Provide | - |
| Landing | includes the | landing area | |
| & | arrival or | | |
| Rec | return of a | - Provide | |
| overy** | flight | utilities to | |
| | element | vehicle | |
| | during the | element at | |
| | course of a | motion stop | |
| | space flight. | | |
| | The arrival | - Perform | |
| | may its trip | minor safing | |
| | back from | and check | |
| | space, or | out for | |
| | perhaps a | return to | |
| | boost or | spaceport | |
| | assist stage | | |
| | returning. | - Provide crew | |
| | | / passenger | |
| | | egress | |
| | | capability | |
| | | | |
| | | - Provide down | |
| | | cargo | |
| | | removal | |
| | | capability | |
| | | | |
| | | - Maintain / | |
| | | Verify | |
| | | landing | |
| | | facility and | |
| | | systems | |
| | | functional | |
| | | | |
| | | - Provide | |
| | | ferry | |
| | | facility and | |
| | | fueling | |
| | | capability | |
| | | | |
| | | - Return | |
| | | element to | |
| | | the | |
| | | spaceport | |
| | | | |
| | | - Transfer | |
| | | vehicle | |
| | | element to | |
| | | next | |
| | | facility in | |
| | | flow | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| * | Functions | - Safing, if | - |
| *Flight | required to | required | |
| Element | receive and | (ordnance, | |
| Tur | prepare | cryos, etc.) | |
| naround | reusable | | |
| Func | space vehicle | - Ins | |
| tions** | element(s) | pection/checkout | |
| | for | to verify | |
| | subsequent | system | |
| | as | health | |
| | sembly/launch | | |
| | ops | - Cargo | |
| | | remo | |
| | | val/Installation | |
| | | if desired | |
| | | | |
| | | - | |
| | | Troubleshooting | |
| | | and repair | |
| | | as needed | |
| | | | |
| | | - Service | |
| | | commodities | |
| | | and perform | |
| | | close-out if | |
| | | desired | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | Functions | - Propellants | - |
| Concept | required to | | |
| -Unique | ship, receive | (acquisition, | |
| Lo | and repair | storage, | |
| gistics | flight line | | |
| Func | replaceable | distribution, | |
| tions** | parts and | conditioning | |
| | materials | | |
| | after removal | verification) | |
| | from the | | |
| | vehicle. Also | - Other fluids | |
| | Includes | and gases | |
| | logistics | and unique | |
| | support for | consumables | |
| | c | | |
| | oncept-unique | - LRU | |
| | consumables, | replacement | |
| | propellants | hardware | |
| | and gases. | (flight and | |
| | Could include | ground | |
| | : | systems) | |
| | | | |
| | - On-site | | |
| | repair | | |
| | depots | | |
| | | | |
| | - Offsite | | |
| | repair | | |
| | depots | | |
| | | | |
| | - Vendor | | |
| | repair | | |
| | level | | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | Functions | - Vehicle | - |
| Vehicle | required to | overhaul, | |
| Depot | perform | inspecti | |
| Func | offline | on/verification, | |
| tions** | periodic | and | |
| | inspections, | modification | |
| | checkout & | (structural, | |
| | upgrade of | flight | |
| | flight | controls, | |
| | vehicles per | etc.) | |
| | a scheduled | | |
| | phased | - Modular | |
| | maintenance | element | |
| | plan | overhaul and | |
| | | | |
| | | - Inspect | |
| | | ion/verification | |
| | | of major | |
| | | flight | |
| | | elements | |
| | | (e.g., | |
| | | OMS-RCS | |
| | | pods, SSME, | |
| | | wheels/tires | |
| | | TPS, etc.) | |
| | | | |
| | | - Hot test | |
| | | propulsion | |
| | | hardware | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | Functions | - Management & | - |
| Traffic | required | control of | |
| and | monitor and | systems for | |
| Flight | control | | |
| Control | outbound and | Ground-to-Flight | |
| Func | inbound space | Vehicle | |
| tions** | traffic, | | |
| | ground | communications | |
| | element | | |
| | movements | - Weather | |
| | within a | advisory for | |
| | spaceport , | flight | |
| | and also | vehicle | |
| | protect the | departure | |
| | public and | and returns | |
| | high value | (also for | |
| | assets during | ground | |
| | ground | operations) | |
| | processing | | |
| | and space | - Flight | |
| | flight | Safety | |
| | operations | monitor and | |
| | | control | |
| | | during | |
| | | Ascent, | |
| | | Reentry, and | |
| | | Approach & | |
| | | Landing | |
| | | phases | |
| | | | |
| | | - Audio-Visual | |
| | | monitoring | |
| | | of ground | |
| | | operations | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| **Sp | Functions | - Shops and | - |
| aceport | that may be | Labs | |
| Support | needed to | | |
| Func | support | - Photographic | |
| tions** | flight | Services | |
| | systems | | |
| | processing | - Fire | |
| | functions. | Protection | |
| | These may | | |
| | include a | - Medical | |
| | variety of | | |
| | host services | - Security | |
| | needed to | | |
| | support | - Library | |
| | flight | (technical | |
| | production | documents) | |
| | | | |
| | | - Utilities | |
| | | | |
| | | - Roads and | |
| | | Grounds | |
| | | | |
| | | - Foods | |
| | | Services | |
| | | | |
| | | - Heavy | |
| | | Equipment | |
| | | | |
| | | - Communica | |
| | | tion/Information | |
| | | Services | |
| | | | |
| | | - Ground | |
| | | | |
| | | Transportation | |
| | | Services | |
| | | | |
| | | - | |
| | | Environmental | |
| | | | |
| | | Compatibility | |
| | | Management | |
| | | | |
| | | - | |
| | | Pyrotechnical | |
| | | Storage and | |
| | | Handling | |
| | | | |
| | | - Personal | |
| | | | |
| | | Environmental | |
| | | Protection | |
| | | Equipment | |
| | | | |
| | | - Facility | |
| | | Maintenance | |
| | | Services and | |
| | | Shops | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| **Ope | Functions | - Customer | - |
| rations | that may be | Relations | |
| P | needed to | | |
| lanning | support | - Vehicle | |
| & | flight/ground | Manifesting | |
| Manag | systems | and | |
| ement** | processing. | Scheduling | |
| | These may | | |
| | include a | - Ground | |
| | variety of | Systems | |
| | host services | Scheduling | |
| | needed to | and | |
| | support | Management | |
| | flight | | |
| | production | - Software | |
| | | Production | |
| | | | |
| | | - Personnel | |
| | | Management | |
| | | | |
| | | - Sustaining | |
| | | Operations | |
| | | Engineering | |
| | | | |
| | | - Work Control | |
| | | | |
| | | - Public | |
| | | Affairs | |
| | | | |
| | | - Business | |
| | | Management | |
| | | | |
| | | - Advanced | |
| | | Planning | |
| | | | |
| | | - Safety, | |
| | | Reliability | |
| | | & Quality | |
| | | Assurance | |
| | | (SR&QA) | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
| **Con | Functions | - Shelter | - |
| necting | that may be | | |
| Infrast | needed to | - Connecting | |
| ructure | connect to | Utility | |
| & | and sustain | | |
| Co | the overall | Infrastructure | |
| mmunity | spaceport | | |
| Support | enterprise | - | |
| Ser | | Transportation | |
| vices** | | Support | |
| | | | |
| | | - Educational | |
| | | Support | |
| | | | |
| | | - Community | |
| | | Police/Fire | |
| | | Protection | |
| | | | |
| | | - Community | |
| | | Resources | |
| | | | |
| | | Infrastructure | |
| | | and Services | |
| | | | |
| | | - Consumer | |
| | | Retail | |
| | | Support | |
| | | | |
| | | - Community | |
| | | Medical | |
| | | Su | |
| | | pport/Hospitals, | |
| | | etc. | |
| | | | |
| | | - Financial | |
| | | Institutions | |
| | | | |
| | | - Economic | |
| | | Development | |
+---------+---------------+------------------+-----------------------+
|
en
|
markdown
|
164749
|
# Presentation: 164749
## Operational Aspects of Space Radiation Analysis
**October 18, 2005**
**Mark Weyland**
## BACKGROUND
- The SRAG was established at the NASA – Johnson Space Center in 1962
- SRAG provided 24-hour support for all manned missions until 1994
- Pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight support
- Legal and moral reasons require NASA limit astronaut radiation exposures to minimize short and long-term health risks
## ALARA
- Adherence to ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is recognized throughout NASA’s manned spaceflight requirements documents
- Radiation protection philosophy-- All radiation exposure, no matter how small, increases the health risk to that individual (Linear Non-Threshold Theory)
- Astronaut exposures are much higher than the typical ground-based radiation worker
- Space radiation more damaging than radiation typically encountered by ground-based workers
## BACKGROUND
- Acute affects
- Affects range from mild and recoverable to death
- Risk of acute affects during LEO missions is very small
- Long-term risks
- Cancer risk increase
- Cataracts
- Genetic affects
- Heart risks
## Limits
- _30 Day:_
- NASA BFO (NCRP 98)
- Eye (NCRP 98)
- Skin (NCRP 98)
- _Annual_
- NASA BFO (NCRP 98)
- Eye (NCRP 98)
- Skin (NCRP 98)
- _Dose Equivalent_
- 25 cSv
- 100 cSv
- 150 cSv
- 50 cSv
- 200 cSv
- 300 cSv
**30 day and annual and limits serve to protect against deterministic effects**
**Career limits serve to protect against long-term deterministic and stochastic effects, most specifically to limit additional cancer mortality less than 3 %**
## REAL TIME SUPPORT
**Notes:**
NOAA SEC in Boulder, CO (EASY Mike)
L-30, and L-3 day briefings
And daily briefings when on console during real time support (discuss in a minute)
## REAL TIME
- Nominal support on console from Mission Control Houston (MCC-H) is 4 hours per day
- In MCC-H continuously during significant space weather activity and all EVA's
**Notes:**
Examine available space weather data, reports, and forecasts for trends or conditions which may produce enhancements in near-Earth space radiation environment
Tag-up with NOAA SWO Solar Forecaster for “big picture” of space weather conditions
Check vehicle status and crew timeline for the potential for unscheduled EVAs
Report crew exposure status and space weather conditions to flight management
## SPACE WEATHER
## SPACE WEATHER
## SPACE WEATHER
## REAL TIME
## REAL TIME
## REAL TIME
- Solar Active Region Display System (SARDS)
## REAL TIME
## REAL TIME
**Notes:**
What do we do during contingency situation (usually middle of night)
## SRAG Space Weather Alarm System Log
- 20 Jan 2005 17:18z SPE (>10MeV) Decreased Below 1000 Level: 17:05:00 645.6; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 08:35z X-ray Flare Event Ended at 08:34:00 - M4.85/ Peak at: 07:01:00 - X7.12/ 1.805278 hours; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 08:34z Flare Decreased Below M5 Level: 08:33:00 - M4.95; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 07:28z Energetic SPE (>100MeV) Has Peaked at: 07:10:00 652.359985; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 07:28z SPE (>10MeV) Exceeded 1000 Level: 07:15:00 1113.5; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 07:28z X-ray Flare Half Peak Event Ended at 07:27:00 - X3.43/ Peak at: 07:01:00 - X7.12/ 0.690000 hours; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 07:18z X-ray Flare Has Peaked at: 07:01:00 - X7.12; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 07:17z Flare Decreased Below X5 Level: 07:16:00 - X4.93; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 07:15z Energetic SPE (>100MeV) Exceeded 600 Level: **07:10:00** 652.359985; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 07:05z Energetic SPE (>100MeV) Exceeded 400 Level: 07:00:00 426.760010; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 07:01z Energetic SPE (>100MeV) Exceeded 200 Level: 06:55:00 217.960007; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 06:57z Energetic SPE (>100MeV) Start (Crossed 1.0 Threshold) **06:50:00** 21.980000; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 06:53z Flare Exceeded X5 Level: 06:52:00 - X5.34; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 06:47z Flare Exceeded X1 Level: 06:46:00 - X1.50; pager called
- 20 Jan 2005 06:46z M Flare Start (Crossed 5.000000e-05 Threshold): **06:45:00** - M9.04; pager called
## ISS Crew Dose Summary From January 2005 Event
- Due to fortunate orbital phasing, crew only received around 2 days worth of additional dose (~0.035 cGy).
- If ISS had begun the high magnetic latitude passes during the start of the event, the doses would have been a factor of 10 higher for this event.
- If the Shuttle were on the way to the moon, the doses would have been around 6 cGy in the first 2 days. This is more than a ground based worker is allowed in a year.
## CONTACT INFORMATION
- srag.jsc.nasa.gov
**Notes:**
P339 – Treadmill (more shielded area)
P327 – Next to R-16
P307 – Workstation (and at other end of module)
Window 14 – Thinly shielded area on front end
Doses rates change with attitude and altitude lately, and will approximately double at solar min
Vary more than 35% in SM
## CONTACT INFORMATION
## Constellation Vehicle Shielding
- Radiation specific shielding on Exploration vehicles is unknown
- Already push-back on adding mass for radiation protection
- Best case scenario’s still leave short duration vehicles and EVAs (low shielding) vulnerable to SEPs
## New Challenges for SRAG
- Train Space Wx Officers for each mission
- Implementation of design ideas (shielding, materials)
- Education (design engineers, management, crew)
- New models and tools
- Concept of Operations
## SRAG Wish List
*Recommendations of the NASA Sun-Solar System Connection Radiation Working Group Report* – July 2005
- Real time data from spacecraft for operational purposes, (NDAs)
- Additional real time measurements in proton flux (50's &100's, but also 300's to 500's)
- Integration/transition from research models to configuration controlled _[V&V](slide24.xml)_ operational tools (CCMC?)
- Satellite data sent directly to future Constellation vehicles as well as the ground
- Quiet time forecasts
- Active/electronic personal dosimeters with well characterized charged particle/neutron sensitivities
## FINAL THOUGHT
- Of all the risks encountered by astronauts during space flight, the increased risk of cancer induction from radiation exposure is one of the few that persists after landing
***To design a flying machine is nothing; ***
***building it is not much; ***
- Otto Lilienthal
***To design a model is nothing; ***
***building it is not much; ***
***testing (V&V) is everything.***
|
en
|
log-files
|
754516
|
# Date 2008-01-16 Time 00:39:30 PST -0800 (1200472770.59 s)
#phil __OFF__
Command line arguments: "../99.param" "adp.set_b_iso=10" "sites.shake=0.5" "main.number_of_macro_cycles=5" "--overwrite"
HOST = moonbird.lbl.gov
HOSTTYPE = x86_64-linux
USER = phzwart
PID = 15491
JOB_ID = 5158
SGE_ARCH = lx24-amd64
SGE_TASK_FIRST = 1
SGE_TASK_LAST = 1330
SGE_TASK_ID = 99
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHENIX: Python-based Hierarchical ENvironment for Integrated Xtallography
User: phzwart
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
phenix.refine: Macromolecular Structure Refinement
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phenix developers include:
Paul Adams, Pavel Afonine, Vicent Chen, Ian Davis, Kreshna Gopal,
Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve, Li-Wei Hung, Robert Immormino, Tom Ioerger,
Airlie McCoy, Erik McKee, Nigel Moriarty, Reetal Pai, Randy Read,
Jane Richardson, David Richardson, Tod Romo, Jim Sacchettini,
Nicholas Sauter, Jacob Smith, Laurent Storoni, Tom Terwilliger,
Peter Zwart
Phenix home page:
http://www.phenix-online.org/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phenix components are copyrighted by:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Duke University
- Texas Agricultural Experiment Station &
Texas Engineering Experiment Station
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Major third-party components of Phenix include:
Python, wxwidgets, wxPython, Boost, SCons, Clipper,
CCP4 Monomer Library, CCP4 I/O libraries, PyCifRW, FFTPACK, L-BFGS
Enter phenix.acknowledgments for details.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Processing inputs. This may take a minute or two.
Command line parameter definitions:
refinement.modify_start_model.adp.set_b_iso = 10
refinement.modify_start_model.sites.shake = 0.5
refinement.main.number_of_macro_cycles = 5
Working crystal symmetry after inspecting all inputs:
Unit cell: (68.4938, 47.8686, 84.2302, 90, 90, 90)
Space group: P 21 21 21 (No. 19)
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/model.pdb
Monomer Library directory:
"/net/rosie/scratch3/phzwart/CCTBX/Sources/mon_lib"
Total number of atoms: 2823
Number of models: 1
Model: 0
Number of conformers: 2
Conformer: "A"
Number of atoms: 2769
Number of chains: 2
Number of residues, atoms: 302, 2333
Classifications: {'peptide': 302}
Modifications used: {'COO': 1}
Link IDs: {'PTRANS': 7, 'CIS': 1, 'TRANS': 293}
Number of residues, atoms: 436, 436
Classifications: {'water': 436}
Link IDs: {None: 435}
Conformer: "B"
Number of atoms: 2771
Common with "A": 2717
Number of chains: 2
Number of residues, atoms: 302, 2333
Classifications: {'peptide': 302}
Modifications used: {'COO': 1}
Link IDs: {'PTRANS': 7, 'CIS': 1, 'TRANS': 293}
bond proxies already assigned to first conformer: 2332
Number of residues, atoms: 438, 438
Classifications: {'water': 438}
Link IDs: {None: 437}
Time building chain proxies: 3.31, per 1000 atoms: 1.17
================================== X-ray data =================================
F-obs:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:FOBS,SIGMA
R-free flags:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:TEST
Miller array info: /net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:FOBS,SIGMA
Observation type: xray.amplitude
Type of data: double, size=19589
Type of sigmas: double, size=19589
Number of Miller indices: 19589
Anomalous flag: False
Unit cell: (68.4938, 47.8686, 84.2302, 90, 90, 90)
Space group: P 21 21 21 (No. 19)
Systematic absences: 0
Centric reflections: 2427
Resolution range: 14.9212 1.95056
Completeness in resolution range: 0.943593
Completeness with d_max=infinity: 0.940739
Number of F-obs in resolution range: 19589
Number of F-obs <= 0: 0
Refinement resolution range: d_max = 14.9212
d_min = 1.9506
Miller array info: /net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns:TEST
Observation type: None
Type of data: int, size=19589
Type of sigmas: None
Number of Miller indices: 19589
Anomalous flag: False
Unit cell: (68.4938, 47.8686, 84.2302, 90, 90, 90)
Space group: P 21 21 21 (No. 19)
Systematic absences: 0
Centric reflections: 2427
Resolution range: 14.9212 1.95056
Completeness in resolution range: 0.943593
Completeness with d_max=infinity: 0.940739
Test (R-free flags) flag value: 1
Number of work/free reflections by resolution:
work free %free
bin 1: 14.9216 - 4.1746 [2179/2208] 1958 221 10.1%
bin 2: 4.1746 - 3.3255 [2091/2114] 1885 206 9.9%
bin 3: 3.3255 - 2.9087 [2060/2085] 1851 209 10.1%
bin 4: 2.9087 - 2.6444 [2029/2056] 1834 195 9.6%
bin 5: 2.6444 - 2.4557 [2036/2069] 1825 211 10.4%
bin 6: 2.4557 - 2.3115 [2025/2053] 1835 190 9.4%
bin 7: 2.3115 - 2.1961 [2005/2041] 1798 207 10.3%
bin 8: 2.1961 - 2.1008 [2003/2045] 1801 202 10.1%
bin 9: 2.1008 - 2.0201 [1954/2029] 1760 194 9.9%
bin 10: 2.0201 - 1.9506 [1207/2060] 1083 124 10.3%
overall 17630 1959 10.0%
Writing MTZ file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_99/model_refine_data.mtz
========================== Anomalous scatterer groups =========================
All atoms refined with f_prime=0 and f_double_prime=0.
========================== Set up restraints manager ==========================
Number of disulfides: simple=3, symmetry=0
Simple disulfide: " SG CYS A 168 " - " SG ACYS A 201 " distance=2.08
Simple disulfide: " SG CYS A 168 " - " SG BCYS A 201 " distance=1.98
Simple disulfide: " SG CYS A 254 " - " SG CYS A 260 " distance=2.05
Time building geometry restraints manager: 0.14 seconds
Histogram of bond lengths:
1.21 - 1.38: 943
1.38 - 1.56: 1465
1.56 - 1.73: 7
1.73 - 1.90: 21
1.90 - 2.08: 3
Bond restraints sorted by residual:
atom i - atom j ideal model delta weight residual
" SG CYS A 168 " - " SG BCYS A 201 " 2.031 1.983 0.048 2.50e+03 5.87e+00
" C GLN A 88 " - " N GLN A 89 " 1.329 1.360 -0.031 5.10e+03 4.97e+00
" SG CYS A 168 " - " SG ACYS A 201 " 2.031 2.075 -0.044 2.50e+03 4.89e+00
" CB CYS A 201 " - " SG ACYS A 201 " 1.808 1.738 0.070 9.18e+02 4.46e+00
" C PRO A 198 " - " N ILE A 199 " 1.329 1.301 0.028 5.10e+03 4.10e+00
... (remaining 2434 not shown)
Histogram of nonbonded interaction distances:
1.12 - 1.88: 21
1.88 - 2.63: 143
2.63 - 3.39: 4377
3.39 - 4.14: 9529
4.14 - 4.90: 14828
Nonbonded interactions sorted by model distance:
atom i - atom j model vdw sym.op. j
" O HOH Z 18 " - " O HOH Z 102 " 1.125 3.040 -x+1,y+1/2,-z+1/2
" OD2 ASP A 107 " - " OG BSER A 216 " 1.171 3.040 -x+1/2,-y+1,z+1/2
" C GLY A 91 " - " O HOH Z 401 " 1.319 3.270 -x+1,y-1/2,-z+1/2
" O HOH Z 52 " - " O HOH Z 183 " 1.359 3.040 -x+1,y+1/2,-z+1/2
" O HOH Z 178 " - " O HOH Z 403 " 1.375 3.040 -x+1,y-1/2,-z+1/2
... (remaining 28893 not shown)
Histogram of dihedral angle deviations from ideal:
0.01 - 17.19: 754
17.19 - 34.36: 62
34.36 - 51.54: 27
51.54 - 68.71: 23
68.71 - 85.89: 4
Dihedral angle restraints sorted by residual:
" CA PHE A 192 "
" CB PHE A 192 "
" CG PHE A 192 "
" CD1 PHE A 192 "
ideal model delta periodicty weight residual
90.00 7.91 82.09 2 2.50e-03 1.68e+01
" N PRO A 54 "
" CG PRO A 54 "
" CD PRO A 54 "
" CB PRO A 54 "
ideal model delta periodicty weight residual
30.00 -27.17 57.17 3 4.44e-03 1.45e+01
" N PRO A 280 "
" CA PRO A 280 "
" CB PRO A 280 "
" CG PRO A 280 "
ideal model delta periodicty weight residual
-25.00 38.44 56.56 3 4.44e-03 1.42e+01
... (remaining 867 not shown)
==================== Fixing bad ADP in input model (if any) ===================
============================== Scattering factors =============================
----------X-ray scattering dictionary----------
Number of scattering types: 4
Type Number sf(0) Gaussians
S 13 15.96 2
O 902 7.97 2
N 437 6.97 2
C 1471 5.97 2
sf(0) = scattering factor at diffraction angle 0.
====================== Modifying start model if requested =====================
Setting all isotropic ADP = 10.000: selected atoms: all (2823)
Shaking sites (RMS = 0.500): selected atoms: all (2823)
==================== Fixing bad ADP in input model (if any) ===================
================== Extract refinement strategy and selections =================
individual_sites = True
rigid_body = False
individual_adp = True
group_adp = False
tls = False
individual_occupancies = True
group_occupancies = False
group_anomalous = False
size = 2823
n_use = 2823
n_use_u_iso = 2823
n_use_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_site = 0
n_grad_u_iso = 0
n_grad_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_occupancy = 0
n_grad_fp = 0
n_grad_fdp = 0
n_anisotropic_flag = 0
total number of scatterers = 2823
==================== Process input NCS or/and find new NCS ====================
Using existing and finding new NCS is disabled.
Use refinement.main.ncs=true to activate it.
Look at refinement.ncs for more NCS related parameters.
=================== Write initial parameters into .eff file ===================
Writing effective parameters to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_99/model_refine_001.eff
Writing geometry restraints to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_99/model_refine_001.geo
CPU time processing inputs: 9.19
============================ Non-default parameters ===========================
A complete record of all parameters was written to the .eff file above.
Below are only the non-defaults.
#phil __ON__
refinement {
crystal_symmetry {
unit_cell = 68.49375 47.8686 84.23025 90 90 90
space_group = "P 21 21 21"
}
input {
pdb {
file_name = "/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/model.pdb"
}
xray_data {
file_name = "/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns"
labels = "FOBS,SIGMA"
r_free_flags {
file_name = "/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/1e0w.cns"
label = "TEST"
test_flag_value = 1
}
}
}
output {
prefix = "model_refine"
serial = 1
}
main {
number_of_macro_cycles = 5
}
modify_start_model {
adp {
set_b_iso = 10
}
sites {
shake = 0.5
}
}
}
#phil __OFF__
============================= ml refinement start =============================
----------structure factors based statistics (before refinement)----------
----------X-ray data----------
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.5282 r_free= 0.5214 ksol= 0.00 Bsol= 0.00 scale= 0.768 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 1.06 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.316943 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bin Resolution Compl. No. Refl. R-factors Targets |
|number range work test work test work test|
| 1: 14.9216 - 4.6565 0.99 1416 159 0.4505 0.4456 6.6831 6.7224|
| 2: 4.6565 - 3.7148 0.99 1356 148 0.4793 0.4615 6.8921 6.8924|
| 3: 3.7148 - 3.2507 0.99 1341 149 0.5084 0.4887 6.747 6.7894|
| 4: 3.2507 - 2.9560 0.98 1317 141 0.5099 0.5112 6.564 6.5506|
| 5: 2.9560 - 2.7456 0.99 1320 152 0.5691 0.5714 6.4073 6.3954|
| 6: 2.7456 - 2.5846 0.99 1318 145 0.5432 0.5327 6.2982 6.2103|
| 7: 2.5846 - 2.4557 0.98 1285 148 0.5659 0.5417 6.2721 6.2005|
| 8: 2.4557 - 2.3493 0.98 1317 136 0.5557 0.5447 6.185 6.2303|
| 9: 2.3493 - 2.2591 0.99 1289 143 0.5697 0.5725 6.1325 6.1562|
| 10: 2.2591 - 2.1814 0.99 1292 148 0.5604 0.5703 6.1235 6.1356|
| 11: 2.1814 - 2.1134 0.97 1283 140 0.5596 0.5830 6.0366 6.0408|
| 12: 2.1134 - 2.0532 0.98 1281 148 0.5474 0.5533 5.9708 6.0075|
| 13: 2.0532 - 1.9992 0.90 1168 130 0.5632 0.5722 5.8969 5.8912|
| 14: 1.9992 - 1.9506 0.49 647 72 0.5759 0.4331 5.8808 5.6608|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|R-free likelihood based estimates for figures of merit, absolute phase error,|
|and distribution parameters alpha and beta (Acta Cryst. (1995). A51, 880-887)|
| |
| Bin Resolution No. Refl. FOM Phase Scale Alpha Beta |
| # range work test error factor |
| 1: 14.9216 - 4.6565 1416 159 0.59 43.91 0.77 0.61 104393.76|
| 2: 4.6565 - 3.7148 1356 148 0.58 45.21 0.83 0.65 155212.62|
| 3: 3.7148 - 3.2507 1341 149 0.46 55.33 0.81 0.59 163325.05|
| 4: 3.2507 - 2.9560 1317 141 0.36 62.94 0.79 0.46 136251.86|
| 5: 2.9560 - 2.7456 1320 152 0.25 70.90 0.70 0.34 106764.60|
| 6: 2.7456 - 2.5846 1318 145 0.24 72.28 0.70 0.28 85812.87|
| 7: 2.5846 - 2.4557 1285 148 0.21 74.42 0.71 0.24 75615.17|
| 8: 2.4557 - 2.3493 1317 136 0.19 75.70 0.71 0.24 70005.31|
| 9: 2.3493 - 2.2591 1289 143 0.14 79.91 0.70 0.18 67251.54|
| 10: 2.2591 - 2.1814 1292 148 0.10 82.46 0.77 0.13 61490.92|
| 11: 2.1814 - 2.1134 1283 140 0.07 85.03 0.74 0.09 57200.66|
| 12: 2.1134 - 2.0532 1281 148 0.10 82.34 0.74 0.14 52400.29|
| 13: 2.0532 - 1.9992 1168 130 0.20 75.48 0.74 0.26 41745.68|
| 14: 1.9992 - 1.9506 647 72 0.39 60.44 0.70 0.45 26172.49|
|alpha: min = 0.09 max = 0.65 mean = 0.33|
|beta: min = 26172.49 max = 163325.05 mean = 89193.70|
|figures of merit: min = 0.00 max = 1.00 mean = 0.28|
|phase err.(work): min = 0.00 max = 89.99 mean = 68.98|
|phase err.(test): min = 0.00 max = 89.98 mean = 69.19|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
============================== Outliers rejection =============================
basic_wilson_outliers = 0
extreme_wilson_outliers = 0
beamstop_shadow_outliers = 0
total = 0
====================== Target weights (before refinement) =====================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 34.845014 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 85.072 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 2.628565 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 85.450 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------Initial model statistics (before refinement)----------
|-Geometry statistics: start--------------------------------------------------|
| Histogram of deviations from ideal values for |
| Bonds | Angles | Nonbonded contacts |
| 0.000 - 0.140: 597 | 0.009 - 7.457: 713 | 0.993 - 1.384: 10 |
| 0.140 - 0.280: 585 | 7.457 - 14.906: 711 | 1.384 - 1.775: 17 |
| 0.280 - 0.420: 441 | 14.906 - 22.354: 630 | 1.775 - 2.165: 115 |
| 0.420 - 0.560: 366 | 22.354 - 29.802: 474 | 2.165 - 2.556: 534 |
| 0.560 - 0.700: 237 | 29.802 - 37.251: 338 | 2.556 - 2.947: 1341 |
| 0.700 - 0.840: 127 | 37.251 - 44.699: 241 | 2.947 - 3.337: 2487 |
| 0.840 - 0.980: 59 | 44.699 - 52.147: 125 | 3.337 - 3.728: 4013 |
| 0.980 - 1.120: 17 | 52.147 - 59.595: 51 | 3.728 - 4.119: 5243 |
| 1.120 - 1.260: 9 | 59.595 - 67.044: 13 | 4.119 - 4.509: 6933 |
| 1.260 - 1.400: 1 | 67.044 - 74.492: 3 | 4.509 - 4.900: 8250 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-Geometry statistics: start--------------------------------------------------|
| Type | Count | Deviation from ideal | Targets | Target (sum) |
| | | rmsd max min | | |
| bond | 2439 | 0.414 1.400 0.000 | 454.651 | |
| angle | 3299 | 24.226 74.492 0.009 | 193.752 | |
| chirality | 348 | 2.119 6.404 0.009 | 112.240 | 52.935 |
| planarity | 436 | 0.145 0.405 0.000 | 250.485 | |
| dihedral | 870 | 33.790 144.062 0.019 | 20.704 | |
| nonbonded | 2439 | 4.085 4.900 0.993 | 3.706 | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.400)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 10.00 10.00 10.00 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 10.000 - 10.000: 2823 | 5: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 1: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 6: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 2: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 7: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 3: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 8: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| 4: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 | 9: 10.000 - 10.000: 0 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-Occupancies statistics------------------------------------------------------|
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.30 number of occupancies < 0.1 = 0 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------Modify initial isotropic ADP----------
Randomizing
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.400)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.01 19.99 9.86 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.01 19.99 9.86 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.06 19.99 10.10 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.01 19.98 9.82 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.008 - 2.007: 301 | 5: 10.002 - 12.000: 285 |
| 1: 2.007 - 4.006: 276 | 6: 12.000 - 13.999: 292 |
| 2: 4.006 - 6.004: 309 | 7: 13.999 - 15.998: 289 |
| 3: 6.004 - 8.003: 285 | 8: 15.998 - 17.996: 266 |
| 4: 8.003 - 10.002: 251 | 9: 17.996 - 19.995: 269 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 1 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.5311 r_free= 0.5248 ksol= 0.00 Bsol= 0.00 scale= 0.739 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.00 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 1.06 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.316833 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.5220 r_free= 0.5157 ksol= 0.34 Bsol= 0.00 scale= 0.950 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (6.73,9.89,7.85,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 8.16 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 1.20 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.315055 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 29.009499 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 86.356 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 2.266552 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 82.157 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.5220 final r-factor (work) = 0.4681 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.5157 final r-factor (free) = 0.4910 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 144.5320 = 29.01 * 0.50 * 6.3149 + 1.00 * 52.9352 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 91.1615 = 29.01 * 0.50 * 6.2703 + 1.00 * 0.2118 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 26 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.4681 final r-factor (work) = 0.4375 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4910 final r-factor (free) = 0.4922 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 14.2264 = 2.27 * 1.00 * 6.2703 + 1.00 * 0.0144 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 14.1787 = 2.27 * 1.00 * 6.2453 + 1.00 * 0.0234 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 26 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.400)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 99.26 17.24 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 99.26 17.24 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.00 99.26 22.88 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 86.91 16.21 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 9.926: 917 | 5: 49.628 - 59.554: 37 |
| 1: 9.926 - 19.851: 948 | 6: 59.554 - 69.479: 16 |
| 2: 19.851 - 29.777: 529 | 7: 69.479 - 79.405: 8 |
| 3: 29.777 - 39.703: 241 | 8: 79.405 - 89.331: 5 |
| 4: 39.703 - 49.628: 119 | 9: 89.331 - 99.256: 3 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.4375 r_free = 0.4922 target_work(ml) = 6.238 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.30 number of occupancies < 0.1: 0 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.4370 r_free = 0.4909 target_work(ml) = 6.237 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 4 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 2 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.4370 r_free= 0.4909 ksol= 0.34 Bsol= 0.00 scale= 1.111 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (6.73,9.89,7.85,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 8.16 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.88 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.237199 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.4365 r_free= 0.4830 ksol= 0.38 Bsol= 50.00 scale= 1.036 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (3.60,6.25,5.21,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 5.02 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.87 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.238348 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 20.321430 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 103.649 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 1.102810 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 117.165 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.4365 final r-factor (work) = 0.3851 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4830 final r-factor (free) = 0.4456 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 63.6661 = 20.32 * 0.50 * 6.2451 + 1.00 * 0.2118 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 63.0878 = 20.32 * 0.50 * 6.1957 + 1.00 * 0.1346 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.3851 final r-factor (work) = 0.3658 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4456 final r-factor (free) = 0.4368 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 6.8702 = 1.10 * 1.00 * 6.1957 + 1.00 * 0.0374 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 6.7866 = 1.10 * 1.00 * 6.1398 + 1.00 * 0.0155 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 29 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.400)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 104.81 17.67 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 104.81 17.67 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.00 102.89 27.04 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 104.81 15.94 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 10.481: 991 | 5: 52.403 - 62.884: 33 |
| 1: 10.481 - 20.961: 894 | 6: 62.884 - 73.365: 16 |
| 2: 20.961 - 31.442: 540 | 7: 73.365 - 83.845: 5 |
| 3: 31.442 - 41.923: 255 | 8: 83.845 - 94.326: 1 |
| 4: 41.923 - 52.403: 84 | 9: 94.326 - 104.807: 4 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.3658 r_free = 0.4368 target_work(ml) = 6.129 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 4 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.3657 r_free = 0.4367 target_work(ml) = 6.129 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 6 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 3 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.3657 r_free= 0.4367 ksol= 0.38 Bsol= 50.00 scale= 1.098 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (3.60,6.25,5.21,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 5.02 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.62 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.128778 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.3628 r_free= 0.4325 ksol= 0.34 Bsol= 51.65 scale= 1.033 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (1.13,3.42,2.77,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.44 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.62 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 6.126511 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 13.254494 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 101.542 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 3.761514 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 144.781 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.3628 final r-factor (work) = 0.3011 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.4325 final r-factor (free) = 0.3754 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 40.8125 = 13.25 * 0.50 * 6.1380 + 1.00 * 0.1346 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 40.3125 = 13.25 * 0.50 * 6.0662 + 1.00 * 0.1104 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 28 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.3011 final r-factor (work) = 0.2669 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.3754 final r-factor (free) = 0.3541 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 22.8335 = 3.76 * 1.00 * 6.0662 + 1.00 * 0.0154 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 22.3857 = 3.76 * 1.00 * 5.9439 + 1.00 * 0.0275 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.400)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 114.24 19.43 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 114.24 19.43 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.00 114.24 41.16 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 106.31 15.44 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 11.424: 1254 | 5: 57.120 - 68.544: 86 |
| 1: 11.424 - 22.848: 724 | 6: 68.544 - 79.968: 38 |
| 2: 22.848 - 34.272: 348 | 7: 79.968 - 91.392: 29 |
| 3: 34.272 - 45.696: 213 | 8: 91.392 - 102.816: 14 |
| 4: 45.696 - 57.120: 110 | 9: 102.816 - 114.240: 7 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.2669 r_free = 0.3541 target_work(ml) = 5.920 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 6 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.2667 r_free = 0.3537 target_work(ml) = 5.920 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 7 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 4 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.2667 r_free= 0.3537 ksol= 0.34 Bsol= 51.65 scale= 1.064 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (1.13,3.42,2.77,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 2.44 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.42 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.919559 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.2666 r_free= 0.3521 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 51.65 scale= 1.043 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.62,2.45,1.92,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 1.66 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.42 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.915766 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 5.135592 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 101.916 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 0.469417 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 139.310 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.2666 final r-factor (work) = 0.2255 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.3521 final r-factor (free) = 0.3005 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 15.3708 = 5.14 * 0.50 * 5.9430 + 1.00 * 0.1104 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 15.1165 = 5.14 * 0.50 * 5.8610 + 1.00 * 0.0666 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 28 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.2255 final r-factor (work) = 0.2128 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.3005 final r-factor (free) = 0.2720 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 2.7790 = 0.47 * 1.00 * 5.8610 + 1.00 * 0.0278 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 2.7194 = 0.47 * 1.00 * 5.7560 + 1.00 * 0.0175 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 29 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.400)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 113.92 17.45 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 113.92 17.45 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 2.73 113.92 41.35 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 101.92 13.06 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 11.392: 1473 | 5: 56.959 - 68.351: 56 |
| 1: 11.392 - 22.784: 686 | 6: 68.351 - 79.743: 42 |
| 2: 22.784 - 34.175: 247 | 7: 79.743 - 91.134: 15 |
| 3: 34.175 - 45.567: 175 | 8: 91.134 - 102.526: 7 |
| 4: 45.567 - 56.959: 117 | 9: 102.526 - 113.918: 5 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.2128 r_free = 0.2720 target_work(ml) = 5.700 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 7 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.2125 r_free = 0.2717 target_work(ml) = 5.699 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 9 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*********************** REFINEMENT MACRO_CYCLE 5 OF 5 *************************
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.2125 r_free= 0.2717 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 51.65 scale= 1.051 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (0.62,2.45,1.92,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 1.66 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.28 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.699451 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.2120 r_free= 0.2710 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 43.93 scale= 1.023 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (-0.48,1.47,0.97,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.65 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.28 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.699592 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========================== Target weights: x-ray data =========================
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| XYZ refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxc * wxc_scale + Echem * wc |
| wxc = 5.679332 wxc_scale = 0.500 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between x-ray and geometry gradient vectors: 106.029 (deg) |
| |
| ADP refinement: T = Eexperimental * wxu * wxu_scale + Eadp * wu |
| wxc = 0.719775 wxc_scale = 1.000 wc = 1.000 |
| angle between Xray and ADP gradient vectors: 94.837 (deg) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ xyz refinement ===============================
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.2120 final r-factor (work) = 0.1662 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.2710 final r-factor (free) = 0.2219 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 16.4139 = 5.68 * 0.50 * 5.7567 + 1.00 * 0.0667 |
| |
| T_final = wxc * wxc_scale * Exray + wc * Echem |
| 15.9939 = 5.68 * 0.50 * 5.6027 + 1.00 * 0.0840 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 27 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
================================ ADP refinement ===============================
----------Individual ADP refinement----------
|-LBFGS minimization----------------------------------------------------------|
| start r-factor (work) = 0.1662 final r-factor (work) = 0.1493 |
| start r-factor (free) = 0.2219 final r-factor (free) = 0.2043 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| T_start = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 4.0467 = 0.72 * 1.00 * 5.6027 + 1.00 * 0.0140 |
| |
| T_final = wxu * wxu_scale * Exray + wu * Eadp |
| 3.9330 = 0.72 * 1.00 * 5.4466 + 1.00 * 0.0127 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| number of iterations = 25 | number of function evaluations = 26 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.400)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 110.37 16.80 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 110.37 16.80 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.00 110.37 44.58 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 102.22 11.69 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.000 - 11.037: 1543 | 5: 55.183 - 66.219: 87 |
| 1: 11.037 - 22.073: 706 | 6: 66.219 - 77.256: 51 |
| 2: 22.073 - 33.110: 171 | 7: 77.256 - 88.292: 15 |
| 3: 33.110 - 44.146: 112 | 8: 88.292 - 99.329: 8 |
| 4: 44.146 - 55.183: 125 | 9: 99.329 - 110.365: 5 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
======================= Individual occupancy refinement =======================
|-individual occupancy refinement: start--------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1493 r_free = 0.2043 target_work(ml) = 5.395 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 9 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-individual occupancy refinement: end----------------------------------------|
| r_work = 0.1490 r_free = 0.2043 target_work(ml) = 5.395 |
| occupancies: max = 1.00 min = 0.00 number of occupancies < 0.1: 9 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------X-ray data----------
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1490 r_free= 0.2043 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 43.93 scale= 1.032 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (-0.48,1.47,0.97,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= 0.65 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.20 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.394550 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bin Resolution Compl. No. Refl. R-factors Targets |
|number range work test work test work test|
| 1: 14.9216 - 4.6565 0.99 1416 159 0.1119 0.1482 5.5173 5.7071|
| 2: 4.6565 - 3.7148 0.99 1356 148 0.1049 0.1427 5.6459 5.9395|
| 3: 3.7148 - 3.2507 0.99 1341 149 0.1406 0.1999 5.7351 6.0524|
| 4: 3.2507 - 2.9560 0.98 1317 141 0.1680 0.2099 5.7041 5.8982|
| 5: 2.9560 - 2.7456 0.99 1320 152 0.1776 0.2060 5.5819 5.6933|
| 6: 2.7456 - 2.5846 0.99 1318 145 0.1697 0.2549 5.4767 5.699|
| 7: 2.5846 - 2.4557 0.98 1285 148 0.1624 0.2252 5.3957 5.5927|
| 8: 2.4557 - 2.3493 0.98 1317 136 0.1613 0.2152 5.3347 5.5516|
| 9: 2.3493 - 2.2591 0.99 1289 143 0.1622 0.2458 5.2697 5.5212|
| 10: 2.2591 - 2.1814 0.99 1292 148 0.1612 0.2304 5.2706 5.5031|
| 11: 2.1814 - 2.1134 0.97 1283 140 0.1574 0.2365 5.1792 5.4665|
| 12: 2.1134 - 2.0532 0.98 1281 148 0.1506 0.2131 5.1166 5.3779|
| 13: 2.0532 - 1.9992 0.90 1168 130 0.1505 0.2330 5.0259 5.2981|
| 14: 1.9992 - 1.9506 0.49 647 72 0.1540 0.2277 4.9727 5.1672|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|R-free likelihood based estimates for figures of merit, absolute phase error,|
|and distribution parameters alpha and beta (Acta Cryst. (1995). A51, 880-887)|
| |
| Bin Resolution No. Refl. FOM Phase Scale Alpha Beta |
| # range work test error factor |
| 1: 14.9216 - 4.6565 1416 159 0.92 11.95 0.98 0.96 10662.58|
| 2: 4.6565 - 3.7148 1356 148 0.93 11.55 1.05 1.01 14451.52|
| 3: 3.7148 - 3.2507 1341 149 0.89 16.50 1.06 1.04 18579.71|
| 4: 3.2507 - 2.9560 1317 141 0.87 19.31 1.05 1.04 17300.13|
| 5: 2.9560 - 2.7456 1320 152 0.84 21.95 1.03 1.01 14404.47|
| 6: 2.7456 - 2.5846 1318 145 0.85 21.81 1.02 0.96 12106.56|
| 7: 2.5846 - 2.4557 1285 148 0.85 21.54 1.01 0.96 10237.24|
| 8: 2.4557 - 2.3493 1317 136 0.85 21.70 1.05 1.01 9699.34|
| 9: 2.3493 - 2.2591 1289 143 0.85 21.52 1.05 1.01 8283.74|
| 10: 2.2591 - 2.1814 1292 148 0.85 21.35 1.04 0.99 8269.23|
| 11: 2.1814 - 2.1134 1283 140 0.84 22.73 1.04 0.98 7340.94|
| 12: 2.1134 - 2.0532 1281 148 0.85 21.72 1.05 1.01 6632.13|
| 13: 2.0532 - 1.9992 1168 130 0.85 21.94 1.04 1.03 5613.65|
| 14: 1.9992 - 1.9506 647 72 0.84 22.26 1.03 0.97 4883.45|
|alpha: min = 0.96 max = 1.04 mean = 1.00|
|beta: min = 4883.45 max = 18579.71 mean = 10906.72|
|figures of merit: min = 0.00 max = 1.00 mean = 0.86|
|phase err.(work): min = 0.00 max = 89.92 mean = 19.65|
|phase err.(test): min = 0.00 max = 89.92 mean = 18.86|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
====================== bulk solvent modeling and scaling ======================
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1491 r_free= 0.2041 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 43.93 scale= 1.013 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (-1.07,0.72,0.29,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= -0.02 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.20 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.395630 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
----------X-ray data----------
|--(resolution: 1.95 - 14.92 A; n_refl. = 19589)------------------------------|
| |
| r_work= 0.1491 r_free= 0.2041 ksol= 0.33 Bsol= 43.93 scale= 1.013 |
| |
| overall anisotropic scale matrix (Cartesian basis; B11,B22,B33,B12,B13,B23):|
| (-1.07,0.72,0.29,0.00,0.00,0.00); trace/3= -0.02 |
| |
| maximum likelihood estimate for coordinate error: 0.20 A |
| x-ray target function (ml) for work reflections: 5.395630 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Bin Resolution Compl. No. Refl. R-factors Targets |
|number range work test work test work test|
| 1: 14.9216 - 4.6565 0.99 1416 159 0.1125 0.1485 5.5246 5.7028|
| 2: 4.6565 - 3.7148 0.99 1356 148 0.1064 0.1423 5.6558 5.9457|
| 3: 3.7148 - 3.2507 0.99 1341 149 0.1413 0.2000 5.7381 6.0527|
| 4: 3.2507 - 2.9560 0.98 1317 141 0.1681 0.2083 5.7052 5.8979|
| 5: 2.9560 - 2.7456 0.99 1320 152 0.1776 0.2046 5.5811 5.6902|
| 6: 2.7456 - 2.5846 0.99 1318 145 0.1695 0.2555 5.4746 5.7001|
| 7: 2.5846 - 2.4557 0.98 1285 148 0.1621 0.2235 5.3947 5.5908|
| 8: 2.4557 - 2.3493 0.98 1317 136 0.1609 0.2154 5.3333 5.5524|
| 9: 2.3493 - 2.2591 0.99 1289 143 0.1618 0.2452 5.2683 5.5181|
| 10: 2.2591 - 2.1814 0.99 1292 148 0.1612 0.2305 5.2696 5.5041|
| 11: 2.1814 - 2.1134 0.97 1283 140 0.1572 0.2361 5.1783 5.4666|
| 12: 2.1134 - 2.0532 0.98 1281 148 0.1506 0.2124 5.1172 5.3766|
| 13: 2.0532 - 1.9992 0.90 1168 130 0.1506 0.2323 5.026 5.2981|
| 14: 1.9992 - 1.9506 0.49 647 72 0.1541 0.2281 4.9722 5.1682|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|R-free likelihood based estimates for figures of merit, absolute phase error,|
|and distribution parameters alpha and beta (Acta Cryst. (1995). A51, 880-887)|
| |
| Bin Resolution No. Refl. FOM Phase Scale Alpha Beta |
| # range work test error factor |
| 1: 14.9216 - 4.6565 1416 159 0.92 12.05 0.97 0.95 10735.18|
| 2: 4.6565 - 3.7148 1356 148 0.93 11.61 1.04 1.00 14538.05|
| 3: 3.7148 - 3.2507 1341 149 0.89 16.51 1.05 1.03 18641.31|
| 4: 3.2507 - 2.9560 1317 141 0.87 19.28 1.03 1.02 17297.47|
| 5: 2.9560 - 2.7456 1320 152 0.84 21.91 1.01 0.99 14362.90|
| 6: 2.7456 - 2.5846 1318 145 0.85 21.76 0.99 0.94 12076.51|
| 7: 2.5846 - 2.4557 1285 148 0.85 21.54 0.99 0.93 10222.48|
| 8: 2.4557 - 2.3493 1317 136 0.85 21.66 1.02 0.98 9677.21|
| 9: 2.3493 - 2.2591 1289 143 0.85 21.49 1.01 0.98 8267.81|
| 10: 2.2591 - 2.1814 1292 148 0.85 21.32 1.00 0.96 8246.07|
| 11: 2.1814 - 2.1134 1283 140 0.84 22.71 1.01 0.95 7339.30|
| 12: 2.1134 - 2.0532 1281 148 0.85 21.72 1.01 0.98 6642.24|
| 13: 2.0532 - 1.9992 1168 130 0.85 21.93 1.00 0.99 5610.26|
| 14: 1.9992 - 1.9506 647 72 0.84 22.23 0.98 0.93 4874.66|
|alpha: min = 0.93 max = 1.03 mean = 0.98|
|beta: min = 4874.66 max = 18641.31 mean = 10912.81|
|figures of merit: min = 0.00 max = 1.00 mean = 0.87|
|phase err.(work): min = 0.00 max = 89.98 mean = 19.65|
|phase err.(test): min = 0.00 max = 89.48 mean = 18.85|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-ADP statistics (Wilson B = 11.400)------------------------------------------|
| Atom | Number of | Isotropic or equivalent| Anisotropy lmin/max |
| type |iso aniso | min max mean | min max mean |
| - - - - |- - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - |
| all : 2823 0 0.00 110.37 16.80 None None None |
| all(noH): 2823 0 0.00 110.37 16.80 None None None |
| Sol. : 438 0 0.00 110.37 44.58 None None None |
| Mac. : 2385 0 0.00 102.23 11.70 None None None |
| Hyd. : 0 0 None None None None None None |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| Distribution of isotropic (or equivalent) ADP for non-H atoms: |
| Bin# value range #atoms | Bin# value range #atoms |
| 0: 0.003 - 11.040: 1543 | 5: 55.186 - 66.222: 87 |
| 1: 11.040 - 22.076: 706 | 6: 66.222 - 77.259: 51 |
| 2: 22.076 - 33.113: 171 | 7: 77.259 - 88.295: 15 |
| 3: 33.113 - 44.149: 112 | 8: 88.295 - 99.331: 8 |
| 4: 44.149 - 55.186: 125 | 9: 99.331 - 110.368: 5 |
| =>continue=> |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
========== residual map mFobs-DFmodel: highest peaks and deepst holes =========
----------peaks----------
Number of peaks found at mFobs-DFmodel map (map cutoff=3.00 sigma)= 344
Filter by distance & map next to the model:
mapped sites are within: 0.441 - 4.458
number of sites selected in [dist_min= 0.70, dist_max= 6.00]: 342 from: 344
mapped sites are within: 0.758 - 4.458
peak= 8.895 closest distance to " O HOH Z 138 " = 1.650
peak= 8.827 closest distance to " O HOH Z 203 " = 1.526
peak= 8.651 closest distance to " CB VAL A 230 " = 1.359
peak= 7.786 closest distance to " O HOH Z 403 " = 1.398
peak= 7.591 closest distance to " O HOH Z 307 " = 1.240
peak= 7.548 closest distance to " O BHOH Z 74 " = 1.115
peak= 7.341 closest distance to " OD1 ASN A 60 " = 1.043
peak= 6.883 closest distance to " O HOH Z 159 " = 1.146
peak= 6.843 closest distance to " O HOH Z 316 " = 1.567
peak= 6.499 closest distance to " O HOH Z 135 " = 1.356
peak= 6.478 closest distance to " O HOH Z 37 " = 1.348
peak= 6.438 closest distance to " O HOH Z 46 " = 1.353
peak= 6.363 closest distance to " O HOH Z 137 " = 1.354
peak= 6.352 closest distance to " O HOH Z 45 " = 1.640
peak= 6.214 closest distance to " O ARG A 56 " = 1.097
peak= 6.159 closest distance to " O HOH Z 92 " = 1.664
peak= 5.984 closest distance to " O HOH Z 332 " = 0.993
peak= 5.930 closest distance to " O HOH Z 117 " = 1.867
peak= 5.916 closest distance to " CD1AILE A 234 " = 1.326
peak= 5.793 closest distance to " CG GLN A 77 " = 1.222
peak= 5.754 closest distance to " CB VAL A 296 " = 1.228
peak= 5.664 closest distance to " O HOH Z 402 " = 1.626
peak= 5.602 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 5 " = 1.314
peak= 5.551 closest distance to " O HOH Z 199 " = 1.920
peak= 5.526 closest distance to " O HOH Z 247 " = 1.859
peak= 5.513 closest distance to " O HOH Z 342 " = 0.988
peak= 5.364 closest distance to " O HOH Z 249 " = 1.541
peak= 5.265 closest distance to " O HOH Z 272 " = 2.022
peak= 5.241 closest distance to " O HOH Z 422 " = 1.071
peak= 5.225 closest distance to " O HOH Z 178 " = 1.962
peak= 5.182 closest distance to " O HOH Z 278 " = 2.351
peak= 5.108 closest distance to " CG ARG A 66 " = 1.317
peak= 5.097 closest distance to " CG AARG A 275 " = 1.264
peak= 5.084 closest distance to " O HOH Z 279 " = 1.450
peak= 5.080 closest distance to " O HOH Z 209 " = 1.399
peak= 5.009 closest distance to " O SER A 62 " = 0.984
peak= 4.988 closest distance to " O HOH Z 130 " = 1.246
peak= 4.920 closest distance to " CB ARG A 275 " = 1.081
peak= 4.890 closest distance to " O HOH Z 192 " = 1.716
peak= 4.885 closest distance to " O HOH Z 412 " = 3.508
peak= 4.832 closest distance to " O HOH Z 116 " = 1.251
peak= 4.826 closest distance to " CA VAL A 41 " = 0.907
peak= 4.814 closest distance to " OE1 GLU A 44 " = 1.103
peak= 4.807 closest distance to " O HOH Z 79 " = 1.045
peak= 4.704 closest distance to " CB GLN A 73 " = 1.089
peak= 4.694 closest distance to " CG LEU A 5 " = 1.443
peak= 4.685 closest distance to " CA SER A 62 " = 1.091
peak= 4.652 closest distance to " O HOH Z 147 " = 1.241
peak= 4.622 closest distance to " O HOH Z 248 " = 1.383
peak= 4.621 closest distance to " O HOH Z 49 " = 1.574
peak= 4.596 closest distance to " O HOH Z 406 " = 1.540
peak= 4.545 closest distance to " O HOH Z 48 " = 1.628
peak= 4.545 closest distance to " O HOH Z 146 " = 1.476
peak= 4.529 closest distance to " O HOH Z 188 " = 1.257
peak= 4.528 closest distance to " O HOH Z 69 " = 1.322
peak= 4.489 closest distance to " O HOH Z 124 " = 1.899
peak= 4.481 closest distance to " O HOH Z 344 " = 1.459
peak= 4.467 closest distance to " O HOH Z 68 " = 1.922
peak= 4.459 closest distance to " O HOH Z 126 " = 1.476
peak= 4.449 closest distance to " O HOH Z 255 " = 1.292
peak= 4.439 closest distance to " O HOH Z 364 " = 1.633
peak= 4.412 closest distance to " OD2 ASP A 132 " = 2.194
peak= 4.410 closest distance to " O HOH Z 221 " = 1.355
peak= 4.400 closest distance to " O HOH Z 389 " = 1.788
peak= 4.367 closest distance to " O HOH Z 400 " = 0.843
peak= 4.354 closest distance to " O HOH Z 424 " = 1.090
peak= 4.342 closest distance to " OG ASER A 164 " = 0.826
peak= 4.339 closest distance to " CB ASN A 187 " = 1.721
peak= 4.302 closest distance to " O HOH Z 193 " = 1.725
peak= 4.299 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 117 " = 3.185
peak= 4.291 closest distance to " CB VAL A 265 " = 1.437
peak= 4.289 closest distance to " ND1 HIS A 81 " = 1.101
peak= 4.268 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 119 " = 3.089
peak= 4.265 closest distance to " O HOH Z 232 " = 1.492
peak= 4.252 closest distance to " O HOH Z 358 " = 1.383
peak= 4.233 closest distance to " O HOH Z 9 " = 2.446
peak= 4.231 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 56 " = 1.964
peak= 4.202 closest distance to " O HOH Z 217 " = 1.967
peak= 4.193 closest distance to " CB PHE A 59 " = 0.797
peak= 4.192 closest distance to " CE MET A 93 " = 1.500
peak= 4.189 closest distance to " O HOH Z 365 " = 1.971
peak= 4.171 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 76 " = 1.128
peak= 4.152 closest distance to " CD PRO A 54 " = 0.917
peak= 4.149 closest distance to " CD2 TRP A 179 " = 1.435
peak= 4.146 closest distance to " CB GLU A 277 " = 0.885
peak= 4.139 closest distance to " CG1 VAL A 296 " = 1.058
peak= 4.127 closest distance to " CB SER A 62 " = 1.227
peak= 4.104 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 251 " = 1.344
peak= 4.102 closest distance to " O HOH Z 4 " = 2.117
peak= 4.091 closest distance to " CG PRO A 54 " = 1.179
peak= 4.082 closest distance to " O HOH Z 214 " = 1.659
peak= 4.053 closest distance to " O HOH Z 191 " = 1.444
peak= 4.046 closest distance to " O HOH Z 78 " = 1.476
peak= 4.042 closest distance to " O HOH Z 425 " = 1.617
peak= 4.008 closest distance to " O HOH Z 414 " = 2.613
peak= 3.997 closest distance to " O HOH Z 237 " = 1.982
peak= 3.996 closest distance to " CD PRO A 243 " = 1.243
peak= 3.975 closest distance to " O HOH Z 395 " = 1.352
peak= 3.967 closest distance to " O HOH Z 60 " = 2.007
peak= 3.960 closest distance to " O HOH Z 324 " = 1.937
peak= 3.957 closest distance to " CD ARG A 269 " = 0.995
peak= 3.957 closest distance to " O HOH Z 361 " = 2.754
peak= 3.956 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 69 " = 2.581
peak= 3.949 closest distance to " O HOH Z 406 " = 1.805
peak= 3.948 closest distance to " O HOH Z 423 " = 1.802
peak= 3.946 closest distance to " O ASN A 285 " = 0.919
peak= 3.943 closest distance to " ND1 HIS A 115 " = 2.475
peak= 3.937 closest distance to " O HOH Z 215 " = 1.621
peak= 3.936 closest distance to " O HOH Z 30 " = 1.451
peak= 3.936 closest distance to " O HOH Z 238 " = 1.639
peak= 3.923 closest distance to " OG SER A 95 " = 1.277
peak= 3.921 closest distance to " OE1 GLU A 2 " = 1.473
peak= 3.913 closest distance to " O HOH Z 126 " = 2.296
peak= 3.904 closest distance to " O HOH Z 97 " = 1.795
peak= 3.904 closest distance to " O HOH Z 394 " = 1.879
peak= 3.899 closest distance to " O HOH Z 156 " = 2.973
peak= 3.885 closest distance to " O HOH Z 143 " = 1.606
peak= 3.880 closest distance to " CA VAL A 126 " = 1.243
peak= 3.871 closest distance to " O HOH Z 245 " = 1.414
peak= 3.867 closest distance to " O HOH Z 368 " = 1.295
peak= 3.866 closest distance to " CD1 PHE A 61 " = 0.946
peak= 3.858 closest distance to " O HOH Z 163 " = 1.734
peak= 3.844 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 228 " = 1.231
peak= 3.844 closest distance to " O HOH Z 109 " = 1.550
peak= 3.837 closest distance to " CB ASN A 285 " = 1.010
peak= 3.836 closest distance to " O HOH Z 47 " = 2.185
peak= 3.836 closest distance to " O HOH Z 189 " = 2.166
peak= 3.834 closest distance to " O HOH Z 301 " = 1.548
peak= 3.803 closest distance to " O HOH Z 291 " = 1.180
peak= 3.792 closest distance to " O HOH Z 416 " = 1.307
peak= 3.789 closest distance to " O HOH Z 337 " = 1.766
peak= 3.788 closest distance to " CG1BVAL A 121 " = 1.252
peak= 3.780 closest distance to " O HOH Z 367 " = 3.141
peak= 3.773 closest distance to " O HOH Z 208 " = 1.759
peak= 3.771 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 296 " = 1.045
peak= 3.767 closest distance to " CB GLN A 194 " = 1.072
peak= 3.757 closest distance to " O GLN A 55 " = 0.943
peak= 3.755 closest distance to " N TYR A 15 " = 0.868
peak= 3.745 closest distance to " O HOH Z 383 " = 2.094
peak= 3.745 closest distance to " CD GLN A 240 " = 1.273
peak= 3.745 closest distance to " O HOH Z 40 " = 1.855
peak= 3.742 closest distance to " CE MET A 40 " = 1.229
peak= 3.741 closest distance to " CG LYS A 166 " = 1.737
peak= 3.736 closest distance to " O HOH Z 120 " = 1.380
peak= 3.732 closest distance to " O HOH Z 110 " = 1.103
peak= 3.706 closest distance to " CB MET A 47 " = 1.079
peak= 3.700 closest distance to " O HOH Z 322 " = 1.539
peak= 3.685 closest distance to " CA CYS A 260 " = 1.060
peak= 3.684 closest distance to " O HOH Z 276 " = 1.509
peak= 3.676 closest distance to " O HOH Z 272 " = 2.195
peak= 3.676 closest distance to " O HOH Z 273 " = 2.743
peak= 3.670 closest distance to " O HOH Z 132 " = 2.598
peak= 3.666 closest distance to " O HOH Z 284 " = 1.539
peak= 3.665 closest distance to " O HOH Z 327 " = 1.649
peak= 3.662 closest distance to " CA LEU A 282 " = 1.083
peak= 3.659 closest distance to " O HOH Z 133 " = 1.438
peak= 3.644 closest distance to " O HOH Z 166 " = 1.866
peak= 3.644 closest distance to " CA GLY A 196 " = 1.025
peak= 3.637 closest distance to " O HOH Z 326 " = 1.519
peak= 3.629 closest distance to " CA SER A 12 " = 1.118
peak= 3.629 closest distance to " O HOH Z 343 " = 2.305
peak= 3.626 closest distance to " O HOH Z 194 " = 1.886
peak= 3.620 closest distance to " O HOH Z 136 " = 1.398
peak= 3.616 closest distance to " O HOH Z 62 " = 1.598
peak= 3.614 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 197 " = 1.320
peak= 3.610 closest distance to " O HOH Z 32 " = 1.827
peak= 3.605 closest distance to " O HOH Z 406 " = 1.433
peak= 3.605 closest distance to " OG BSER A 210 " = 1.141
peak= 3.595 closest distance to " O HOH Z 151 " = 1.860
peak= 3.594 closest distance to " CB ASER A 164 " = 0.867
peak= 3.593 closest distance to " CB TRP A 179 " = 0.987
peak= 3.583 closest distance to " CB PRO A 54 " = 0.762
peak= 3.583 closest distance to " O HOH Z 92 " = 1.278
peak= 3.577 closest distance to " O HOH Z 363 " = 1.073
peak= 3.568 closest distance to " O HOH Z 63 " = 1.915
peak= 3.560 closest distance to " O HOH Z 423 " = 2.577
peak= 3.553 closest distance to " CB ARG A 102 " = 0.907
peak= 3.551 closest distance to " OE1 GLN A 11 " = 1.976
peak= 3.548 closest distance to " CA ARG A 66 " = 1.161
peak= 3.537 closest distance to " O ARG A 102 " = 2.250
peak= 3.533 closest distance to " CB SER A 141 " = 0.915
peak= 3.527 closest distance to " O PRO A 198 " = 1.625
peak= 3.524 closest distance to " CB ASP A 253 " = 1.152
peak= 3.521 closest distance to " O HOH Z 271 " = 2.305
peak= 3.520 closest distance to " O HOH Z 346 " = 1.463
peak= 3.517 closest distance to " O HOH Z 418 " = 1.264
peak= 3.512 closest distance to " O HOH Z 371 " = 1.597
peak= 3.511 closest distance to " CA PRO A 213 " = 0.922
peak= 3.502 closest distance to " O HOH Z 313 " = 1.560
peak= 3.501 closest distance to " O HOH Z 128 " = 1.942
peak= 3.493 closest distance to " CB GLN A 223 " = 1.515
peak= 3.492 closest distance to " O HOH Z 294 " = 1.686
peak= 3.490 closest distance to " O ASP A 132 " = 3.789
peak= 3.486 closest distance to " CB ALA A 100 " = 1.189
peak= 3.486 closest distance to " O HOH Z 154 " = 1.775
peak= 3.485 closest distance to " O HOH Z 38 " = 2.385
peak= 3.474 closest distance to " O HOH Z 80 " = 2.657
peak= 3.473 closest distance to " CA ILE A 120 " = 1.324
peak= 3.471 closest distance to " O HOH Z 405 " = 1.963
peak= 3.460 closest distance to " O HOH Z 369 " = 1.868
peak= 3.456 closest distance to " O HOH Z 111 " = 1.881
peak= 3.455 closest distance to " O HOH Z 138 " = 1.250
peak= 3.454 closest distance to " O HOH Z 150 " = 1.528
peak= 3.450 closest distance to " O HOH Z 433 " = 1.699
peak= 3.449 closest distance to " O HOH Z 340 " = 1.787
peak= 3.449 closest distance to " O HOH Z 91 " = 2.247
peak= 3.449 closest distance to " CE1 PHE A 208 " = 0.975
peak= 3.449 closest distance to " O HOH Z 210 " = 1.214
peak= 3.442 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 294 " = 1.425
peak= 3.439 closest distance to " O HOH Z 43 " = 1.932
peak= 3.437 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 89 " = 0.859
peak= 3.435 closest distance to " O HOH Z 78 " = 1.314
peak= 3.425 closest distance to " N PHE A 59 " = 1.303
peak= 3.423 closest distance to " O HOH Z 263 " = 1.486
peak= 3.420 closest distance to " O GLY A 23 " = 0.920
peak= 3.418 closest distance to " O HOH Z 170 " = 1.993
peak= 3.407 closest distance to " O LEU A 255 " = 3.274
peak= 3.407 closest distance to " CA THR A 221 " = 1.041
peak= 3.401 closest distance to " CB ALA A 34 " = 1.025
peak= 3.400 closest distance to " C GLY A 147 " = 1.048
peak= 3.397 closest distance to " CD BLYS A 290 " = 0.992
peak= 3.395 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 156 " = 0.961
peak= 3.391 closest distance to " O HOH Z 95 " = 1.928
peak= 3.387 closest distance to " CB SER A 32 " = 1.562
peak= 3.386 closest distance to " CA ALA A 295 " = 0.824
peak= 3.386 closest distance to " CB ARG A 79 " = 0.889
peak= 3.379 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 18 " = 1.056
peak= 3.377 closest distance to " O HOH Z 128 " = 2.455
peak= 3.376 closest distance to " N ALA A 256 " = 1.000
peak= 3.376 closest distance to " O LYS A 289 " = 1.206
peak= 3.372 closest distance to " O HOH Z 236 " = 2.443
peak= 3.366 closest distance to " CB GLN A 58 " = 1.088
peak= 3.362 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 284 " = 1.172
peak= 3.360 closest distance to " O HOH Z 77 " = 1.578
peak= 3.348 closest distance to " CB PRO A 198 " = 1.066
peak= 3.347 closest distance to " NH2BARG A 145 " = 1.868
peak= 3.347 closest distance to " OG ASER A 134 " = 1.788
peak= 3.346 closest distance to " O HOH Z 436 " = 1.410
peak= 3.344 closest distance to " CG1 VAL A 67 " = 1.061
peak= 3.342 closest distance to " CB ASP A 132 " = 3.798
peak= 3.342 closest distance to " CA TYR A 30 " = 1.046
peak= 3.340 closest distance to " CB ALA A 244 " = 1.035
peak= 3.332 closest distance to " O HOH Z 219 " = 4.458
peak= 3.331 closest distance to " O PHE A 59 " = 0.800
peak= 3.330 closest distance to " O HOH Z 174 " = 1.906
peak= 3.330 closest distance to " O HOH Z 266 " = 1.758
peak= 3.323 closest distance to " CG PRO A 280 " = 1.064
peak= 3.319 closest distance to " CB SER A 99 " = 1.180
peak= 3.319 closest distance to " O HOH Z 266 " = 2.066
peak= 3.316 closest distance to " NE BARG A 190 " = 1.116
peak= 3.314 closest distance to " CA ALA A 9 " = 1.146
peak= 3.313 closest distance to " CA THR A 246 " = 1.177
peak= 3.312 closest distance to " CB ASN A 187 " = 1.107
peak= 3.306 closest distance to " CA ARG A 195 " = 1.107
peak= 3.303 closest distance to " O ALA A 10 " = 1.405
peak= 3.302 closest distance to " CD2 PHE A 218 " = 0.923
peak= 3.300 closest distance to " O HOH Z 196 " = 1.771
peak= 3.299 closest distance to " O HOH Z 155 " = 2.337
peak= 3.297 closest distance to " NH1 ARG A 14 " = 0.967
peak= 3.292 closest distance to " O HOH Z 431 " = 1.639
peak= 3.285 closest distance to " CE LYS A 119 " = 1.303
peak= 3.285 closest distance to " O HOH Z 404 " = 1.161
peak= 3.283 closest distance to " O HOH Z 11 " = 1.208
peak= 3.282 closest distance to " CD1 ILE A 151 " = 1.665
peak= 3.279 closest distance to " O HOH Z 66 " = 2.153
peak= 3.274 closest distance to " O HOH Z 44 " = 2.136
peak= 3.274 closest distance to " O HOH Z 124 " = 2.015
peak= 3.274 closest distance to " O HOH Z 408 " = 2.062
peak= 3.273 closest distance to " CE1 TYR A 247 " = 1.568
peak= 3.271 closest distance to " O GLY A 211 " = 1.113
peak= 3.270 closest distance to " O HOH Z 112 " = 1.769
peak= 3.261 closest distance to " CB HIS A 108 " = 0.877
peak= 3.260 closest distance to " O HOH Z 227 " = 1.619
peak= 3.258 closest distance to " NH1AARG A 145 " = 1.016
peak= 3.254 closest distance to " O HOH Z 192 " = 1.310
peak= 3.253 closest distance to " O HOH Z 108 " = 1.159
peak= 3.253 closest distance to " O HOH Z 427 " = 1.017
peak= 3.250 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 79 " = 1.515
peak= 3.247 closest distance to " O HOH Z 330 " = 1.426
peak= 3.247 closest distance to " CA PRO A 163 " = 1.085
peak= 3.230 closest distance to " O HOH Z 154 " = 1.998
peak= 3.229 closest distance to " O HOH Z 426 " = 3.264
peak= 3.228 closest distance to " CB ALA A 226 " = 1.016
peak= 3.226 closest distance to " O HOH Z 278 " = 1.360
peak= 3.224 closest distance to " O HOH Z 80 " = 2.118
peak= 3.222 closest distance to " CB SER A 26 " = 1.612
peak= 3.218 closest distance to " N TYR A 247 " = 1.594
peak= 3.218 closest distance to " CD LYS A 76 " = 1.723
peak= 3.215 closest distance to " CG MET A 185 " = 1.368
peak= 3.213 closest distance to " CB ASER A 164 " = 0.828
peak= 3.211 closest distance to " CB THR A 52 " = 0.758
peak= 3.206 closest distance to " CA ILE A 263 " = 1.086
peak= 3.205 closest distance to " O HOH Z 270 " = 1.823
peak= 3.204 closest distance to " CD1 TRP A 274 " = 1.106
peak= 3.202 closest distance to " O HOH Z 113 " = 1.923
peak= 3.199 closest distance to " O HOH Z 94 " = 1.586
peak= 3.198 closest distance to " CE BLYS A 290 " = 1.054
peak= 3.198 closest distance to " CB TRP A 123 " = 1.071
peak= 3.197 closest distance to " O HOH Z 374 " = 1.029
peak= 3.196 closest distance to " O HOH Z 381 " = 1.497
peak= 3.195 closest distance to " CB VAL A 230 " = 1.150
peak= 3.194 closest distance to " CG2 ILE A 234 " = 1.038
peak= 3.182 closest distance to " N ASP A 162 " = 1.178
peak= 3.174 closest distance to " CB SER A 63 " = 1.105
peak= 3.172 closest distance to " O HOH Z 408 " = 2.039
peak= 3.172 closest distance to " CG2 ILE A 120 " = 1.603
peak= 3.170 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 25 " = 1.392
peak= 3.168 closest distance to " O HOH Z 99 " = 2.124
peak= 3.165 closest distance to " O HOH Z 213 " = 1.665
peak= 3.162 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 36 " = 1.882
peak= 3.161 closest distance to " CB LEU A 300 " = 0.982
peak= 3.161 closest distance to " OG BSER A 258 " = 2.669
peak= 3.158 closest distance to " O HOH Z 259 " = 1.796
peak= 3.157 closest distance to " CB ALA A 104 " = 0.973
peak= 3.156 closest distance to " CB PHE A 225 " = 1.350
peak= 3.154 closest distance to " O HOH Z 123 " = 1.223
peak= 3.152 closest distance to " O HOH Z 118 " = 1.943
peak= 3.151 closest distance to " O HOH Z 258 " = 2.946
peak= 3.147 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 174 " = 1.254
peak= 3.134 closest distance to " CA LEU A 83 " = 1.334
peak= 3.134 closest distance to " CB BVAL A 41 " = 1.299
peak= 3.132 closest distance to " C GLY A 23 " = 0.988
peak= 3.127 closest distance to " CG1 ILE A 33 " = 1.495
peak= 3.123 closest distance to " O HOH Z 405 " = 1.413
peak= 3.122 closest distance to " O HOH Z 232 " = 1.773
peak= 3.118 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 126 " = 1.340
peak= 3.112 closest distance to " CA THR A 18 " = 1.004
peak= 3.110 closest distance to " OG SER A 26 " = 1.660
peak= 3.109 closest distance to " O HOH Z 155 " = 1.999
peak= 3.109 closest distance to " OG SER A 22 " = 2.639
peak= 3.097 closest distance to " O HOH Z 6 " = 1.589
peak= 3.091 closest distance to " CA ALA A 21 " = 1.470
peak= 3.090 closest distance to " O HOH Z 334 " = 1.541
peak= 3.088 closest distance to " OE2 GLU A 277 " = 1.475
peak= 3.084 closest distance to " CB GLU A 2 " = 1.304
peak= 3.083 closest distance to " O GLY A 57 " = 0.983
peak= 3.083 closest distance to " O HOH Z 325 " = 2.310
peak= 3.053 closest distance to " CE LYS A 117 " = 3.492
peak= 3.053 closest distance to " O HOH Z 156 " = 1.851
peak= 3.048 closest distance to " OG BSER A 164 " = 2.308
peak= 3.047 closest distance to " CZ PHE A 218 " = 0.939
peak= 3.034 closest distance to " O HOH Z 322 " = 2.352
----------holes----------
Number of peaks found at mFobs-DFmodel map (map cutoff=3.00 sigma)= 204
Filter by distance & map next to the model:
mapped sites are within: 0.697 - 5.690
number of sites selected in [dist_min= 0.70, dist_max= 6.00]: 202 from: 204
mapped sites are within: 0.718 - 5.690
peak= -5.022 closest distance to " ND1 HIS A 81 " = 0.933
peak= -4.843 closest distance to " O HOH Z 159 " = 1.449
peak= -4.667 closest distance to " O HOH Z 159 " = 0.863
peak= -4.536 closest distance to " O HOH Z 196 " = 1.337
peak= -4.313 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 230 " = 0.861
peak= -4.304 closest distance to " NE1 TRP A 179 " = 1.179
peak= -4.259 closest distance to " CD1 PHE A 59 " = 1.573
peak= -4.160 closest distance to " N GLN A 58 " = 1.023
peak= -4.138 closest distance to " O HOH Z 13 " = 1.155
peak= -4.082 closest distance to " O HOH Z 221 " = 1.206
peak= -4.082 closest distance to " O BHOH Z 338 " = 1.264
peak= -4.078 closest distance to " O HOH Z 135 " = 1.205
peak= -4.077 closest distance to " CA ASP A 27 " = 2.441
peak= -4.052 closest distance to " O HOH Z 130 " = 2.673
peak= -3.973 closest distance to " O BHOH Z 74 " = 0.810
peak= -3.973 closest distance to " O HOH Z 126 " = 1.852
peak= -3.955 closest distance to " CA SER A 164 " = 1.503
peak= -3.947 closest distance to " O HOH Z 52 " = 2.428
peak= -3.925 closest distance to " CE MET A 105 " = 2.149
peak= -3.922 closest distance to " O ARG A 56 " = 0.904
peak= -3.896 closest distance to " CB GLN A 58 " = 1.331
peak= -3.892 closest distance to " N VAL A 72 " = 1.047
peak= -3.866 closest distance to " CB GLN A 73 " = 0.877
peak= -3.856 closest distance to " O HOH Z 166 " = 1.861
peak= -3.854 closest distance to " ND2 ASN A 142 " = 1.825
peak= -3.853 closest distance to " CG PRO A 163 " = 1.233
peak= -3.839 closest distance to " CB ASP A 50 " = 1.727
peak= -3.832 closest distance to " CE1 PHE A 225 " = 2.015
peak= -3.797 closest distance to " SD MET A 40 " = 1.941
peak= -3.787 closest distance to " CA SER A 62 " = 1.187
peak= -3.780 closest distance to " O HOH Z 118 " = 5.480
peak= -3.773 closest distance to " O HOH Z 423 " = 2.895
peak= -3.765 closest distance to " O GLN A 58 " = 0.879
peak= -3.747 closest distance to " O LEU A 300 " = 2.432
peak= -3.736 closest distance to " O HOH Z 159 " = 1.182
peak= -3.730 closest distance to " O HOH Z 69 " = 0.971
peak= -3.725 closest distance to " O HOH Z 405 " = 1.418
peak= -3.722 closest distance to " O HOH Z 120 " = 1.212
peak= -3.722 closest distance to " O GLN A 58 " = 2.245
peak= -3.716 closest distance to " OG SER A 26 " = 1.317
peak= -3.715 closest distance to " O HOH Z 423 " = 2.909
peak= -3.714 closest distance to " CD2 LEU A 237 " = 2.620
peak= -3.710 closest distance to " O LEU A 143 " = 1.615
peak= -3.708 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 78 " = 2.588
peak= -3.700 closest distance to " O HOH Z 118 " = 2.811
peak= -3.697 closest distance to " O HOH Z 193 " = 1.421
peak= -3.687 closest distance to " O HOH Z 362 " = 5.690
peak= -3.681 closest distance to " O SER A 273 " = 1.206
peak= -3.680 closest distance to " O ALA A 161 " = 1.401
peak= -3.669 closest distance to " O HOH Z 248 " = 0.833
peak= -3.662 closest distance to " CA ALA A 227 " = 2.391
peak= -3.634 closest distance to " O HOH Z 121 " = 3.727
peak= -3.631 closest distance to " O HOH Z 210 " = 0.852
peak= -3.627 closest distance to " NH2 ARG A 66 " = 1.766
peak= -3.626 closest distance to " O GLY A 196 " = 2.274
peak= -3.622 closest distance to " C HIS A 108 " = 1.213
peak= -3.616 closest distance to " C GLY A 91 " = 1.249
peak= -3.606 closest distance to " O HOH Z 430 " = 1.438
peak= -3.602 closest distance to " O HOH Z 281 " = 3.115
peak= -3.598 closest distance to " CA ALA A 114 " = 1.017
peak= -3.592 closest distance to " CA GLY A 133 " = 2.028
peak= -3.591 closest distance to " O HOH Z 227 " = 0.798
peak= -3.589 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 18 " = 2.803
peak= -3.583 closest distance to " CB BSER A 164 " = 0.986
peak= -3.575 closest distance to " O ARG A 156 " = 0.739
peak= -3.572 closest distance to " O ARG A 66 " = 1.164
peak= -3.569 closest distance to " O HOH Z 29 " = 1.413
peak= -3.566 closest distance to " CG TYR A 169 " = 2.012
peak= -3.562 closest distance to " O HOH Z 340 " = 0.808
peak= -3.549 closest distance to " O HOH Z 250 " = 1.516
peak= -3.547 closest distance to " CG GLU A 2 " = 1.853
peak= -3.545 closest distance to " OG1 THR A 4 " = 1.231
peak= -3.545 closest distance to " CD2 TYR A 293 " = 1.950
peak= -3.540 closest distance to " O HOH Z 198 " = 1.456
peak= -3.539 closest distance to " O HOH Z 126 " = 2.025
peak= -3.528 closest distance to " O HOH Z 146 " = 0.974
peak= -3.525 closest distance to " O TYR A 15 " = 1.363
peak= -3.519 closest distance to " CG BARG A 275 " = 0.903
peak= -3.517 closest distance to " CZ2 TRP A 92 " = 2.435
peak= -3.514 closest distance to " OD1 ASN A 110 " = 2.109
peak= -3.508 closest distance to " O SER A 3 " = 0.910
peak= -3.487 closest distance to " CD ARG A 156 " = 2.122
peak= -3.475 closest distance to " NE2 GLN A 240 " = 2.151
peak= -3.463 closest distance to " O ASN A 187 " = 1.334
peak= -3.460 closest distance to " O HOH Z 219 " = 3.334
peak= -3.459 closest distance to " NE1 TRP A 85 " = 1.212
peak= -3.452 closest distance to " CG ASN A 60 " = 0.793
peak= -3.450 closest distance to " O SER A 62 " = 0.990
peak= -3.441 closest distance to " O HOH Z 235 " = 1.337
peak= -3.441 closest distance to " O PRO A 198 " = 1.202
peak= -3.434 closest distance to " O HOH Z 426 " = 2.053
peak= -3.430 closest distance to " O HOH Z 31 " = 2.238
peak= -3.426 closest distance to " O VAL A 174 " = 1.979
peak= -3.426 closest distance to " O HOH Z 384 " = 1.048
peak= -3.426 closest distance to " OG ASER A 134 " = 1.265
peak= -3.425 closest distance to " OG BSER A 99 " = 1.609
peak= -3.419 closest distance to " O HOH Z 422 " = 2.211
peak= -3.416 closest distance to " O HOH Z 92 " = 1.423
peak= -3.405 closest distance to " N PHE A 59 " = 1.119
peak= -3.403 closest distance to " NH1 ARG A 195 " = 2.626
peak= -3.399 closest distance to " O VAL A 197 " = 1.182
peak= -3.397 closest distance to " CG2 THR A 279 " = 1.257
peak= -3.385 closest distance to " O HOH Z 388 " = 1.755
peak= -3.378 closest distance to " OXT GLY A 302 " = 3.471
peak= -3.377 closest distance to " O HOH Z 79 " = 0.795
peak= -3.374 closest distance to " CE3 TRP A 150 " = 2.288
peak= -3.372 closest distance to " O SER A 99 " = 1.486
peak= -3.372 closest distance to " CB GLN A 223 " = 1.678
peak= -3.370 closest distance to " O HOH Z 117 " = 1.314
peak= -3.369 closest distance to " CD GLN A 88 " = 2.494
peak= -3.364 closest distance to " O HOH Z 434 " = 5.435
peak= -3.364 closest distance to " O GLN A 144 " = 0.839
peak= -3.363 closest distance to " O HOH Z 119 " = 1.941
peak= -3.344 closest distance to " CB PRO A 163 " = 3.013
peak= -3.340 closest distance to " CG1 VAL A 257 " = 2.116
peak= -3.338 closest distance to " CB ALA A 7 " = 2.278
peak= -3.334 closest distance to " O TRP A 85 " = 2.168
peak= -3.333 closest distance to " OG SER A 63 " = 1.069
peak= -3.330 closest distance to " CG LEU A 282 " = 2.576
peak= -3.329 closest distance to " O HOH Z 166 " = 1.243
peak= -3.328 closest distance to " OG SER A 206 " = 1.716
peak= -3.327 closest distance to " CG ARG A 219 " = 2.261
peak= -3.323 closest distance to " O HOH Z 222 " = 2.922
peak= -3.317 closest distance to " O HOH Z 138 " = 1.677
peak= -3.317 closest distance to " O HOH Z 283 " = 1.483
peak= -3.312 closest distance to " O GLY A 23 " = 0.905
peak= -3.311 closest distance to " OG BSER A 99 " = 1.171
peak= -3.308 closest distance to " O HOH Z 37 " = 1.065
peak= -3.302 closest distance to " O HOH Z 282 " = 1.181
peak= -3.300 closest distance to " O HOH Z 353 " = 1.064
peak= -3.299 closest distance to " OD1 ASP A 200 " = 1.164
peak= -3.294 closest distance to " O HOH Z 267 " = 0.826
peak= -3.289 closest distance to " CB ALA A 51 " = 1.759
peak= -3.289 closest distance to " O HOH Z 12 " = 3.192
peak= -3.287 closest distance to " O SER A 271 " = 1.485
peak= -3.280 closest distance to " O ALA A 161 " = 2.468
peak= -3.280 closest distance to " N VAL A 125 " = 1.998
peak= -3.277 closest distance to " O LYS A 193 " = 1.550
peak= -3.272 closest distance to " O PHE A 59 " = 2.374
peak= -3.268 closest distance to " CE MET A 93 " = 1.183
peak= -3.267 closest distance to " O ALA A 10 " = 1.122
peak= -3.266 closest distance to " O SER A 62 " = 1.454
peak= -3.261 closest distance to " CB LEU A 167 " = 1.897
peak= -3.256 closest distance to " CG GLU A 46 " = 2.533
peak= -3.244 closest distance to " O HOH Z 25 " = 2.345
peak= -3.237 closest distance to " CD ARG A 14 " = 2.803
peak= -3.233 closest distance to " O HOH Z 400 " = 1.054
peak= -3.230 closest distance to " O HOH Z 46 " = 0.967
peak= -3.226 closest distance to " O HOH Z 350 " = 1.145
peak= -3.226 closest distance to " O HOH Z 424 " = 1.050
peak= -3.224 closest distance to " O HOH Z 413 " = 1.211
peak= -3.223 closest distance to " OG BSER A 134 " = 1.547
peak= -3.219 closest distance to " O HOH Z 391 " = 1.418
peak= -3.218 closest distance to " CB PRO A 163 " = 2.171
peak= -3.217 closest distance to " O HOH Z 368 " = 2.364
peak= -3.217 closest distance to " O HOH Z 307 " = 1.169
peak= -3.212 closest distance to " O HOH Z 11 " = 1.426
peak= -3.210 closest distance to " O HOH Z 265 " = 1.526
peak= -3.209 closest distance to " O HOH Z 284 " = 1.139
peak= -3.207 closest distance to " NE ARG A 24 " = 1.289
peak= -3.206 closest distance to " O HOH Z 274 " = 2.558
peak= -3.201 closest distance to " O MET A 113 " = 1.170
peak= -3.198 closest distance to " O HOH Z 179 " = 1.904
peak= -3.197 closest distance to " O LEU A 282 " = 2.352
peak= -3.192 closest distance to " C THR A 279 " = 1.008
peak= -3.184 closest distance to " O GLN A 11 " = 1.200
peak= -3.182 closest distance to " OG1 THR A 82 " = 1.645
peak= -3.182 closest distance to " O HOH Z 384 " = 1.702
peak= -3.181 closest distance to " N ALA A 226 " = 1.943
peak= -3.177 closest distance to " CD PRO A 198 " = 1.603
peak= -3.173 closest distance to " O HOH Z 416 " = 0.934
peak= -3.172 closest distance to " O HOH Z 145 " = 2.325
peak= -3.150 closest distance to " CD GLN A 11 " = 1.017
peak= -3.147 closest distance to " CG2 VAL A 112 " = 2.540
peak= -3.145 closest distance to " N SER A 62 " = 0.718
peak= -3.141 closest distance to " SD MET A 40 " = 2.710
peak= -3.139 closest distance to " O HOH Z 62 " = 1.201
peak= -3.135 closest distance to " N GLY A 17 " = 1.467
peak= -3.134 closest distance to " NZ LYS A 166 " = 1.377
peak= -3.127 closest distance to " O HOH Z 371 " = 2.221
peak= -3.122 closest distance to " O HOH Z 192 " = 1.478
peak= -3.120 closest distance to " CB ASP A 200 " = 2.716
peak= -3.119 closest distance to " O ILE A 120 " = 0.861
peak= -3.111 closest distance to " O HOH Z 91 " = 2.272
peak= -3.111 closest distance to " CD GLN A 58 " = 3.147
peak= -3.109 closest distance to " O THR A 31 " = 1.358
peak= -3.106 closest distance to " CA GLY A 17 " = 1.566
peak= -3.103 closest distance to " O HOH Z 37 " = 1.426
peak= -3.098 closest distance to " CA TYR A 68 " = 2.589
peak= -3.091 closest distance to " O HOH Z 313 " = 1.352
peak= -3.091 closest distance to " O HOH Z 263 " = 0.789
peak= -3.089 closest distance to " O HOH Z 405 " = 0.825
peak= -3.083 closest distance to " NE1 TRP A 266 " = 2.329
peak= -3.083 closest distance to " C THR A 264 " = 1.406
peak= -3.082 closest distance to " OD1 ASP A 270 " = 1.562
peak= -3.079 closest distance to " CE LYS A 166 " = 1.243
peak= -3.075 closest distance to " O HOH Z 426 " = 1.819
peak= -3.075 closest distance to " O HOH Z 407 " = 3.135
peak= -3.066 closest distance to " O HOH Z 60 " = 1.690
peak= -3.043 closest distance to " O HOH Z 400 " = 1.348
peak= -3.038 closest distance to " O HOH Z 60 " = 1.532
peak= -3.038 closest distance to " O HOH Z 78 " = 1.124
================= overall refinement statistics: step by step =================
****************** REFINEMENT STATISTICS STEP BY STEP ******************
leading digit, like 1_, means number of macro-cycle
0 : statistics at the very beginning when nothing is done yet
1_bss: bulk solvent correction and/or (anisotropic) scaling
1_xyz: refinement of coordinates
1_adp: refinement of ADPs (Atomic Displacement Parameters)
1_occ: refinement of individual occupancies
------------------------------------------------------------------------
R-factors, x-ray target values and norm of gradient of x-ray target
stage r-work r-free xray_target_w xray_target_t
0 : 0.5282 0.5214 6.316943e+00 6.308544e+00
1_bss: 0.5220 0.5157 6.315055e+00 6.303631e+00
1_xyz: 0.4681 0.4910 6.265437e+00 6.287380e+00
1_adp: 0.4375 0.4922 6.238393e+00 6.284531e+00
1_occ: 0.4370 0.4909 6.237199e+00 6.283826e+00
2_bss: 0.4365 0.4830 6.238348e+00 6.282700e+00
2_xyz: 0.3851 0.4456 6.153486e+00 6.236752e+00
2_adp: 0.3658 0.4368 6.129273e+00 6.225749e+00
2_occ: 0.3657 0.4367 6.128778e+00 6.225256e+00
3_bss: 0.3628 0.4325 6.126511e+00 6.223897e+00
3_xyz: 0.3011 0.3754 5.988883e+00 6.128725e+00
3_adp: 0.2669 0.3541 5.920398e+00 6.097480e+00
3_occ: 0.2667 0.3537 5.919559e+00 6.096984e+00
4_bss: 0.2666 0.3521 5.915766e+00 6.093204e+00
4_xyz: 0.2255 0.3005 5.772744e+00 5.978385e+00
4_adp: 0.2128 0.2720 5.700001e+00 5.885803e+00
4_occ: 0.2125 0.2717 5.699451e+00 5.885283e+00
5_bss: 0.2120 0.2710 5.699592e+00 5.884721e+00
5_xyz: 0.1662 0.2219 5.490769e+00 5.710945e+00
5_adp: 0.1493 0.2043 5.395041e+00 5.625239e+00
5_occ: 0.1490 0.2043 5.394550e+00 5.625541e+00
5_bss: 0.1491 0.2041 5.395630e+00 5.625201e+00
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage k_sol b_sol b11 b22 b33 b12 b13 b23
0 : 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_bss: 0.344 0.000 6.735 9.893 7.847 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_xyz: 0.344 0.000 6.735 9.893 7.847 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_adp: 0.344 0.000 6.735 9.893 7.847 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_occ: 0.344 0.000 6.735 9.893 7.847 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_bss: 0.377 50.000 3.603 6.254 5.213 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_xyz: 0.377 50.000 3.603 6.254 5.213 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_adp: 0.377 50.000 3.603 6.254 5.213 0.000 0.000 0.000
2_occ: 0.377 50.000 3.603 6.254 5.213 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_bss: 0.335 51.645 1.126 3.424 2.773 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_xyz: 0.335 51.645 1.126 3.424 2.773 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_adp: 0.335 51.645 1.126 3.424 2.773 0.000 0.000 0.000
3_occ: 0.335 51.645 1.126 3.424 2.773 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_bss: 0.326 51.645 0.619 2.454 1.922 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_xyz: 0.326 51.645 0.619 2.454 1.922 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_adp: 0.326 51.645 0.619 2.454 1.922 0.000 0.000 0.000
4_occ: 0.326 51.645 0.619 2.454 1.922 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_bss: 0.327 43.926 -0.485 1.470 0.971 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_xyz: 0.327 43.926 -0.485 1.470 0.971 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_adp: 0.327 43.926 -0.485 1.470 0.971 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_occ: 0.327 43.926 -0.485 1.470 0.971 0.000 0.000 0.000
5_bss: 0.327 43.929 -1.069 0.715 0.287 0.000 0.000 0.000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage <pher> fom alpha beta
0 : 69.002 0.2765 0.3317 89171.323
1_bss: 69.219 0.2723 0.4089 87704.357
1_xyz: 67.434 0.2942 0.4290 79963.256
1_adp: 63.854 0.3419 0.5750 77917.919
1_occ: 63.894 0.3412 0.5712 77587.980
2_bss: 63.241 0.3496 0.5362 76521.725
2_xyz: 54.217 0.4653 0.7207 60119.391
2_adp: 51.799 0.4962 0.7877 56524.943
2_occ: 51.738 0.4970 0.7888 56377.388
3_bss: 51.448 0.5003 0.7266 55610.049
3_xyz: 41.665 0.6215 0.8907 39905.058
3_adp: 39.005 0.6533 0.9015 35684.803
3_occ: 38.946 0.6540 0.9022 35599.120
4_bss: 38.724 0.6564 0.8796 35054.218
4_xyz: 32.150 0.7324 0.9569 24974.593
4_adp: 27.559 0.7844 0.9927 19805.165
4_occ: 27.544 0.7846 0.9928 19807.406
5_bss: 27.516 0.7850 0.9568 19783.372
5_xyz: 22.031 0.8414 0.9963 13117.992
5_adp: 19.572 0.8659 1.0001 10895.244
5_occ: 19.572 0.8660 1.0000 10904.364
5_bss: 19.566 0.8661 0.9755 10910.448
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage angl bond chir dihe plan repu geom_target
0 : 24.226 0.414 2.119 33.790 0.145 4.085 5.2935e+01
1_bss: 24.226 0.414 2.119 33.790 0.145 4.085 5.2935e+01
1_xyz: 2.085 0.017 0.123 18.875 0.009 4.103 2.1178e-01
1_adp: 2.085 0.017 0.123 18.875 0.009 4.103 2.1178e-01
1_occ: 2.085 0.017 0.123 18.875 0.009 4.103 2.1178e-01
2_bss: 2.085 0.017 0.123 18.875 0.009 4.103 2.1178e-01
2_xyz: 1.447 0.010 0.092 18.212 0.005 4.097 1.3465e-01
2_adp: 1.447 0.010 0.092 18.212 0.005 4.097 1.3465e-01
2_occ: 1.447 0.010 0.092 18.212 0.005 4.097 1.3465e-01
3_bss: 1.447 0.010 0.092 18.212 0.005 4.097 1.3465e-01
3_xyz: 1.368 0.010 0.091 17.438 0.005 4.101 1.1036e-01
3_adp: 1.368 0.010 0.091 17.438 0.005 4.101 1.1036e-01
3_occ: 1.368 0.010 0.091 17.438 0.005 4.101 1.1036e-01
4_bss: 1.368 0.010 0.091 17.438 0.005 4.101 1.1036e-01
4_xyz: 1.021 0.007 0.067 16.020 0.004 4.115 6.6639e-02
4_adp: 1.021 0.007 0.067 16.020 0.004 4.115 6.6639e-02
4_occ: 1.021 0.007 0.067 16.020 0.004 4.115 6.6639e-02
5_bss: 1.021 0.007 0.067 16.020 0.004 4.115 6.6639e-02
5_xyz: 1.216 0.009 0.087 15.911 0.005 4.105 8.4050e-02
5_adp: 1.216 0.009 0.087 15.911 0.005 4.105 8.4050e-02
5_occ: 1.216 0.009 0.087 15.911 0.005 4.105 8.4050e-02
5_bss: 1.216 0.009 0.087 15.911 0.005 4.105 8.4050e-02
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximal deviations:
stage angl bond chir dihe plan repu |grad|
0 : 74.492 1.400 6.404144.062 0.405 0.993 6.8479e+00
1_bss: 74.492 1.400 6.404144.062 0.405 0.993 6.8479e+00
1_xyz: 17.605 0.209 0.604 89.007 0.061 1.900 1.2554e-01
1_adp: 17.605 0.209 0.604 89.007 0.061 1.900 1.2554e-01
1_occ: 17.605 0.209 0.604 89.007 0.061 1.900 1.2554e-01
2_bss: 17.605 0.209 0.604 89.007 0.061 1.900 1.2554e-01
2_xyz: 10.512 0.094 0.367 83.597 0.052 1.860 9.9782e-02
2_adp: 10.512 0.094 0.367 83.597 0.052 1.860 9.9782e-02
2_occ: 10.512 0.094 0.367 83.597 0.052 1.860 9.9782e-02
3_bss: 10.512 0.094 0.367 83.597 0.052 1.860 9.9782e-02
3_xyz: 9.953 0.053 0.351 77.237 0.028 2.102 9.3382e-02
3_adp: 9.953 0.053 0.351 77.237 0.028 2.102 9.3382e-02
3_occ: 9.953 0.053 0.351 77.237 0.028 2.102 9.3382e-02
4_bss: 9.953 0.053 0.351 77.237 0.028 2.102 9.3382e-02
4_xyz: 6.678 0.045 0.231 82.702 0.033 2.195 4.7698e-02
4_adp: 6.678 0.045 0.231 82.702 0.033 2.195 4.7698e-02
4_occ: 6.678 0.045 0.231 82.702 0.033 2.195 4.7698e-02
5_bss: 6.678 0.045 0.231 82.702 0.033 2.195 4.7698e-02
5_xyz: 7.469 0.054 0.523 82.614 0.043 2.180 6.1283e-02
5_adp: 7.469 0.054 0.523 82.614 0.043 2.180 6.1283e-02
5_occ: 7.469 0.054 0.523 82.614 0.043 2.180 6.1283e-02
5_bss: 7.469 0.054 0.523 82.614 0.043 2.180 6.1283e-02
------------------------------------------------------------------------
|-----overall-----|---macromolecule----|------solvent-------|
stage b_max b_min b_ave b_max b_min b_ave b_max b_min b_ave
0 : 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
1_bss: 19.99 0.01 9.86 19.98 0.01 9.82 19.99 0.06 10.10
1_xyz: 19.99 0.01 9.86 19.98 0.01 9.82 19.99 0.06 10.10
1_adp: 99.26 0.00 17.24 86.91 0.00 16.21 99.26 0.00 22.88
1_occ: 99.26 0.00 17.24 86.91 0.00 16.21 99.26 0.00 22.88
2_bss: 99.26 0.00 17.24 86.91 0.00 16.21 99.26 0.00 22.88
2_xyz: 99.26 0.00 17.24 86.91 0.00 16.21 99.26 0.00 22.88
2_adp: 104.81 0.00 17.67 104.81 0.00 15.94 102.89 0.00 27.04
2_occ: 104.81 0.00 17.67 104.81 0.00 15.94 102.89 0.00 27.04
3_bss: 104.81 0.00 17.67 104.81 0.00 15.94 102.89 0.00 27.04
3_xyz: 104.81 0.00 17.67 104.81 0.00 15.94 102.89 0.00 27.04
3_adp: 114.24 0.00 19.43 106.31 0.00 15.44 114.24 0.00 41.16
3_occ: 114.24 0.00 19.43 106.31 0.00 15.44 114.24 0.00 41.16
4_bss: 114.24 0.00 19.43 106.31 0.00 15.44 114.24 0.00 41.16
4_xyz: 114.24 0.00 19.43 106.31 0.00 15.44 114.24 0.00 41.16
4_adp: 113.92 0.00 17.45 101.92 0.00 13.06 113.92 2.73 41.35
4_occ: 113.92 0.00 17.45 101.92 0.00 13.06 113.92 2.73 41.35
5_bss: 113.92 0.00 17.45 101.92 0.00 13.06 113.92 2.73 41.35
5_xyz: 113.92 0.00 17.45 101.92 0.00 13.06 113.92 2.73 41.35
5_adp: 110.37 0.00 16.80 102.22 0.00 11.69 110.37 0.00 44.58
5_occ: 110.37 0.00 16.80 102.22 0.00 11.69 110.37 0.00 44.58
5_bss: 110.37 0.00 16.80 102.23 0.00 11.70 110.37 0.00 44.58
------------------------------------------------------------------------
stage Deviation of refined
model from start model
max min mean
0 : 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_bss: 0.000 0.000 0.000
1_xyz: 1.287 0.032 0.443
1_adp: 1.287 0.032 0.443
1_occ: 1.287 0.032 0.443
2_bss: 1.287 0.032 0.443
2_xyz: 2.044 0.049 0.640
2_adp: 2.044 0.049 0.640
2_occ: 2.044 0.049 0.640
3_bss: 2.044 0.049 0.640
3_xyz: 1.917 0.059 0.798
3_adp: 1.917 0.059 0.798
3_occ: 1.917 0.059 0.798
4_bss: 1.917 0.059 0.798
4_xyz: 2.068 0.050 0.889
4_adp: 2.068 0.050 0.889
4_occ: 2.068 0.050 0.889
5_bss: 2.068 0.050 0.889
5_xyz: 2.132 0.055 0.997
5_adp: 2.132 0.055 0.997
5_occ: 2.132 0.055 0.997
5_bss: 2.132 0.055 0.997
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CPU time actual refinement: 335.15
============================== Exporting results ==============================
Writing refined structure to PDB file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_99/model_refine_001.pdb
n_use = 2823
n_use_u_iso = 2823
n_use_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_site = 0
n_grad_u_iso = 0
n_grad_u_aniso = 0
n_grad_occupancy = 106
n_grad_fp = 0
n_grad_fdp = 0
n_anisotropic_flag = 0
total number of scatterers = 2823
Writing 2mFobs-DFmodel XPLOR map to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_99/model_refine_001_2mFobs-DFmodel.map
Writing mFobs-DFmodel XPLOR map to file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_99/model_refine_001_mFobs-DFmodel.map
Writing map coefficients to MTZ file:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_99/model_refine_001_map_coeffs.mtz
Writing default parameters for subsequent refinement:
/net/cci-filer1/vol1/tmp/phzwart/tassos/trial/run_99/model_refine_002.def
=============================== Detailed timings ==============================
Pure refinement (no I/O, processing, etc)= 335.00
Macro-tasks:
bulk solvent and scale = 39.94
individual site refinement = 144.66
weights calculation = 32.72
collect and process = 6.23
model show statistics = 0.12
TOTAL for macro-tasks = 223.67
Micro-tasks:
mask = 3.08
f_calc = 105.01
alpha_beta = 8.28
target = 1.17
gradients_wrt_atomic_parameters = 114.58
fmodel = 6.67
r_factors = 0.24
phase_errors = 9.43
foms = 0.25
TOTAL for micro-tasks = 248.71
NUMBER OF MASK CALCS= 6
Time per interpreted Python bytecode instruction: 4.798 micro seconds
Total CPU time: 5.81 minutes
from_scatterers_fft: 591 calls, 104.71 s
gradients_fft: 535 calls, 102.20 s
=========================== phenix.refine: finished ===========================
# Date 2008-01-16 Time 00:45:20 PST -0800 (1200473120.20 s)
Start R-work = 0.5282, R-free = 0.5214 (no bulk solvent and anisotropic scale)
Final R-work = 0.1653, R-free = 0.2195 (no bulk solvent and anisotropic scale)
Start R-work = 0.5220, R-free = 0.5157
Final R-work = 0.1491, R-free = 0.2041
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
758344
|
##### REVISED -- APRIL 19, 2005
##### *2004-2005 No Child Left Behind - Blue Ribbon Schools Program*
*U.S. Department of Education*
**Cover Sheet** Type of School: \_[X]{.underline} Elementary
\_[\_\_]{.underline} Middle \_\_ High \_\_ K-12
Name of Principal [Dr. Yvonne S. Butler]{.underline}
(Specify: Ms., Miss, Mrs., Dr., Mr., Other) (As it should appear in the
official records)
Official School Name [Browns Mill Elementary School]{.underline}
(As it should appear in the official records)
School Mailing Address [4863 Browns Mill
Road]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(If address is P.O. Box, also include street address)
[Lithonia\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_[Georgia]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_[30038-2606]{.underline}\_\_
City State Zip Code+4 (9 digits total)
County
\_\_\_\_[Dekalb]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_School
Code Number\*\_\_\_\_\_[138]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Telephone [( 678 ) 676-8302]{.underline} Fax [( 678 )
676-8310\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
Website/URL [www.dekalb.k12.ga.us\~brownsmill]{.underline}
E-mail [email protected]
I have reviewed the information in this application, including the
eligibility requirements on page 2, and certify that to the best of my
knowledge all information is accurate.
[Dr. Yvonne S. Butler]{.underline}
Date\_[4/8/05]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(Principal's Signature)
Name of Superintendent\* [Dr. Crawford Lewis]{.underline}
(Specify: Ms., Miss, Mrs., Dr., Mr., Other)
District Name [Dekalb County Schools System]{.underline} Tel. [( 678
)676-1200\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
I have reviewed the information in this application, including the
eligibility requirements on page 2, and certify that to the best of my
knowledge it is accurate.
[Dr. Crawford Lewis, Ph.D.]{.underline}
Date\_\_[4/11/05]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(Superintendent's Signature)
Name of School Board Mrs. Frances Edwards
President/Chairperson
(Specify: Ms., Miss, Mrs., Dr., Mr., Other)
I have reviewed the information in this package, including the
eligibility requirements on page 2, and certify that to the best of my
knowledge it is accurate.
[Frances Edwards]{.underline}
Date\_\_[4/11/05]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(School Board President's/Chairperson's Signature)
*\*Private Schools: If the information requested is not applicable,
write N/A in the space.*
**PART I ‑ ELIGIBILITY CERTIFICATION**
**\[Include this page in the school's application as page 2.\]**
The signatures on the first page of this application certify that each
of the statements below concerning the school\'s eligibility and
compliance with U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights
(OCR) requirements is true and correct.
1. The school has some configuration that includes grades K-12.
(Schools with one principal, even K-12 schools, must apply as an
entire school.)
2. The school has not been in school improvement status or been
identified by the state as \"persistently dangerous\" within the
last two years. To meet final eligibility, the school must meet the
state's adequate yearly progress requirement in the 2004-2005 school
year.
3. If the school includes grades 7 or higher, it has foreign language
as a part of its core curriculum.
4. The school has been in existence for five full years, that is, from
at least September 1999 and has not received the 2003 or 2004 *No
Child Left Behind -- Blue Ribbon Schools Award.*
5. The nominated school or district is not refusing the OCR access to
information necessary to investigate a civil rights complaint or to
conduct a district‑wide compliance review.
6. The OCR has not issued a violation letter of findings to the school
district concluding that the nominated school or the district as a
whole has violated one or more of the civil rights statutes. A
violation letter of findings will not be considered outstanding if
the OCR has accepted a corrective action plan from the district to
remedy the violation.
7. The U.S. Department of Justice does not have a pending suit alleging
that the nominated school, or the school district as a whole, has
violated one or more of the civil rights statutes or the
Constitution\'s equal protection clause.
8. There are no findings of violations of the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act in a U.S. Department of Education
monitoring report that apply to the school or school district in
question; or if there are such findings, the state or district has
corrected, or agreed to correct, the findings.
**PART II ‑ DEMOGRAPHIC DATA**
**All data are the most recent year available.**
**DISTRICT** (Questions 1‑2 not applicable to private schools)
1\. Number of schools in the district: \_[84]{.underline}\_\_ Elementary
schools
\_[19]{.underline}\_\_ Middle schools
\_\_\_\_\_ Junior high schools
\_[21]{.underline}\_\_ High schools
\_[18]{.underline}\_\_ Other
\_[142]{.underline}\_ TOTAL
2\. District Per Pupil Expenditure: \_[\$ 4,241.15]{.underline}\_\_\_
Average State Per Pupil Expenditure: [\_\$ 7,261.37]{.underline} \_\_\_
**SCHOOL** (To be completed by all schools)
3\. Category that best describes the area where the school is located:
> \[ \] Urban or large central city
>
> \[ \] Suburban school with characteristics typical of an urban area
>
> \[X \] Suburban
>
> \[ \] Small city or town in a rural area
>
> \[ \] Rural
4\. [6]{.underline} Number of years the principal has been in her/his
position at this school.
If fewer than three years, how long was the previous principal at this
school?
5\. Number of students as of October 1 enrolled at each grade level or
its equivalent in applying school only:
----------- --------- ----------- ---------- --------- -- ----------- --------- ----------- ---------
**Grade** **\# of **\# of **Grade **Grade** **\# of **\# of **Grade
Males** Females** Total** Males** Females** Total**
**PreK** 10 10 **20** **7**
**K** 54 55 **109** **8**
**1** 58 52 **110** **9**
**2** 70 69 **136** **10**
**3** 90 65 **154** **11**
**4** 108 89 **197** **12**
**5** 91 102 **191** **Other**
**6** 39 38 **77**
**TOTAL **994**
STUDENTS
IN THE
APPLYING
SCHOOL**
----------- --------- ----------- ---------- --------- -- ----------- --------- ----------- ---------
*\[Throughout the document, round numbers to avoid decimals.\]*
6\. Racial/ethnic composition of % White
the students in the school: [97]{.underline} % Black or African American
[1\_]{.underline}% Hispanic or Latino
[0]{.underline} % Asian/Pacific Islander
[2]{.underline} % American Indian/Alaskan Native
**100% Total**
Use only the five standard categories in reporting the racial/ethnic
composition of the school.
7\. Student turnover, or mobility rate, during the past year:
\_\_[15]{.underline} %
> (This rate should be calculated using the grid below. The answer to
> (6) is the mobility rate.)
--------- -------------------------------------------- ------------------
**(1)** Number of students who transferred ***to***
the school after October 1 until the end of
the year.
**(2)** Number of students who transferred
***from*** the school after October 1 until
the end of the year.
**(3)** Subtotal of all transferred students \[sum
of rows (1) and (2)\]
**(4)** Total number of students in the school as of
October 1
**(5)** Subtotal in row (3) divided by total in row
(4)
**(6)** Amount in row (5) multiplied by 100
--------- -------------------------------------------- ------------------
8\. Limited English Proficient students in the school:
[\_\_\_\<1%]{.underline}
\_\_\_[4]{.underline}\_\_\_Total Number Limited English Proficient
Number of languages represented: \_\_\_[1]{.underline}\_\_\_\_
Specify languages: Spanish
9\. Students eligible for free/reduced-priced meals: \_[44
%]{.underline}
Total number students who qualify: \_\_[548]{.underline}\_\_\_
> If this method does not produce an accurate estimate of the percentage
> of students from low‑income families or the school does not
> participate in the federally‑supported lunch program, specify a more
> accurate estimate, tell why the school chose it, and explain how it
> arrived at this estimate.
10\. Students receiving special education services:
\_\_[3]{.underline}\_\_\_%
\_\_\_[34]{.underline}\_\_\_Total Number of Students Served
> Indicate below the number of students with disabilities according to
> conditions designated in the Individuals with Disabilities Education
> Act.
\_\_[3]{.underline}\_Autism \_\_\_\_Orthopedic Impairment
\_\_\_\_Deafness \_[13]{.underline}\_Other Health Impaired
\_\_\_\_Deaf-Blindness \_[14]{.underline}\_Specific Learning Disability
\_\_[7]{.underline}\_Emotional Disturbance \_[30]{.underline}\_Speech or
Language Impairment
\_\_\_\_Hearing Impairment \_\_\_\_Traumatic Brain Injury
> \_\_\_\_Mental Retardation \_\_\_\_Visual Impairment Including
> Blindness
\_\_[3]{.underline}\_Multiple Disabilities
11. Indicate number of full‑time and part‑time staff members in each of
the categories below:
**Number of Staff**
**[Full-time]{.underline}** **[Part-Time]{.underline}**
Administrator(s) \_\_\_[3]{.underline}\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_[0]{.underline}\_\_\_
Classroom teachers \_\_\_[44]{.underline}\_\_
\_\_\_\_[0]{.underline}\_\_\_
Special resource teachers/specialists \_\_\_[12]{.underline}\_\_
\_\_\_\_[7]{.underline}\_\_\_
Paraprofessionals \_\_\_[12]{.underline}\_\_
\_\_\_\_[0]{.underline}\_\_\_
> Support staff \_\_\_[18]{.underline}\_\_ \_\_\_\_[0]{.underline}\_\_\_
>
> Total number \_\_\_[89]{.underline}\_\_ \_\_\_\_[7]{.underline}\_\_\_
12\. Average school student-"classroom teacher" ratio:
\_[1:20]{.underline}\_\_
------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000
Daily student attendance 96% 98% 95% 97% 97%
Daily teacher attendance 95% 97% 95% 97% 98%
Teacher turnover rate 15% 6% 18% 23% 28%
Student dropout rate \% \% \% \% \%
(middle/high)
Student drop-off rate \% \% \% \% \%
(high school)
------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
13\. Show the attendance patterns of teachers and students as a
percentage. The student dropout rate is defined by the state. The
student drop-off rate is the difference between the number of entering
students and the number of exiting students from the same cohort. (From
the same cohort, subtract the number of exiting students from the number
of entering students; divide that number by the number of entering
students; multiply by 100 to get the percentage drop-off rate.) Briefly
explain in 100 words or fewer any major discrepancy between the dropout
rate and the drop-off rate. (Only middle and high schools need to supply
dropout rates and only high schools need to supply drop-off rates.)
Browns Mill Elementary
A School Transformed
Since opening in 1990, Browns Mill has metamorphosed into a School of
Excellence. We never lost sight of our mission: to educate, cultivate,
and inspire the whole child through academics, arts, technology, and
nutrition. A dedicated faculty serves as the conduit implementing the
tools and strategies necessary to master concepts and skills.
Instruction is concrete and sequential, modes of inquiry are
comprehensive in scope, and students make deep and meaningful
connections across all disciplines. Standardized test data support this
premise. A \$220,000 five-year Getty/Annenberg Challenge Grant
substantiates the importance of the arts in the core curriculum to
promote, encourage, and stimulate the learning environment where
increases in student achievement are both measurable and sustainable.
Students of all abilities and talents are encouraged to participate in
various local and state competitions ranging from the arts to academic
bowls and state fairs. "Keeping an eye on the prize" promotes healthy
competition, raises self-esteem, and sometimes encourages the timid to
participate; a class spelling bee could launch a state winner. We
advocate for students by helping them believe in themselves, and giving
them the tools, strategies, and support they need. Empowerment through
success correlates with the goals of the faculty to establish and
maintain an environment which fosters the desired results for student
leaning at a competitive level.
Increased parental communication through the vehicles of the school
marquee, newsletter, school website, individual staff websites, parent
e-mail messages from the staff, automated parent contact telephone
system, Parent Teacher Association (PTA), School Council, and
parent-community liaisons all facilitate various school initiatives.
From the fall carnival to the black tie *Dinner for the Arts,* family
involvement is crucial to the success of our students and their ability
to become life long learners.
Another example of Browns Mill meeting the developmental needs of its
students is the decision in 1999 to become the nation's only Sugar-Free
school. We experienced sharp decreases in the number of discipline
referrals and accompanying increases in student focus plus a steady rise
in test scores. This data points to the positive impact it has had on
the learning environment for *all* our students, not just for the 44%
who qualify for free and reduced lunch.
Currently, our mantra is "Lead by example." Browns Mill is continually
in the spot-light, not only locally but also nationally as a school
promoting a healthier lifestyle for the students and faculty. Encouraged
by our principal, Dr. Yvonne Butler, the faculty is wearing pedometers,
divided into support teams, and undertaking the Surgeon General's advice
to walk 10,000 steps a day. Treadmills and aerobic classes are available
for the faculty before and after school. Our efforts have generated a
tremendous curiosity among the student body. This affords us the
opportunity to explain the importance of healthy food choices and
exercise as an integral part of learning, which is continually on-going,
no matter the age or the profession.
Browns Mill's faculty and staff, parents, and supportive community are
in unison in the endless and rewarding preparation to engage students to
excel in academics, self-worth, and health.
Assessment Results
The ***Georgia** **Criterion Referenced Competency Test (GCRCT) ***is
administered to all students attending Browns Mill Elementary. The
scores below are representative of grades four and six. Students in
these grades consistently took the GCRCT and have comparable mean scores
in the areas of reading, language arts, and math from the 2000-2001,
2001-2002, 2002-2003, and the 2003-2004 school years.
Criterion-referenced tests, such as the GCRCT, are designed to measure
how well students acquire, learn, and accomplish the knowledge and
skills set forth in a specific curriculum or unit of instruction. The
GCRCT, therefore, is specifically intended only to test Georgia's
content standards outlined in the QCC (Quality Core Curriculum.) The
assessments yield information on academic achievement at the student,
class, school, school system, and state levels. This information is then
used to diagnose individual student strengths and weaknesses as related
to the instruction of the QCC, and to gauge the quality of education
throughout Georgia.
The state scores performance according to three (3) categories: **Level
1** below 300 (basic); **Level 2** at or above 300 but below 350
(proficient); **Level 3** at or above 350 to 450 (advanced). Browns
Mill's test scores are within the system and state expectations for our
student population. The mean scores for fourth grade in reading,
language arts, and math are 346, 329, and 319 respectively. The mean
scores for sixth grade in reading, language arts, and math are as
follows: 381, 356, and 349, respectively. Compared with the system and
the State, Browns Mill students meet/or exceed the projected academic
achievement set by state standards. These scores have consistently
improved since the first GCRCT assessment in 2000.
The Browns Mill subgroup falling under the category of economically
disadvantaged are the students on free and reduced lunch. They
constitute 44% of the student body. We are able to obtain data for
school years 2002-2004. For the previous school years, federal law did
not require this data, but under the No Child Left Behind Act, this
information is now required. In addition, Browns Mill has several
subgroups which fall under the category of special education, (EBD, SLD,
MID, speech and language), and an ESOL (English as a Second Language)
subgroup. There are no ethnic subgroups as 99 percent of our students
are African American/non-Hispanic. The aforementioned subgroups do not
meet the requirements of the State, 40 or more students; therefore,
these scores are not compared with the general population of the DeKalb
School System or the State.
Parents wishing to compare and evaluate Browns Mill's results with other
school districts within the State may go the following Online Assessment
web site: [www.gadoe.org](http://www.gadoe.org/)
Assessment Data and School Performance
Assessment data is further disseminated into several viable domains to
understand and improve student and school performance: application of
subject content across the curriculum, a knowledge base built from prior
experiences, and a variety of strategies.
Application of CRCT objectives needing reinforcement are developed and
reintroduced across the curriculum. This insures a deeper understanding
and/or mastery. An example is the ability to read graphs. Each content
area teacher includes some form of this specific skill in his/her
discipline. For example, reading a graph in social studies to determine
demographics, labeling the percentage of students who are 11 at Browns
Mill in math, and creating a coordinate design in art. We use grade
level meetings to identify skills to be strengthened, then create and
implement lessons which strengthen this GCRCT objective throughout
instruction while accommodating different learning styles.
School performance is based on interpreting scores and implementing
remediation. Student performance can be enhanced through assessment
portfolios which are opportune for the development of flexible group
instruction. Within these groups, students work with peer tutors while
receiving guided instruction from the teachers. Symmetry advances
through cumulative tests reinforcing prior skills, rubrics with
expanding levels of difficulty, and other brain based activities.
Naturally, a variety of strategies are necessary to motivate the
students and keep them stimulated. This can be done through the
students' zone of proximal development. The tasks are simple enough to
sustain motivation, yet challenging enough to apply the strategy. This
domain is used successfully through activities such as role playing,
timed computational math tests, peer tutoring, the Accelerated Reading
Program, and authentic real-world instruction.
Communication of Student Performance
Student performance is communicated to parents, students, and the
community through a variety of methods***.*** The most immediate tools
are Parent Information Night and parent in-services to interpret
assessment data. These meetings offer hands-on information with an open
floor to ask questions coupled with the opportunity to view similar data
with an overhead projector as a visual aid. This method teaches the
parents how to read their child's test results and interpret their
strengths and weaknesses. Parents also receive a letter of preparation
for each test to be administered and a follow-up letter reporting the
results. Parents may call the school for additional clarification.
Homeroom teachers review the assessment results with their students
showing them their strengths and what they need to address during the
year to improve their scores. Student performance is also addressed
through monthly newsletters, PTA meetings, progress reports, and the
local newspapers ***Crossroads and On Common Grounds.*** Foremost, are
the parent conferences for all students, particularly, the Level 1
students, where interpretation of all sections of an assessment, formal
and informal, can be privately addressed, and the best plan of action
for a parent's child can be developed.
Sharing Success
At Browns Mill Elementary we have been privileged to share our successes
not only with other schools within the DeKalb County School System but
also with other school districts throughout the state and country. The
Discipline-Based Arts Education Program and Nutrition and Excellence
Program bring frequent visits from groups of administrators, teachers,
and parents. They come to observe our school from locations as far away
as Germany, Panama, Louisiana, California and New York City, citing us
as a model upon which they would like to implement similar programs. Our
principal, Dr. Yvonne S. Butler, works diligently to ensure the
nutritional and exercise program at Browns Mill School improves our
standardized test scores. This program has been featured on *ABC World
News*, *FOX News* and in various national and local publications such as
*Essence*, *Upscale* and *Sister to Sister* magazines and the *Atlanta
Journal Constitution* newspaper. We continually receive calls from local
universities and colleges requesting that we host student teachers
finishing their practicum. As a 2005 School of Excellence, our faculty
and staff have received numerous honors, awards and grants. Our students
have earned achievement awards and honors at various local, state and
national academic competitions. At Browns Mill we are proud to share our
successes with others and look forward to continuing to share. To
rephrase President Bush, "No child should ever be left behind."
Curriculum and Instruction
At the core of each curriculum area, strategies are embedded to ensure
content based on the highest of standards. The purpose of the Dekalb
County curriculum is to make sure that the content core at specific
instructional levels is consistent among teachers and schools
county-wide. All county objectives are consistent with National
Standards and state-mandated assessments. In line with these standards,
the core curriculum at Browns Mill provides students with the ability to
become mindful, motivated strategy users across the curriculum through
systematically orchestrated instruction found in a classroom atmosphere
supporting "mindfulness," where they are able to apply strategies as
critical thinkers. Proficiency as critical thinkers is essential to our
students' literacy future which transfers to different disciplines as
they progress up the educational ladder. The foundation is laid in the
elementary years.
Browns Mill's students are taught in settings emphasizing
interdisciplinary instruction and cooperative, flexible grouping.
Students are taught to integrate what they learn in each content area
with their personal experiences to actively construct their own meanings
and ideas and use them in flexible ways. This is accomplished through
different learning environments available throughout our curriculum.
Gifted and remedial classes develop strong basic skills through
diagnostic and prescriptive teaching. Teachers model the strategies they
are teaching and provide practice using authentic, real-world tasks.
Strategy instruction meets the needs of the students' zone of proximal
development, challenging, and at the students' instructional level. The
***Magnet Program for High Achievers*** offers advanced in-depth
interdisciplinary instructional units with integrated instruction. The
educational environment is rigorous, stimulating, and rich with
activities aimed at developing the whole child. Research indicates
***all*** students benefit from strategy instruction; no matter the
level, high standards are consistently implemented.
On any given day, instruction and daily planning challenge all levels of
learning. The social studies curriculum enables students to view
concepts, issues, events, and themes from the perspective of diverse
ethnic and cultural groups. A unit on the American Revolution can
describe the meaning of the revolution from the perspective of Anglo
revolutionaries, Anglo loyalists, African-Americans, American Indians,
Mexican Americans, and the British. Each team is assigned a group.
Within each team is an example of one of the four (4) "True Colors." The
lesson is developed and presented from the view of each ethnic/cultural
group using researchers/writers, project/prop designers, technicians,
and demonstrations. In the lower grades, a random visit to a social
studies classroom might reveal the following: cooperative groups
exploring the life of Native Americans, a reenactment of the Boston Tea
Party, or moving west activities as pioneers. For example, fourth grade
students, as pioneers, travel to Oregon via wagon train. They must make
a supply list, keep a journal, cope and solve unfortunate or disastrous
events encountered along the trail (in the form of *fate cards*), and
describe the day's events around the campfire. This journey uses
resources beyond the textbook: analysis, models, research,
presentations, student-written scripts, and songs.
Instructional methods incorporate distinct media formats, computer
technology, and numerous resources from the media center, public
libraries, and the community. Field trips and guest speakers reinforce
the real world experience.
As previously stated, we have found the best way to master objectives is
to implement strategies across the curriculum. To increase and sustain
motivation, students need to realize the importance of a strategy and
how useful it can be when attempting to learn something new. Students
are diversely engaged, through each discipline, with opportunities to
experience success. Browns Mill's teachers help students understand the
content studied, make instructional goals clear, and display high
expectations for the amount and quality of work. Additionally,
technology, Spanish, art, music, band and strings are complement to the
core content. The instructional program at Browns Mill Elementary is
based on the Quality Core Curriculum established by the Georgia
Department of Education.
Reading Curriculum
In 2002, DeKalb County implemented ***DeKalb R.E.A.D.S***, a conceptual
framework that is researched-based. This reading program incorporates
six components:
1. **Phonological Awareness**: the use of sounds in listening,
reproducing, and manipulating language orally;
2. **Print Awareness**: the ability to attend to the conventions and
formats of print; relates closely to spelling and writing;
3. **Alphabetic Awareness**: the systematic use of alphabet letters to
represent speech sounds in a language;
4. **Orthographic Awareness:** the knowledge of sound-symbol
associations enabling students to rapidly identify a large number of
words based on their structure and spelling;
5. **Comprehension Strategies:** meaning is assigned to text based on
prior knowledge and context clues;
6. **Reading Practice:** emphasizes fluency, vocabulary development,
and writing.
Browns Mill's reading program consists of the Balanced Literary
Approach. The combination of rich literature coupled with R.E.A.D.S
assists each student in achieving literacy success. Teachers in each
grade level create a timeline to identify and prioritize a student's
progress. The timeline includes specific goals each student, including
the struggling-reluctant student, must attain during the year. In order
to evaluate our students' literacy abilities, assessment tests, such as
the *Spotlight on Literacy Unit Tests* and *Basic Literacy Tests* are
given providing teachers with information to present additional help
where needed. Superintendent Crawford Lewis and the Board of Education
require every student in DeKalb County to receive daily a minimum of 90
minutes of literacy instruction.
Discipline-Based Arts Education
Our mission to educate, cultivate, and inspire the whole child through a
balanced approach of educational practices is infused into the school
wide core curriculum through the arts. Capitalizing on multiple
intelligences, Browns Mill reinforces QCC objectives and strategies by
showcasing the genius of our students through visual arts, music,
theatre and dance. Teachers implement the theory and practice of
disciplined-based arts education through school-wide programs and
projects. As one enters our school, on each and every hall there is
evidence of creativity via the arts. QCC objectives are reinforced on
the way to lunch, the bathroom, the library, and out the door at the end
of the day to go home. Teachers often give interdisciplinary arts
lessons as well. Math inspires tessellation designs; a lesson on
scientific elements leads to metal sculptures. From kindergarten to
sixth grade magnet classes, literature lessons inspire elaborate
illustrations. One can enjoy an all inclusive bulletin board
illustration of "It's a Butterfly's Life" of cotton clouds and segmented
caterpillars to kinetic foil sculptures motivated by the Periodic Table
of Elements.
Instructional Methods
Browns Mill meets the challenge to create learning experiences allowing
the integrity of every learner to be sustained while each student
attains relevant educational success. Instructional methods must
initiate thought and behavior and make meaning from experience. At this
young age, personal relevance develops a positive attitude toward
learning. A responsive teacher can open a number of doors on the same
concept. Word webs, word walls, graphic organizers, cooperative groups,
puzzles, centers inclusive of poetry, writing, independent reading,
Reader's Theatre, and hands on activities complement the diverse
learning. The capacity to access critical concepts through a variety of
instructional methods insures a student has the opportunity for mastery.
These methods, not withstanding, must be in an environment which allows
and encourages students to be expressive. Disciplined-Based Arts
Education enhances all instruction.
Coupled with instructional methods are learning techniques using
diagrams, charts, reference materials, student demonstrations, open
discussions, team playing and competitions. Through these informal
evaluations teachers can assess and analyze knowledge and performance.
When students see what they are learning makes sense and is important,
their motivation to learn emerges. Using these instructional methods and
learning techniques, diverse learners with different ways of learning
and differing intelligences have found a relevant and engaging way to
mastery.
Professional Development
Professional development is mandatory throughout the DeKalb County
School System with teachers required to take a minimum of 20 hours.
Throughout the school year, four (4) early release days and one full day
are devoted to staff development. These take place either on site or at
specific locations in the system. Staff development and summer workshops
are offered to improve standardized test scores, which is a goal of
Browns Mill Elementary and DeKalb County School System. Professional
development is in direct correlation to the needs of the Browns Mill
student. Several professional development workshops are offered each
session on a rotating basis, and teachers choose the most pertinent to
them with at least one being mandatory. We have focused our professional
development upon the following:
- Georgia Performance Standards (GPS)
- Techniques to motivate the underachieving student
- Brain based strategies
- Reading and math in-services
- Health and nutrition workshops
- Discipline-based arts training sessions for mentors (two (2) days)
An integral part of each professional development course is how to
implement specific strategies and techniques to increase student
achievement. Grade level meetings discuss the impact they perceive
taking place within their group of children.
Browns Mill Elementary School
The following tables depict the pattern of student performance on the
GCRCT for 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004. We are unable to provide
performance information for all grade levels because of inconsistencies
in achievement tests taken over the last four years.
**Table 1**
**No Child Left Behind -- Blue Ribbon School**
**Grade 4/Language Arts**
**State Tests**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000
Testing month **April** **April** **April** **April**
**SCHOOL SCORES**
%At Level 1 **16** **19** **16** **20**
%At Level 2 **54** **63** **62** **54**
%At Level 3 **30** **17** **22** **26**
**% that meets and exceeds **84** **80** **84** **80**
standards**
Number of students tested **175** **191** **181** **148**
Percent of total students tested **100** **100** **100** **100**
Number of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
Percent of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
**SUBGROUP SCORES**
1\. Special Education
%At Level 1 **0** **67** **83** **0**
%At Level 2 **0** **33** **17** **0**
%At Level 3 **0** **0** **0** **0**
**% that meets and exceeds **0** **33** **17** **0**
standards**
Number of students tested **0** **6** **12** **0**
2\. Gender -- Female
%At Level 1 **16** **15** **8** **20**
%At Level 2 **46** **69** **67** **51**
%At Level 3 **38** **16** **25** **29**
**% that meets and exceeds **84** **85** **92** **80**
standards**
Number of students tested **99** **89** **101** **77**
3\. Gender -- Male
%At Level 1 **17** **22** **26** **18**
%At Level 2 **63** **59** **55** **57**
%At Level 3 **20** **19** **19** **25**
**% that meets and exceeds **83** **78** **74** **82**
standards**
Number of students tested **76** **102** **80** **67**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
The state scores performance according to three (3) categories: **Level
1** below 300 (basic); **Level 2** at or above 300 but below 350
(proficient); **Level 3** at or above 350 to 450 (advanced).
**Table 2**
**No Child Left Behind -- Blue Ribbon School**
**Grade 4/Math**
**State Tests**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000
Testing month **April** **April** **April** **April**
**SCHOOL SCORES**
%At Level 1 **30** **27** **30** **31**
%At Level 2 **53** **63** **52** **48**
%At Level 3 **17** **10** **18** **21**
**% that meets and exceeds **70** **73** **70** **69**
standards**
Number of students tested **175** **191** **181** **148**
Percent of total students tested **100** **100** **100** **100**
Number of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
Percent of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
**SUBGROUP SCORES**
1\. Special Education
%At Level 1 **0** **100** **100** **0**
%At Level 2 **0** **0** **0** **0**
%At Level 3 **0** **0** **0** **0**
**% that meets and exceeds **0** **0** **0** **0**
standards**
Number of students tested **0** **6** **12** **0**
2\. Gender -- Female
%At Level 1 **27** **30** **20** **35**
%At Level 2 **54** **58** **63** **44**
%At Level 3 **19** **12** **17** **21**
**% that meets and exceeds **73** **70** **80** **65**
standards**
Number of students tested **99** **89** **101** **77**
3\. Gender -- Male
%At Level 1 **34** **23** **42** **26**
%At Level 2 **53** **68** **39** **51**
%At Level 3 **13** **9** **19** **48**
**% that meets and exceeds **66** **77** **58** **99**
standards**
Number of students tested **76** **102** **80** **68**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
The state scores performance according to three (3) categories: **Level
1** below 300 (basic); **Level 2** at or above 300 but below 350
(proficient); **Level 3** at or above 350 to 450 (advanced).
**Table 3**
**No Child Left Behind -- Blue Ribbon School**
**Grade 4/Reading**
**State Tests**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000
Testing month **April** **April** **April** **April**
**SCHOOL SCORES**
%At Level 1 **19** **14** **14** **18**
%At Level 2 **26** **38** **38** **33**
%At Level 3 **54** **48** **48** **49**
**% that meets and exceeds **80** **86** **86** **82**
standards**
Number of students tested **175** **191** **181** **146**
Percent of total students tested **100** **100** **100** **100**
Number of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
Percent of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
**SUBGROUP SCORES**
1\. Special Education
%At Level 1 **0** **67** **84** **0**
%At Level 2 **0** **33** **8** **0**
%At Level 3 **0** **0** **8** **0**
**% that meets and exceeds **0** **33** **16** **0**
standards**
Number of students tested **0** **6** **12** **0**
2\. Gender -- Female
%At Level 1 **15** **15** **8** **18**
%At Level 2 **24** **36** **39** **34**
%At Level 3 **61** **49** **53** **47**
**% that meets and exceeds **85** **85** **92** **81**
standards**
Number of students tested **99** **89** **101** **76**
3\. Gender -- Male
%At Level 1 **25** **15** **24** **16**
%At Level 2 **29** **39** **36** **32**
%At Level 3 **46** **46** **40** **52**
**% that meets and exceeds **75** **85** **76** **84**
standards**
Number of students tested **76** **102** **80** **66**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
The state scores performance according to three (3) categories: **Level
1** below 300 (basic); **Level 2** at or above 300 but below 350
(proficient); **Level 3** at or above 350 to 450 (advanced).
**Table 4**
**No Child Left Behind -- Blue Ribbon School**
**Grade 6/Language Arts**
**State Tests**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000
Testing month **April** **April** **April** **April**
**SCHOOL SCORES**
%At Level 1 **0** **18** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **18** **44** **20** **44**
%At Level 3 **82** **38** **80** **56**
**% that meets and exceeds **100** **82** **100** **100**
standards**
Number of students tested **76** **186** **66** **66**
Percent of total students tested **100** **100** **100** **100**
Number of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
Percent of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
**SUBGROUP SCORES**
1\. Special Education
%At Level 1 **0** **100** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **0** **0** **0** **0**
%At Level 3 **0** **0** **0** **0**
**% that meets and exceeds **0** **0** **0** **0**
standards**
Number of students tested **0** **11** **0** **0**
2\. Gender -- Female
%At Level 1 **0** **16** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **17** **39** **26** **27**
%At Level 3 **83** **45** **74** **73**
**% that meets and exceeds **100** **84** **100** **100**
standards**
Number of students tested **54** **95** **34** **30**
3\. Gender -- Male
%At Level 1 **0** **22** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **23** **48** **12** **58**
%At Level 3 **77** **30** **88** **42**
**% that meets and exceeds **100** **78** **100** **100**
standards**
Number of students tested **22** **91** **32** **36**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
The state scores performance according to three (3) categories: **Level
1** below 300 (basic); **Level 2** at or above 300 but below 350
(proficient); **Level 3** at or above 350 to 450 (advanced).
**Table 5**
**No Child Left Behind -- Blue Ribbon School**
**Grade 6/Math**
**State Tests**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000
Testing month **April** **April** **April** **April**
**SCHOOL SCORES**
%At Level 1 **1** **29** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **37** **41** **38** **48**
%At Level 3 **62** **30** **62** **52**
**% that meets and exceeds **99** **71** **100** **100**
standards**
Number of students tested **76** **185** **66** **67**
Percent of total students tested **100** **100** **100** **100**
Number of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
Percent of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
**SUBGROUP SCORES**
1\. Special Education
%At Level 1 **0** **100** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **0** **0** **0** **0**
%At Level 3 **0** **0** **0** **0**
**% that meets and exceeds **0** **0** **0** **0**
standards**
Number of students tested **0** **11** **0** **0**
2\. Gender -- Female
%At Level 1 **2** **28** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **37** **42** **47** **37**
%At Level 3 **61** **30** **53** **63**
**% that meets and exceeds **98** **72** **100** **100**
standards**
Number of students tested **54** **94** **34** **30**
3\. Gender -- Male
%At Level 1 **0** **31** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **36** **39** **28** **58**
%At Level 3 **64** **30** **72** **42**
**% that meets and exceeds **100** **69** **100** **100**
standards**
Number of students tested **22** **91** **32** **36**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
The state scores performance according to three (3) categories: **Level
1** below 300 (basic); **Level 2** at or above 300 but below 350
(proficient); **Level 3** at or above 350 to 450 (advanced).
**Table 6**
**No Child Left Behind -- Blue Ribbon School**
**Grade 6/Reading**
**State Tests**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000
Testing month **April** **April** **April** **April**
**SCHOOL SCORES**
%At Level 1 **0** **9** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **1** **29** **6** **15**
%At Level 3 **99** **62** **94** **85**
**% that meets and exceeds **100** **91** **100** **100**
standards**
Number of students tested **76** **186** **66** **65**
Percent of total students tested **100** **100** **100** **100**
Number of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
Percent of students alternatively **0** **0** **0** **0**
assessed
**SUBGROUP SCORES**
1\. Special Education
%At Level 1 **0** **55** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **0** **36** **0** **0**
%At Level 3 **0** **9** **0** **0**
**% that meets and exceeds **0** **45** **0** **0**
standards**
Number of students tested **0** **11** **0** **0**
2\. Gender -- Female
%At Level 1 **0** **8** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **2** **25** **6** **7**
%At Level 3 **98** **67** **94** **93**
**% that meets and exceeds **100** **92** **100** **100**
standards**
Number of students tested **54** **95** **34** **29**
3\. Gender -- Male
%At Level 1 **0** **9** **0** **0**
%At Level 2 **0** **33** **6** **22**
%At Level 3 **100** **58** **94** **78**
**% that meets and exceeds **100** **91** **100** **100**
standards**
Number of students tested **22** **91** **32** **36**
--------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
The state scores performance according to three (3) categories: **Level
1** below 300 (basic); **Level 2** at or above 300 but below 350
(proficient); **Level 3** at or above 350 to 450 (advanced).
**Table 7**
**No Child Left Behind -- Blue Ribbon School**
**Scores for Economically Disadvantaged**
------------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
2003-2004 2002-2003
**Subgroup Scores for Mathematics**
Economically Disadvantaged
\% at basic / does not meet standards **25** **38**
\% at proficient / meets standards **59** **51**
\% at advanced / exceeds standards **16** **11**
**%** **that meets and exceeds standards** **75** **62**
Number of students tested **270** **148**
**Subgroup Scores for Reading, English, and
Language Arts**
Economically Disadvantaged
\% at basic / does not meet standards **19** **23**
\% at proficient / meets standards **46** **47**
\% at advanced / exceeds standards **35** **30**
**% that meets and exceeds standards** **81** **77**
Number of students tested **270** **148**
------------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
> The state scores performance according to three (3) categories:
> **Level 1** below 300 (basic); **Level 2** at or above 300 but below
> 350 (proficient); **Level 3** at or above 350 to 450 (advanced).
>
> Because the GA DOE website's did not break down the data by grade
> levels for the economically disadvantaged subgroup as we have
> indicated on Tables 1-6, we have included an additional table (Table
> 7) that shows the total number of students tested for 2002-2004
> instead of the grade levels.
Please refer to the : [www.gadoe.org](http://www.gadoe.org/)
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X-Sender: [email protected]
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2001 21:15:35 -0400
To: [email protected]
From: sarah a green <[email protected]>
Subject: ms check-list
KITES-EEGLE:
to assist with All Hands planning, please send me a list of the ms below which you
would especially like to interact with (the authors, that is!). e.g. Tell me if
you would like to meet with authors of paper E5 to discuss that work.
thanks
Sarah
B1, Eadie, B.J., M.B. Lansing, A. Winkelman, and T. Johengen. , , The importance of
episodic events to mass and nutrient fluxes in the southern basin of Lake Michigan.
B2, Klump J.V., J.T. Waples, K. Orlandini and D. Edgington . , , Short lived Th
isotopes as tracers for alongshore and cross margin transport during episodic
resuspension of coastal sediments.
B3, Harting, S., W.C. Kerfoot, and E. Brown. , , Mercury from metal ores: Sediment
profiles and inventories introduce a concern with global implications.
B4, Brown, E., Musielewicz, Agnich and D. Edgington , , Copper rich mine tailings as
a tracer of sediment transport in the Keweenaw Current of Lake Superior.
B5, Smith, G., B.J. Eadie, M.B. Lansing and K. Hornbuckle. , , Persistent organic
pollutants as tracers of resuspension of contaminated sediment and eroded coastal
material.
-----------------
E1, Chen, C., X. Wang, R. Ji, D. Schwab, D. Beletsky, J.W. Budd, G. Fahnenstiel, H.A.
Vanderploeg, B.J. Eadie, W.S. Gardner, J.B. Cotner, M.H. Bundy , , Lower Trophic Level
Food Dynamics in Lake Michigan: A Comparison between the 1998 and 1999 Plume Events.
E2, Lavrentyev P, P. Kovalcik, D. Hersha, W. S. Gardner . , , The microbial food web
during a major re-suspension event in Lake Michigan.
E3, Bundy, M.H., H.A. Vanderploeg, P.V. Lavrentyev, and P. Kovalcik. , , The potential
impacts of food web changes on mesozooplankton populations during late winter/early
spring resuspension events in Lake Michigan.
E4, Chen, C., X. Wang, R. Ji: , , Roles of the Light Inhibition in the growth of
phytoplankton in Lake Michigan.
E5, Fahnenstiel, G., S.E. Lohrenz, O. Schofield and D.F. Millie. , , The effect of the
recurrent coastal plume on phytoplankton photosynthesis, growth and light absorption
E6, Schofield, O., T. Bergmann, S.E. Lohrenz, G. Fahnenstiel, and D.F. Millie , ,
Modeling the inherent optical properties in a coastal sediment plume: Impact of abiotic
particles on ocean color remote sensing.
E7, Green, S.A., A.Vodacek, J.W. Budd. , , Photon budgets in coastal Lake Superior.
E8, Julius M.L. and L.M. Goad. , , Impact of episodic resuspension events on
restructuring spring phytoplankton species composition.
E9, Kerfoot, W.C., X. Ma, and L. Weider. , , Coastal corridor in southern Lake Superior:
rapid zooplankton species replacements and evolution.
E10, Kerfoot, W.C., X. Ma, B.J. Eadie, and H. Vanderploeg. , , Ecological importance of
winter storms: Daphnia resting egg production, resuspension, and formation of
E11, Cotner, J.B., B.A. Biddanda, and T.H. Johengen. , , Microbially mediated P-fluxes
in Lake Michigan.
E12, Biddanda, B.A., T.H. Johengen and J.B. Cotner , , Experimental evidence for intense
heterotrophic production stimulated by riverine inputs and resuspended sediments:
implications for Lake Michigan biogeochemistry.
E13, Gardner, W.S., J.F. Cavaletto, M. McCarthy, P.J. Lavrentyev, and B.J. Eadie. , ,
Heterotrophic vs. autotrophic cycling of nitrogen in southern Lake Michigan during
winter-spring, 1999-2000.
E14, Millie, D. F., Fahnenstiel, G. L., Lohrenz, S. E., & Schofield, O. , , Relating
phytoplankton photosynthetic parameters and production to episodic sediment resuspension
in southeastern Lake Michigan.
E15, Vanderploeg, H.A. T.H. Johengen, G.A. Lang, M.A. Agy, S.A. Ruberg, J.R. Liebig,
P.Lavrentyev, M.H. Bundy, G.S. Miller, M.J. McCormick, J.H. Saylor, and W.C. Kerfoot.
, , Fronts and plumes as organizers of spatial distribution of nutrients and plankton
in southern Lake Michigan
-----------------
P1, Murthy R., M. McCormick, G. Miller and J. Saylor. , , Circulation and coastal
exchange characteristics during winter and northerly storm episodes in Southern Lake
Michigan.
P2, Ralph E.A., H. J. Niebauer, J. Churchill, and K. Aagaard. , , The climatology of
the Keweenaw current.
P3, Schwab, D., P. Roebber, D. Beletsky and B.J. Eadie. , , Climatology of resuspension
events in Lake Michigan.
P4, Chen, C., K. Kang, E.A. Ralph, and J.W. Budd. , , Seasonal Variation of Circulation
and Transport in Lake Superior: A Lagrangian Model Exploration.
P5, Meadows, L.A., J.F. Vesecky, C.C. Teague and Y. Fernandez. , , HF radar measurements
of surface currents during episodic resuspension events in Lake Michigan.
-----------------
S1, Schwab D. and D. Beletsky. , , The physical mechanisms for offshore transport of
bottom sediments during episodic resuspension events in Lake Michigan.
S2, Churchill, J.H., A.J. Williams and E.A. Ralph. , , What controls sediment
resuspension and transport off Lake Superior's Keweenaw Peninsula.
S3, Bedford, K., V. Velissariou, and D. Welsh. , , Age, Route and Fate of Sediments
Transported Along- and Offshore During Episodic Events in Lake Michigan.
S4, Hawley, N. and B. Lesht , , Field observations of episodic sediment resuspension in
southern Lake Michigan.
S5, Robbins, J.A., B.J. Eadie, D. Edgington, N.R. Morehead and V. Klump. , , Time scales
for sediment focusing within the high depositional area of southern Lake Michigan:
Insights from radionuclide studies.
S6, Budd, J.W., D.S. Warrington, A. Vodacek, and S. A. Green. , , Material transport by
the Keweenaw Current as viewed by remote sensing imagery.
S7, Kerfoot, W.C., S. Beske-Diehl, and E. Brown. , , Episodic sloughing of shelf
sediments: A simple hypothesis for the origin of paleo-redox zones.
S8, Budd, J.W., D.S. Warrington, W.C. Kerfoot, and R.P. Stumpf. , , Ecosystem mosaics:
Winter storms and spring trophic pulses.
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### Natural Gas STAR Releases Video Highlighting Remote Sensing Leak Detection Technologies
**Section 1:**
Nar: the US environmental protection agency is promoting new
technologies for methane leak screening in a directed inspection and
maintenance program.
The passive infrared camera provides a real time image and video
recording of methane gas leaks that are invisible to the human eye.
The camera operator can see and points out a leak that the survey
operator is trying to find with an organic vapor analyzer probe
The leaking tube connector is readily apparent in the infrared camera
image.
Here the IR camera operator scans hundreds of potential leak sources
from a distance. Spotting the lightlighted flange leak.
A piece of paper provides a background for the camera recording of the
leaking gas.
Leaks that are hard to reach with hand held sniffers are readily seen
with the camera
This valve had been inspected for years using traditional methods and
was never found to be leaking, the IR camera reveals there is a pinhole
leak in the valve on it, rather than the packing stem where leaks
normally occur.
Here the camera is used to find leaks from under ground distribution
system mains.
The IR camera can also be used as a safety device for maint workers as
it detects gas in an under ground regulator valve(?) when the manhole
cover is raised.
Pipeline excavation and repair crews can use the camera to avoid human
exposure to leaking gas.
Traditionally floating roof tank inspections are performed when the tank
is still and the tank roof is at a high level so that hydrocarbons are
dispersed by the wind. The IR camera can inspect a floating roof tank at
any level from the access platform. Here the tank is about 1/3 full and
the operator can spot gas leaks from the guide polls.
**Section 2**
The IR camera is also used from a helicopter to quickly survey for large
leaks from remote facilities.
The camera detects large leaks as far as three miles away and can record
the image with GPS coordinates.
Here the camera has picked up a large amount of casing head gas that is
being vented from a stripper well.
And this survey shows gas being vented from production stock tanks.
**Section 3:**
This section shows some other leak detection devices based on infrared
light absorption by methane gas.
This methane leak detection device uses an infrared laser beam to
measure methane concentration along the beam path.
Methane leaks can be detected from a distance of up to 100 ft from the
source.
This laser detection device can pinpoint the methane leak by scanning
the beam over the equipment. The green targeting laser is a visual aid
to help the operator determine where he is aiming the invisible IR laser
beam during the screening.
While using the digital methane detector or DMD, no sound will be heard
until the detection of methane occurs.
The pitch of the sound will be relative to the methane concentration.
The higher the pitch the stronger the methane concentration is.
The laser works best when scanning at distance of 15-20 feet and beyond,
use the green spotter laser to effectively know where you're scanning.
Up to 1000 miles per day of cross country pipe lines can be surveyed for
leaks with the air borne natural gas emissions lidar (?) or angel
system.
This technology collects the reflected IR laser and GPS data while
recording a visual image of the pipe line right of way.
The data is super imposed to map locations and concentration of methane
leaks.
Angel services can also identify large methane leaks from individual
tanks in production tank batteries.
The US EPA's natural GasStar program wishes to thank the companies who
are helping our partners to reduce our methane emissions with better
technologies
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03.02.07
3 p.m. CST Friday, March 2, 2007
Mission Control Center, Houston
STATUS REPORT: ISS07-12
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION STATUS REPORT #07-12
The International Space Station's Expedition 14 crew continued work
this week on scientific experiments, station maintenance and clean up
following a Feb. 22 Russian spacewalk.
An altitude reboost engine firing planned for Friday was postponed
following the launch delay of Space Shuttle Atlantis earlier this
week. The STS-117 mission had been targeted for liftoff on March 15,
but was put on hold following a hail storm Monday resulting in damage
requiring repair to the external fuel tank's foam.
Russian flight controllers now plan two engine firings on March 16 and
28 to increase the station's altitude, which will place the station
in the desired orbit for arrival of a Soyuz spacecraft set to launch
April 7. The Soyuz will bring Expedition 15 Commander Fyodor
Yurchikhin, Flight Engineer Oleg Kotov and spaceflight participant
Charles Simonyi to the station. Docking to the station is April 9.
Expedition 14 Commander Mike Lopez-Alegria, Flight Engineer Mikhail
Tyurin and Simonyi plan to land in Kazakhstan April 19.
Space station managers are reviewing the work planned aboard the
station for the remaining weeks of Expedition 14 and for Expedition
15 in light of the shuttle launch delay. The review seeks to optimize
use of the crews' time due to the shuttle's delay.
Thursday, the station crew was awakened briefly by a caution signal
when the starboard Thermal Radiator Rotary Joint (TRRJ) experienced a
dropout in commands from the Rotary Joint Motor Controller. The TRRJ
automatically defaulted to another command link, and there was no
impact to operations. Engineers are analyzing what may have caused
the problem. The rotary joint turns the radiator to provide the best
possible cooling.
Flight Engineer Suni Williams practiced on a laptop computer
simulation Wednesday to maintain her skill in using the station's
Canadarm2 robotic arm. She also joined her fellow crewmates in the
Test of Reaction and Adaptation Capabilities experiment to gather
hand-eye coordination data before, during and after their mission.
TRAC Principal Investigator Dr. Otmar Bock of the German Sport
University in Cologne, Germany, hopes to better understand how the
brain adapts during spaceflight. The experiment will be performed
during both Expedition 14 and Expedition 15.
The next station status report will be issued Friday, March 9, or
earlier if events warrant. For more about the crew's activities and
station sighting opportunities, visit:
http://www.nasa.gov/station
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# Presentation: 046584
## Chronic Care Model
- Patient Education
- and Self-Management
## Patient Health Education in VHA
- Interventions to assist veterans to:
- Access & appropriately utilize VHA healthcare resources across the continuum of care
- Become actively involved in healthcare decision making
- Engage the needed family & social support systems
- Achieve the desired self-management & coping skills
## Critical Issues
- Use evidence-based interventions
- Educate clinicians as well as patients
- Maximize limited clinician time
- Promote patient-clinician partnerships
- Education vs information
## Evidence-based interventions
- Salient belief model
- “When you think of having **diabetes**, what do you think of?”
- Social Cognitive Theory/Self-efficacy
- “One a scale of 1 to 10, how likely is it that you will **monitor your blood sugar twice a day for 1 week**?”
## Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
## EES Patient Health Education Resources
- Patient Education: TEACH for Success
- Shared Decision Making Learning Packages
- Shared Decision Making
- Supporting Shared Decision Making
- My Healthe Vet
- Patient Education in Primary Care
- COLLAGE-Patient Education Community of Practice _[http://vaww.collage.research.med.va.gov](http://vaww.collage.research.med.va.gov/)_
- PHE Hotlines & Conference Calls
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*Pages 1--19 from Microsoft Word - 20442.doc*
Federal Communications Commission FCC 02- 226
Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Washington, D. C. 20554
In the Matter of ) ) File No. EB- 02- TC- 120
Fax. com, Inc. ) NAL/ Acct. No. 200232170004 ) FRN 0007- 2970- 47
Apparent Liability for Forfeiture )
NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY FOR FORFEITURE
Adopted: August 2, 2002 Released: August 7, 2002
By the Commission: Commissioner Abernathy issuing a statement.
I. INTRODUCTION
1. In this Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture (NAL), we find that Fax. com, Inc. (Fax. com) 1 apparently willfully or repeatedly violated section 227 of the Communications
Act of 1934, as amended (Act), 2 and the Commissions rules and orders, by sending unsolicited advertisements to telephone facsimile machines on 489 separate occasions. 3 Based on the facts
and circumstances surrounding these apparent violations, we find that Fax. com is apparently liable for forfeiture in the amount of $5,379,000. 4
1 Fax. com, Inc. is headquartered at 120 Columbia Street, Suite 500, Aliso Viejo, California 92656.
According to Dun & Bradstreet Business Information Report, Fax. com began operations in 1998. Fax. com is a closely held corporation whose president, Mr. Kevin Katz, owns 35% of the capital stock. Value Capital owns 33%
of capital stock and Fax. com employees own the remaining 32% of capital stock. See Dun & Bradstreet Business Information Report, April 3, 2002. For purposes of this NAL, we specify that Fax. com encompasses all affiliated
entities, successors, and assigns as well as its corporate officers, Mr. Katz, Thomas Roth, Jeffrey Dupree, and Eric Wilson.
2 Section 227 was added to the Communications Act of 1934 by the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of
1991, Pub. L 102- 243, 105 Stat. 2394, and is most commonly known as the TCPA.
3 See 47 U. S. C. 227( b)( 1)( C); 47 C. F. R. 64. 1200( a)( 3); see also Rules and Regulations Implementing the
Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, Report and Order, 7 FCC Rcd 8752, 8779, (1992) (TCPA Report and Order) (stating that section 227 of the Act prohibits the use of telephone facsimile machines to send unsolicited
advertisements).
4 See 47 U. S. C. 503( b)( 1). The Commission has the authority under this section of the Act to assess a
forfeiture against any person who has willfully or repeatedly failed to comply with any of the provisions of this Act or of any rule, regulation, or order issued by the Commission under this Act . . . .
1
Federal Communications Commission FCC 02- 226
2
II. BACKGROUND
2. Fax. com characterizes itself as a fax broadcaster, transmitting messages to telephone facsimile machines on behalf of other entities for a fee. According to its website,
Fax. com specializes in transmitting its clients advertisements to telephone facsimile machines whose numbers are contained in the Fax. com database, which it touts as the industrys largest
fax number database. 5 In its promotional materials, Fax. com also offers to design or improve its clients advertising copy. 6 The unsolicited facsimile advertisements that are the subject of
this NAL are the product of Fax. coms fax broadcasting enterprise. With the exception of one message, 7 the advertisements do not promote products, goods, or services provided by Fax. com
but, instead, promote a wide variety of products, goods, or services offered by numerous entities that have employed Fax. com to send their advertisements to telephone facsimile machines.
3. In December 2000 and May 2001, after receiving correspondence from consumers who complained about having been faxed unsolicited advertisements on behalf of six
Fax. com clients, the Commission staff issued citations to Fax. com 8 pursuant to section 503( b)( 5) of the Act. 9 The staff cited Fax. com for allegedly violating section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the Act and
5 See http:// www/ fax. com/ Services/ faxblast. asp (website accessed May 29, 2002). Fax. coms website,
copyrighted 2000, contains the following additional claims:
Fax. com is the only company that can boast 16 million fax numbers. With another 16 million records soon available, Fax. com will be the leading place to purchase fresh fax broadcasting data.
http:// www. fax. com/ company_ profile/ our_ business. asp (website accessed May 29, 2002).
Broadcast your advertising fax based on radius, Zip Codes, Metro Area, Area Code, County, State or the entire U. S. using a database that will exceed 30 million fax numbers.
http:// www. fax. com/ Why_ use_ fax/ direct. asp (website accessed May 29, 2002).
6 See http:// www. fax. com/ Consumer_ support/ FAQs. asp (website accessed May 29, 2002) ( If you would like,
we can send you a questionnaire about your company, consult with you and design outstanding fax broadcast ads for you.); http:// www. fax. com? Services/ addl_ seerv. asp (website accessed May 29, 2002) ( Our design department
will work with you to design your fax ad, choose type fonts, create graphics, and develop the ideal fax that will achieve the greatest response.).
7 See note 40, infra.
8 Citation letters from Kurt A. Schroeder, Deputy Chief, FCC Telecommunications Consumers Division to
Kevin Katz, Fax. com President (Dec. 26, 2000; May 11, 2001; May 31, 2001) (collectively Fax. com Citations or staff citations).
9 47 U. S. C. 503( b)( 5). Under section 503( b)( 5), the Commission may not assess a forfeiture penalty
against any person that does not hold a license, permit, certificate, or other Commission authorization, and is not an applicant for such instruments, unless ( A) such person is first issued a citation of the violation charged; (B) is given
a reasonable opportunity for a personal interview with an official of the Commission, at the field office of the Commission nearest to the persons place of residence; and (C) subsequently engages in conduct of the type
described in the citation. We note that this section does not require the multiple citations given by the staff here; only a single citation was necessary before initiation of a forfeiture proceeding.
2
Federal Communications Commission FCC 02- 226
3
section 64.1200( a)( 3) of the Commissions rules by transmitting unsolicited advertisements to consumers telephone facsimile machines on behalf of the six clients. 10 The citations noted that
although entities that merely transmit facsimile messages on behalf of others are not liable for compliance with the prohibition on faxing unsolicited
advertisements, the exemption from liability does not exist when a fax transmitter has a high degree of involvement or actual notice of an illegal use and [has]
fail[ ed] to take steps to prevent such transmissions. Accordingly, fax transmitters do not enjoy an absolute exemption from liability under the TCPA
and the Commissions Rules. 11
4. The citations informed Fax. com that it could face monetary forfeitures up to $11,000 for each subsequent violation if Fax. com either (1) was highly involved on behalf of the
sender of any unsolicited facsimile advertisements, or (2) continued to transmit advertisements for the six named clients without taking steps to ensure that those entities had obtained
permission from recipients to fax the advertisements. The citations also directed Fax. com to answer several questions regarding its general practices with respect to its fax broadcasting
activities and its specific arrangements with the six clients. Finally, the citations informed Fax. com that within 21 days of the date of each citation, it could either request a personal
interview at the nearest Commission field office, or provide a written statement responding to the citation.
5. On January 31, 2001, June 1, 2001, and June 21, 2001, Fax. com responded to the citations with virtually identical pleadings that were filed jointly on behalf of Fax. com and its six
cited clients. In each instance, Fax. com and the clients claimed that the prohibition on faxing unsolicited advertisements contained in section 227 and the Commissions implementing
regulations is an unconstitutional infringement on the First Amendment free speech rights of Fax. com and its advertisers. Fax. com also addressed the staffs questions regarding its fax
broadcasting operations. In that regard, Fax. com claimed that although it offers clients advice and assistance relative to graphics presentations, it had not exercised any editorial control over
any of the advertisements that were at issue in the six citations. 12 Nonetheless, Fax. com
10 The staff also cited the following Fax. com clients for alleged violations of section 227 and the
Commissions rules and orders: Platinum Travel Club and Teleconcepts Technologies; Colorjet, Inc.; Millenium Marketing and Sales, Ltd.; Website University; US Travel Services, Inc.; and Advanced Cellular Communications,
Inc. This proceeding does not encompass any actions against the cited companies.
11 Fax. com Citations at 2 (footnotes omitted) (citing Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone
Consumer Protection Act of 1991, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 10 FCC Rcd 12391, 12407 (1995) (TCPA Memorandum Opinion and Order)); TCPA Report and Order, 7 FCC Rcd 8752, 8780 (1992) (quoting Use of
Common Carriers, 2 FCC Rcd 2819, 2820 (1987))).
12 January 31 Response at 27; June 1 Response at 28; June 21 Response at 27.
3
Federal Communications Commission FCC 02- 226
4
emphasized that it retains discretion to refuse to transmit any advertisement it deems offensive or misleading. 13 Fax. com stated that it provided the fax distribution lists for each of six clients
whose advertisements were addressed by the citations. Fax. com explained that it compiles its database of telephone facsimile numbers by (1) purchasing lists of fax numbers from
independent vendors, (2) identifying fax numbers through its own research methods, and (3) recording fax numbers provided by individuals who have asked, through an automated process,
to be included in Fax. coms database. With respect to the telephone facsimile numbers obtained from independent vendors and Fax. coms research efforts, Fax. com conceded that it has
historically taken no steps to verify consent or established business relationships. 14 Fax. com stated that it routinely sends what it characterizes as a non- commercial message regarding
missing children to each number added to the Fax. com database. 15 Entitled Your Permission Please, the message asks recipients to agree to receive from Fax. com alerts regarding missing
children. The message states that to help offset the cost of the missing children alerts, Fax. com will also send a limited amount of commercial paid advertising not to exceed one fax per
week. The message instructs recipients who do not wish to receive the alerts or advertisements to call a toll- free opt- out number. Finally, Fax. com emphasized that it only transmits
advertisements that contain such an opt- out number that fax recipients may call if they do not wish to receive similar advertisements in the future. 16
6. Following Fax. coms receipt of the staffs citations, the Commission has continued to receive information from numerous consumers indicating that Fax. com is still
conducting its fax broadcasting activities in a manner that apparently violates section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the Act and section 64.1200( a)( 3) of the rules. The forfeiture proposed herein is
based on this body of consumer information, which alleges that after Fax. coms receipt of the staffs citations, consumers continued to receive a variety of unsolicited facsimile
advertisements, all traceable to Fax. com.
7. Table 1, Unsolicited Advertisements Transmitted by Fax. com and Subject to Forfeiture Pursuant to FCC 02- 226, lists 489 unsolicited fax advertisements that form the basis
of this NAL. 17 Although only one of these advertisements mentions Fax. com in any way, some
13 January 31 Response at 27; June 1 Response at 29; June 21 Response at 28.
14 January 31 Response at 30; June 1 Response at 31- 32; June 21 Response at 30.
15 January 31 Response at 30- 31; June 1 Response at 32; June 21 Response at 31. Judging by information
provided by consumers to this Commission, it does not appear that Fax. com is using this message routinely at the present time; only one such message is included in the instant forfeiture action. See note 40, infra.
16 January 31 Response at 28- 29; June 11 Response at 27; June 21 Response at 27- 28.
17 As set forth in Table 1, these unsolicited facsimile advertisements were received by 46 individuals,
businesses, or government offices between September 2001 and March 2002. Although some consumers correspondence and related declarations detail additional unsolicited advertisements received before August 7, 2001,
we do not list these violations in Table 1 because they are beyond the one- year statute of limitations set forth in section 503( b)( 6)( B) of the Act, 5 U. S. C. 503( b)( 6)( B). Finally, we note that evidence of additional instances of
unlawful conduct by Fax. com, subject to section 503( b)( 6)( B) s statute of limitations, may form the basis of additional enforcement actions.
4
Federal Communications Commission FCC 02- 226
5
consumers were able to discover that Fax. com had transmitted the ads. By obtaining information that identifies Fax. com as the telephone subscriber for (1) the various toll- free opt- out telephone
numbers that are displayed on each advertisement, and/ or (2) the telephone facsimile machine numbers from which various advertisements were sent, which are displayed in the
advertisements fax headers, the Commission staff has confirmed that Fax. com sent each advertisement listed in Table 1.
8. Nine consumers have provided information showing that they each received over 20 unsolicited and unwanted advertisements that were transmitted by Fax. com clients on behalf
of its clients. 18 The remaining 36 consumers have provided between one and 16 unsolicited fax ads each. 19 Each consumer who has provided information regarding the fax messages at issue
herein has signed a declaration, under penalty of perjury, attesting that he or she (1) is either the owner of or responsible for the telephone facsimile machine that received the advertisement( s);
(2) did not have an established business relationship with either Fax. com or the entity whose products, goods, or services were being advertised; and (3) did not grant prior express permission
or invitation for the faxes to be sent. 20
9. Consumer complaints about the faxes offer a snapshot of the disruption, expense, and inconvenience caused by Fax. coms unwanted fax transmissions. 21 For instance, several
18 See Table 1 recording faxes received by Robert Isaac Carr (27 faxes), George D. Demet (29 faxes), Robert
R. Dzimidas (21 faxes), L. ( Les) R. Docks (24 faxes), Allan Howard Frey (21 faxes), Heather Ann Hartnett (30 faxes), Douglas M. McKenna (95 faxes; 28 faxes residential line, 67 faxes business line), John P. Strang (30
faxes), and Wayne George Strang (48 faxes).
19 Some consumers indicate that they actually have received far more advertisements from Fax. com than they
have submitted to the Commission. See Facsimile message from John Koltun to Evelyn Dyson, FCC Telecommunications Consumers Division (Apr. 12, 2002); facsimile message from George Craig (on behalf of Gary
Chou, Internal Revenue Service) to Evelyn Dyson, FCC Telecommunications Consumers Division (Mar. 18, 2002).
20 One consumer describes particular circumstances to show that he neither solicited the faxes nor permitted
another individual to do so on his behalf. See Declaration of Wayne George Strang (Jul. 22, 2002) (stating that Mr. Strang is the only member of his household and, thus, the only individual entitled to grant access to his telephone
facsimile machine).
21 Although not the basis for our action here, we note that accounts in public media, litigation against Fax. com,
and correspondence to the Commission describe in detail substantial disruption and expense caused by Fax. coms widespread fax broadcasting of unsolicited advertisements. See E- Mail Bill May Fail to Curtail Spamming, Brett
Arquette, eWEEK Magazine, www. eweek. com/ article/ 0, 3658, s= 1868& a= 8229, 00. asp, 2001 WL 4412169 (July 16, 2001) (describing disruption caused by business organizations receipt of up to 1,000 faxes per week from
Fax. com):
We have 320 DID (direct inward dialing) fax numbers assigned to our organization and recently had to add two more inbound trunks to keep up with the number of unsolicited faxes Fax. com was
pumping out. During one week, Fax. com took up all four of the inbound lines that feed our 320 RightFax server numbers for 1. 5 hours, virtually shutting down our fax system for that time.
5
Federal Communications Commission FCC 02- 226
6
consumers describe being awakened very late at night or in the early hours of the morning by the noise of their fax machines receiving an unsolicited advertisement from a Fax. com client. 22
Another consumer, Elkins Cox, describes the expense and inconvenience of receiving Fax. coms unwanted transmission on an older telephone facsimile machine and states that he has chosen to
turn off his machine rather than deal with the stream of unsolicited advertisements. 23 Robert McMeekin, M. D., complains about receiving unsolicited advertisements on a line that is reserved
See also Fighting Back on the Fax, Ed Foster, InfoWorld Magazine, 2001 WL 22048648 (Aug. 13, 2001) (relaying readers reports of disruption caused by Fax. com: We received over 100 faxes from Fax. com even
though we had previously opted out for all our 135 or so incoming phone numbers. . .); Covington & Burling v. International Marketing & Research, Inc., et. al., Second Amended Complaint, Civil Action No. 01- 004360 (D. C.
Superior Court, filed Dec. 13, 2001) ($ 2.45 million lawsuit alleging Fax. com bombarded law firm with 1,634 unsolicited advertisements during one week, substantially interfer[ ing] with the work of the firm.); Letter from
Phillip L. Verveer and David M. Don, counsel for j2 Global Communications, Inc. to Kurt Schroeder, Deputy Chief, FCC Telecommunications Consumers Division (May 9, 2001) (describing disruption to j2s business operations
caused by faxes transmitted by Fax. com and other fax broadcasters that send unsolicited advertisements):
Over the last several months, Fax. com and American Blast Fax (and its affiliates) have flooded j2s telephone facsimile lines with hundreds of unsolicited faxes, despite j2s requests that they cease
and desist transmission of unsolicited faxes. The flood of unsolicited advertisements severely disrupts the j2 service, interferes with customers abilities to utilize the services, and on many
occasions, crashes j2s servers for several hours at a time during the workday. When a server crashes, j2 customers are unable to access their accounts and thus cannot receive or send faxes and
voicemails using the j2 service. Delivery of legitimate faxes to customers email accounts is often delayed for hours.
See also j2 Global Communications, Inc. Secures Agreement to End Unsolicited Fax Spam, j2 Global Communications, Inc. Press Release, http:// biz. yahoo. com/ prnews/ 020130/ law050 (Jan 30, 2002) (reporting that j2
secured an agreement to end Fax. coms transmission of unsolicited fax advertisements to j2s more than 4.5 million customers).
22 See Letter from James Allan Dobbins to the Direct Marketing Association (Oct. 4, 2001); facsimile message
from Richard V. N. Ginn to Carmen Bates, FCC Telecommunications Consumers Division (Mar. 16, 2002); Letter from Steven M. Greenberg to FCC (Dec. 7, 2001); Letter from Sally Collins to FCC Consumer Information Bureau
(Dec. 13, 2001).
23 Letter from Elkins Cox to FCC Consumer Information Bureau (Sep. 21, 2001) and attached letter from
Elkins Cox to Georgia Governors Office of Consumer Affairs (Sep. 5, 2001) ( In my home setup, I must answer the phone, realize it is a fax call, and transfer the call to the fax machine, which prints the fax at a cost of $. 30 per
page).
6
Federal Communications Commission FCC 02- 226
7
for the receipt of patient medical data, and emphasizes the serious disruption to patient care caused by such unwanted faxes. 24
10. Some consumers complain about unsuccessful attempts to remove their telephone facsimile machine numbers from Fax. coms database and describe frustration with Fax. coms
automated opt- out lines, which do not identify Fax. com as the entity responsible for the fax number database. 25 Fax. com is not identified on its clients advertisements and similarly, in
many cases, the advertiser itself is unnamed. 26 In such instances, consumers describe difficulties in ascertaining the entity to which they should direct a complaint about receipt of the faxes.
Some consumers who were able to contact either the advertiser or Fax. com report that they encountered hostility, misrepresentation, and unresponsiveness. For example, Andrew Hansis
has asked the Commission to take action with respect to two unsolicited advertisements he received in October 2001, neither of which identified the company whose service was being
24 Letter from Robert R. McMeekin, M. D. to FCC Consumer Information Bureau (Jan. 11, 2002). Dr.
McMeekin mistakenly identifies two faxes as being transmitted on October 31 and December 31, 2000. The faxes included with Dr. McMeekins letter contain header information that shows that they actually were received on
those days in the year 2001.
25 Information provided by consumers indicates that Fax. com continued to send faxes even after receiving opt-out
calls. For instance, a log provided by William Robert White, President of Regency Sales, Inc., documents over 50 attempts between May 2000 and August 2001 to use Fax. coms opt- out numbers to halt Regencys receipt of
unsolicited advertisements from Fax. com clients. Despite these attempts, Fax. com continued to transmit unsolicited advertisements to Regency, as evidenced by at least 12 faxes received by Regency from December 2001 to February
2002. See Table 1; see also Letter from Andrew Hansis to Consumer Information Bureau (Oct. 5, 2001) (October 5 Hansis Letter) (stating that Mr. Hansis continued to receive faxes even after using Fax. coms automated opt- out
system and speaking with a senior Fax. com employee in an effort to end the faxing); Consumer Form for Telephone- Related Issues from Norman Jensen, III (recd Jan. 8, 2002) (consumer continued to receive at least one
advertisement a week despite repeatedly calling opt- out numbers and faxing a message to the originating fax number asking that his telephone facsimile number be removed from the fax number database); Consumer Form for
Telephone- Related Issues from Dora Wong Goto (recd Oct. 15, 2001) (Goto Complaint Form); annotated copies of faxes submitted by James Allan Dobbins. It is clear that a call to one Fax. com opt- out line does not end all fax
transmissions from the company. We emphasize here that even an effectively administered opt- out system does not change the statutory ban on sending unsolicited facsimile advertisements or insulate such transmissions from
statutory penalties. However, the fact that Fax. com apparently does not even adhere to its own stated procedures makes its conduct even more egregious.
26 Over 20 per cent of the faxes listed in Table 1 do not identify the entity whose products, goods, or services
are being advertised. Section 227( d)( 1)( B) of the Act and section 68. 318 of the Commissions rules require that all faxes display in a margin at the top or bottom of each page or on the first page of a fax transmission, the following
information: the date and time of transmission; the name of the individual, business, or other entity that sent the fax; and the telephone number of either the sending machine or the individual, business, or other entity responsible for
sending the fax. With respect to identification requirements for the fax sender and the telephone number of the sender or sending machine, the Commission has determined that the entity that creates the content of the fax
message is generally responsible for compliance. Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, Order on Further Reconsideration, 12 FCC Rcd 4609, 4610 n. 7, 4613 (1997) (finding that
liability rests with entity that is responsible for the content of the fax message, not with a fax broadcaster that does not determine the message content or to whom they are sent.) If, however, a fax broadcaster voluntarily chooses
to place its own identifying information on a message faxed for another entity, it must be clear which entity is the content originator and which entity is merely the transmitter of the message. 12 FCC Rcd at 4613.
7
Federal Communications Commission FCC 02- 226
8
advertised. 27 With respect to the first advertisement, Mr. Hansis states that he called the telephone number provided on the advertisement for service orders and was provided with a
name and telephone number of a responsible individual with whom he could discuss the unsolicited advertisement. After unsuccessfully attempting to reach this individual, Mr. Hansis
reports he received a telephone call from Charles Martin, an employee of Fax. com. According to Mr. Hansis, Mr. Martin was unwilling to tell me the source of how the number was placed in
the database, only that it was called in at an earlier date. 28
III. DISCUSSION
11. Section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the Act prohibits any person from using a telephone facsimile machine, computer, or other device to send an unsolicited advertisement to a telephone
facsimile machine. 29 An unsolicited advertisement is defined as any material advertising the commercial availability or quality of any property, goods, or services which is transmitted to any
person without that persons prior express invitation or permission. 30 The Commission has determined that an established business relationship between a fax sender and recipient
demonstrates consent to receive telephone facsimile advertisement transmissions. 31 The mere distribution or publication of a telephone facsimile number, however, does not confer invitation
or permission to transmit advertisements to a particular telephone facsimile machine. 32
A. Constitutional Issue.
12. Fax. com and its client advertisers have argued that the broad prohibition on sending unsolicited facsimile advertisements violates their constitutional right to free speech
guaranteed under the First Amendment. Federal courts have previously considered similar arguments. For example, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, where Fax. com is located,
has determined that the TCPA does not violate the First Amendments protection of commercial
27 Letter from Andrew Hansis to Consumer Information Bureau (Oct. 4, 2001) (October 4 Hansis Letter);
October 5 Hansis Letter.
28 October 4 Hansis Letter; see, e. g., Goto Complaint Form (consumer made two calls to Fax. com but was
unable to reach a live person or have calls returned).
29 47 U. S. C. 227( b)( 1)( C). Section 227 defines a telephone facsimile machine as equipment which has the
capacity (A) to transcribe text or images, or both, from paper into an electronic signal and to transmit that signal over a regular telephone line, or (B) to transcribe text or images (or both) from an electronic signal received over a
regular telephone line onto paper. Id. 227( a)( 2). This blanket prohibition applies to all unsolicited advertisements transmitted to telephone facsimile machines. The Act does not permit the sending of unsolicited
advertisements by facsimile to either business or residential telephone facsimile machines.
30 47 U. S. C. 227( a)( 4); 47 C. F. R. 64. 1200( f)( 5).
31 See TCPA Report and Order, 7 FCC Rcd at 8779 n. 87; TCPA Memorandum Opinion and Order, 10 FCC
Rcd at 12408.
32 Id.
8
Federal Communications Commission FCC 02- 226
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speech. 33 Moreover, administrative agencies are to presume that the statutes that Congress directs them to implement are constitutional. 34 Accordingly, we reject Fax. coms arguments in
this regard.
B. Fax. coms Liability Under 47 U. S. C. 227( b)( 1)( C) and 47 C. F. R. 64.1200( a)( 3).
13. Because of the nature of its operations, Fax. com is liable for violations of section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the Act and section 64.1200( a)( 3) of our rules even though it generally acts on
behalf of other parties in sending unsolicited advertisements to telephone facsimile machines. The Commission has held that the prohibition on sending unsolicited fax advertisements does not
apply to fax broadcasters that operate like common carriers by merely transmitting their customers messages without determining either content or destination. 35 In finding that such
entities are not liable under section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the Act or section 64.1200( a)( 3) of the rules, the Commission has focused on the nature of an entitys activity rather than any label that that
entity may claim. Specifically, the Commissions rulings clearly indicate that a fax broadcasters exemption from liability is based on the type of activities it undertakes, and only exists [ i] n the
absence of a high degree of involvement or actual notice of an illegal use and failure to prevent such transmissions. 36 Regardless of whether Fax. com characterizes itself as a disinterested fax
broadcaster, it is clear that the companys activities place it outside the exempted category of fax broadcasting applied by Commission and render it a fax sender within the meaning of section
227( b)( 1)( C).
14. The record here clearly establishes that Fax. com uses its own extensive distribution list of telephone facsimile numbers to send its clients advertisements, and that it
knowingly sends advertisements to such numbers without regard to whether the facsimile machine owner or responsible party either granted permission to send the advertisement or had
33 See Destination Ventures v. FCC, 46 F. 3d 54, 55- 57 (9 th Cir. 1995) (ban on unsolicited fax advertisements
does not violate the advertisers First Amendment rights because it reasonably fits the governments interest in preventing the shifting of advertising costs to consumers); see also Kenro, Inc. v. Fax Daily, Inc., 962 F. Supp. 1162,
1167- 69 (S. D. Ind. 1997) (ban on unsolicited fax advertisements is narrowly tailored to achieve the governments intended purpose and does not violate the First Amendment guarantee of commercial free speech); Texas v.
American Blast Fax, 121 F. Supp. 2d 1085, 1091- 92 (W. D. Tex. 2000). But see Missouri v. American Blast Fax, 196 F. Supp. 920 (E. D. Mo. 2002), appeal pending Nos. 02- 2705, 02- 2707 (8 th Cir.) (government failed to
demonstrate that the harms associated with unsolicited facsimile advertisements are real, that the blanket prohibition on faxing such materials would significantly alleviate such harms, and that the prohibition was not more extensive
that necessary to serve the governments interests). The latter case is not implicated in this NAL because none of the fax transmissions for which we are assessing a forfeiture were received in or, to our knowledge, sent from the
eastern judicial district of Missouri.
34 Johnson v. Robison, 415 U. S. 361, 368 (1974) (quoting Oestereich v. Selective Service Board, 393 U. S.
233, 242 (1968) (Harlan, J., concurring in result) ( Adjudication of the constitutionality of congressional enactments has generally been thought beyond the jurisdictions of administrative agencies.)).
35 TCPA Memorandum Opinion and Order, 10 FCC Rcd at 12407. See TCPA Report and Order, 7 FCC Rcd
at 8780.
36 Id. (quoting Use of Common Carriers, 2 FCC Rcd at 2820).
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an established business relationship with the advertiser or Fax. com. 37 In addition, Fax. com apparently reviews the text of its clients advertisements, not only to assist with graphic design, 38
but also to assess content. 39 Such conduct is clear evidence of Fax. coms high degree of involvement in the unlawful activity. Moreover, the staffs citations provided Fax. com with
actual notice that its fax broadcasting activities do not comply with federal law.
C. Violations Evidenced by the Consumer Correspondence.
15. As an initial matter, the staff has reviewed every facsimile that forms the basis for this NAL to confirm that each message advertises the commercial availability or quality of a
product, good or service and, thus, constitutes an advertisement as set forth by section 227( a)( 4) of the Act and section 64.1200( f)( 5) of our rules. 40 Further, the record indicates that the
consumers at issue neither granted express permission to send the advertisements nor had an established business relationship with either Fax. com or the entities on whose behalf the
advertisements were faxed. 41 In light of this information, we conclude that the 489 faxes
37 See para. 5, supra.
38 See note 6, supra.
39 Fax. coms website states that [ a] s a responsible service provider, Fax. com makes a conscious effort to
censor any offensive literature or graphic content from its platform. http:// www. fax. com/ company_ profile/ our_ business. asp (website accessed May 29, 2002). In addition, as indicated
above, in response to our citations, Fax. com has suggested that it may review its clients advertisements to ensure that they are not offensive or misleading. See para. 5, supra. Such editorial influence is inconsistent with
Fax. coms claim that it does not exercise control over the content of its clients advertisements. Fax. coms close involvement in the undertakings of its clients is evidenced by the fact that Fax. com is the subscriber for the toll- free
sales number (800- 550- 0406) displayed on one of its clients advertisements. See, e. g., Advertisements from Infinity Communications to Heather Ann Hartnett (Nov. 2, 2001; Dec. 12, 2001).
40 47 U. S. C. 227( a)( 4); 47 C. F. R. 64. 1200( f)( 5); see para. 8, supra. The advertisements include
promotions for cellular telephone service, stock market offerings, commercially offered seminars, clocks, vacation packages, office supplies and equipment, and insurance services. The Moneyline Reports stock advertisements,
claim, This Fax is intended for information purposes only and is not a commercial solicitation under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. It is not an offer to buy or sell anything. Despite this disclaimer, the faxes clearly
promote a stock offering and thus constitute an advertisement under 47 U. S. C. 227( a)( 4) and 47 C. F. R. 64. 1200( f)( 4). See, e. g., Advertisement from Moneyline Report to John P. Strang (Oct. 16, 2001) ( Moneyline
Report is putting FXGP on our Strong Buy- Aggressive Growth recommendation list. . . .). Finally, one of the advertisements included in this forfeiture action is Fax. coms own Your Permission Please message, which
purportedly seeks permission to fax consumers both missing children alerts and a limited amount of paid commercial advertising. See Advertisement from Fax. com to Heather Ann Hartnett (Dec. 31, 2001). Contrary to
Fax. coms assertion, such messages are indeed both commercial and prohibited under section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the Act and section 64. 1200( a)( 3) of our rules. See TCPA Memorandum Opinion and Order, 10 FCC Rcd at 12408
([ F] acsimile requests for permission to transmit would impose costs on facsimile recipients unless and until the recipient were able to ask that such transmissions be stopped. This kind of negative option (in which the sender
presumes consent unless advised otherwise) is contrary to the statutory requirement for prior express permission or invitation.).
41 In fact, several consumers indicate that Fax. com continued to fax advertisements to them even after they
attempted to stop such faxes by calling one or more of Fax. coms toll- free opt- out numbers. See note 25, supra.
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detailed in Table 1 all are unsolicited advertisements and, thus, violate the statutory prohibition on faxing such materials.
D. Forfeiture Amount.
16. As set forth above, we conclude that Fax. com apparently willfully or repeatedly violated the Act and the Commissions rules and orders by using a telephone facsimile machine,
computer, or other device to send unsolicited advertisements to telephone facsimile machines. Fax. com apparently did not cease its unlawful conduct even after the Commission staff issued
citations warning that it was engaging in unlawful conduct and could be subject to monetary forfeitures for subsequent violations. Accordingly, a proposed forfeiture is warranted against
Fax. com for its apparent willful or repeated violations of the ban on unsolicited facsimile advertisements contained in section 227 of the Act and the Commissions rules and orders.
17. Section 503( b) of the Act authorizes the Commission to assess a forfeiture of up to $11,000 for each violation of the Act or of any rule, regulation, or order issued by the
Commission under the Act by a non- common carrier or other entity not specifically designated in section 503 of the Act. 42 In exercising such authority, we are to take into account the nature,
circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation and, with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior offenses, ability to pay, and such other matters as justice may
require. 43
18. Although the Commissions Forfeiture Policy Statement does not establish a base forfeiture amount for violating the prohibition on sending unsolicited advertisements to a
telephone facsimile machine, we have previously considered $4,500 per unsolicited fax advertisement as an appropriate base amount. 44 In addition, we have previously assessed a
higher forfeiture of $10,000 per unsolicited fax advertisement in instances in which the fax recipient had previously asked the sender to refrain from faxing such materials. 45
42 Section 503( b)( 2)( C) provides for forfeitures up to $10, 000 for each violation by cases not covered by
subparagraph (A) or (B), which address forfeitures for violations by licensees and common carriers, among others. See 47 U. S. C. 503( b). In accordance with the inflation adjustment requirements contained in the Debt Collection
Improvement Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104- 134, Sec. 31001, 110 Stat. 1321, the Commission implemented an increase of the maximum statutory forfeiture under section 503( b)( 2)( C) to $11,000. See 47 C. F. R. 1. 80( b)( 3); Amendment
of Section 1. 80 of the Commissions Rules and Adjustment of Forfeiture Maxima to Reflect Inflation, 15 FCC Rcd 18221 (2000).
43 47 U. S. C. 503( b)( 2)( D); The Commissions Forfeiture Policy Statement and Amendment of Section 1.80
of the Rules to Incorporate the Forfeiture Guidelines, Report and Order, 12 FCC Rcd 17087, 17100- 17101, (1997), recon. denied, 15 FCC Rcd 303 (1999) (Forfeiture Policy Statement).
44 See Get- Aways, Inc., Notice of Apparent Liability For Forfeiture, 15 FCC Rcd. 1805, 1812 (1999); see also
Carolina Liquidators, Inc., Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, 15 FCC Rcd 16837, 16842 (2000) (Carolina Liquidators NAL); Tri- Star Marketing, Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, 15 FCC Rcd 11295, 11300
(2000) (Tri- Star NAL); US Notary, Inc. Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, 15 FCC Rcd 16999, 17003 (2000).
45 See Carolina Liquidators NAL, 15 FCC Rcd at 16842; Tri- Star NAL, 15 FCC Rcd at 11300.
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19. In the instant case, we believe that the maximum forfeiture amount of $11,000 per violation is warranted for each unsolicited advertisement transmitted by Fax. com and
documented by the consumer correspondence. It is clear from Fax. coms own promotional materials and its responses to our citations that Fax. coms primary business activity itself
constitutes a massive 46 on- going violation of section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the Act and section 64.1200( a)( 3) of the Commissions rules, and that Fax. com is well aware of this fact. Fax. coms
primary commercial offering is a fax broadcasting service that clearly does not comply with federal restrictions governing facsimile advertisements. As outlined above, by its own admission
and as demonstrated by the consumer information, Fax. com generally conducts its fax broadcasting without any regard to whether the fax recipient has an established business
relationship with either Fax. com or the advertiser, or has otherwise granted express permission for the advertisement to be sent. We conclude that this unlawful undertaking merits maximum
forfeitures for each of the violations at issue here. Although we believe that the nature of Fax. coms enterprise by itself warrants imposition of a maximum forfeiture for each violation,
we discuss below the particularly egregious aspects of Fax. coms conduct.
20. Fax. coms Actions with Respect to Private Suits to Enforce Section 227. We are especially concerned because it appears that Fax. com has acted in a manner that thwarts the
unique statutory enforcement mechanism established by section 227 of the Act. Under the statute, the Commission, state attorneys general, or aggrieved consumers may initiate actions to
enforce certain prohibitions and restrictions contained in section 227 of the Act, including the prohibition on sending unsolicited fax advertisements. Section 227( b)( 3) affords consumers an
opportunity to initiate actions in state courts to enjoin violations of, inter alia, the prohibition on faxing unsolicited advertisements, and/ or to recover damages equivalent to the actual monetary
loss caused by such violations or $500, whichever is greater, for each violation. Damages may be trebled if a court determines that the violation was willful and knowing. As we describe
below, Fax. com appears to have engaged in a pattern of deception and intimidation to conceal its involvement in sending prohibited faxes 47 and to frustrate consumers efforts to exercise the
statutory private right of action.
46 Fax. coms website, copyrighted 2000, claims:
By mid- 1999, all systems were in place with an initial broadcasting capacity of two million faxes per day. Following its plan to continue increasing line capacity to three million faxes per day by
2001, Fax. com is well on its way.
http:// www. fax. com/ company_ profile/ about. asp (website accessed May 29, 2002).
47 As mentioned above, only one of the 489 faxes that form the basis for this NAL identifies Fax. com in any
way. Nonetheless, Fax. coms various toll- free opt- out numbers appear on each advertisement. In fact, the wording of the opt- out notices, and the fact that they are contained on advertisements for individual entities, clearly convey
the erroneous impression that opt- out numbers are associated with individual advertisers. See, e. g., Advertisement from Y2 Marketing to D. Leon Taylor (Oct. 16, 2001) ( If you received this fax in error and would like to have your
number removed from our database, call toll- free at 800- 822- 9033; Advertisement from eStock Pick of the Week to Robert Isaac Carr (Jan. 9, 2002) ( To have your name removed from our database, please call our toll free service at:
(800)- 331- 4510); Advertisements from Central Imaging Supply to L. ( Les) R. Docks (Nov. 2 and 8, 2001) ( To
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21. We have obtained evidence that Fax. com employee Charles Martin filed an apparently false statement regarding his employment status before a California court considering
a consumers section 227( b)( 3) claim for damages against Fax. com client American Benefit Mortgage. In two statements filed with the Los Angeles Superior Court and signed under
penalty of perjury, Mr. Martin falsely identifies himself both as Compliance Manager for American Benefit Mortgage, Inc. and as Officer of the Company [American Benefit Mortgage]
Manager of Human Resources. 48 Through Mr. Martins false claim to be employed by a client, Fax. com subverts the judicial decision- making process and skews the statutory private
right of action accorded under section 227 by ensuring that the court does not have an accurate record upon which to base its decision.
22. We have also obtained letters, signed by Mr. Martin, that were received by consumers in response to demand letters 49 that the consumers sent to Fax. com clients seeking
to obtain monetary damages for unsolicited advertisements. Mr. Martins letters are labeled Inadmissible Settlement Communication, and state that the consumers that fall under . . .
exceptions . . . to receiving facsimile messages under 47 U. S. C. Section 227. 50 In addition, Mr. Martin warns the consumers to expect countersuits that if they pursue their private right of
action in the state courts where they reside:
If you pursue this matter in Virginia our company will seek civil and criminal charges in California. 51
have your number removed from our database, please call our automated toll- free center at 800- 457- 5410). As shown in Tables 2 and 3, however, opt- out numbers are not assigned uniquely to individual advertisers. These
tables reveal that a single advertiser may be associated with multiple opt- out numbers and likewise a single opt- out number may be associated with multiple advertisers.
48 Representative Appearance Declaration Pursuant to CCP 116.540( B) signed by Charles Martin and filed
in Los Angeles Superior Court (Feb. 26, 2001, Apr. 3, 2001). According to Dun & Bradstreet, Charles Martin is not an officer of American Benefit Mortgage. See Dun & Bradstreet Business Information Report (June 7, 2002). In
addition, an Enforcement Bureau staff member called American Benefit Mortgages automated telephone directory, followed instructions to press keypads to spell Mr. Martins name, and received a message that the name could not
be found in the directory.
49 Demand letters are a popular tool among TCPA advocates and consumers who seek to self- enforce section
227 though the statutes private right of action. In such demand letters, a consumer generally complains about receiving a prohibited advertisement, asserts the private right of action to recover monetary damages, and asks the
advertiser to pay a specified amount to avoid being sued in state court. We do not suggest that any advertiser or fax broadcaster is obligated to accede to a demand letter or that failure to do so somehow indicates an alleged violators
bad faith.
50 See Letter from Charles Martin to Terry P. Carter (Oct. 25, 2001) (Carter Letter); Letter from Charles
Martin to Amy K. C. Goebel (Nov. 2, 2001) (Goebel Letter).
51 Carter Letter.
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If you think you have an action under the TCPA then file it in New Jersey. I will then pursue civil and criminal actions against you in the California Superior
Courts. You can hire local legal counsel and we will litigate these matters with a jury trial. 52
If you pursue this matter in Massachusetts we will then file the appropriate actions in California Superior Court. 53
Mr. Martin does not identify who we or our company is, and there is no information on the face of the letters that would reveal the identity of Mr. Martins employer or the corporate entity
he actually represents. 54 In two cases, however, consumers have provided us with photocopies of the envelopes in which Mr. Martins letters arrived. In each case, the return address shows the
name and address of the individual advertisers to which the consumers directed their demand letters. The envelopes also show a metered mail stamp indicating that the letters were mailed
from Aliso Viejo, California Fax. coms corporate headquarters despite the fact that the return address was in a different location. 55
23. Fax. coms letters are troublesome in several respects. First, Fax. coms apparent deception regarding its authorship of the correspondence appears to be part of a concerted effort
to discourage private enforcement actions against Fax. coms individual clients while, at the same time, concealing Fax. coms potential liability for the violations. In addition, the letters go
beyond valid legal defenses and misrepresent the requirements of section 227( b)( 1)( C), 56 again
52 Letter from Charles Martin to Richard M. Zelma (Nov. 9, 2001) (Zelma Letter).
53 Goebel Letter.
54 The line below Mr. Martins name simply reads, Compliance Department. See Carter Letter (reference
line refers to Advanced Communications); Goebel Letter (reference line refers to Advanced Communications); Letter Zelma Letter (reference line refers to Colorjet, Inc.).
55 The envelope for the Zelma Letter shows a return address for Colojet, Inc. in Louisville, Kentucky while
the metered postal stamp, PB8722193, shows that the envelope was mailed from Aliso Viejo, California. Likewise, the envelope for the Goebel Letter shows a return address for Advanced Communications in Long Beach, California
(located in Los Angeles County) and the identical metered postal stamp number, which shows that the envelope was mailed from Aliso Viejo, California (located in Orange County).
56 One letter states, As you are aware there are three exceptions to receiving facsimile messages under 47
U. S. C. Section 227. You fall under two of those exceptions. Carter Letter. In reality, there is one exception to the ban on faxing unsolicited advertisements: when the recipient has given prior express permission or invitation to send
the advertisement. 47 U. S. C. 227( b)( 1)( C). As noted above, the Commission has determined that an established business relationship between the fax sender and recipient constitutes the requisite permission or invitation to fax.
See para. 11, supra. Other information from consumers also indicates Mr. Martins deception regarding the section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the Act:
Mr. Martin has continued to attempt to misinform me about the TCPA, stating at various times that Fax. com is exempt from the TCPA, that California law overrides the TCPA, that Fax. com was
a non- profit organization and thus exempt from 227( b)( 1)( C), that Fax. com has never lost a case, that the FCC has not cited Fax. com, etc.
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in an apparent effort to convince the recipients that they do not have a cause of action. Finally, the letters allude to retaliatory and possible vexatious court actions if recipients exercise the
private right of action provided by section 227( b)( 3). 57 Fax. coms obvious attempts to thwart consumers statutory private right of action threaten the effectiveness of the unique three-pronged
enforcement mechanism that Congress created in section 227.
24. Fax. coms Marketing of Its Fax Broadcasting Service. The record indicates that Fax. com does not disclose to its clients the broad prohibition on faxing unsolicited
advertisements imposed by section 227 of the Act and our rules and orders. Fax. coms extensive promotional website does not mention section 227 at all. Information on the website creates the
erroneous impression that opt- out numbers provide the only recourse for consumers who object to receiving unsolicited fax advertisements. 58 As indicated above, federal law does not address
opt- out numbers in any way and even the effective use of such numbers in no way mitigates the fact that every unsolicited fax advertisement violates federal law. 59 In addition to deceiving
prospective customers by omitting crucial information, Fax. com apparently has affirmatively misstated federal law governing unsolicited facsimile advertisements. One consumer reports a
conversation with a Fax. com salesperson:
I acted hesitant about the legality of the whole thing, but Mr. Horvat assured me that Fax. com works with the FCC and other agencies to act within the Federal
Guidelines. He further stated that Fax. com includes a federally required opt- out number at the bottom of the fax which makes sending the faxes legal. 60
In addition to subjecting consumers to greater numbers of unlawful faxes, Fax. coms deceptive marketing leaves its clients, which include small businesses, vulnerable to federal, state, and
private enforcement actions that may involve substantial monetary penalties.
Letter from Mark James, Marketing Power, Inc. to Yanic Hardie, FCC (Apr. 2, 2001) (James Letter).
57 One consumer has alleged that he was a victim of such a retaliatory lawsuit. Richard Zelma, a well- known
TCPA advocate, claims that Charles Martin falsely swore out a complaint in the state of New Jersey charging Mr. Zelma with harassment. State of New Jersey v. Richard Zelma, Norwood Municipal Court Summons No. S- 2001-
000002- 0241, File No. 8875.1000 (Jan. 23, 2001). The case was dismissed for failure to prosecute. The claims made by Mr. Zelma and Mr. Martin are moot, and in any event, would not be properly before this Commission; we
therefore take no position on the validity of such claims.
58 See http:// www. fax. com/ Customer_ support/ FAQs. asp (website accessed May 29, 2002) ( Q: Do
prospective clients complain about receiving the faxes? A: If someone does not want to receive any more faxes, there is an 800 number at the bottom of each and every fax sent through Fax. com that an individual can call to have
the fax number removed from your campaign list.)
59 See note 25, supra. We note that the broad federal prohibition on faxing unsolicited advertisements applies
to both interstate and intrastate transmissions. See 47 U. S. C. 152( b) (section 227, inter alia, is not subject to the provision that generally excludes Commission jurisdiction over intrastate matters); 47 U. S. C. 227( e) (section 227
does not preempt state law that imposes more restrictive intrastate requirements).
60 James Letter.
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25. Fax. coms Dealings with the Commission. Fax. com has not been forthcoming in its dealings with the Commission. The staffs citations directed Fax. com to describe in detail its
involvement in providing, compiling, generating, or editing distribution lists of telephone facsimile numbers used to transmit advertisements on behalf of clients. Specifically, the staff
asked
Does your company employ or compensate any individuals or entities outside the company, including any tax- exempt nonprofit organizations, for any service,
activity, assistance, or facilities used in connection with your companys providing, compiling, generating, or editing of such [distribution] lists? Please
describe such arrangements in detail.
Initially, Fax. com suggests that the staffs inquiry appear[ s] to be completely irrelevant and immaterial to the violations alleged in the Citations. 61 The Commission, however, has broad
authority and discretion to investigate conduct under its jurisdiction 62 and to conduct its proceedings in such manner as will best conduce the proper dispatch of business and to the ends
of justice. 63 Despite its reservations, Fax. com nonetheless purports to substantively answer the staffs question, summarily stating that it uses its own research methods as one means of
compiling its facsimile number database. 64 In addition, Fax. com states, Fax. com does not, to its knowledge, employ or compensate any tax- exempt non profit organization( s) in connection with
Fax. coms business, including the providing, compiling, generating or editing of distribution list( s) of telephone numbers. 65 By limiting its answer to tax- exempt nonprofit entities, Fax. com
has failed to answer the staffs inquiry, which clearly sought information pertaining to any individuals or entities outside the company, including any tax- exempt nonprofit organizations. 66
Despite the staffs warning that the concealment of any material fact is punishable by fine or imprisonment, 67 Fax. com did not disclose to the Commission its remunerative relationship with
at least one individual who apparently housed automatic telephone dialing equipment that Fax. com used to war dial massive blocks of telephone numbers to determine which numbers
belong to telephone facsimile machines. 68
61 January 31 Response at 29; June 1 Response at 29- 30; June 21 Response at 28- 29.
62 47 U. S. C. 403 provides that [ t] he Commission shall have full authority and power at any time to institute
an inquiry, on its own motion, in any case and as to any matter or thing . . . concerning which any question may arise under any provisions of this Act, or relating to the enforcement of any of the provisions of this Act.
63 47 U. S. C. 154( j).
64 See January 31 Response at 29; June 1 Response at 30; June 11 Response at 29.
65 Id. (emphasis added).
66 Fax. com Citations at 2 (emphasis added).
67 Id.
68 In this context, war dialing uses automated equipment to dial telephone numbers, generally sequentially,
and software to determine whether each number is associated with a fax or voice line. In April 2000, the state of
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26. Maximum Forfeiture Is Warranted. Fax. coms pervasive and egregious pattern of deception confirms our determination that the maximum forfeiture amount is warranted for each
violation set forth in Table 1. The record here shows that even after the staff notified Fax. com that its actions violated the Act and the Commissions rules and orders, Fax. com continued its
massive unlawful enterprise. The Forfeiture Policy Guidelines provide for upward adjustments to the maximum statutory forfeiture amount in cases such as this which involve egregious
misconduct and intentional violation. 69 Accordingly, based on the nature and gravity of Fax. coms conduct and the continued need to ensure compliance with section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the
Act, we find Fax. com apparently liable in the amount of $11,000 for each of 489 violations. This results in a proposed total forfeiture of $5,379,000. Fax. com shall have the opportunity to
submit evidence and arguments in response to this NAL to show that no forfeiture should be imposed or that some lesser amount should be assessed. 70
IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDERING CLAUSES
27. We have determined that Fax. com apparently violated section 227 of the Act and the Commissions rules and orders by using a telephone facsimile machine, computer, or other
device to send the 489 unsolicited advertisements identified in Table 1 and discussed above. We have further determined that Fax. com is apparently liable for forfeitures in the amount of
$5,379,000.
28. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED, pursuant to section 503( b)( 5) of the Act, as amended, 47 U. S. C. 503( b)( 5), and section 1. 80 of the Commissions rules, 47 C. F. R. 1.80,
that Fax. com, Inc. IS HEREBY NOTIFIED of an Apparent Liability for Forfeiture in the amount of $5,379,000 for willful or repeated violations of section 227( b)( 1)( C) of the Act, 47 U. S. C.
Washington entered into a consent decree with Fax. com to settle its complaint alleging that this war- dialing scheme had resulted in a barrage of calls to telephone lines at the University of Washington Medical Center, including lines
for emergency services and patient rooms, in violation of section 227( a)( 1)( A) of the Act and section 64. 1200( a)( 1) of our rules. State of Washington v. Fax. com, Inc., No. C01- 0369 (W. D. Wash. May 13, 2001) (consent decree
permanently enjoining Fax. com from, inter alia, using automated dialing equipment to call any hospital patient room or emergency medical telephone number within Washington state and providing for $90, 000 payment to the
state in civil penalties, damages, and attorneys fees). We recognize that although Fax. com has agreed to an injunction and monetary payment, it does not admit the allegations in Washingtons complaint. We do not address
or pass judgment on all aspects of Fax. coms conduct in this regard, which, in any event, is beyond the statute of limitations set by the Act. Nonetheless, we need not ignore materials that document an arrangement whereby
Fax. com paid an individual to house and operate the war- dialing equipment. See Participation Agreement between Fax Broadcast Systems and Mike Salvus (Apr. 4, 2000) (providing for Mr. Salvuss agreement to house in his
residence war- dialing, or casting, equipment as part of Fax Broadcast Systems Fax Broadcast Placement Program); Dear Participant Form Letter from Paul L. Stanton, Fax Broadcast Systems (Mar. 30, 2000)
(informing recipients that Fax. com has taken over from Fax Broadcast Systems, payments to participants in the fax broadcast placement program). In light of this information, it is clear that Fax. com did not honestly answer the
staffs questions. We do not address here possible sanctions against Fax. com for its concealment.
69 Forfeiture Policy Statement, 12 FCC Rcd at 17,101.
70 See 47 U. S. C. 503( b)( 4)( C); 47 C. F. R. 1.80( f)( 3).
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227( b)( 1)( C), and section 64.1200( a)( 3) of the Commissions rules, 47 C. F. R. 64.1200( a)( 3), and the related orders described in the paragraphs above.
29. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, pursuant to section 1.80 of the Commissions rules, 47 C. F. R. 1.80, that within thirty (30) days of the release of this Notice, Fax. com, Inc. SHALL
PAY the full amount of the proposed forfeiture 71 OR SHALL FILE a response showing why the proposed forfeiture should not be imposed or should be reduced.
30. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a copy of this Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture SHALL BE SENT by certified mail to Kevin Katz, President, Fax. com, Inc., 120
Columbia Street, Suite 500, Aliso Viejo, California 92656.
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Marlene H. Dortch Secretary
71 The forfeiture amount should be paid by check or money order drawn to the order of the Federal
Communications Commission. Reference should be made on Fax. com, Inc. s check or money order to NAL/ Acct/ No. 200232170004. Such remittances must be mailed to Forfeiture Collection Section, Finance Branch, Federal
Communications Commission, P. O. Box 73482, Chicago, Illinois 60673- 7482.
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Mississippi Weekly Crop Weather
Released: Monday, 3PM August 30, 2004
Week Ending August 29, 2004
This report is best viewed with a monospace font.
Issue
MS-CW3504
Agricultural Summary
According to the Mississippi Agricultural Statistics Service, there were
4.1 days suitable for fieldwork for the week ending August 29, 2004.
Harvesting activities were hampered by the precipitation that arrived in
the state over the weekend. Warmer temperatures have helped cotton growth
and farmers are hoping for decent returns once harvesting begins in a few
weeks. Warm season forages continue to be harvested with seed bed
preparation for winter forages already taking place. Soil moisture was
rated 1 percent very short, 14 percent short, 75 percent adequate and 10
percent surplus.
Item Event This Last 2003 5-Yr Very
Week Week Avg Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent
Corn
Dent 99 99 99 99 1 3 16 47 33
Mature 97 90 84 90
Harvested 56 40 35 50
Silage Harvested 98 96 99 94
Cotton
Setting Bolls 100 100 99 100 2 7 23 48 20
Open Bolls 39 22 38 59
Rice
Heading 100 100 99 97 0 1 11 57 31
Mature 60 40 44 48
Harvested 11 3 12 9
Sorghum
Turning Color 100 97 99 99 0 1 17 68 14
Mature 90 75 82 85
Harvested 45 24 29 40
Soybeans
Setting Pods 100 100 100 100 1 4 13 47 35
Turning Color 78 70 58 58
Shedding Leaves 62 50 41 41
Harvested 38 25 22 14
Hay Harvested
(Warm Season) 76 74 86 83 5 18 25 40 12
Sweetpotatoes
Harvested 1 8 37 44 10
Cattle 3 7 16 57 17
Pasture 4 10 19 54 13
Other Agricultural Comments and News
County Agent Comments
"Rains and cloudy weather continue to impede harvest and the maturing of
cotton."
-- Jerry Singleton, Leflore
"Cooler weather has slowed forage growth. Armyworms have decreased in
intensity on hay fields and pastures. Recent rains should make soil
preparation for winter forages much easier."
-- Houston Therrell, Rankin
"Soil conditions remain too dry to support satisfactory plant growth.
Fall armyworm pressure in pastures is very high with many acres of grass
being destroyed. Many producers are electing not to spend the dollars
necessary for insecticide treatments as they often fail to provide
satisfactory control."
-- Lamar Adams, Walthall
"Rainfall has been spotty and very isolated in areas. Producers badly
need rainfall to help improve pasture land used for grazing. Vegetable
producers are in need of rainfall to provide the boost needed for fall
vegetable production."
-- Florieda K. Mason, Perry
"Rain is spotty. We have had scattered showers, and some areas have
received adequate moisture, while others are a bit short."
-- Judith Breland, Stone
"The scattered rains that fell this week were badly needed. Sweetpotatoes
and soybeans needed water to finish out. Corn and soybean harvest are
under way with respectable yields being cut. Almost all cotton fields are
reddish/purple and suffering. Several viral diseases are being seen in
cotton as well."
-- Dr. Bill Burdine, Chickasaw
"Rain Saturday stopped all harvesting. Rice yield reports have been good.
A few leaves have been knocked off of cotton, but very few."
-- Don Respess, Bolivar
"It had been dry in most areas of the county until we received rain over
the weekend. Cotton growth and development is slower than normal. Corn and
soybean harvest should start soon."
-- Melvin Oatis, Benton
"The rains have slowed bean harvest, but we were back on track by Wednesday.
We should meet August delivery. The next question will be if the rainy spell
will cause any seed quality issues later."
-- Stephen R. Winters, Grenada
"Periodic rainfall delayed corn and soybean harvest. Most cotton is cutting
out and early planted cotton should be safe from tarnished plant bug and
bollworm/budworm damage."
-- Jay Phelps, Pontotoc
"Harvest resumed Tuesday after rainfall last week. Most all yields are
reported as good to excellent. Cotton is opening, but no defoliation has
taken place."
-- Tommy Baird, Sunflower
"Soybean and corn harvesting were going well until scattered heavy rains
started in some areas last week. Since that time, harvesting has been very
scattered. Corn fields are beginning to lodge as a result of rains, poor
stalk strength, and disease; timely harvesting is critical in order to
salvage normal yields this year. Rains and warmer weather have been
beneficial to cotton, giving hope that later fields may have a fair
chance to mature."
-- Ernest Flint, Attala
"Harvesting of soybeans have come to a halt because of the scattered heavy
rains we have received over the last week. The warm weather and rain have
been great for cotton, giving hope that the later fields will produce the
needed yield."
-- Kay Emmons, Montgomery
"Corn harvest has slowed down due to the recent rains. Yields are running
about 25 bu/acre above our all-time county high. Soybean harvest is going
slow due to the rain last week but yields are running above normal. We still
are treating for stink bugs in our later planted soybeans."
-- Dr. Dennis B. Reginelli, Noxubee
"Harvesting of Group IV soybeans is under way. Corn harvest started toward
the end of the week until rain late on Saturday afternoon stopped the
harvest."
-- Mark Mowdy, Franklin
"Hot weather and humid conditions persist. We have received thunderstorms
in some part of the county every day. Lots of hay is being put up. Cotton
and peanuts continue to look good. There is some resurgence of interest in
harvesting grass seed; however, some harvested seed are light weight."
-- Lee Taylor, Forrest
"Rains early in the week delayed field operations, but were welcomed by
those planting winter grazing crops. Some fall field operations were
delayed, but they will resume this week."
-- Victor Lee, Newton
"Warm season forages continue to be harvested. Corn is now being
harvested. Seed bed preparation began for planting winter forages.
Deer hunters are going full speed planting wildlife food plots."
-- Allen McReynolds, Wayne
Weather Information Table
Weather Summary from August 23, 2004 to August 29, 2004 for Mississippi
Air Precipitation 4 Inch Soil Avg
Temperature Weekly Rn Four Temperature Pan
Max Min Avg Nrm DFN Total DFN Ds Weeks Max Min Avg Evap
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Upper Delta
Charleston 78 2.37 +1.65 2 5.19
Cleveland 79 1.56 +1.18 2 2.59
Tunica 78 0.95 +0.40 1 1.40 0.29
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 79 1.63 +1.07 2 3.06 0.29
2. North-Central
Hickory Flat 90 64 79 77 +2 0.61 -0.23 2 1.98
Calhoun City 90 67 79 78 +1 1.74 +1.02 4 4.01
Independence 90 63 79 78 +1 2.67 +1.97 4 3.54
Oxford 92 65 81 77 +4 1.46 +0.67 3 2.20
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 92 63 79 78 +1 1.62 +0.88 3 2.93
3. Northeast
Booneville 91 66 78 77 +1 1.19 +0.42 5 2.00
Iuka 91 59 75 75 0 7.43 +6.56 4 8.78
Ripley 90 62 77 77 0 0.75 +0.08 2 2.23
Tupelo 92 66 78 1.96 3 3.58
Verona 79 1.82 +0.90 4 2.82 0.20
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 92 59 77 78 -1 2.83 +2.09 4 4.15
4. Lower Delta
Moorhead 98 70 84 80 +4 0.35 -0.18 3 1.79
Rolling Fork 95 69 83 80 +3 0.71 +0.15 2 1.37 98 77 85
Stoneville 93 70 82 80 +2 1.20 +0.75 2 2.14 99 78 86 0.23
Yazoo City 94 68 81 81 0 0.79 +0.09 3 2.61
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 98 68 83 80 +3 0.76 +0.20 3 1.98 99 77 86 0.23
5. Central
Canton 80 1.01 +0.36 3 2.91
Carthage 92 68 79 79 0 3.70 +2.93 3 9.16
Lexington 92 67 79 78 +1 1.55 +0.92 3 3.06
Eupora 92 65 79 78 +1 1.76 +1.07 3 4.28
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 92 65 79 79 0 2.34 +1.61 3 5.50
6. East-Central
Aberdeen 91 69 79 78 +1 1.81 +1.15 5 2.69 0.13
Houston 91 65 79 77 +2 0.49 -0.25 5 3.17
Louisville 78 2.28 +1.61 5 3.85
State University 94 66 80 79 +1 3.19 +2.46 5 3.53 85 78 81 0.17
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 94 65 79 79 0 1.94 +1.20 5 3.31 85 78 81 0.15
7. Southwest
Crystal Springs 93 69 81 80 +1 0.09 -0.79 1 3.15 91 80 85
Natchez 93 69 81 80 +1 1.06 +0.15 4 1.20
Oakley 94 68 82 79 +3 0.46 -0.38 3 4.35 94 79 85
Vicksburg 91 70 81 0.48 4 5.26
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 94 68 82 80 +2 0.52 -0.39 3 3.49 94 79 85
8. South-Central
Collins 93 69 82 79 +3 0.69 -0.22 2 1.63
Columbia 94 70 83 80 +3 1.05 +0.07 1 6.09
Tylertown 93 72 82 80 +2 2.46 +1.48 2 7.80
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 94 69 82 80 +2 1.40 +0.42 2 5.17
9. Southeast
Beaumont 95 70 81 2.27 4 3.00
Hattiesburg 94 71 82 81 +1 0.49 -0.56 3 3.26
Laurel 93 70 81 80 +1 2.41 +1.50 4 5.80
Newton 93 64 79 79 0 1.72 +0.89 3 3.85 88 73 79 0.16
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 95 64 81 80 +1 1.72 +0.88 4 3.98 88 73 79 0.16
10. Coastal
Bay St Louis 81 0.23 -1.08 1 2.67
Gulfport 94 72 83 82 +1 0.18 -1.14 1 3.25
Poplarville 95 70 82 81 +1 0.18 -0.87 3 4.34 91 76 84 0.21
Waveland 92 72 83 81 +2 0.00 -1.35 0 1.96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extreme/Average 95 70 83 81 +2 0.12 -1.16 1 3.18 91 76 84 0.21
State Averages 98 59 81 79 +2 1.50 +0.70 3 3.76 99 73 82 0.21
DFN = Departure from Normal.
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
045514
|
Required Report - public distribution
**Date:** 12/12/2005
**GAIN Report Number:** MO5025
MO5025
**Morocco**
**Retail Food Sector**
**Report**
**2005**
**Approved by:**
Michael J. Fay
U.S. Embassy, Rabat, Morocco
**Prepared by:**
Aziz Abdelali
**Report Highlights:**
Modern distribution channels continue to develop in Morocco and are
changing buying habits of Moroccan consumers especially in major cities.
This trend is likely to continue, especially through the opening of
smaller convenience stores. Importers continue to play a major role in
introducing, distributing and promoting imported products in Morocco
including in large supermarket chains.
Includes PSD Changes: No
Includes Trade Matrix: No
Annual Report
Rabat \[MO1\]
\[MO\]
# Table of Contents
#
[**SECTION 1. MARKET SUMMARY 3**](#section-1.-market-summary)
[Major Categories of supermarkets 3](#major-categories-of-supermarkets)
[Trend in distribution channels 3](#trend-in-distribution-channels)
[Trend in services offered by retailers
4](#trend-in-services-offered-by-retailers)
[Large Supermarkets 4](#large-supermarkets)
[Mom & Pop Stores 5](#mom-pop-stores)
[SECTION II. ROAD MAP FOR MARKET ENTRY
5](#section-ii.-road-map-for-market-entry)
[A1. Large Retail and Wholesale Supermarkets
6](#a1.-large-retail-and-wholesale-supermarkets)
[A2. Small Retail Supermarkets, Convenience Stores, Large Grocery Stores
9](#a2.-small-retail-supermarkets-convenience-stores-large-grocery-stores)
[Gas Marts 12](#gas-marts)
[C. Traditional Markets - \"Mom & Pop\" Small Independent Grocery Stores
13](#c.-traditional-markets---mom-pop-small-independent-grocery-stores)
[SECTION III. COMPETITION 14](#section-iii.-competition)
[SECTION IV. BEST PRODUCTS PROSPECTS
14](#section-iv.-best-products-prospects)
[SECTION V. POST CONTACT AND FURTHER INFORMATION
15](#section-v.-post-contact-and-further-information)
# SECTION 1. MARKET SUMMARY
The Moroccan retail food sector developed significantly over the past
ten years, as modern and large supermarkets opened in major cities and
have been increasingly changing the purchasing habits of a large base of
urban consumers throughout Morocco. That said, traditional small grocery
stores, because of their proximity and convenience, will continue to
play a major role in most parts of the large cities, but especially in
rural areas and small cities where 45 percent of Moroccans live.
The early advent of large supermarkets to Casablanca, Rabat, and
Marrakech reflects the concentration of high-income population in these
cities. Currently, large supermarkets have opened in virtually all-major
cities (including Agadir, Tangiers, Fes, Meknes, Mohamedia) and more are
being opened in even smaller cities (such as Beni Mellal and Tetouan)
providing alternatives to traditional buying habits of relatively lower
income groups.
Casablanca has an estimated population of 4.0 million and is considered
as the economic capital of Morocco with the largest concentration of
high-income consumers. Rabat, at about 1 hour north of Casablanca, has
about 1 million people with a large number of high-ranking government
employees, foreign missions, and international organizations that can be
targeted with modern distribution chains. Marrakech is by far the
leading destination for tourists and has been growing at a remarkably
fast rate because many high-income Moroccans and Europeans consider it
as the choice destination for holidays.
European multinationals (mostly French, but also Dutch wholesale
distributions) have invested heavily in the Moroccan modern distribution
chain. They brought know-how in supermarket management that Moroccan
investors lack. They are increasingly consolidating purchases (food and
non-food) in centralized purchasing departments in Europe. This will
likely present a challenge to U.S. origin products especially if they
continue to increase imports under their private label.
In the medium term, importers will continue to play a major role in
distributing and promoting imported products in Morocco. Typically, they
have their own sales agents and distribution fleet and are in direct
contact with large supermarkets, wholesalers, and in many cases with
large grocery stores as well. Some importers are involved in imports of
a wide range of products with no particular loyalty to a specific
product, brand or origin. Other importers are working exclusively to
develop markets for specific labels. As these importers tend to promote
their products more heavily, they may require more involvement from the
exporter.
## Major Categories of supermarkets
For imported products, the Moroccan food distribution sector can be
divided into four major categories:
- Large modern retail and wholesale supermarkets chains.
- Small supermarkets, convenience supermarkets, large self-service
grocery stores.
- Mom & Pop stores.
Imported products usually don't reach the open-air markets that exist
mostly in rural areas where the lower income segment of the population
lives.
## Trend in distribution channels
Although small mom & pop shops will continue to play a major role in the
food distribution in the medium term, the number of supermarkets is
likely to continue to grow in the cities because of:
- A growing large base of western-minded consumers, especially in
urban areas.
- A growing middle class where both parents are working and less time
is available for shopping for food.
- The aggressive promotion, the appealing prices and discounts, and
the wide range of products offered by large supermarkets are likely
to enlarge the consumer base by attracting even lower-income
consumers.
- The increasing acceptance by the Moroccan consumer of processed and
packaged products. Many products traditionally sold in bulk are now
readily purchased in packages. Also, many consumers are more willing
to buy from supermarkets because of the generally guaranteed hygiene
and quality.
## Trend in services offered by retailers
Large supermarkets in Morocco tend to be located in small malls that
include a large number of European and U.S. franchises for fast food,
textiles, shoes, quick car repairs, banks, and car services. The number
of adjacent shops varies from 10 to 25 and is meant primarily to attract
a large number of visitors. Large supermarkets that opened recently
allocate a relatively large space for ready-to-eat food, which is rather
unusual in Moroccan supermarkets.
In many cities, the lack of adequate entertainment and amusement sites
draws many Moroccan families to visit supermarkets to roam around where
they often end-up buying or at least are exposed to new products.
[In spite of the dramatic increase in use of Internet by the Moroccan
communities, Internet sales of food products are virtually non-existent
in Morocco. Currently, there are virtually no offers made on a regular
basis by food companies and payments procedure via Internet are not yet
well developed. Today there are an estimated 4 million Internet users in
Morocco of which only some 226,000 are subscribed to an internet
provider. The remaining users have access to internet typically in Cyber
Café.]{.mark}
###### Number and Type of Retail Outlets in Morocco
+------------------------------+---------+----------------------------+
| **Type of Store** | **Esti | **Identified Supermarket** |
| | mated** | |
| | | **Locations** |
| | **N | |
| | umber** | |
+------------------------------+---------+----------------------------+
| # Large Supermarkets | 22 | Casablanca-4, Rabat-4, |
| | | Marrakech-3, Agadir-2, |
| (Including Independent) | | Fes-2, Tanger-1, Mohamedia |
| | | 1, Tetouan-1, Kenitra-2, |
| 12-32 registers, over 500 | | Tetouan-1, Tanger-1 |
| parking spots, Over 40,000 | | |
| ft^2^ | | |
+------------------------------+---------+----------------------------+
| **Small Supermarket & | 46 | Casablanca-18, Rabat-7, |
| Convenience Stores**: | | |
| | 180 | Agadir-4, etc. |
| 1\. Small Supermarket & | | |
| Convenience Stores (\> 3 | | Casablanca-70, |
| registers, \>12,000 ft^2^) | | Marrakech-15, Rabat-10, |
| | | Agadir-7, Meknes-6, |
| 2\. Small Self-Service | | |
| Grocery Stores (2 registers, | | etc. |
| \> 1000 ft^2^) | | |
+------------------------------+---------+----------------------------+
| # Mom & Pop Stores | 500 | Estimated 13,000 in |
| | | Casablanca |
| 1\. 1000 ft^2^ | 4,500 | |
| | | Marrakech, Casablanca, |
| 2\. 226 -- 1000 ft^2^ | 40,000 | |
| | | Agadir, Rabat and |
| 3. Less than 226 ft^2^ | 20 | highways. |
| | | |
| Small convenience Gas-Marts | | |
+------------------------------+---------+----------------------------+
Source: Importers, Agricultural Affaires Office, Rabat
###### Advantages and Challenges of the Moroccan Market
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| **Advantages** | **Challenges** |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| 31 million Moroccans | 45 percent in rural areas. |
| | |
| 10 percent can repeatedly | Limited purchasing power in small |
| afford to buy imported | cities and rural areas. |
| products. | |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Morocco and the U.S. signed a | Currently, high duties on imported |
| free trade agreement that | products. |
| provides preferential access | |
| to many U.S. food products, | |
| especially on the medium and | |
| long term. | |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Western-minded youth. | Promotional activities very |
| Developing middle class. More | difficult in traditional outlets. |
| women working outside the | |
| home. | |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Most importers are in | Relatively small volume involved |
| Casablanca. | even in large supermarkets. |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| There are very progressive | Modern independent supermarkets |
| and marketing oriented | require an entry fee for each new |
| importers. | product. |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Fast growth of modern | Proximity of Europe to Morocco: |
| distribution channels. More | |
| supermarkets are expected to | \- Imports of small quantities are |
| open in the near future. | economically feasible. |
| | |
| | \- EU is a traditional supplier. |
| | |
| | \- EU suppliers are more aggressive |
| | in this market. |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Growing perception that | Multinational chains procure some |
| supermarkets offer safer and | food products through their home |
| cheaper products. Increased | office and in many cases under a |
| acceptance of packaged | private label. |
| products. | |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
# SECTION II. ROAD MAP FOR MARKET ENTRY
## A1. Large Retail and Wholesale Supermarkets
Included in this category are stores of a minimum of 40,000 ft^2^ (up to
75,000 ft^2^), having between 12 and 34 registers, and over 250
employees. The supermarket ground usually has many private shops
including pharmacists, fast-food chains, amusement centers, and in most
cases gas stations. These stores have large parking lots that can fit up
to 1,000 cars. Typically, these supermarkets are at not in walking
distance, which is likely to restrain the consumer base to medium-high
class consumers. These supermarkets offer both food and non-food items.
The number of different food items is often over 12,000 and is believed
to generally account for 40-50 percent of the total sales.
[Entry Strategy]{.underline}
The best way to introduce new products to these supermarkets is to go
through local importers because:
- Many have long experience and direct relations with supermarkets.
Thus, they are in much better position to negotiate space and
promotional events.
- They have their own distribution fleet and are able to deliver in
relatively small volumes.
- They carry out promotional activities regularly in these stores.
- They supply smaller supermarkets as well.
- Supermarkets might only work with well-established importers and
might import directly only through their buying boards in Europe
(Marjane and Makro). Also, the entry fee to the supermarket for a
new exporter may be prohibitive.
[Market Structure]{.underline}
Local importers still account for a large share of imported food
purchases of the large supermarkets in Morocco. Purchases by these
supermarkets are normally concentrated in their headquarters in
Casablanca. With the exception of the *Aswak Essalam* Supermarket chain,
the other supermarket chains import also directly and through their home
offices in Europe. Also, often they import under their private labels or
under the home offices private label (Auchan). Recently, to have a
better control on the supply side, the largest retail supermarket chain
has also set up a distribution platform in Morocco that all importers
deliver to.
Supermarkets in this category are aggressive in promoting their
products. They publish monthly brochures and occasional flyers where the
importers promote their products. Also, these supermarkets, especially
*Marjane*, advertise regularly on the radio for available sales and
discounts to attract customers. The *Marjane* chain has been very
aggressive in promotion over the past few years, as they have been
organizing heavy radio advertising campaigns that claim cheaper prices,
quality products and services after sale for the non-food products. They
have also been promoting the winner *"FAIZ*" card that provides
interest-free delayed payments to consumers.
[Company Profiles]{.underline}
+------------+-----------+-------+-------+------------+---------------+
| ** | **Ow | **Est | ** | **L | **Purchasing |
| Retailer** | nership** | im.** | Total | ocations** | Agent type** |
| | | | Nb | | |
| **Name** | | **Sa | of** | **Nb of | |
| | | les** | | stores** | |
| | | | * | | |
| | | ** | *Outl | | |
| | | (\$Mi | ets** | | |
| | | l.)** | | | |
| | | | **(Nb | | |
| | | | o | | |
| | | | pened | | |
| | | | past | | |
| | | | 2 | | |
| | | | yea | | |
| | | | rs)** | | |
+------------+-----------+-------+-------+------------+---------------+
| *Marjane* | 51 % | 5 | 12 | Cas | Buys from |
| | Auchan | 0-100 | (4) | ablanca-3, | limited |
| | (French | | | | number of |
| | Multi | | | Rabat-2, | local |
| | national) | | | | importers / |
| | | | | Ma | distributors. |
| | 49 % | | | rrakech-1, | Increasingly |
| | Moroccan. | | | | through |
| | | | | Agadir-1, | *Auchan* |
| | | | | | buying office |
| | | | | Tanger-1, | abroad |
| | | | | | (including |
| | | | | Fes-1, | private |
| | | | | | label). |
| | | | | Mo | |
| | | | | hamedia-1, | (Same buying |
| | | | | | platform as |
| | | | | Meknes-1 | for small |
| | | | | | convenience |
| | | | | Tetouan-1. | stores chain, |
| | | | | | ACIMA) |
+------------+-----------+-------+-------+------------+---------------+
| *Metro | Dutch | 5 | 6 (1) | Cas | Buys from |
| (formerly | (Metro) | 0-100 | | ablanca-2, | local |
| Makro) | | | | | importers / |
| wholesale | | | | Rabat-1, | distributors. |
| Cash and | | | | | |
| Carry* | | | | Fes-1, | Occasionally |
| | | | | | imports |
| | | | | Agadir-1 | directly |
| | | | | | through |
| | | | | M | headquarter |
| | | | | arrakech-1 | in Europe |
| | | | | | and/or under |
| | | | | | own private |
| | | | | | labels. |
+------------+-----------+-------+-------+------------+---------------+
| *Aswak | 100% | 30-50 | 3 (1) | Rabat-1, | Buys from |
| Assalam* | Moroccan. | | | Ma | local |
| | Over 15 | | | rrakech-1, | importers / |
| *(Recently | r | | | Kenitra-1 | distributors. |
| partner of | egisters. | | | | |
| Casino | | | | | |
| Supe | No | | | | |
| rmarkets)* | alcoholic | | | | |
| | beverages | | | | |
| | sold. | | | | |
+------------+-----------+-------+-------+------------+---------------+
Source: Agricultural Affairs Office
The retail independent store *Marjane* first opened in Morocco in the
early 1990\'s and were launched by Morocco's largest consortium of
private companies, ONA (Omnium Nord African). These supermarkets are
very modern and are comparable to ones in the US. They are usually
located is relatively isolated areas and thus are visited by high-income
consumers who are major buyers of imported food products.
On January 2001, the international supermarket chain, *Auchan,* took
control of 49 percent of the local supermarket Chain *Marjane.* As a
result, *Auchan* has been more involved in managing *Marjane* stores but
also in increased imports of food products through *Auchan* in France.
Marjane has plans to open outlets in most cities of more than 300,000
people.
A direct competitor of Marjane Chain is *Aswak Assalam*. These are
smaller supermarkets but comparable to *Marjane* stores in their concept
as they also carry food and non-food and are considerably larger than
other supermarkets in Morocco. This chain opened a supermarket in Rabat
in 1998, Marrakech in 2002, and more recently in Kenitra (20 miles north
of Rabat). Aswak Assalam does not carry alcoholic beverages.
The wholesale cash and carry independent, *Metro (formerly Makro)*, also
started in the early 1990\'s, and today has 6 stores. It is a subsidiary
of the German *Metro* chain. A membership card is required to purchase
from these stores that are usually dedicated to large size and bulk
sales. Although Metro targets primarily retailers and HRIs, today many
individual consumers manage to have an access card and are buying on a
regular basis from these stores, which have been offering relatively
small bulk packaging. However, over the past two years, there is a clear
tendency for *METRO* to offer larger bulk sizes in an effort to
concentrate on the wholesale segment. *METRO* occasionally imports food
products directly through its headquarter in Europe and sometimes use
their own brands.
## A2. Small Retail Supermarkets, Convenience Stores, Large Grocery Stores
[Entry Strategy]{.underline}
Typically, supermarkets in this category don't get involved in direct
imports because of the small volume involved. The supermarkets belonging
to the largest chains (ACIMA and Hyper) buy through their purchasing
boards. Importers will still play a major role to introduce new products
to these supermarkets because:
- Many have long experience in this market and have agents that work
on a regular basis with these supermarkets and are in a better
position to negotiate space and promotional events
- They have their own distribution fleet that can deliver relatively
small volumes.
- They carry out promotional activities regularly in these stores.
- These supermarkets work often with a relatively small number of
suppliers that carry known brands that sell well.
[Market Structure]{.underline}
US exporters will find it very difficult to sell directly to these small
supermarkets because of the small volume involved. With the exception of
the largest convenience store chain whose food purchases are combined
with Marjane (see large supermarket chains section), virtually all these
supermarkets buy imported goods directly from importers. The importers
have sales agents visit with supermarkets regularly to take orders and
convey them to their main offices. Eventually, the importer's trucks and
utility cars deliver the imported goods to the supermarkets.
In addition, the small self-service stores may also purchase from local
wholesalers if the quantities involved are very small. Both importers
and wholesalers provide credits to supermarkets. Typically the
importer's agents deliver the imported products to the supermarkets in
small vans (panel trucks) or trucks.
[Company Profiles]{.underline}
+-----------+-----------+------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| **R | * | ** | **Nb | ** | **P |
| etailer** | *Owner-** | Esti | of** | Locations** | urchasing** |
| | | m.** | | | |
| **Name** | **ship** | | **Ou | | **Agent |
| | | * | tlets** | | type** |
| | | *Sal | | | |
| | | es** | **esti | | |
| | | | mated** | | |
| | | **(\ | | | |
| | | $Mil | | | |
| | | .)** | | | |
+-----------+-----------+------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Small | Local | 5 | 25 | Cas | Buys from |
| Su | | | | ablanca-14, | |
| permarket | | | | | Importers |
| | | | | Rabat-6, | |
| (\> 3 | | | | | |
| r | | | | Agadir-3, | |
| egisters, | | | | etc. | |
| \>25000 | | | | | |
| ft^2^) | | | | | |
+-----------+-----------+------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Small | 51% | 5 | 20 | Ca | Buying |
| Su | Local. | | | sablanca-7, | Board Buys |
| permarket | 49% | | | | from |
| | French | | | Rabat-3, | |
| In | Mult | | | Fes-1, | Importers. |
| dependent | inational | | | K | Also |
| (*Acima*) | (Auchan) | | | houribga-1, | through |
| | | | | M | Home Office |
| (6 | | | | arrakech-1, | in Europe |
| r | | | | | |
| egisters, | | | | Beni | |
| \> 25000 | | | | Mellal-1, | |
| ft^2^) | | | | | |
| | | | | El | |
| | | | | Jadida-1, | |
| | | | | etc. | |
+-----------+-----------+------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Small | Local: | 6 | 11 | Rabat-5, | Buying |
| Su | Hyper | | | Ca | Board buys |
| permarket | S.A. | | | sablanca-3, | from |
| | | | | | |
| In | | | | Kenitra-1, | Importers |
| dependent | | | | | |
| (*Label | | | | Settat-1, | Rarely |
| Vie*) | | | | | imports |
| | | | | Meknes-1 | directly. |
| (6 | | | | | |
| r | | | | | |
| egisters, | | | | | |
| \> 12000 | | | | | |
| ft^2^) | | | | | |
+-----------+-----------+------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Large | Local | 0 | 180 | Cas | Buys from |
| grocery | | .2 - | | ablanca-68, | |
| stores | | 1 | | | Importers |
| | | | | Ma | and |
| (Self | | | | rrakech-13, | Wholesalers |
| -service, | | | | | |
| | | | | Rabat-12, | |
| \> 1 | | | | El Agadir | |
| register, | | | | 8, etc. | |
| \< 2000 | | | | | |
| ft^2^) | | | | | |
+-----------+-----------+------+---------+-------------+-------------+
Source: Importers, Agricultural Affairs Office, Rabat
The first 3 groups (small supermarkets) are much smaller than *Marjane*
but have a minimum of 25,000 ft^2^ and 3 to 6 registers. These stores
offer a wide variety of products including non-food items. The largest
stores in this category sale also house appliances. Typically these
supermarkets include butcher shops, sell frozen products and alcoholic
beverages, and have relatively limited parking space. Typically, these
supermarkets are located in, or within walking distance to, medium to
high-income neighborhoods. These supermarkets are appropriate outlets
for imported products since they are frequented by medium-high income
consumers and could be used to carry out promotional activities such as
tasting, etc.
The most recent chain in this category is *Acima* convenience
supermarket chain that opened 15 supermarkets over the past 4 years.
Thanks to the strong financial capability of the owning companies, it is
expected to open 5 new supermarkets every year. In fact, *ACIMA* and the
largest supermarket chain in Morocco *(Marjane)* are part of the same
group that belongs to the largest consortium in Morocco *(ONA)* and the
French multi-national *Auchan*. These large convenience stores are meant
to attract urban consumers from the traditional mom-&-pop shops and
open-air market where they would typically go. *ACIMA* also offers a
wide range of imported food products including *Auchan's* private label
and sell a much larger percentage of food products including fresh
fruits and vegetables. It is estimated that *ACIMA* supermarkets carry
over 5,000 items.
The *Label Vie* independent supermarkets carry some 2000 food items (40
% of the total number of products carried). Currently, they continue to
buy through importers but do get involved directly in imports of some
specialty products.
The very small supermarkets (self service) would be similar to small
grocery stores in the US. They usually sell a much smaller number of
items and brands and a smaller percentage of imported products. They
have been opening in throughout Morocco including in the small cities.
## Gas Marts
This category includes mostly gas-marts of 500 to 3,300 ft^2^ with one
electronic register and carrying mostly convenience food.
The first store of this category opened in early 1990\'s. More and more
gas distributors are including this service in their best-located (near
exit of the major cities) gas stations. This segment is likely to
continue to develop in the future. These stores are usually more
expensive and carry a large number of imported convenience items,
especially snack food, non-alcoholic drinks, and confectionary.
+--------------+---------+------------------+------------------------+
| **Retailer | **\# Of | **Location** | **Purchasing** |
| Name** | Ou | | |
| | tlets** | | **Agent** |
| | | | |
| | * | | |
| | *(Estim | | |
| | ated)** | | |
+--------------+---------+------------------+------------------------+
| Afriquia | 20 | Casablanca, | Buys from Importers & |
| | | Marrakech, | distributors |
| * | | | |
| Mini-Brahim* | | Agadir, Meknes, | |
| (Managed by | | Settat, highways | |
| Maroshop) | | | |
+--------------+---------+------------------+------------------------+
| Mobile Gas | 3 | Casablanca, | Buys from Importers & |
| Stations | | Rabat, Marrakech | distributors |
| | | | |
| *On the Run | | | |
| / Mobile | | | |
| Mart* | | | |
+--------------+---------+------------------+------------------------+
| Shell Gas | 5 | Casablanca, | Buys from Importers & |
| Stations | | highway | distributors |
+--------------+---------+------------------+------------------------+
| Somepi Gas | 10 | Highway | Buys from Importers & |
| Stations | | | distributors |
+--------------+---------+------------------+------------------------+
Source: Agricultural Affairs Office
## C. Traditional Markets - \"Mom & Pop\" Small Independent Grocery Stores
[Entry Strategy]{.underline}
To reach these small mom & pop stores, imported products will have to go
through importers and very likely wholesalers. The quantities involved
are too small and imported food products are sold only in larger shops
or in shops that are located in medium to high-income neighborhoods.
[Market Structure]{.underline}
[Company Profiles]{.underline}
This category includes an estimated 45,000 grocery stores that are not
in the above categories. Their size varies from less than 226 ft^2^
(estimated 40,000 stores) to 1,000 ft^2^ (500 stores). These shops have
limited financial resources and are typically managed by one person. The
consumer cannot serve himself in this store because the goods are behind
a counter. Therefore, the shop owner plays a major role in introducing
new brands to the consumer.
These shops are literally packed with a wide range of convenience and
relatively low price food and non-food items. Depending on the location
and size, some of these stores may have some imported products. Many of
these stores in the cities have a refrigerator and a very small number
have ice cream freezers. Convenience, proximity and credit to the final
consumer are their strongest assets.
# SECTION III. COMPETITION
Morocco signed a free trade agreement that is expected to enter into
force on January 2006. The agreement will provide U.S. exporters with
new export opportunities especially in the medium and long term.
Morocco imports each year about \$270 million of high value products and
the U.S. share has been less than 1 percent. Imports from the U.S.
continue to be limited compared to Europe mainly because of the
geographical distance between Morocco and the US, the absence of direct
shipping lines, and the historical trade relations between Europe and
Morocco. The long shipping time (up to 45 days because transit by Europe
is necessary) excludes all short shelf life products from being exported
to Morocco. Also, European exporters (particularly Spanish, German,
France, and UK) have been very aggressive in penetrating this market.
Locally produced goods continue to account for the largest share of food
products sold in local retail outlets. Imported consumer-oriented food
products, because of their generally high price (high duties), are found
mostly in supermarkets and grocery stores that are located in areas
where people with higher income live. It is estimated that only about 10
percent of the population can afford to repeatedly buy imported
products.
The local industry produces a relatively limited number of products that
in many cases can hardly keep up with the high quality and diversity of
imported products put on the supermarket shelves every day.
# SECTION IV. BEST PRODUCTS PROSPECTS
A. Products present in the market that have good sales potential:
Canned Fruit and Vegetables
Health and diet products
Confectionary
Dried Fruits and Nuts (Almonds, Pistachios, Dried Prunes and Raisins)
Pop Corn
Non Salted Butter
Breakfast Cereals / Biscuits, crackers / Flour Mixes
Pulses (lentils / Chickpeas / Green beans/ white beans)
Sauces including hot, Asian, BBQ, Salad dressings
Snack Foods, including diet snacks
Pet Food
Wine
B. Products Not Present in Significant Quantities but Which Have Good
Sales Potential:
Pistachios / Pecan Seeds Preferential Access under FTA
Garlic Preferential Access under FTA
Mushrooms Preferential Access under FTA
Soy Sauce Preferential Access under FTA
> Spaghetti Preferential Access under FTA
>
> Poultry Meat Tariff Rate Quota under FTA
C. Products Not Present because they Face Significant Barriers
# SECTION V. POST CONTACT AND FURTHER INFORMATION
> Mr. Michael Fay, Agricultural Attaché Email:
> [[email protected]]{.underline}
>
> Mr. Aziz Abdelali, Agricultural Specialist Email:
> [[email protected]]{.underline}
>
> Phone:(212-3) 776-2265 (Ext. 2022, 2024) Fax:(212-3) 776-5493
>
> Reports that might be useful to U.S. exports of consumer-oriented food
> products to Morocco (can be found at website:
> [http://www.fas.usda.gov]{.underline}):
----------------------------------------- ------------- ----------------
**Report** **Log **Date Issued**
Number**
Moroccan Food Standards & Regulations MO5018 July 2005
HRI, Food Service Sector MO5003 January 2005
Exporter's Guide MO5020 September 2005
FAIRS, Export Certificates MO5023 November 2005
----------------------------------------- ------------- ----------------
\*\*\*\*\*
\*
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
258318
|
***TL719: Crisis Analysis and Homeland Security***
[General Information]{.underline}:
Instructors:
Dr. Daniel Klenow, Chair and Dr. George Youngs
Offices:
> Dr. Klenow 402 Minard Hall, Chair's Office, Department of Sociology
> and Anthropology
Dr. Youngs 404-A Minard Hall
Office Phones:
Dr. Klenow 231-8925
Dr. Youngs 231-8941
Office Hours:
Dr. Klenow Available daily for walk-in or appointment as Department
Chair
Dr. Youngs 1:15 to 2:00 MWF and by appointment
E-mails: [email protected]
> [[email protected]]{.underline}
Class Time: 14:00 to 15:15 TR
Classroom: Minard 204
*[Special Accommodations]{.underline}*
*Any students who need special accommodations for learning or who have
special needs are invited to share these concerns or requests with the
instructor as soon as possible.*
*[Academic Honesty Statement:]{.underline}*
*The academic community is operated on the basis of honesty, integrity,
and fair play. Occasionally, this trust is violated when cheating
occurs, either inadvertently or deliberately. NDSU University Senate
Policy, Section 335 (http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/policy/335.htm) will
serve as the guideline for cases where cheating, plagiarism, or other
academic improprieties have occurred. All student work must be done in a
manner consistent with this policy. Students who violate the policy will
be subject to failure of the assignment, test, or course, depending on
gravity of the offense and the circumstances of the particular case
(Policy 335, 2, b).*
[Bulletin Description]{.underline}
Provides an integrated approach to crisis analysis and response within
the contexts of military logistics and homeland security. Focus is on
the social and cultural context of emergencies, disasters, and
catastrophes.
[Course Objectives]{.underline}
1\. To appreciate the human factor in logistics, disasters, and disaster
logistics.
2\. To learn a general analytical framework (e.g., social science
theories, methods, and concepts) that help us understand how the human
factor plays a role.
3\. To apply this framework to the understanding of social institutions
and social processes as they are transformed by disaster.
These objectives are diagrammed below. Logistics involve people
interacting with people. Before anything moves at the right time to the
right place in the right shape, people must talk to others, listen to
others, make decisions, work, compete, cooperate, and understand one
another. People interacting with people do so through the filters of
culture, social structure, and social processes. These filters must be
understood to expedite the process of moving people, services, and/or
goods get from Point A to Point Z. The role of these filters is
dramatically evident in disasters, so the present course will focus on
understanding the human factor in disasters where logistical systems
often collapse exactly when they are most needed.
+---------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
| S | * | | | Ending |
| tarting | *UNDERSTANDING | | | Point |
| Point | THE HUMAN | | | |
| | FACTOR** | | | |
| | | | | |
| | **IN DISASTER | | | |
| | LOGISTICS** | | | |
+---------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
| **A →** | **→** PART | **→** PART | **→** PART | **→ Z** |
| | ONE: | TWO: | THREE: | |
| | | | | |
| | Culture and | Social | Social | |
| | Related | | | |
| | | Institutions | Processes | |
| | Concepts**→** | **→** | **→** | |
+---------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------+
[Course Strategies]{.underline}
1\. Study academic and applied articles using different social science
concepts to understand disasters.
2\. Study academic and applied articles examining the impact of
disasters on different social institutions and social processes.
3\. Apply the material in these academic articles to one or more
specific disasters.
4\. Use a variety of evaluation techniques to determine what is being
learned.
[Readings]{.underline}
Required Text:
> Brinkley, D. (2006). *The great deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New
> Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast*. New York: HaperCollins.
Additional Readings:
> A wide variety of additional readings will be assigned including both
> articles and book chapters. These readings represent the core material
> for the course introducing the role of culture and related concepts in
> disasters, the impact of disasters on different social institutions,
> and the type of social processes triggered by disasters. The required
> text will serve as a specific example of a major disaster/catastrophe
> where we can see these themes come alive. These readings will be
> available primarily through the BlackBoard website for the course.
[Evaluation]{.underline}
> 1\. Exams. There will be four essay exams worth 50-60 points each.
>
> 2\. Participation.: Classe will include both lecture and discussion
> time. Discussions often will involve dividing the class into small
> groups, assigning questions to each group, allocating time to groups
> for small group discussion, and finally, informally presenting the
> product of small group discussions to the rest of the class. All
> students are expected to participate actively in these discussions.
>
> 3\. Term Paper. The term paper will focus on studying the cultural
> context of the countries your have been assigned to analyze for the
> logistics program papers. Specifically, we will ask you to examine
> cultural issues associated with coordinating military and humanitarian
> logistics in a disaster situation. More detail will be provided on the
> paper in a separate handout. Late papers will receive a 10% reduction
> of possible points per day (Saturdays and Sundays included). *If you
> know you will have difficulty getting an assignment done on time,
> please see me in advance.*
[APPROXIMATE Point Allocations:]{.underline}
Exams 50-60 points for each of four exams
Term Paper 150 points
[Grading Scale]{.underline}
A=92-100%
B=83-91%
C=74-82%
D=65-73%
F= 0-64%
OVERVIEW OF LESSON STRUCTURE
I. INTRODUCTION
> A. LESSON 1: THE SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
>
> B. LESSON 2: DISASTERS AND LOGISTICS
>
> C. LESSON 3: DISASTERS AND THE HUMAN FACTOR
II\. PART ONE: CONCEPTS
> A. CULTURE
>
> 1\. LESSON 4: Disasters in Different Cultures
>
> 2\. LESSON 5: Cultural Paradigms
3\. LESSON 6: Popular Culture
> 4\. LESSON 7: Culture and Katrina
>
> B. LESSON 8: CLASS, RACE, AND ETHNICITY
>
> C. LESSON 9: GENDER
>
> D. LESSON 10: SELF AND SOCIETY
III\. PART TWO: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
> A. LESSON 11: POLITICAL/LEGAL SYSTEMS
>
> B. LESSON 12: RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS
>
> C. LESSON 13: FAMILY SYSTEMS
>
> D. LESSON 14: ECONOMIC/BUSINESS SYSTEMS
>
> E. LESSON 15: HEALTH SYSTEMS
IV\. PART THREE: SOCIAL PROCESSES
> A. LESSON 16: COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
>
> B. LESSON 17: URBANIZATION
>
> C. LESSON 18: DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS
**TENTATIVE** **COURSE SCHEDULE**
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| ** | * | ** | ** | **READING ASSIGNMENTS** |
| WEE | *D | DAT | READING | |
| K** | AY | E** | DAYS, | **(Page totals in brackets and |
| | ** | | E | parentheses)** |
| | | | XAMS,** | |
| | | | | |
| | | | **&** | |
| | | | | |
| | | | **HOL | |
| | | | IDAYS** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 1 | W | 8 | | **{70} Brinkley, Chs. 1,2: pp. 1-70** |
| | | /24 | | |
| | | | | **I. INTRODUCTION** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **A. LESSON 1: THE SOCIAL SCIENCE |
| | | | | PERSPECTIVE AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(62\) Schroeder, A., Wamsley, G., & |
| | | | | Ward, R. (2001). The evolution of |
| | | | | emergency management in America: From a |
| | | | | painful past to a promising but |
| | | | | uncertain future. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), |
| | | | | *Handbook of crisis and emergency |
| | | | | management.* New York: Marcel Dekker. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 2 | M | 8 | | |
| | | /29 | | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 8 | ** | |
| | | /31 | READING | |
| | | | DAY | |
| | | | -LESSON | |
| | | | 1** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 3 | M | 9/4 | **\ | **{40} Brinkley, Ch. 3: pp. 71-110.** |
| | | | [*Labor | |
| | | | Day | **B. LESSON 2:** **DISASTERS AND |
| | | | H | LOGISTICS** |
| | | | oliday, | |
| | | | 9 | \(1\) Ernst, R. (2003). The academic |
| | | | /4*\]** | side of commercial logistics and the |
| | | | | importance of this issue. *Forced |
| | | | | Migration Review*, *18*, 5. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(4\) Orre, K. (2005). The logistics of |
| | | | | food supply following radioactive |
| | | | | fallout. *Journal of Environmental |
| | | | | Radioactivity,* *83*, 429-432. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(3\) Gustavsson, L. (2003). |
| | | | | Humanitarian logistics: context and |
| | | | | challenges. *Forced Migration Review*, |
| | | | | *18*, 6-8. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(4\) Kaatrud, D. B., Samii, R., & Van |
| | | | | Wassenhove, L. N. (2003). UN Joint |
| | | | | Logistics Centre: a coordinated response |
| | | | | to common humanitarian logistics |
| | | | | concerns. *Forced Migration Review*, |
| | | | | *18*, 11-14. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(2\) Wieloch, R. (2003). The |
| | | | | humanitarian use of the military. |
| | | | | *Forced Migration Review*, *18*, 32-33. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(3\) Vikki, M., & Bratheim, E. (2003). |
| | | | | Lean logistics: delivering food to |
| | | | | northern Ugandan IDPs. *Forced Migration |
| | | | | Review*, *18*, 25-27. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(8\) Walker, P. (1992). Foreign |
| | | | | military resources for disaster relief: |
| | | | | An NGO perspective. *Disasters*, |
| | | | | *16*(2), 152-159. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 9/7 | | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 4 | M | 9 | ** | **{37} Brinkley, Ch. 4: pp. 111-147** |
| | | /12 | READING | |
| | | | DAY- | **C. LESSON 3:** **DISASTERS & THE HUMAN |
| | | | LESSONS | FACTOR** |
| | | | 2,3** | |
| | | | | \(18\) Carroll, J. (2001). Emergency |
| | | | | management on a grand scale: A |
| | | | | bureaucrat's analysis. In A. Farazmand |
| | | | | (Ed.), *Handbook of crisis and emergency |
| | | | | management.* New York: Marcel Dekker. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(5\) Mitchell, J. K. (2006). Empowering |
| | | | | knowledge: A modest proposal for a |
| | | | | broader social science research agenda |
| | | | | in the wake of Katrina. Retrieved July |
| | | | | 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | http:/ |
| | | | | /understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Mitchell/ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(6\) Smith, N. (2006). There's no such |
| | | | | thing as a natural disaster. Retrieved |
| | | | | July 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | <http |
| | | | | ://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Smith/> |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(16\) Chiles, J. R. (2002). *Inviting |
| | | | | disaster: Lessons from the edge of |
| | | | | technology---An inside look at |
| | | | | catastrophes and why they happen.* New |
| | | | | York: HaperBusiness. Ch. 1: |
| | | | | Introduction---On the machine frontier: |
| | | | | New technology and old habits. Pp. 1-15. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 9 | **EXAM | |
| | | /14 | 1- | |
| | | | LESSONS | |
| | | | 1-3** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 5 | M | 9 | | **{80} Brinkley, Chs. 5,6: pp. 147-226** |
| | | /19 | | |
| | | | | **II. PART ONE: CONCEPTS** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **A. CULTURE** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **1. LESSON 4:** **Disasters in |
| | | | | Different Cultures** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(9\) Kabra, R., & Khator, R. (2001). |
| | | | | The 1994 plague outbreak in Surat, |
| | | | | India: Social networks and disaster |
| | | | | management. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), |
| | | | | *Handbook of crisis and emergency |
| | | | | management.* New York: Marcel Dekker. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(10\) Kalantari, B. (2001). Public |
| | | | | management and natural disasters: A case |
| | | | | study of earthquake management in Iran. |
| | | | | In A. Farazmand (Ed.), *Handbook of |
| | | | | crisis and emergency management.* New |
| | | | | York: Marcel Dekker. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(22\) Sakamoto, M. (2001). Crisis |
| | | | | management in Japan: Lessons from the |
| | | | | Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of 1995. |
| | | | | In A. Farazmand (Ed.), *Handbook of |
| | | | | crisis and emergency management.* New |
| | | | | York: Marcel Dekker. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. LESSON 5:** **Cultural Paradigms** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(8\) Dynes, R. R. (2003). Noah and |
| | | | | disaster planning: The cultural |
| | | | | significance of the flood story. |
| | | | | *Journal of Contingencies and Crisis |
| | | | | Management, 11*, 170-177. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **3. LESSON 6: Popular Culture** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(14\) Quarantelli, E. L. (1985). |
| | | | | Realities and mythologies in disaster |
| | | | | films. *Communications, 11*(1), 31-44. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 9 | ** | |
| | | /21 | READING | |
| | | | DAY- | |
| | | | LESSONS | |
| | | | 4-6** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 6 | M | 9 | | **{52} Brinkley, Ch. 7: pp. 227-278** |
| | | /26 | | |
| | | | | **4. LESSON 7:** **Culture and** |
| | | | | **Katrina** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(6\) Dawdy, S. L. (2006). In Katrina's |
| | | | | wake: How one archaeologist's role in |
| | | | | the posthurrican recovery forced her to |
| | | | | confront New Orleans' catastrophic |
| | | | | history. *Archaeology, 59*(4), 16-21. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(8\) Dynes, R. R., & Rodriguez, H. |
| | | | | (2006). Finding and framing Katrina: The |
| | | | | social construction of disaster. |
| | | | | Retrieved July 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | <http |
| | | | | ://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Dynes/> |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(5\) Frickel, S. (2006). Our toxic |
| | | | | gumbo: Recipe for a politics of |
| | | | | environmental knowledge. Retrieved July |
| | | | | 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | <http:/ |
| | | | | /understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Frickel/> |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **B. LESSON 8:** **CLASS, RACE, AND |
| | | | | ETHNICITY** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **1. General** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(22\) Fothergill, A. (2003). The stigma |
| | | | | of charity: Gender, class, and disaster |
| | | | | assistance. *Sociological Quarterly, |
| | | | | 44*: 659-680. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. Katrina** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(6\) Dominguez, V. R. (2006). Seeing |
| | | | | and not seeing: Complicity in surprise. |
| | | | | Retrieved July 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | http:// |
| | | | | understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Dominguez/ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(4\) Cutter, S. L. (2006). The |
| | | | | geography of social vulnerability: Race, |
| | | | | class, and catastrophe. Retrieved July |
| | | | | 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | <http: |
| | | | | //understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Cutter/> |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(4\) Gilman, N. (2006). What Katrina |
| | | | | teaches about the meaning of racism. |
| | | | | Retrieved July 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | http |
| | | | | ://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Gilman/ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **3. Logistics** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(5\) Fussell, E. (2006). Leaving New |
| | | | | Orleans: Social stratification, |
| | | | | networks, and Hurricane evacuation. |
| | | | | Retrieved July 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | <http:/ |
| | | | | /understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Fussell/> |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 9 | ** | |
| | | /28 | READING | |
| | | | DAY- | |
| | | | LESSONS | |
| | | | 7-8** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 7 | M | 1 | | **{131} Brinkley, Chs. 8,9,10: pp. |
| | | 0/3 | | 279-409** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **C. LESSON 9:** **GENDER** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **1. General** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(6\) Enarson, E. (June 2006). SWS Fact |
| | | | | Sheet: Women and disaster. *SWS Network |
| | | | | News, 23*(2), 18-23. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. Katrina** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(5\) Enarson, E. (2006). Women and |
| | | | | girls last? Averting a second |
| | | | | post-Katrina disaster. Retrieved July |
| | | | | 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | http: |
| | | | | //understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Enarson/ |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 1 | | |
| | | 0/5 | | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 8 | M | 10 | ** | **{42} Brinkley, Ch. 11: pp. 409-450** |
| | | /10 | READING | |
| | | | DAY- | **D. LESSON 10:** **SELF AND SOCIETY** |
| | | | LESSONS | |
| | | | 9-10** | **1. General** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(3\) Hatcher, C. (1991). Disasters: |
| | | | | Issues in clinical response to survivors |
| | | | | and their families. *Family |
| | | | | Psychologist, 7*, 28-30. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(10\) Heitkamp. T. (1999). Treading |
| | | | | water: A social worker's personal |
| | | | | narrative. *Reflections*, *5*(3), 33-42. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. Katrina** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(23\) Bourque, L. B., Siegel, J. M., |
| | | | | Kano, M., & Wood, M. M. (2006). |
| | | | | Weathering the storm: The impact of |
| | | | | hurricanes on physical and mental |
| | | | | health. *Annals of the American |
| | | | | Academy*. *604*, 129-151. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **3. Logistics** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(7\) Chertkoff, J. M., & Kushigian, R. |
| | | | | H. (1999). *Don't panic: The psychology |
| | | | | of emergency egress and ingress.* |
| | | | | Westport, CT: Praeger. Ch. 1: |
| | | | | Introduction, pp. 1-6. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(10\) Chertkoff, J. M., & Kushigian, R. |
| | | | | H. (1999). *Don't panic: The psychology |
| | | | | of emergency egress and ingress.* |
| | | | | Westport, CT: Praeger. Ch. 2: Theories |
| | | | | of emergency egress and ingress, pp. |
| | | | | 7-16. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(24\) Chertkoff, J. M., & Kushigian, R. |
| | | | | H. (1999). *Don't panic: The psychology |
| | | | | of emergency egress and ingress.* |
| | | | | Westport, CT: Praeger. Ch. 10: |
| | | | | Conclusions from case histories, pp. |
| | | | | 99-122. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(17\) Riad, J. K., Waugh, W. L. Jr., & |
| | | | | Norris, F. H. (2001). The psychology of |
| | | | | evacuation and the design of policy. In |
| | | | | A. Farazmand (Ed.), *Handbook of crisis |
| | | | | and emergency management.* New York: |
| | | | | Marcel Dekker. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 10 | **EXAM | |
| | | /12 | 2- | |
| | | | LESSONS | |
| | | | 4-10** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 9 | M | 10 | | **{48} Brinkley, Ch. 12: pp. 451-498** |
| | | /17 | | |
| | | | | **III. PART TWO: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **A. LESSON 11:** **POLITICAL/LEGAL |
| | | | | SYSTEMS** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **1. General** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(19\) Tierney, K. (2003). Disaster |
| | | | | beliefs and institutional interests: |
| | | | | Recycling disaster myths in the |
| | | | | aftermath of 9-11. *Research in Social |
| | | | | Problems and Public Policy, 11*, 33-51. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(29\) Daniels, R. S., & Clark-Daniels, |
| | | | | C. L. (2002). Vulnerability reduction |
| | | | | and political responsiveness: Explaining |
| | | | | executive decisions in U.S. disaster |
| | | | | policy during the Ford and Carter |
| | | | | administrations, *International Journal |
| | | | | of Mass Emergencies and Disasters*, |
| | | | | *20*, 225-253. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. Katrina** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(16\) Heerdan, I. van, & Bryan, M. |
| | | | | (2006). *The storm: What went wrong and |
| | | | | why during Hurricane Katrina---the |
| | | | | inside story from one Louisiana |
| | | | | scientist.* New York: Viking. Ch. 7, pp. |
| | | | | 137-152 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(6\) Lakoff, A. (2006). From disaster |
| | | | | to catastrophe: The limits of |
| | | | | preparedness. Retrieved July 18, 2006, |
| | | | | from |
| | | | | http |
| | | | | ://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Lakoff/ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(7\) Quarantelli, E. L. (2006). |
| | | | | Catastrophes are different from |
| | | | | disasters: Some implications for crisis |
| | | | | planning and managing drawn from |
| | | | | Katrina. Retrieved July 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | <http://und |
| | | | | erstandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Quarantelli/> |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(19\) Roberts, P. S. (2006). FEMA after |
| | | | | Katrina. *Policy Review, June & |
| | | | | July(137),* 15-33. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **3. Logistics** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(17\) Wachtendorf, J. M. K. (2003). |
| | | | | Elements of resilience after the World |
| | | | | Trade Center disaster: Reconstructing |
| | | | | New York City's Emergency Operations |
| | | | | Center. *Disasters, 27(1),* 37-53. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 10 | ** | |
| | | /19 | READING | |
| | | | DAY | |
| | | | -LESSON | |
| | | | 11** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 10 | M | 10 | | **{45} Brinkley, Ch. 13: pp. 499-543** |
| | | /24 | | |
| | | | | **B. LESSON 12:** **RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **1. General** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(11\) Schmuck, H. (2000). 'An act of |
| | | | | Allah': Religious explanations for |
| | | | | floods in Bangladesh as survival |
| | | | | strategy. *International Journal of Mass |
| | | | | Emergencies and Disasters,* *18*, 85-96. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. Katrina** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(24\) Dyson, M. E. (2006). *Come hell |
| | | | | or high water: Hurricane Katrina and the |
| | | | | color of disaster.* New York: Basic |
| | | | | Civitas Books. Ch. 10: Supernatural |
| | | | | disasters: Theodicy and prophetic faith. |
| | | | | Pp. 178-201. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 10 | ** | |
| | | /26 | READING | |
| | | | DAY | |
| | | | -LESSON | |
| | | | 12** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 11 | M | 10 | | **{54} Brinkley, Ch. 14: pp. 543-596** |
| | | /31 | | |
| | | | | **C. LESSON 13:** **FAMILY SYSTEMS** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **1. General** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(9\) Davis, K. M., & Ender, M. G. |
| | | | | (1999). The 1997 Red River Valley Flood: |
| | | | | Impact on marital relationships. |
| | | | | *Applied Behavioral Science Review, 7*, |
| | | | | 181- |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. Katrina** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(16\) Nigg, J. M., Barnshaw, J., & |
| | | | | Torres, M. R. (2006). Hurricane Katrina |
| | | | | and the flooding of New Orleans: |
| | | | | Emergent issues in sheltering and |
| | | | | temporary housing. *Annals of the |
| | | | | American Academy*, *604*, 113-128. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 1 | | |
| | | 1/2 | | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 12 | M | 1 | ** | **{28} Brinkley, Ch. 15: pp. 597-624** |
| | | 1/7 | READING | |
| | | | DAY- | **D. LESSON 14:** **ECONOMIC/BUSINESS |
| | | | LESSONS | SYSTEMS** |
| | | | 13-14** | |
| | | | | \(20\) Scanlon, T. J. (1996). Changing a |
| | | | | corporate culture: Managing risk on the |
| | | | | London Underground. *International |
| | | | | Journal of Mass Emergencies and |
| | | | | Disasters*, *14*, 175-194. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(19\) Drabek, T. E. (2001). Disaster |
| | | | | warning and evacuation responses by |
| | | | | private business employees. *Disasters, |
| | | | | 25*(1), 76-94. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 1 | **EXAM | |
| | | 1/9 | 3- | |
| | | | LESSONS | |
| | | | 11-14** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 13 | M | 11 | | **E. LESSON 15:** **HEALTH SYSTEMS** |
| | | /14 | | |
| | | | | **1. General** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(9\) Hick, J. L., Hanfling, D., |
| | | | | Burstein, J. L., DeAtley, C., Barbisch, |
| | | | | D., Bogdan, G. M., & Cantrill, S. |
| | | | | (2004). Health care facility and |
| | | | | community strategies for patient care |
| | | | | surge capacity. *Annuals of Emergency |
| | | | | Medicine*, *44*(3), 253-261. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. Logistics** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(19\) Vogt, B. M. (1991). Issues in |
| | | | | nursing home evacuations. *International |
| | | | | Journal of Mass Emergencies and |
| | | | | Disasters,* *9*, 247-265. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(5\) Maniscalco, P. M., & Christen, H. |
| | | | | T. (January, 1999). EMS incident |
| | | | | management: emergency medical logistics. |
| | | | | *Emergency Medical Services,* *28*(1), |
| | | | | 49-52. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 11 | ** | |
| | | /16 | READING | |
| | | | DAY | |
| | | | -LESSON | |
| | | | 15** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 14 | M | 11 | | **IV. PART THREE: SOCIAL PROCESSES** |
| | | /21 | | |
| | | | | **A. LESSON 16:** **COLLECTIVE |
| | | | | BEHAVIOR** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **1. General** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(12\) Perry, R. W., Lindell, M. K. |
| | | | | (2003). Understanding citizen response |
| | | | | to disasters with implications for |
| | | | | terrorism. *Journal of Contingencies and |
| | | | | Crisis Management, 11*, 49-60. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. Katrina** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(8\) Wachtendorf, T., & Kendra, J. M. |
| | | | | (2006). Improvising disaster in the City |
| | | | | of Jazz: Organizational response to |
| | | | | Hurricane Katrina. Retrieved July 18, |
| | | | | 2006, from |
| | | | | http://un |
| | | | | derstandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Wachtendorf/ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **3. Logistics** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | (??) Parsons, M. L. (1998). *"I'll take |
| | | | | that one:" Dispelling the myths of |
| | | | | civilian evacuation 1939-45.* Denton, |
| | | | | England: Beckett Karlson, Ltd. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(5\) Drabek, T. E. (1997). |
| | | | | Understanding tourists during disaster. |
| | | | | *Australian Journal of Emergency |
| | | | | Management,* *Summer*, 14-18. |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 11 | ** | |
| | | /23 | READING | |
| | | | DAY | |
| | | | -LESSON | |
| | | | 16** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 15 | M | 11 | | **B. LESSON 17:** **URBANIZATION** |
| | | /28 | | |
| | | | | **1. General** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(11\) Echterling, L. G., Bradfield, C., |
| | | | | & Wylie, M. L (1988). Responses of urban |
| | | | | and rural ministers to a natural |
| | | | | disaster. *Journal of Rural Community |
| | | | | Psychology, 9*, 36-46. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **2. Katrina** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(6\) Hurlbert, J. S., Beggs, J. J., & |
| | | | | Haines, V. A. (2006). Bridges over |
| | | | | troubled waters: What are the optimal |
| | | | | networks for Katrina's victims? |
| | | | | Retrieved July 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | <http:// |
| | | | | understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Hurlbert/> |
| | | | | |
| | | | | **3. Logistics** |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(27\) Zelinsky, W., & Kosinski, L. A. |
| | | | | (1991). *The emergency evacuation of |
| | | | | cities: A cross-national historical and |
| | | | | geographic study.* Savage, MD: Rowman & |
| | | | | Littlefield. Ch. 1: Introduction, pp. |
| | | | | 1-26. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(48\) Zelinsky, W., & Kosinski, L. A. |
| | | | | (1991). *The emergency evacuation of |
| | | | | cities: A cross-national historical and |
| | | | | geographic study.* Savage, MD: Rowman & |
| | | | | Littlefield. Ch. 7: Conclusions, |
| | | | | implications, and unanswered questions, |
| | | | | pp. 269-316. |
| | | | | |
| | | | | \(5\) Scanlon, J. (2006). Two cities, |
| | | | | two evacuations: Some thoughts on moving |
| | | | | people out. Retrieved July 18, 2006, |
| | | | | from |
| | | | | http: |
| | | | | //understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Scanlon/ |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 11 | ** | |
| | | /30 | READING | |
| | | | DAY | |
| | | | -LESSON | |
| | | | 17** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 16 | M | 1 | | **C. LESSON 18:** **DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS** |
| | | 2/5 | | |
| | | | | \(7\) Oliver-Smith, A. (2006). Disasters |
| | | | | and forced migration in the 21^st^ |
| | | | | Century. Retrieved July 18, 2006, from |
| | | | | http://und |
| | | | | erstandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Oliver-Smith/ |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| | W | 1 | ** | |
| | | 2/7 | READING | |
| | | | DAY | |
| | | | -LESSON | |
| | | | 18** | |
| | | | | |
| | | | **TERM | |
| | | | PAPER | |
| | | | DUE** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
| 17 | W | 12 | ** | |
| | | /13 | FINAL** | |
| | | | | |
| | | | **8-10 | |
| | | | am,** | |
| | | | | |
| | | | ** | |
| | | | LESSONS | |
| | | | 15-18** | |
+-----+----+-----+---------+------------------------------------------+
|
en
|
log-files
|
940245
|
%MSG-w Configuration: 05-Aug-2007 18:29:52 EDT pre-events
WARNING: do not embed replace statements to modify a parameter from a module which hasn't been cloned:
Parameter doT0Correction in DTParametrizedDriftAlgo_CSA07
Replace happens in Configuration/StandardSequences/data/FakeConditions.cff
This will be an error in future releases. Please fix.
%MSG
%MSG-w Configuration: 05-Aug-2007 18:29:52 EDT pre-events
WARNING: do not embed replace statements to modify a parameter from a module which hasn't been cloned:
Parameter UseCalibDataFromDB in siPixelClusters
Replace happens in Configuration/StandardSequences/data/FakeConditions.cff
This will be an error in future releases. Please fix.
%MSG
%MSG-w Configuration: 05-Aug-2007 18:29:52 EDT pre-events
WARNING: do not embed replace statements to modify a parameter from a module which hasn't been cloned:
Parameter UseCalibDataFromDB in siStripDigis
Replace happens in Configuration/StandardSequences/data/FakeConditions.cff
This will be an error in future releases. Please fix.
%MSG
%MSG-w Configuration: 05-Aug-2007 18:29:52 EDT pre-events
WARNING: do not embed replace statements to modify a parameter from a module which hasn't been cloned:
Parameter UseCalibDataFromDB in siStripClusters
Replace happens in Configuration/StandardSequences/data/FakeConditions.cff
This will be an error in future releases. Please fix.
%MSG
Element: Constant (64)
MagneticFieldVolumes:MAGF
Timing in XMLIdealGeometryESSource : Real Time = 0.67 (s), User Time = 0.63 (s), System Time = 0.04 (s), Cpu Time = 0.67 (s), Idle Time = 0 (s),
Element: Constant (2866)
cms:OCMS
Timing in XMLIdealGeometryESSource : Real Time = 4.83 (s), User Time = 4.4 (s), System Time = 0.25 (s), Cpu Time = 4.65 (s), Idle Time = 0.18 (s),
<PFClusterProducer::PFClusterProducer>: will produce PFRecHits.
--------------- HepPDT Version 2.02.02 ---------------
found 539 particles
GMSB_SIM146_REC153_V0_97_15_RECO-250evt.root: level[Always] Root file version:51400
GMSB_SIM146_REC153_V0_97_15_AOD-250evt.root: level[Always] Root file version:51400
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:32:23 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
#------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FastJet release 2.1.0
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
Fitted position is out of tracker bounds.
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
Fitted position is out of tracker bounds.
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = -2.29767 pz = -0.400293
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = -7.09687 pz = -0.14854
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = -1.73995 pz = -0.60735
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = 1.49877 pz = 0.596833
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = 2.65623 pz = 0.383896
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:32:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = 1.2232 pz = 0.695021
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:32:52 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 3 tan theta = 2.17828 pz = 0.314484
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:32:52 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 3 tan theta = 2.17828 pz = 0.314484
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:32:52 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = 2.77093 pz = 0.389761
%MSG
%MSG-e Root_Error: PoolOutputModule:RECO TClass::BuildRealData() 05-Aug-2007 18:33:22 EDT Run: 1 Event: 1
Cannot find any ShowMembers function for TrackingRecHit!
%MSG
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:33:31 EDT Run: 1 Event: 2
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
# Written by Matteo Cacciari and Gavin Salam
# http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~salam/fastjet
#
# Longitudinally invariant Kt, and inclusive Cambridge/Aachen clustering
# using fast geometric algorithms, with optional external jet-finder
# plugins. Please cite hep-ph/0512210 if you use this code.
#
# This package uses T.Chan's closest pair algorithm, Proc.13th ACM-SIAM
# Symp. Discr. Alg, p.472 (2002).
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:34:44 EDT Run: 1 Event: 2
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:34:44 EDT Run: 1 Event: 2
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:34:44 EDT Run: 1 Event: 2
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:34:44 EDT Run: 1 Event: 2
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = -25.9081 pz = -0.0378434
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:34:44 EDT Run: 1 Event: 2
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 3 tan theta = -0.646265 pz = -1.30243
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:34:45 EDT Run: 1 Event: 2
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = 14.5969 pz = 0.0644043
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:34:46 EDT Run: 1 Event: 2
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 3 tan theta = -0.528608 pz = -1.52588
%MSG
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:34:55 EDT Run: 1 Event: 3
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:35:48 EDT Run: 1 Event: 4
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:36:42 EDT Run: 1 Event: 4
Fitted position is out of tracker bounds.
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:36:42 EDT Run: 1 Event: 4
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:36:43 EDT Run: 1 Event: 4
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 3 tan theta = 1.15054 pz = 0.545083
%MSG
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:36:51 EDT Run: 1 Event: 5
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:37:43 EDT Run: 1 Event: 6
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:38:30 EDT Run: 1 Event: 7
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:39:00 EDT Run: 1 Event: 8
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:39:55 EDT Run: 1 Event: 8
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 3 tan theta = 0.698786 pz = 1.16349
%MSG
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:40:02 EDT Run: 1 Event: 9
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:41:17 EDT Run: 1 Event: 9
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.01190912493
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:41:26 EDT Run: 1 Event: 10
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.004225729135
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 7.508856974e-07
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:43:52 EDT Run: 1 Event: 12
Fitted position is out of tracker bounds.
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:47:06 EDT Run: 1 Event: 15
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 18:47:44 EDT Run: 1 Event: 16
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = 1.1163 pz = 0.969673
%MSG
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 18:51:33 EDT Run: 1 Event: 20
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 18:54:36 EDT Run: 1 Event: 20
Fitted position is out of tracker bounds.
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.583285067e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.278325451e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 4.186337899e-08
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 19:01:23 EDT Run: 1 Event: 27
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = -1.09083 pz = -0.791793
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 8.323934341e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.231443046e-08
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 19:05:56 EDT Run: 1 Event: 30
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.820261133e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.229024413e-05
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 8.779215615e-09
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
[TwoTrackMinimumDistanceHelixHelix] Error: magnetic field at point (-0.7279219627,-43.68152618,1815.691528) is zero.
[TwoTrackMinimumDistanceHelixHelix] Error: magnetic field at point (nan,nan,nan) is zero.
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.071420405
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 8.844101253e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 8.727578392e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.9967927899
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.004416765832
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.943378523
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.093280317e-09
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 19:16:52 EDT Run: 1 Event: 41
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.396496668e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.390224671e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.874474707e-07
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 19:22:58 EDT Run: 1 Event: 50
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.006711226143
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.388501943e-06
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 19:30:57 EDT Run: 1 Event: 56
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 3 tan theta = -0.583499 pz = -1.34005
%MSG
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.00388680232
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.374287789e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.001298252864
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.162943801e-08
%MSG-e Muon: GlobalMuonProducer:globalMuons 05-Aug-2007 19:45:36 EDT Run: 1 Event: 71
MuonTrackFinder::reconstruct: Size of trajectory and track collections do not match
%MSG
%MSG-e RecoMuon: GlobalMuonProducer:globalMuons 05-Aug-2007 19:45:36 EDT Run: 1 Event: 71
MuonTrackFinder::reconstruct: Size of trajectory and track collections do not match
%MSG
%MSG-e MuonTrackFinder: GlobalMuonProducer:globalMuons 05-Aug-2007 19:45:36 EDT Run: 1 Event: 71
MuonTrackFinder::reconstruct: Size of trajectory and track collections do not match
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.00450098026
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.003204767282
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 6.838396239e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.822038087e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 4.122241755e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 4.144966008e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.541363384e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.888162202e-07
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 19:52:36 EDT Run: 1 Event: 78
Fitted position is out of tracker bounds.
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 4.047189874e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.667677241e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.446528666e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.446723135e-05
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.889181617e-05
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.013706909e-08
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 20:03:00 EDT Run: 1 Event: 90
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.208258231e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.388778935e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.513980915e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.00092538086
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 7.715523722e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.002035186083
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.695692545e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.345975064e-06
[TwoTrackMinimumDistanceHelixHelix] Error: magnetic field at point (32.95762253,21.28217697,-3369.73877) is zero.
[TwoTrackMinimumDistanceHelixHelix] Error: magnetic field at point (nan,nan,nan) is zero.
[TwoTrackMinimumDistanceHelixHelix] Error: magnetic field at point (32.95762253,21.28217697,-3369.73877) is zero.
[TwoTrackMinimumDistanceHelixHelix] Error: magnetic field at point (nan,nan,nan) is zero.
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.799330273e-09
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.87912198e-05
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.754130754e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 7.849684803e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 4.583624369e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.682386198e-07
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 20:33:00 EDT Run: 1 Event: 117
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 4 tan theta = -1.7088 pz = -0.577885
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.80021308e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.465916906e-09
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.738972264e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.042919962e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.880278165e-08
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 20:40:26 EDT Run: 1 Event: 125
Fitted position is invalid (out of tracker bounds or has NaN). Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.01075471932
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.306744837e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 4.727695275e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.0002765504678
[AdaptiveVertexReconstructor] warning: all tracks (2) would be recycled for next fit.
breaking after reconstruction of 2 vertices.
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.090313765e-05
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.783752339
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.005212377776
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.74649175e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.9217102815
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.041275354e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.003567638873
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.475849731e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.952965175e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.815356235e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.270338708e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 7.507082234e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 8.767772286e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.841631749e-09
%MSG-e CSCGasCollisions: CSCDigiProducer:muonCSCDigis 05-Aug-2007 21:23:31 EDT Run: 1 Event: 157
Cannot find particle of type -99 in the PDT
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.00304311816
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 8.893452075e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.003085594433
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.836617465e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.508229334e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.890508433e-05
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.030234263e-07
%MSG-e CSCRecHitBProducer: CSCRecHitBProducer:csc2DRecHits 05-Aug-2007 21:36:43 EDT Run: 1 Event: 170
Warning: L1 trigger info not available
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.167957231e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 6.432649561e-08
[AdaptiveVertexReconstructor] warning: all tracks (2) would be recycled for next fit.
breaking after reconstruction of 2 vertices.
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 4.278686873e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.111926651e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.339095335
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.702023055e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.273701568e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.0007568352568
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.984336439e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.199381599e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.740289242e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.200687766e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.82343473e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.937923857e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.002254094971
[AdaptiveVertexFitter] warning: updator throws ---- Propagation to perigee plane failed! BEGIN
---- Propagation to perigee plane failed! ENp
[AdaptiveVertexFitter] (your vertex might just have lost one good track)
[AdaptiveVertexFitter] warning: updator throws ---- Propagation to perigee plane failed! BEGIN
---- Propagation to perigee plane failed! ENp
[AdaptiveVertexFitter] (your vertex might just have lost one good track)
[AdaptiveVertexFitter] warning: updator throws ---- Propagation to perigee plane failed! BEGIN
---- Propagation to perigee plane failed! ENp
[AdaptiveVertexFitter] (your vertex might just have lost one good track)
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.122894211e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.954882478e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.728147399e-07
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.851850634e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.652230524e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 5.851689948e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 6.801171678e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.545428238
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.001354277296
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.183331969e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 6.379454681e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.536139291
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.644247698e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 6.079611116e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.005968779898
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.901833149e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 6.544252672e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.529587648e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.716173677e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.0003893073708
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.062545047e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 7.916772253e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.357210185e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.061309846e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 8.213885157e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.0003780503442
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.260163111e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 6.201505372e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.761124129e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.520849003e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.591646796e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.003854524314
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.224912956e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.291836234e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.419034728e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.161722909e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.280195203e-07
%MSG-e PFProducer: GoodSeedProducer:elecpreid 05-Aug-2007 22:52:46 EDT Run: 1 Event: 232
invalid trajectory state on surface: iSurf = 3 tan theta = 10.698 pz = 0.0635089
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.002423988396
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.023204042e-06
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.846660268e-08
HelixArbitraryPlaneCrossing::pathLength : no convergence
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.318921692e-05
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 0.0001037752979
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.921067286e-08
%MSG-e RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter: ConvertedPhotonProducer:convertedPhotons 05-Aug-2007 23:03:55 EDT Run: 1 Event: 242
The maximum number of steps has been exceeded. Returned vertex is invalid
%MSG
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 9.956498503e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 7.956033339e-09
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 3.680698268e-08
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 2.373387941e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 6.42317629e-07
PFClusterAlgo Warning: more than 50 iterations in pfcluster finding: 1.637910203e-06
=============================================
MessageLogger Summary
type category sev module subroutine count total
---- -------------------- -- ---------------- ---------------- ----- -----
1 CSCGasCollisions -e CSCDigiProducer: 1 1
2 CSCRecHitBProducer -e CSCRecHitBProduc 250* 250
3 Muon -e GlobalMuonProduc 1 1
4 MuonTrackFinder -e GlobalMuonProduc 1 1
5 PFProducer -e GoodSeedProducer 5475* 5475
6 RecoMuon -e GlobalMuonProduc 1 1
7 RecoVertex/Sequentia -e ConvertedPhotonP 5290* 5290
8 Root_Error -e PoolOutputModule TClass::BuildRea 1 1
* Some occurrences of this message were suppressed in all logs, due to limits.
type category Examples: run/evt run/evt run/evt
---- -------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------
1 CSCGasCollisions 1/157
2 CSCRecHitBProducer 1/1 1/2 1/250
3 Muon 1/71
4 MuonTrackFinder 1/71
5 PFProducer 1/1 1/1 1/250
6 RecoMuon 1/71
7 RecoVertex/SequentialVertexFitter 1/1 1/1 1/250
8 Root_Error 1/1
Severity # Occurrences Total Occurrences
-------- ------------- -----------------
Error 11020 11020
Timing Report (in seconds)
CSCBaseEl:loop 4312 5.334 (real) 0.060 (cpu)
CSCBaseEl:simulate 4312 6.667 (real) 0.070 (cpu)
CSCStripEl:filldigi 2156 2.547 (real) 0.020 (cpu)
CSCStripEl:init 2156 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
CSCStripElectronicsSim 2156 7.676 (real) 0.080 (cpu)
CSCStripHitSim 2154 2.388 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
CSCWireElectronicsSim 2156 1.618 (real) 0.010 (cpu)
CSCWireHitSim 2156 1.780 (real) 0.010 (cpu)
CachedTrajectory::propagate 1960567 43.709 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
CachedTrajectory::propagate::findClosestPoint 1960567 1.917 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
CachedTrajectory::propagate::localPropagation 1284510 35.099 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce 499 243.018 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::fillArbitration 499 0.070 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::fillCaloCompatibility 6748 0.194 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::fillIsolation 6748 58.104 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::fillMuonId 31742 183.789 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::init 499 0.350 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::init::getInputCollections 499 0.337 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::init::getPropagator 499 0.007 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::init::misc 499 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|addTraj 9865 0.029 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|addTraj::trackConvert 1 0.006 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection 236 0.208 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection::chooseRegionalTrackerTracks 236 0.119 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection::trackCollection 236 0.207 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::Total 246 12.453 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::build 236 10.413 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::makeTkCandCollection 236 0.232 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::trackMatcher 236 0.860 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
RPCSim 1219 0.008 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::associate 90522 349.479 (real) 3.589 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::associate::fillInfo 90520 175.624 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::associate::getTrajectories 90522 172.198 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers 6976 43.767 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::access::CaloTowers 6976 0.106 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::addCrossedTowers 6976 0.048 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::addTowersInTheRegion 6976 3.985 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::matching 6976 39.505 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal 83543 42.096 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::access::EcalBarrel 82793 1.032 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::access::EcalEndcaps 82793 0.442 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::addCrossedHits 82793 0.238 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::addHitsInTheRegion 82793 4.458 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching 82793 34.686 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::cone 82793 0.060 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::crossed 82793 23.085 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::region 82793 10.833 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO 31742 5.122 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::access::HO 16440 0.163 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::addCrossedHits 16440 0.057 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::addHitsInTheRegion 16440 0.960 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::matching 16440 3.730 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal 31742 20.327 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::access::Hcal 31564 0.353 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addCrossedHits 31564 3.518 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addHcal 31564 0.145 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addHitsInTheRegion 31564 3.214 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::matching 31564 16.140 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon 31742 62.166 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::access 31742 0.581 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::findSemgents 31742 0.249 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::matchChembers 31742 61.061 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_CachedTrajectory::propagate 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_CachedTrajectory::propagate::findClosestPoint 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_CachedTrajectory::propagate::localPropagation 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce 1 2.407 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::fillArbitration 1 0.002 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::fillCaloCompatibility 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::fillIsolation 1 0.979 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::fillMuonId 1 0.977 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::init 1 0.003 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::init::getInputCollections 1 0.003 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::init::getPropagator 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::init::misc 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|addTraj 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|addTraj::trackConvert 1 0.023 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection 1 0.004 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection::chooseRegionalTrackerTracks 1 0.002 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection::trackCollection 1 0.004 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::Total 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::build 1 0.886 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::makeTkCandCollection 1 0.005 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::trackMatcher 1 0.015 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::associate 1 0.975 (real) 0.010 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::associate::fillInfo 1 0.010 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::associate::getTrajectories 1 0.965 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers 1 0.063 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::access::CaloTowers 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::addCrossedTowers 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::addTowersInTheRegion 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::matching 1 0.062 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal 1 0.002 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::access::EcalBarrel 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::access::EcalEndcaps 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::addCrossedHits 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::addHitsInTheRegion 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::cone 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::crossed 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::region 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::access::HO 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::addCrossedHits 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::addHitsInTheRegion 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::matching 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal 1 0.002 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::access::Hcal 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addCrossedHits 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addHcal 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addHitsInTheRegion 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::matching 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon 1 0.005 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::access 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::findSemgents 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::matchChembers 1 0.004 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Timing Report (in seconds)
CSCBaseEl:loop 4312 5.334 (real) 0.060 (cpu)
CSCBaseEl:simulate 4312 6.667 (real) 0.070 (cpu)
CSCStripEl:filldigi 2156 2.547 (real) 0.020 (cpu)
CSCStripEl:init 2156 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
CSCStripElectronicsSim 2156 7.676 (real) 0.080 (cpu)
CSCStripHitSim 2154 2.388 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
CSCWireElectronicsSim 2156 1.618 (real) 0.010 (cpu)
CSCWireHitSim 2156 1.780 (real) 0.010 (cpu)
CachedTrajectory::propagate 1960567 43.709 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
CachedTrajectory::propagate::findClosestPoint 1960567 1.917 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
CachedTrajectory::propagate::localPropagation 1284510 35.099 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce 499 243.018 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::fillArbitration 499 0.070 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::fillCaloCompatibility 6748 0.194 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::fillIsolation 6748 58.104 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::fillMuonId 31742 183.789 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::init 499 0.350 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::init::getInputCollections 499 0.337 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::init::getPropagator 499 0.007 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
MuonIdProducer::produce::init::misc 499 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|addTraj 9865 0.029 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|addTraj::trackConvert 1 0.006 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection 236 0.208 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection::chooseRegionalTrackerTracks 236 0.119 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection::trackCollection 236 0.207 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::Total 246 12.453 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::build 236 10.413 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::makeTkCandCollection 236 0.232 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::trackMatcher 236 0.860 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
RPCSim 1219 0.008 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::associate 90522 349.479 (real) 3.589 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::associate::fillInfo 90520 175.624 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::associate::getTrajectories 90522 172.198 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers 6976 43.767 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::access::CaloTowers 6976 0.106 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::addCrossedTowers 6976 0.048 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::addTowersInTheRegion 6976 3.985 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::matching 6976 39.505 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal 83543 42.096 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::access::EcalBarrel 82793 1.032 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::access::EcalEndcaps 82793 0.442 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::addCrossedHits 82793 0.238 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::addHitsInTheRegion 82793 4.458 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching 82793 34.686 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::cone 82793 0.060 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::crossed 82793 23.085 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::region 82793 10.833 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO 31742 5.122 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::access::HO 16440 0.163 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::addCrossedHits 16440 0.057 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::addHitsInTheRegion 16440 0.960 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::matching 16440 3.730 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal 31742 20.327 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::access::Hcal 31564 0.353 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addCrossedHits 31564 3.518 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addHcal 31564 0.145 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addHitsInTheRegion 31564 3.214 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::matching 31564 16.140 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon 31742 62.166 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::access 31742 0.581 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::findSemgents 31742 0.249 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::matchChembers 31742 61.061 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_CachedTrajectory::propagate 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_CachedTrajectory::propagate::findClosestPoint 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_CachedTrajectory::propagate::localPropagation 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce 1 2.407 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::fillArbitration 1 0.002 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::fillCaloCompatibility 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::fillIsolation 1 0.979 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::fillMuonId 1 0.977 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::init 1 0.003 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::init::getInputCollections 1 0.003 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::init::getPropagator 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_MuonIdProducer::produce::init::misc 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|addTraj 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|addTraj::trackConvert 1 0.023 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection 1 0.004 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection::chooseRegionalTrackerTracks 1 0.002 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|makeTkCandCollection::trackCollection 1 0.004 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::Total 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::build 1 0.886 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::makeTkCandCollection 1 0.005 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_Muon|RecoMuon|GlobalMuonTrajectoryBuilder|trajectories::trackMatcher 1 0.015 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::associate 1 0.975 (real) 0.010 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::associate::fillInfo 1 0.010 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::associate::getTrajectories 1 0.965 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers 1 0.063 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::access::CaloTowers 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::addCrossedTowers 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::addTowersInTheRegion 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillCaloTowers::matching 1 0.062 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal 1 0.002 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::access::EcalBarrel 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::access::EcalEndcaps 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::addCrossedHits 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::addHitsInTheRegion 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::cone 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::crossed 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillEcal::matching::region 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::access::HO 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::addCrossedHits 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::addHitsInTheRegion 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHO::matching 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal 1 0.002 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::access::Hcal 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addCrossedHits 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addHcal 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::addHitsInTheRegion 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillHcal::matching 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon 1 0.005 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::access 1 0.001 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::findSemgents 1 0.000 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
firstcall_TrackDetectorAssociator::fillMuon::matchChembers 1 0.004 (real) 0.000 (cpu)
DDCompare stat 10300099 134453958
Sib rot stats same/diff 18060626 46036797
Main Thread CPU elapsed time -327
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CA2941
1. Credit USAF, ca. 1942. Original housed in the Muroc Flight Test Base, Unit History, 1 September 1942 - 30 June 1945. Alfred F. Simpson Historical Research Agency. United States Air Force. Maxwell AFB, Alabama. Historical view looks west southwest at construction of Building 4317, Deluge Water Pumping Station (then designated Pump House No. 3). This in-ground structure houses fire pumps which draw water from an in-ground reservoir, Building 4316 (See HAER photos CA-170-I). Pumping station was built in-ground to take advantage of gravity, since water flows from reservoir to prime the pumps, and fire system piping is underground. Opening in far wall is to stairs leading up to ground level. Earth mound in background is part of water reservoir construction (Building 4316).
2. Credit BG. View looks west southwest (245) at Building 4317, Deluge Water Pumping Station. The machinery in this structure draws water from an inground reservoir, Building 4316, whose round roof is visible at left rear of this view.
3. Credit BG. Interior view looks northeast (46) at fire pumps, valves, and emergency generator (powered by an internal combustion engine).
4. Credit BG. Interior detail view of entry stairs at southwest end of Deluge Water Pumping Station. The left wall has a slight curve.
5. Photographic copy of engineering drawing showing plans, elevation and section of Deluge Water System, including reservior (4316), Pump House (4317), and water tower. Job No. Muroc A(5-ll), Military Construction, San Bernardino-Mojave Area, San Bernardino, Calif[ornia]: Muroc Bombing Range, Muroc Lake, Calif[ornia].; Additional Facilities for Materiel Center Flight Test Base, Water Supply System, Plans and Sections, Sheet 5 of 10, May 1943. Records on file at AFFTC/CE-CECC-B (Design/Construction Flight/RPMC), Edwards AFB, California.
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01.11.01
Thursday, January 11, 2001 -- 11 a.m. CST
Expedition One Crew
STATUS REPORT: ISS01-02
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION STATUS REPORT #01-02
Expedition One crewmembers are busily preparing the International
Space Station for its next visitors – the five astronauts of
the STS-98 mission of Atlantis – set to launch at 2:11 a.m. EST
on January 19 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Atlantis’ precious cargo is the U.S. Laboratory Destiny, which
will provide the orbiting outpost with its first science facility.
STS-98 marks the seventh shuttle mission to the station and twelfth
overall devoted to the assembly of the ever-growing international
outpost in low Earth orbit.
Shuttle and station managers selected the target launch date following
Wednesday’s traditional Flight Readiness Review to assess the
readiness of the shuttle, station, crew, payloads and flight control
teams. Based on a Friday early morning launch, Atlantis is scheduled
to dock to the ISS just before 9 p.m. Eastern on January 20.
In preparation for the shuttle’s arrival, Expedition One
Commander Bill Shepherd, Pilot Yuri Gidzenko and Flight Engineer
Sergei Krikalev conducted a thorough inventory of items onboard and
began stowing equipment and supplies to clear passageways that will
be used by the two crews throughout the seven days of joint
operations.
Remaining work for the Expedition One crew in preparing for
Atlantis’ arrival includes reviewing documentation for the
laboratory’s activation, conferences with various technical
specialists and the STS-98 crew, and a mid-tour debrief with flight
controllers.
Destiny’s attachment and activation is the highlight of the
11-day mission along with the relocation of a shuttle docking port
and three spacewalks designed to complete final connections between
the laboratory, docking port and the station. The third spacewalk
will mark the 100th in U.S. spacewalk history and the 60th based out
of the shuttle.
In preparation for the relocation of the shuttle docking port, known
as Pressurized Mating Adapter 2, flight controllers in Houston
attempted to cycle four latches on the Common Berthing Mechanism to
which the PMA currently is attached. The first latch cycled properly,
but the second apparently was obstructed by a piece of the air
ducting used to circulate air throughout the station while a shuttle
is docked. Shepherd visibly detected the obstruction and a plan is in
place to pressurize the volume of the PMA so that he can float in,
move the vent and watch as flight controllers cycle the latch once
again. This procedure sets the stage for the removal of the PMA to
free the location for Destiny’s installation.
The only technical issue on the station at present is an apparent
faulty current converter unit on one of eight batteries inside the
Zvezda module. It has no impact on the station’s electrical
generation capability, especially in light of the ample power
available from the solar arrays installed on the STS-97 mission of
Discovery in December. All station life support systems are working
fine.
Atlantis’ five astronauts, Commander Ken Cockrell, Pilot Mark
Polansky and Mission Specialists Bob Curbeam, Marsha Ivins and Tom
Jones conducted a countdown dress rehearsal last weekend as
technicians were installing the Destiny lab in its payload bay at
Launch Complex 39B.
The International Space Station continues to operate in excellent
shape as it orbits the Earth every 90 minutes at an altitude of 230
statute miles.
The next Expedition One status report will be issued on Wednesday,
Jan. 17, or sooner, if developments warrant.
-end-
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# Presentation: 132813
## How to get the Whole Medical World in the Palm of your Hand
**Scott Hamstra, MD, **
** ****National**** ****Medical Info****rmatics**** ****Consultant**
**LT Christopher C. Lamer****,**** ****PharmD, CDE**
## Objectives
**At the end of this presentation, you will:**
**Be able to differentiate and recognize various PDA (personal digital assistant) hardware and operating system technologies available.**
**Understand and be able to illustrate how PDA reference information software programs are used in clinical practice and to incorporate PDAs into a variety of practices and work settings.**** **
**Review initial survey data on the use of PDA hardware/software by IHS clinicians and discuss various roles for PDAs throughout the IHS. **
**Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of PDAs and appraise necessary resources needed to implement a PDA program.**
## Evaluation of PDA Effectiveness PDA vs. PDR vs. Internet
## The Question
**A 45 year old male comes into the ER complaining of chest pain radiating to his jaw and arm. ECG and lab results confirm a diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction. He weighs 72kg. You decide to use a thrombolytic... **
** ****The newest addition to the formulary is TNKase...**
**What dose do you give?**
## Step 1
**Turn on your PDA and select ePocrates by tapping on the icon.**
## Step 2
**Drugs**
- All
**Drug**
**Drug**
**Drug**
**TNKase**
**Drug**
**Look Up:_____________**
**tnk**
**Write the drug name using graffiti or tap on the ‘abc’ to get a keyboard that you can ‘type’ on using the stylus.**
**Select TNKase.**
## Step 3
- Tenecteplase
- (IV)
- Myocardial infarction, acute
- [wt<60kg]
- Dose: 30mg IV x 1; Max 50 mg
- [wt 60-69kg]
- Dose 35mg IV x 1; Max 50mg
- [**wt 70-79kg]**
**Dose: 40mg IV x 1; Max: 50 mg**
**Read answer.**
*It’s that simple!*
## The Winner...
**Updated Daily**
**Easy index**
**Easy search capabilities**
**Fast results**
**The Loser....**
**Updated yearly**
**Difficult index**
**Time consuming to flip through pages**
**Must read passages to find information**
## ePocrates highlighted in the Wall Street Journal as being faster than the PDR
- "The study, published in the most recent Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, indicated that 50% of ePocrates physicians who were surveyed reported that the devices and guide prevent one to two errors a week, and help doctors keep track of the constant barrage of new drugs and changing treatment guidelines. The study also showed that doctors can look up drug information much faster using ePocrates than with traditional sources such as the Physicians' Desk Reference; 60% of physicians surveyed reported that it took them 10 seconds or less to find information using ePocrates compared with one to five minutes for traditional methods."
## Anatomy and Physiology of the PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
- Anatomy and Physiology of the PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
## Palm OS and Windows CE
## Palm and Handspring
## Clinical Applications
**ePocrates**
**ePocrates QID**
**Tarascon**
**ePharmacopoeia**
**ACLS2000**
**5-Minute Clinical Consult**
**BMI Calculator**
**Mobile Micromedex**
**Shots 2002**
**Lexi Comp**
**MedCalc**
**Pregnancy Wheel**
**Do-in**
**Growth Rates**
**MedRules**
**Obesity Calculator**
**ATP III**
## Epocrates
## Updatable Daily
**Hot sync PDA daily to obtain the latest up-to-date medication information**
**PDR is updated yearly**
## Searchable by class or drug
## Adult Dosing, Pediatric Dosing, Contraindications, Cautions...
## Drug Interactions
## Adverse Reactions
## Cost & Other Information
## Multi-Check
## Customizable Notes
## Non-Clinical Applications
**Address Book**
**Calendar**
**Date book**
**Appointments**
**Reminders**
**Alarms**
**Calculator**
**Memo pad**
**To do list**
**Mail**
**Expense Log**
## PDA use in the IHS
**Cherokee**
**Warm Springs**
**White River**
**Others...**
## PDA Surveys
**Provided to assess the use of PDAs in the Indian Health Service**
**Looked at:**
**PDA device used**
**Software used**
**Likes / Dislikes**
**Problems**
**Preliminary results are coming in...**
**A second survey will be released in ~6 mos**
## Survey Results
**Major uses:**
**Address Book**
**Treatment Algorithms**
**Satisfaction**** **** ****33 yes vs. 3 OK**
**Most used clinical applications**
**ePocrates (Rx and QID)**
**5 Minute Clinical Consult**
## Survey Results
**Benefits**
**Availability and accessibility of data**
**Easy to document information (coding)**
**Access to drug information**
**Faster than the internet**
**“****indispensable”**
**Time saving**
**Easy to use**
**Keeps you organized**
## Survey Results
**Problems**
**Transmission difficulties – ‘hot syncing’**
**Permission to use PDA software at work**
**Battery life**
**Difficulty writing with graffiti**
**Limited memory**
**Hard to carry – ‘clunky’**
**Screen too small**
## National Surveys
**“****in a survey of physicians using (ePocrates) qRx, a set of knowledge resources available on a PDA found that:**
**60% used qRX more than twice a day**
**81% report improved drug-related decisions**
**46% report three or more drug decisions per week were affected**
**71% report improved inpatient efficiency**
**69% report improved outpatient efficiency”**
**Rothschild (Journal of Healthcare Information Management**
## PDAs and Patient Education
**Purpose**
**“****There are too many codes to remember them all!”**
**PDAs serve as a database containing patient education codes**
**To determine if PDAs would:**
**Increase the documentation of patient education on patient medical records**
**Increase provider accessibility to medication information**
**Increase provider satisfaction**
## PDAs and Patient Education
**Background**
**A proposal was submitted to the National Patient Education Program (Mary Wachacha) requesting PDAs to increase documentation of patient education.**
**Approval for a pilot project of 15 PDAs was granted **
**Cost per PDA $ 299.00**
**Total Cost **** **** $ 4,485.00**
## PDAs and Patient Education
**Methods**
**Handspring Visor Prisms were purchased: **
**Competitive pricing in relation to Palm Handhelds.**
**Less expensive than Windows CE based PDAs. **
**Springboard Module Expansion slot makes exploration of various uses, functions, and upgradeability possible.**
**Color handhelds had not yet been evaluated **** **** ****by the National IHS PDA Initiative.**
**Computer operations ordered it.**
## A variety of applications suited to the provision of health care were added to the PDAs:
Epocrates
Epocrates ID
Medcalc
NHLBI guidelines (COPD, Asthma, ATP III (lipids), Obesity)
Pregnancy Wheel
Growth Charts
PDA users were encouraged to become
familiar with their various applications.
**Epocrates**
**Epocrates ID**
**Medcalc**
**NHLBI guidelines (COPD, Asthma, ATP III (lipids), Obesity)**
**Pregnancy Wheel**
**Growth Charts**
**PDA users were encouraged to become **** **
** ****familiar with their various applications.**
## Various database and document applications were evaluated to add patient education codes to the PDAs.
Quickoffice was obtained through additional funding from the National IHS Palm Initiative program.
Quickoffice is a productivity suite that allows PDA users to import Microsoft Word and Excel documents onto their PDAs.
Quickoffice enabled an easy solution to adding
the Patient Education Codes to PDAs and by
providing a simple means to add/update
the codes.
**Quickoffice was obtained through additional funding from the National IHS Palm Initiative program.**
**Quickoffice is a productivity suite that allows PDA users to import Microsoft Word and Excel documents onto their PDAs.**
**Quickoffice enabled an easy solution to adding **** **
** ****the Patient Education Codes to PDAs and by**
** ****providing a simple means to add/update **** **** **
** ****the codes.**
## PDAs and Patient Education
**Design **
**15 PDAs were distributed to clinical staff including MDs, PACs, and FNPs.**
**PDAs were checked in by computer operations and approved software was “loaded” on.**
**PDAs were distributed and utilized **** ****for a number of weeks.**
## After a break in time, PDAs began to require Hot-Syncing to maintain up-to-date medication information.
Some difficulties arose
Problems hot-syncing - notably with ePocrates
ePocrates had to be loaded on each computer individually for auto-update to work appropriately. Batch loading was not productive.
ePocrates was reinstalled on problem PDAs and no further problems arose.
Quickoffice was installed on all (most) PDAs by Computer Operations.
**Some difficulties arose**
**Problems hot-syncing - notably with ePocrates**
**ePocrates had to be loaded on each computer individually for auto-update to work appropriately. Batch loading was not productive.**
**ePocrates was reinstalled on problem PDAs and no further problems arose.**
**Quickoffice was installed on all (most) PDAs by Computer Operations.**
## PDAs and Patient Education
**Measures**
**A primary survey was distributed to all clinical staff who utilized a PDA in the course of their work (15 providers who received PDAs and 4 pharmacists who are using PDAs).**
**Patient education “hits” were recorded in the Resource Patient Management System, (RPMS), database**
## PDAs and Patient Education
**Initial Results**
**Of the 13 returned surveys, 12 responders stated that they were familiar with the IHS patient education codes and one responder was not.**
**13 (100%) of responders have used the patient education codes in the past.**
**10 responders stated that they had access to a computer with Quickoffice installed**
**9 have Quickoffice Patient Education codes installed on their PDAs.**
**3 responders installed the codes from a CD**
**1 responder installed the codes from the hard drive**
**5 responders installed the codes through ‘beaming’**
## PDAs and Patient Education
**The PDA codes are used:**
**More than twice daily**** **** **** ****3**
**Once a day**** **** **** **** ****1**** **
**A few times a week**** **** **** ****2**
**A few times a month**** **** **** ****1**
**Never**** **** **** **** **** ****4**
**The PDA education codes are used to:**
**Look up education codes**** **** ****5**
**Increase documentation**** **** ****5**
**See if an education code exists**** **** ****4**
**Find more education codes**** **** ****3**
**Not familiar with the education codes**** ****3**
**Do not use patient education codes**** ****1**
## PDAs and Patient Education
**Were the codes clinically helpful?**
** **** **** ****Yes**** ****10**** **** ****No**** ****1**
**Have the codes increased your documentation?**
** **** **** **** ****Yes **** ****7**** **** ****No**** ****0**
**What other applications help to increase patient education documentation?**
** **** **** ****ePocrates**** **** ****12**
** **** **** ****Tarascon**** **** ****5**
** **** **** ****Shots 2002**** **** ****4**
** **** **** ****Micromedex**** **** ****1**
** **** **** ****5 MCC**** **** ****5**
## PDAs and Patient Education
**Patient Education ‘HITS’**
**2000**** **** ****12,607 patient ed hits**
**2001**** **** ****21,336 patient ed hits**
**2002**** **** **** 8,888 hits for the first quarter**
** **** **** **** **** ****anticipated 35,552 hits**
**Why are they increasing??**
** ****PDAs, PCC+, Yellow tab cheat sheets, nagging...**
## Patient Confidentiality
**HIPPA**
**Warm Springs’ Policy**
## Setting up a PDA Program
**Some PDA Issues to consider**
**Hardware issues**
**Costs**
**PDA – which one? Expandability? OS? Memory? Color?**
**Cradle uniformity**
**Warrenties – broken or lost PDAs**
**Software Issues**
**Clinical and non-clinical – which ones to use?**
**Who pays for it? User or I/T/U**
**Who installs it?**
**Training – by whom? Group or one-on-one?**
**Personnel issues**
**Computer specialists for installation, troubleshooting**
## ITSC Home Page
**home.IHS.gov/ITSC-CIO/index.asp**
**www.ihs.gov/CIO/InfoTech_index.asp**
## Conclusions
**Questions?**
|
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converted_docs
|
117057
|
[HML/CCEHBR EMS Team (January 2006)]{.underline}
Dr. Steven Morton -- Chair 06/07 ( Biotoxins Rep)- ext \# 8857
J.D. Dubick -- Benthic Ecology & Pathobiology -- ext \# 8655
Dr. Jan Gooch -- Marine Microbiology- ext \# 8643
Ron Lundstrom -- Marine Forensics -- ext \# 8512
Ed Wirth -- Marine Ecotox Chemistry -- ext \# 8903
Dr. Cheryl Woodley- Corals Health & Disease-- ext \# 8862
Dr. Peter Moeller- Toxin Chemistry/Natural Products- ext \# 8867
Darlene Middleton -- MUSC- ext \# 8851
Karen Laskowski -- Procurement -- ext \# 8564
Martin Burnett -- Facilities -- ext \# 8808
Raluca Semeniuc -- EMS Team Support -- ext \# 8870
Rick Meitzler- NCCOS EMS Coordinator- ext \# 8842
Mike Sellers- IT -- ext 8837 (added 24 Jan 06)
|
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markdown
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292811
|
# Presentation: 292811
## Slide 1
## Getting to the Bookshelf
- Google “_[Bookshelf](http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=bookshelf)_”
- Search directly
- Browse from Table of Contents
- Through PubMed concept phrases
- Links from other resources and GQuery
**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books**
## Slide 3
## Slide 4
## Slide 5
## http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mobile/
- http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mobile/
## Slide 7
## Slide 8
## Slide 9
## Slide 10
## Slide 11
## Slide 12
## Slide 13
|
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|
all-txt-docs
|
195723
|
TABLE 1 February 5, 2009
MONEY STOCK MEASURES
BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
---SEASONALLY ADJUSTED------- ---NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED----
------M1------- -----M2----- -------M1------- -----M2-----
CURRENCY, M1 + CURRENCY, M1 +
TRAVELER'S CHKS, RETAIL TRAVELER'S CHKS, RETAIL
DEMAND DEPOSITS MMMFS, DEMAND DEPOSITS MMMFS,
AND OTHER SAVINGS, & AND OTHER SAVINGS, &
CHECKABLE SMALL TIME CHECKABLE SMALL TIME
DATE DEPOSITS DEPOSITS DEPOSITS DEPOSITS
----------- --------------- ------------ ---------------- ------------
1959-Jan. 138.9 286.6 142.2 289.8
Feb. 139.4 287.7 139.3 287.7
Mar. 139.7 289.2 138.4 287.9
Apr. 139.7 290.1 139.7 290.2
May 140.7 292.2 138.7 290.2
June 141.2 294.1 139.4 292.5
July 141.7 295.2 140.3 294.4
Aug. 141.9 296.4 140.0 294.8
Sep. 141.0 296.7 140.4 296.1
Oct. 140.5 296.5 140.7 296.9
Nov. 140.4 297.1 141.8 297.8
Dec. 140.0 297.8 143.6 300.6
1960-Jan. 140.0 298.2 143.3 301.5
Feb. 139.9 298.5 139.8 298.5
Mar. 139.8 299.4 138.5 298.2
Apr. 139.6 300.1 139.7 300.3
May 139.6 300.9 137.6 298.9
June 139.6 302.3 137.9 300.9
July 140.2 304.1 138.9 303.5
Aug. 141.3 306.9 139.4 305.2
Sep. 141.2 308.4 140.5 307.8
Oct. 140.9 309.5 141.2 309.9
Nov. 140.9 310.9 142.3 311.7
Dec. 140.7 312.4 144.5 315.3
1961-Jan. 141.1 314.1 144.5 317.5
Feb. 141.6 316.5 141.6 316.6
Mar. 141.9 318.3 140.6 317.2
Apr. 142.1 319.9 142.4 320.2
May 142.7 322.2 140.6 320.0
June 142.9 324.3 141.2 322.7
July 142.9 325.6 141.5 324.9
Aug. 143.5 327.6 141.4 325.8
Sep. 143.8 329.5 143.1 328.8
Oct. 144.1 331.1 144.4 331.5
Nov. 144.8 333.4 146.3 334.1
Dec. 145.2 335.5 149.2 338.5
1962-Jan. 145.2 337.5 148.9 341.1
Feb. 145.7 340.1 145.6 340.3
Mar. 146.0 343.1 144.6 342.1
Apr. 146.4 345.5 146.7 346.0
May 146.8 347.5 144.5 345.0
June 146.6 349.3 144.8 347.7
July 146.5 350.8 145.0 350.1
Aug. 146.6 352.8 144.4 350.9
Sep. 146.3 354.9 145.5 353.9
Oct. 146.7 357.2 147.0 357.5
Nov. 147.3 359.8 148.8 360.5
Dec. 147.8 362.7 151.9 365.8
1963-Jan. 148.3 365.2 152.1 369.1
Feb. 148.9 367.9 148.7 368.0
Mar. 149.2 370.7 147.8 369.8
Apr. 149.7 373.3 150.0 373.8
May 150.4 376.1 147.9 373.4
June 150.4 378.4 148.7 376.7
July 151.3 381.1 149.9 380.2
Aug. 151.8 383.6 149.5 381.5
Sep. 152.0 386.0 151.0 384.9
Oct. 152.6 388.3 152.8 388.8
Nov. 153.7 391.5 155.2 392.3
Dec. 153.3 393.2 157.5 396.4
1964-Jan. 153.7 395.2 157.9 399.6
Feb. 154.3 397.6 153.9 397.6
Mar. 154.5 399.8 153.1 398.9
Apr. 154.8 401.7 155.2 402.4
May 155.3 404.2 152.7 401.3
June 155.6 407.1 153.9 405.3
July 156.8 410.1 155.5 409.3
Aug. 157.8 413.4 155.5 411.1
Sep. 158.7 416.9 157.8 415.8
Oct. 159.2 419.1 159.7 419.9
Nov. 160.0 422.1 161.6 422.9
Dec. 160.3 424.7 164.9 428.3
1965-Jan. 160.7 427.5 165.3 432.3
Feb. 160.9 430.4 160.3 430.1
Mar. 161.5 433.2 159.9 432.2
Apr. 162.0 435.4 162.6 436.2
May 161.7 437.1 158.7 433.7
June 162.2 440.1 160.5 438.4
July 163.1 442.9 161.8 442.1
Aug. 163.7 445.8 161.2 443.3
Sep. 164.9 449.5 163.9 448.4
Oct. 166.0 452.6 166.5 453.6
Nov. 166.7 455.7 168.2 456.7
Dec. 167.8 459.2 172.6 463.1
1966-Jan. 169.1 462.0 173.8 467.1
Feb. 169.6 464.6 168.6 463.7
Mar. 170.5 467.2 168.7 465.9
Apr. 171.8 469.3 172.4 470.1
May 171.3 470.1 168.0 466.2
June 171.6 471.2 170.0 469.6
July 170.3 470.9 169.2 470.3
Aug. 170.8 472.6 168.3 470.2
Sep. 172.0 475.4 171.1 474.6
Oct. 171.2 475.7 171.6 476.9
Nov. 171.4 477.3 172.9 478.1
Dec. 172.0 480.2 176.9 483.7
1967-Jan. 171.9 481.6 176.6 486.4
Feb. 173.0 485.1 171.6 483.6
Mar. 174.8 489.7 172.9 488.1
Apr. 174.2 492.1 174.7 492.9
May 175.7 497.2 172.3 493.3
June 177.0 502.0 175.6 500.9
July 178.1 506.3 177.2 506.2
Aug. 179.7 510.8 177.2 508.6
Sep. 180.7 514.7 179.8 514.2
Oct. 181.6 518.2 181.9 519.3
Nov. 182.4 521.2 183.8 521.6
Dec. 183.3 524.8 188.4 528.0
1968-Jan. 184.3 527.4 189.2 531.9
Feb. 184.7 530.4 183.0 528.1
Mar. 185.5 533.2 183.5 531.6
Apr. 186.6 535.7 187.3 536.9
May 188.0 538.9 184.6 535.4
June 189.4 542.6 188.2 542.2
July 190.5 545.6 189.8 546.2
Aug. 191.8 549.4 189.5 547.6
Sep. 192.7 553.6 191.9 553.1
Oct. 194.0 557.6 194.2 558.5
Nov. 196.0 562.4 197.6 562.5
Dec. 197.4 566.8 202.8 569.7
1969-Jan. 198.7 569.3 203.8 573.5
Feb. 199.3 571.9 197.3 569.1
Mar. 200.0 574.4 197.8 572.8
Apr. 200.7 575.7 201.5 577.4
May 200.8 576.5 197.4 573.5
June 201.3 578.5 200.2 578.7
July 201.7 579.5 201.2 580.6
Aug. 201.7 580.1 199.5 578.4
Sep. 202.1 582.1 201.2 581.4
Oct. 202.9 583.4 202.9 583.7
Nov. 203.6 585.4 205.0 584.8
Dec. 203.9 587.9 209.4 590.1
1970-Jan. 206.2 589.6 210.8 592.0
Feb. 205.0 586.3 202.0 583.4
Mar. 205.7 587.3 203.5 587.3
Apr. 206.7 588.4 208.1 592.9
May 207.2 591.5 204.3 590.8
June 207.6 595.2 206.9 597.5
July 208.0 599.1 208.1 601.2
Aug. 209.9 604.9 208.0 603.0
Sep. 211.8 611.2 210.8 608.7
Oct. 212.9 616.4 212.3 614.0
Nov. 213.7 621.1 214.5 618.3
Dec. 214.4 626.5 220.1 627.8
1971-Jan. 215.5 633.0 220.4 635.5
Feb. 217.4 641.0 214.3 638.0
Mar. 218.8 649.9 216.4 650.0
Apr. 220.0 658.4 221.4 663.5
May 222.0 666.7 218.8 666.1
June 223.5 673.0 222.9 675.9
July 224.9 679.6 225.1 682.3
Aug. 225.6 685.5 223.6 683.7
Sep. 226.5 692.5 225.4 689.7
Oct. 227.2 698.4 226.6 695.6
Nov. 227.8 704.6 228.8 701.2
Dec. 228.3 710.3 234.5 711.2
1972-Jan. 230.1 717.7 235.0 720.0
Feb. 232.3 725.7 228.9 722.2
Mar. 234.3 733.5 231.7 733.7
Apr. 235.6 738.4 236.9 743.8
May 235.9 743.4 232.2 742.6
June 236.6 749.7 236.1 753.2
July 238.8 759.5 239.1 763.0
Aug. 240.9 768.7 238.7 767.0
Sep. 243.2 778.3 241.9 775.2
Oct. 245.0 786.9 244.2 783.6
Nov. 246.4 793.9 247.7 790.2
Dec. 249.2 802.3 256.1 803.1
1973-Jan. 251.5 810.3 256.4 812.3
Feb. 252.2 814.1 248.4 810.1
Mar. 251.7 815.3 248.8 815.6
Apr. 252.7 819.7 254.0 825.4
May 254.9 826.8 250.8 825.8
June 256.7 833.3 256.4 837.2
July 257.5 836.5 258.1 840.7
Aug. 257.7 838.8 255.6 837.4
Sep. 257.9 839.3 256.5 836.0
Oct. 259.0 842.6 258.3 839.3
Nov. 261.0 848.9 262.7 845.4
Dec. 262.9 855.5 270.2 856.5
1974-Jan. 263.8 859.7 268.6 861.5
Feb. 265.3 864.2 261.1 859.8
Mar. 266.7 870.1 263.5 869.9
Apr. 267.2 872.9 268.5 878.6
May 267.6 874.6 263.3 873.4
June 268.5 877.8 268.3 881.9
July 269.3 881.4 270.1 886.0
Aug. 270.1 884.1 268.1 882.9
Sep. 271.0 887.9 269.7 884.7
Oct. 272.3 893.3 271.7 890.4
Nov. 273.7 898.6 275.7 895.4
Dec. 274.2 902.1 281.8 903.5
1975-Jan. 273.9 906.3 278.5 908.0
Feb. 275.0 914.1 269.9 908.7
Mar. 276.4 925.0 272.9 924.4
Apr. 276.2 935.1 277.7 941.1
May 279.2 947.9 274.4 946.2
June 282.4 963.0 282.3 966.9
July 283.7 975.1 284.4 979.7
Aug. 284.1 983.1 282.7 982.4
Sep. 285.7 991.5 284.3 988.4
Oct. 285.4 997.8 284.9 995.6
Nov. 286.8 1006.9 289.9 1004.8
Dec. 287.1 1016.2 295.3 1017.8
1976-Jan. 288.4 1026.6 293.2 1028.3
Feb. 290.8 1040.3 285.3 1034.2
Mar. 292.7 1050.0 287.7 1047.7
Apr. 294.7 1060.8 296.1 1066.9
May 295.9 1072.1 291.3 1070.3
June 296.2 1077.6 295.6 1080.8
July 297.2 1086.3 298.4 1091.6
Aug. 299.0 1098.7 297.1 1097.3
Sep. 299.6 1110.8 298.6 1108.4
Oct. 302.0 1125.0 302.9 1125.1
Nov. 303.6 1138.2 305.7 1135.0
Dec. 306.2 1152.0 314.5 1153.5
1977-Jan. 308.3 1165.2 313.6 1167.5
Feb. 311.5 1177.6 304.9 1169.9
Mar. 313.9 1188.5 308.2 1185.3
Apr. 316.0 1199.6 318.6 1206.6
May 317.2 1209.0 311.6 1205.5
June 318.8 1217.8 317.7 1219.8
July 320.2 1226.7 322.2 1232.9
Aug. 322.3 1237.0 320.2 1235.3
Sep. 324.5 1246.2 323.7 1244.7
Oct. 326.4 1254.0 327.9 1255.9
Nov. 328.6 1262.4 331.4 1260.2
Dec. 330.9 1270.3 340.0 1273.0
1978-Jan. 334.4 1279.7 339.3 1282.3
Feb. 335.3 1285.5 327.9 1276.8
Mar. 337.0 1292.2 330.8 1288.2
Apr. 339.9 1300.4 343.4 1307.4
May 344.9 1310.5 338.2 1304.8
June 346.9 1318.5 345.2 1319.0
July 347.6 1324.1 349.5 1330.1
Aug. 349.6 1333.5 347.5 1331.4
Sep. 352.2 1345.0 352.7 1344.7
Oct. 353.3 1352.3 354.9 1355.3
Nov. 355.4 1359.1 358.5 1358.1
Dec. 357.3 1366.0 367.9 1370.8
1979-Jan. 358.6 1371.6 363.3 1375.2
Feb. 359.9 1377.8 351.7 1369.3
Mar. 362.5 1387.8 356.1 1384.0
Apr. 368.0 1402.1 371.3 1408.4
May 369.6 1410.2 362.2 1402.7
June 373.4 1423.0 371.9 1422.5
July 377.2 1434.8 378.4 1439.3
Aug. 378.8 1446.6 376.9 1444.3
Sep. 379.3 1454.1 380.5 1454.5
Oct. 380.8 1460.4 382.6 1463.6
Nov. 380.8 1465.9 384.4 1466.4
Dec. 381.8 1473.7 393.2 1479.0
1980-Jan. 385.8 1482.7 390.4 1486.2
Feb. 390.1 1494.5 380.8 1486.3
Mar. 388.4 1499.8 382.2 1497.2
Apr. 383.8 1502.2 386.7 1507.7
May 384.8 1512.3 377.8 1504.2
June 389.1 1529.2 387.3 1527.4
July 394.0 1545.5 394.6 1549.1
Aug. 399.2 1561.5 398.3 1560.7
Sep. 404.8 1574.0 404.7 1573.1
Oct. 409.0 1584.8 410.7 1588.5
Nov. 410.7 1595.8 415.8 1599.0
Dec. 408.5 1599.8 419.5 1604.8
1981-Jan. 411.3 1606.9 416.4 1610.6
Feb. 414.8 1618.7 405.5 1610.5
Mar. 419.0 1636.6 412.2 1633.2
Apr. 427.4 1659.2 431.0 1664.5
May 424.7 1664.2 418.5 1655.4
June 425.2 1670.3 422.8 1667.1
July 426.9 1681.9 427.7 1685.1
Aug. 426.9 1694.3 425.9 1694.6
Sep. 427.0 1706.0 427.0 1706.4
Oct. 428.4 1721.8 429.7 1726.4
Nov. 431.3 1736.1 435.1 1741.0
Dec. 436.7 1755.5 447.0 1760.3
1982-Jan. 442.7 1770.4 448.4 1772.8
Feb. 441.9 1774.5 432.4 1765.3
Mar. 442.7 1786.5 435.6 1781.7
Apr. 447.1 1803.9 451.1 1807.9
May 446.7 1815.4 440.9 1804.9
June 447.5 1826.0 446.2 1822.7
July 448.0 1833.7 449.5 1837.2
Aug. 451.4 1848.5 449.8 1849.2
Sep. 456.9 1862.4 456.2 1863.1
Oct. 464.5 1873.7 465.7 1879.7
Nov. 471.5 1887.3 474.4 1893.8
Dec. 474.8 1909.3 485.8 1917.2
1983-Jan. 477.2 1962.4 482.8 1966.9
Feb. 484.3 1999.6 474.2 1988.6
Mar. 490.6 2017.8 482.7 2012.2
Apr. 493.2 2031.1 498.6 2036.1
May 500.0 2045.5 493.9 2034.2
June 504.0 2055.8 503.5 2054.1
July 507.8 2067.1 510.5 2071.9
Aug. 510.5 2076.2 508.2 2074.7
Sep. 512.8 2085.3 511.4 2083.3
Oct. 517.2 2101.5 517.2 2104.3
Nov. 519.0 2114.6 521.8 2119.9
Dec. 521.4 2125.7 533.3 2136.2
1984-Jan. 525.1 2140.4 530.2 2147.1
Feb. 527.5 2160.5 516.9 2150.0
Mar. 531.4 2177.5 523.2 2171.3
Apr. 535.0 2193.9 539.9 2198.2
May 536.7 2206.4 530.7 2193.7
June 540.2 2217.4 541.4 2216.6
July 540.9 2225.8 543.3 2230.2
Aug. 541.0 2232.5 539.0 2231.0
Sep. 543.1 2246.5 542.5 2244.9
Oct. 543.7 2261.1 542.2 2261.9
Nov. 547.5 2283.6 549.8 2288.6
Dec. 551.6 2308.8 564.6 2320.9
1985-Jan. 557.0 2334.9 561.1 2342.1
Feb. 563.6 2356.4 551.9 2345.7
Mar. 566.6 2368.5 558.4 2362.8
Apr. 570.4 2377.8 575.1 2382.1
May 575.1 2392.1 569.3 2379.0
June 582.3 2415.2 585.2 2416.0
July 589.1 2432.0 592.0 2437.2
Aug. 596.2 2446.5 594.9 2444.9
Sep. 603.3 2458.8 602.0 2455.2
Oct. 607.8 2470.6 605.3 2468.9
Nov. 612.2 2480.2 614.9 2484.4
Dec. 619.8 2494.6 633.3 2506.6
1986-Jan. 621.4 2504.8 626.6 2513.5
Feb. 625.2 2515.3 612.8 2504.5
Mar. 633.5 2535.4 624.3 2529.8
Apr. 641.0 2560.2 647.0 2567.2
May 652.0 2587.5 645.7 2573.9
June 660.6 2607.7 662.8 2608.0
July 670.3 2629.6 673.4 2635.4
Aug. 678.7 2649.5 678.4 2648.8
Sep. 687.4 2671.1 684.5 2664.9
Oct. 694.9 2691.0 692.2 2688.0
Nov. 705.4 2704.7 708.8 2708.6
Dec. 724.7 2731.4 739.8 2744.1
1987-Jan. 730.2 2747.1 737.1 2756.8
Feb. 730.7 2750.8 717.1 2738.6
Mar. 733.8 2756.8 723.1 2751.1
Apr. 743.9 2771.0 752.0 2782.3
May 745.8 2776.4 739.3 2763.2
June 743.2 2777.9 743.8 2776.7
July 743.0 2782.5 746.2 2788.6
Aug. 744.9 2791.6 744.2 2790.8
Sep. 747.6 2803.0 744.5 2796.8
Oct. 756.2 2818.6 753.2 2815.0
Nov. 753.2 2823.3 755.5 2826.0
Dec. 750.2 2830.8 765.4 2842.7
1988-Jan. 756.2 2851.8 764.2 2861.6
Feb. 757.7 2874.8 744.5 2863.2
Mar. 761.8 2895.1 751.6 2891.2
Apr. 768.1 2915.2 777.9 2929.9
May 771.7 2930.6 763.4 2915.3
June 778.3 2942.7 778.5 2939.6
July 781.4 2952.6 785.5 2958.5
Aug. 783.3 2957.7 781.0 2955.4
Sep. 783.7 2962.5 779.7 2955.7
Oct. 783.3 2971.0 780.8 2967.7
Nov. 784.9 2985.9 786.9 2988.4
Dec. 786.7 2993.9 803.1 3006.3
1989-Jan. 785.7 2997.2 792.1 3004.4
Feb. 783.8 2997.6 771.6 2988.1
Mar. 783.0 3005.3 774.6 3004.7
Apr. 779.2 3011.5 790.2 3028.8
May 775.0 3017.1 766.1 3001.5
June 773.5 3033.4 772.8 3028.0
July 777.8 3058.1 780.7 3061.2
Aug. 779.4 3080.1 776.5 3076.8
Sep. 781.0 3098.5 777.7 3092.2
Oct. 786.6 3120.4 783.2 3115.5
Nov. 788.0 3139.3 790.2 3141.9
Dec. 792.9 3158.4 810.6 3171.4
1990-Jan. 795.4 3172.5 800.7 3176.3
Feb. 798.1 3185.0 786.7 3176.5
Mar. 801.6 3196.0 794.5 3198.5
Apr. 806.2 3207.5 816.2 3225.7
May 804.3 3206.3 795.5 3192.1
June 808.9 3219.0 809.0 3215.9
July 810.1 3229.5 811.0 3229.5
Aug. 815.6 3247.0 812.7 3243.7
Sep. 820.1 3259.7 817.1 3254.1
Oct. 819.8 3264.4 816.1 3258.8
Nov. 822.1 3268.1 824.6 3270.8
Dec. 824.7 3277.3 842.7 3290.6
1991-Jan. 827.2 3293.2 831.7 3294.8
Feb. 832.7 3309.9 822.1 3301.7
Mar. 838.7 3327.4 833.7 3332.9
Apr. 843.2 3338.4 851.9 3355.5
May 848.8 3349.0 840.3 3336.2
June 856.7 3357.9 856.7 3355.5
July 861.5 3361.4 860.9 3359.8
Aug. 866.7 3360.2 863.2 3356.6
Sep. 870.2 3360.1 866.0 3352.8
Oct. 878.0 3365.4 874.0 3359.1
Nov. 887.6 3370.8 892.3 3376.4
Dec. 897.0 3377.5 915.6 3391.7
1992-Jan. 910.4 3386.1 916.4 3388.3
Feb. 925.3 3405.1 915.1 3395.1
Mar. 936.7 3408.9 929.6 3409.9
Apr. 943.8 3404.4 953.7 3423.7
May 950.5 3403.3 942.9 3392.7
June 954.3 3399.0 951.0 3394.2
July 963.2 3399.2 962.0 3398.7
Aug. 973.7 3404.2 970.1 3402.0
Sep. 988.1 3415.9 982.7 3406.7
Oct. 1003.8 3429.6 1000.8 3424.3
Nov. 1015.7 3432.1 1021.4 3439.0
Dec. 1024.9 3431.0 1045.6 3447.5
1993-Jan. 1030.4 3425.2 1039.8 3429.9
Feb. 1033.5 3421.0 1021.9 3406.9
Mar. 1038.5 3418.3 1030.5 3416.7
Apr. 1047.6 3417.5 1057.4 3436.5
May 1065.9 3443.0 1056.8 3431.3
June 1075.1 3448.8 1071.8 3445.8
July 1084.5 3448.4 1083.1 3449.2
Aug. 1094.2 3452.3 1088.1 3447.8
Sep. 1104.2 3459.2 1098.8 3450.5
Oct. 1113.0 3463.4 1111.6 3459.4
Nov. 1124.2 3477.0 1129.0 3481.5
Dec. 1129.6 3481.6 1153.3 3502.2
1994-Jan. 1131.6 3482.7 1141.7 3487.9
Feb. 1136.3 3483.4 1123.8 3467.2
Mar. 1140.3 3489.2 1131.1 3486.0
Apr. 1141.1 3493.1 1152.2 3514.9
May 1143.3 3502.7 1132.0 3486.5
June 1145.1 3491.0 1141.8 3488.9
July 1150.5 3499.5 1150.9 3503.1
Aug. 1150.6 3496.7 1144.1 3492.9
Sep. 1151.9 3496.9 1146.4 3487.8
Oct. 1150.1 3495.4 1147.9 3489.1
Nov. 1151.0 3498.5 1156.2 3502.8
Dec. 1150.7 3497.6 1174.5 3518.9
1995-Jan. 1151.4 3503.1 1159.5 3505.9
Feb. 1147.4 3500.4 1135.3 3485.3
Mar. 1146.7 3501.5 1139.3 3502.1
Apr. 1149.3 3509.6 1160.3 3532.8
May 1145.4 3534.7 1133.9 3517.2
June 1144.2 3560.2 1141.0 3556.6
July 1145.4 3578.9 1145.7 3581.5
Aug. 1145.5 3601.1 1139.3 3597.5
Sep. 1142.0 3613.8 1138.4 3606.4
Oct. 1137.3 3625.0 1132.9 3613.8
Nov. 1134.1 3632.1 1138.6 3635.0
Dec. 1127.4 3641.7 1152.7 3665.2
1996-Jan. 1123.5 3659.9 1130.2 3663.3
Feb. 1118.5 3674.0 1105.8 3659.6
Mar. 1122.5 3699.8 1118.0 3707.0
Apr. 1124.8 3710.6 1131.8 3733.6
May 1116.5 3721.7 1105.9 3702.4
June 1115.2 3735.4 1115.0 3733.7
July 1112.4 3750.0 1110.7 3747.1
Aug. 1101.6 3757.4 1097.7 3755.2
Sep. 1096.1 3766.1 1091.7 3757.0
Oct. 1086.1 3782.3 1078.4 3766.7
Nov. 1083.6 3799.7 1087.4 3801.9
Dec. 1081.6 3821.0 1105.8 3841.0
1997-Jan. 1081.5 3834.4 1087.9 3839.3
Feb. 1078.8 3845.7 1066.8 3834.6
Mar. 1071.8 3859.0 1069.2 3872.8
Apr. 1063.8 3877.7 1074.5 3905.4
May 1064.0 3888.5 1054.7 3868.9
June 1065.7 3903.9 1064.8 3898.8
July 1066.2 3925.7 1065.8 3917.7
Aug. 1074.3 3954.2 1069.1 3952.1
Sep. 1067.7 3973.8 1059.5 3960.0
Oct. 1065.5 3989.8 1057.6 3975.4
Nov. 1070.0 4012.2 1074.1 4015.2
Dec. 1072.7 4034.1 1097.5 4054.7
1998-Jan. 1074.4 4057.1 1080.2 4063.6
Feb. 1077.9 4089.2 1066.2 4080.9
Mar. 1077.5 4115.5 1075.9 4131.0
Apr. 1076.1 4137.5 1087.7 4173.0
May 1078.4 4160.8 1070.8 4142.5
June 1077.0 4186.8 1075.2 4174.2
July 1075.0 4203.0 1074.2 4192.5
Aug. 1074.8 4226.3 1069.3 4220.5
Sep. 1080.2 4270.1 1070.6 4254.9
Oct. 1086.0 4307.6 1077.4 4291.8
Nov. 1094.5 4345.1 1098.0 4346.5
Dec. 1095.8 4377.9 1121.2 4399.7
1999-Jan. 1097.8 4399.4 1103.9 4409.0
Feb. 1097.0 4424.7 1085.2 4419.1
Mar. 1097.8 4435.9 1097.5 4457.1
Apr. 1101.9 4462.8 1113.6 4502.6
May 1102.6 4481.9 1096.4 4463.4
June 1099.7 4504.8 1098.1 4489.4
July 1098.7 4528.3 1097.2 4513.7
Aug. 1099.0 4549.1 1092.8 4535.3
Sep. 1096.3 4562.4 1086.2 4548.3
Oct. 1102.3 4582.4 1095.1 4568.8
Nov. 1111.7 4608.0 1113.0 4604.9
Dec. 1122.6 4631.7 1148.2 4658.7
2000-Jan. 1121.9 4658.0 1126.8 4667.7
Feb. 1109.4 4675.3 1097.3 4667.8
Mar. 1108.2 4702.2 1108.9 4729.0
Apr. 1113.4 4753.2 1125.6 4797.1
May 1105.8 4747.6 1100.3 4722.8
June 1103.3 4761.4 1101.8 4745.6
July 1103.0 4774.8 1102.7 4761.8
Aug. 1100.3 4808.3 1094.4 4792.5
Sep. 1099.0 4839.8 1088.7 4827.7
Oct. 1098.6 4858.3 1092.1 4841.3
Nov. 1092.3 4866.8 1092.0 4868.8
Dec. 1087.6 4910.7 1111.6 4941.2
2001-Jan. 1097.6 4965.7 1100.3 4967.1
Feb. 1101.5 5001.5 1089.7 4995.9
Mar. 1109.8 5058.8 1111.2 5086.6
Apr. 1114.9 5120.3 1126.8 5161.6
May 1119.5 5124.2 1114.7 5098.5
June 1126.4 5163.6 1126.4 5150.1
July 1139.6 5196.9 1139.7 5180.1
Aug. 1149.6 5226.8 1144.6 5216.0
Sep. 1203.9 5335.8 1193.6 5327.4
Oct. 1165.9 5327.2 1159.2 5309.2
Nov. 1171.5 5368.3 1168.8 5371.4
Dec. 1182.3 5417.8 1208.2 5452.3
2002-Jan. 1190.9 5448.2 1191.0 5441.9
Feb. 1190.7 5474.4 1177.7 5461.2
Mar. 1192.8 5483.0 1196.3 5511.8
Apr. 1185.9 5489.2 1196.5 5524.1
May 1189.0 5510.8 1185.6 5489.4
June 1192.2 5533.0 1194.2 5526.0
July 1199.5 5583.0 1199.8 5568.5
Aug. 1185.9 5620.2 1181.8 5612.6
Sep. 1194.6 5644.7 1185.3 5638.2
Oct. 1204.0 5696.1 1196.1 5676.4
Nov. 1209.3 5739.1 1204.9 5747.2
Dec. 1220.4 5764.6 1245.0 5794.0
2003-Jan. 1226.8 5790.7 1224.9 5780.6
Feb. 1238.6 5827.1 1224.9 5806.4
Mar. 1238.9 5840.8 1244.5 5867.4
Apr. 1248.4 5887.4 1259.0 5923.4
May 1268.0 5941.1 1266.0 5921.9
June 1280.2 5980.0 1284.1 5977.4
July 1287.9 6034.3 1287.3 6021.0
Aug. 1293.9 6080.8 1291.7 6078.6
Sep. 1297.0 6062.3 1285.8 6049.0
Oct. 1297.3 6047.7 1288.4 6032.5
Nov. 1298.0 6047.9 1293.4 6060.7
Dec. 1306.8 6055.2 1332.0 6082.5
2004-Jan. 1306.1 6059.4 1301.5 6042.9
Feb. 1321.7 6097.4 1306.4 6073.2
Mar. 1330.0 6135.4 1337.6 6151.3
Apr. 1332.1 6177.4 1342.9 6220.2
May 1331.6 6244.9 1333.2 6232.9
June 1342.8 6258.9 1347.5 6254.9
July 1340.5 6264.4 1338.7 6259.3
Aug. 1353.2 6288.4 1352.4 6280.3
Sep. 1361.4 6322.6 1348.9 6314.0
Oct. 1361.0 6347.6 1351.2 6335.4
Nov. 1376.0 6384.7 1370.8 6385.7
Dec. 1376.4 6399.8 1401.3 6428.8
2005-Jan. 1366.6 6404.2 1361.4 6386.7
Feb. 1372.5 6417.3 1354.9 6387.2
Mar. 1372.6 6432.6 1381.6 6448.5
Apr. 1357.8 6440.3 1369.2 6492.9
May 1365.5 6456.6 1369.3 6441.3
June 1379.2 6488.8 1384.1 6493.4
July 1366.6 6515.9 1365.1 6513.1
Aug. 1376.2 6545.8 1376.6 6536.1
Sep. 1377.8 6581.8 1363.2 6568.8
Oct. 1375.0 6610.1 1364.9 6595.2
Nov. 1376.9 6636.8 1373.0 6635.0
Dec. 1374.2 6661.5 1396.5 6687.7
2006-Jan. 1380.6 6712.2 1375.0 6685.3
Feb. 1379.8 6731.7 1361.5 6702.3
Mar. 1383.9 6749.0 1394.2 6775.9
Apr. 1380.5 6772.1 1393.0 6837.3
May 1386.8 6785.3 1391.5 6771.4
June 1374.4 6816.9 1378.4 6820.5
July 1369.2 6844.6 1367.8 6838.3
Aug. 1369.2 6865.3 1369.8 6853.0
Sep. 1361.6 6890.8 1346.5 6876.7
Oct. 1369.4 6945.3 1359.4 6917.4
Nov. 1371.3 6978.3 1367.5 6976.5
Dec. 1365.6 7021.5 1387.3 7049.2
2007-Jan. 1373.6 7069.5 1368.8 7043.0
Feb. 1366.0 7076.1 1347.2 7050.7
Mar. 1368.1 7111.7 1378.6 7147.8
Apr. 1378.8 7160.7 1392.1 7234.8
May 1379.7 7189.1 1384.0 7175.2
June 1364.5 7212.3 1368.3 7217.4
July 1366.6 7239.4 1365.7 7219.8
Aug. 1368.4 7287.7 1369.0 7279.2
Sep. 1366.2 7322.6 1351.1 7305.0
Oct. 1371.7 7352.8 1361.6 7317.1
Nov. 1366.7 7384.4 1361.7 7376.5
Dec. 1364.5 7417.3 1386.2 7444.9
2008-Jan. 1368.4 7463.6 1364.4 7438.0
Feb. 1371.1 7539.0 1351.5 7517.6
Mar. 1372.9 7600.5 1384.8 7652.0
Apr. 1373.7 7620.0 1387.4 7697.5
May 1373.7 7637.8 1376.9 7632.1
June 1383.6 7648.5 1388.2 7652.0
July 1400.1 7698.8 1399.8 7671.7
Aug. 1392.2 7687.1 1392.4 7682.6
Sep. 1452.1 7795.9 1435.1 7761.1
Oct. 1475.2 7915.8 1464.9 7878.5
Nov. 1524.1 7972.5 1518.4 7968.1
Dec. 1595.8 8154.1 1624.5 8171.0
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July 20, 1999
**SEPARATE STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER MICHAEL K. POWELL, CONCURRING**
*Re: Notice of Inquiry, Low-Volume Long-Distance Users (CC Docket No.
99-XXX).*
I write separately, both to express the degree to which I support this
*Notice* and to highlight some important concerns I believe we should
always bear in mind as we study this and similar issues related to the
consumer impact of our procompetitive reforms.
To the extent this *Notice* stands for the proposition that we should be
conscious of the impact of our reforms on consumers, I vigorously
support it. The 1996 Act reflects Congress' fundamental judgment that
markets are more likely than traditional regulation to enhance consumer
welfare. To effect this transition to competitive markets, we must
impose requirements designed to eliminate the vestiges of the old
monopoly system and its tangled web of implicit subsidies. Yet, try as
we might, we regulators can never impose these requirements in a way
that leads to fully predictable results for consumers. Thus, it is
prudent that we monitor the impact of our reforms on consumers in an
effort to ensure that such impacts are not inconsistent with the goals
of the reforms or the Act more generally.
As we monitor these impacts, however, we must continue to resist the
temptation to substitute politics for policy. That is, we must remain
aware that some of our procompetitive reforms may arouse passions in the
public not so much because they "harm" consumers in any legitimate
sense, but simply because these reforms involve change. One way that we
can stay vigilant in this regard is to keep always in the backs of our
minds two critical questions: (1) are these reforms necessary to promote
competition; and (2) are these reforms fair? I look forward to examining
these and related questions in the context of this proceeding. Even at
this early stage, however, I firmly believe in the possibility that we
can answer both of these questions resoundingly in the affirmative,
while remaining true to our core mission of delivering on the Act's
promise of competition for all consumers. I begin to explore the bases
for this strong belief below.
# I. Access Charge and Universal Service Reforms Are Necessary to Promote Competition
So, are our access charge and universal service reforms necessary to
promote competition? This question has been asked, answered and affirmed
repeatedly by this Commission and our predecessors, and I see no
evidence on the horizon that would undermine that fundamental judgment.
This is not a subjective or ideological preference but a conclusion
borne of economics.
I applaud the Commission's stated commitment to reforming universal
service to make those subsidies more explicit and portable. This reform
will encourage new entrants to compete more vigorously for many
consumers by undermining the advantage incumbent LECs have traditionally
enjoyed by virtue of their exclusive access to implicit universal
service subsidies.
Similarly, I applaud the Commission's ongoing recognition that in order
to create incentives for economically efficient entry by competing
exchange access providers, we will need to allow access charges to more
properly reflect the manner in which access costs are incurred. Thus,
costs that increase the longer one is on the phone might properly be
recovered through per minute pricing. Moreover, costs that remain about
the same, regardless of how many calls one makes, or how long any one
call is, should be recovered by flat charges. As the *Notice* indicates,
however, the artificially high per minute long distance rates resulting
from traditional subsidies of low volume consumers distorted competitive
entry. Competitors realized that high volume consumers and businesses
were paying rates well above cost and thus seized on the opportunity to
serve them and thereby maximize profits. Conversely, competitors have
been slow to embrace low volume residential customers under the old
system, because these firms are less likely to be able to recoup the
costs of serving those customers, relative to serving high volume
customers. High per minute long distance rates also have discouraged all
consumers from using this valuable service. Our access charge reforms
sought to correct these problems by ensuring that flat costs are
recovered through flat fees and per minute costs through per minute
fees.
Thus, both our access charge and universal service reforms are necessary
to promote competition because they remove policies that tend to make
some customers, particularly low volume customers, unattractive
prospects for new entrants. Without these reforms, all consumers,
including low volume consumers, would be much less likely to receive the
benefits of competition.
# II. Access Charge and Universal Service Reforms Do Not Appear to Be Unfair to Consumers
**A. Low Volume Consumers as a Protected Class**
Next we must ask whether our access charge and universal service reforms
are fair to consumers. But what does it mean to be "fair" with respect
to these reforms?
Of course, some suggest (as, regrettably, the focus of this item appears
to) that because of some impediment or dysfunction suffered by low
volume consumers, it is unfair to deny those consumers the benefit of
being subsidized by their higher volume friends and neighbors. This
notion is both untested and analytically weak.
Although I support watching to see if there are unanticipated impacts of
our reforms, I worry that this *Notice* almost prejudges the issue
whether "low volume consumers" constitute some type of protected class.
As a threshold matter, a bit of caution is in order about whom such
consumers may be. One might be misled to believe that low volume
consumers are poor, elderly or rural individuals. In some cases yes, but
by no means does low volume necessarily correlate with these groupings
for which the government often accepts some social responsibility. Low
volume simply means less long distance calling. Thus, wealthy parents
whose kids and family live locally may be low volume consumers.
Similarly, businesses that operate only locally are low volume with
respect to long distance calling, as are high tech-types who use e-mail
and Internet communications (via their local ISP) instead of the phone.
Conversely, there may be sympathetic high volume consumers who may seem
equally deserving of special consideration (*e.g.,* poor immigrant
families who make numerous long distance calls home to their families,
rural customers isolated by distance and geography, working class
families who are struggling to pay for their kids' college and stay in
touch with them at the same time).
But even if we later determine that low volume consumers include
constituencies for which government sometimes expresses sympathy, there
is little evidence to suggest that low volume consumers are trapped in
that status. To the contrary, the long distance industry constantly
bombards all consumers with competitive pricing options through the mass
media. Some of these options may ameliorate the impact of flat charges
on consumers. In light of such competitive choices, it would seem
over-regulatory -- and, indeed, paternalistic -- to take steps to
minimize impacts on consumers before at least attempting to educate them
on how they may protect *themselves* in the marketplace. For example,
customers can make use of dial around services that allow the customer
to by pass the costs charged by a presubscribed carrier. In addition,
customers can switch to rate plans that offer greater value through
lower long distance rates. In sum, I am not yet persuaded that the
competitive choices available to consumers are insufficient to afford
them adequate opportunity to protect themselves against the potential
harms described in the *Notice*.[^1]
I believe we must continue to resist the temptation to favor certain
consumers over others unless there is a well-documented and compelling
reason to do so. Rather, we must look beyond poorly defined groups of
consumers to assess the impact of our reforms on *all* consumers. We
also must recognize that, in the competitive paradigm, our primary role
as regulators is to ensure that anticompetitive behavior, fraud and
other competitive abuses do not hinder consumers' freedom to obtain
services in the marketplace. At this early stage of the proceeding, I
would note only that many of the potential impacts on consumers
addressed in the *Notice* do not implicate this primary role.
**B. The Fairness of Cost-Causative Rates and Removing Implicit
Subsidies Among Consumers**
I also question whether our reforms have resulted in low volume
consumers paying more than their fair share of network costs as part of
their long distance service. Some significant portion of the cost of
serving a customer is the cost of having a telephone line to one's
home---one that is always available and highly reliable. This cost
generally does not vary no matter how much the customer uses his line.
Both a customer's local company and its long distance company use that
"common line" to provide that customer service. Consequently, some
portion of the common line's cost is attributable to each carrier and
will be reflected in the customer's bill. We traditionally have allowed
carriers to recover these flat costs through per minute charges, which
had the effect of inflating the rates of consumers who make many long
distance calls. By ensuring that flat costs are recovered through flat
fees and that per minute costs are recovered through per minute fees,
however, our access charge reforms arguably have made the rate structure
more fair by making consumers more responsible for the costs they cause,
including the flat cost of having a common line.
Further, as indicated, our access charge reforms were designed to
correct implicit subsidy flows from high volume to low volume users that
artificially made the price of long distance service more expensive and
impeded the development of competitive choices for *all* consumers. In
that sense, flat charges on consumers' long distance bills may represent
the price consumers should pay for adoption of a more procompetitive
rate structure. This is an especially important and ironic point for low
volume consumers, as the very implicit subsidies that were designed to
favor them under the old system also made them less attractive to
competitors and thus doomed them to fewer opportunities for competitive
choice. Thus, to the extent that access charge and similar reforms help
promote competition for all consumers, including low volume consumers,
it is difficult to conclude that these reforms are somehow unfair. It
also does not seem unfair to free high volume consumers from the burden
of subsidizing low volume consumers.
## C. The Difference Between Consumer "Value" and "Harm"
This is not to say that high and low volume customers facing similar
common line costs obtain the same *value* in exchange for paying those
costs. Flat rates have one inherent characteristic. If the rate is flat,
you will get more value from your service if you use it a lot. For
example, Internet service is now almost universally priced as a flat
rate---*e.g.,* \$19.95 per month for unlimited use is common. If I
subscribe to this service and only "surf the Net" 2 hours a week, I will
get less value out of the service than my retired neighbor who spends
100 hours a week on the Net planning his next trip to some exotic
destination. It would be a mistake, however, to say that I am "harmed"
because I am a "low volume" user. I have the same potential to get as
much value from my service as my neighbor if I chose or needed to do so.
Moreover, I assure you that my ISP is making up for my relative lack of
use through my neighbor's extensive use. Thus, we should not confuse
consumer "value" with "harm."
**D. Managing Consumer Expectations Developed Under Monopoly**
One final note on fairness: some will urge us to define fairness based
on what consumers came to expect under the old monopoly system of
implicit subsidies. Consumers have been conditioned to believe that they
should only have to pay long distance carriers for the time they are on
the phone, *i.e.,* solely through per minute charges. Indeed, the
government bears much responsibility for that expectation, given the
manner and method by which it regulated cost recovery. Some will urge us
to find the effects of our reforms fair only to the extent that these
expectations remain satisfied. But consumers' expectations that they
would not be charged flat rates developed *not* because the traditional
pricing structure was inherently fair or reflective of the underlying
cost of service, but simply by virtue of rules developed in a largely
monopolistic environment. Thus, in assessing whether the impact of our
procompetitive reforms on consumers is fair, we must look beyond
consumers' own expectations regarding how they obtained service under
the old monopoly regime. It takes some courage to do so, but such a
transition is clearly required if there is to be any hope of effecting
Congress' vision of competition and its recognition that implicit
subsidies are anathema to that vision.
# III. Conclusion: A Plea for Avoiding Re-Regulation of Competitive Markets
Thus, there may be many reasons to conclude that our access charge and
universal service reforms are both necessary to promote competition and
fair to consumers. In particular, we must recognize that it may be
impossible to achieve any economically efficient price structure (or
free high volume consumers from the burden of subsidizing low volume
consumers) if we step in and regulate to "protect" low volume consumers
from the impact of flat charges. This looming impossibility makes it
especially disturbing to suggest, as some of the questions in the
*Notice* do, that regulation of rates is the solution.[^2]
The long distance industry is highly competitive and has created greater
choice and value for all consumers. Further, overall long distance rates
have continued to decline, as the *Notice* properly indicates. This
increasingly competitive environment has been spurred on, in recent
years, by the previous Commission's wise decision to declare these
companies nondominant, thereby freeing them from some of our more
burdensome, demand-stifling, innovation-sapping regulations.
I remain open to analyzing and addressing any significant and
inequitable consumer effects of our reforms through regulatory means in
the event (which, at present, I find unlikely) that these impacts cannot
be addressed through market-based approaches. I would urge only, in
evaluating the options before us, that we be hesitant to sacrifice the
very procompetitive reforms that I continue to believe will result in
greater consumer welfare than our regulations ever could.
[^1]: And even if we must resort to additional regulation, I would
submit that we should first attempt measures that do not amount to
direct regulation of a competitive industry, such as requiring LECs
to bill the PICC directly to end users. In any event, I feel
strongly that we should be cautious about imposing new regulation on
long distance or other carriers, recognizing that any such
requirements may weaken the vigor of competition in the telecom
industry.
[^2]: Specifically, I am uncomfortable with the extent to which the
*Notice* seeks comment on whether the Commission should mandate
certain retail rate structures or constrain the manner in which long
distance carriers recover universal service and access charge
contributions. At the very least, requests for such comment seem
premature.
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913192
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# Presentation: 913192
## Long-term Trend of Global Land Precipitation: Uncertainties in Gauge-based Analyses
**Mingyue Chen****1)**** , Pinging Xie****2)****, **
**John E. Janowiak****2)****, & Phillip A. Arkin****3)**
- 1) RS Information Systems, Inc.
- 2) Climate Prediction Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA
- 3) Earth Systems Science Interdisciplinary Center, UMD
**The 29****th**** Annual Climate Diagnostics & Prediction Workshop, 2004**
**Notes:**
Uncertainties in gauge-based precipitation analysis when they are used to detect the spatial distribution of the long-term trend of global land precipitation.
The work has been done in the group of ....
## Background
- Long-term trends in temperature and precipitation have been examined using *STATION OBSERVATIONS* [e.g. Karl et al. 1993; Lamb and Peppler 1991];
*SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION* of the long-term trend is needed for many applications such as model verifications;
- Long-term trend in analysis field may be biased due to changes in gauge network;
## Objectives
- To describe the spatial distribution of long-term trend of precipitation using gauge-based analyses over land, and
- To explore ways to quantify uncertainties of the long-trend in the gauge based analyses due to changes of gauge networks;
## Data
- PREC/L:
- The global monthly precipitation analysis over land from 1948-present;
- Optimal interpolation (OI) of gauge observation;
- 2.5o lat/lon;
- Gauge observations:
- Monthly precipitation collected in GHCN v2 of NCDC/NOAA;
- Monthly precipitation collected in CAMS of CPC;
- Over 17,000 stations;
- From 1948 to the present;
## Linear Trend of Annual Mean Precipitation
**Decreasing trend over the equatorial Africa, E Australia, ...;**
**The similar patterns are observed in other published gauge **
** ****based analyses, e.g. Dai et al. (1997), and New et al. (2000);**
- (PREC/L, 1948-2003)
**Notes:**
Spatial distribution of long-term trend [mm/day/decade] calculated for each grid box through linear regression between the PREC/L annual mean precip and years[rain = a * year + b], from year 1948 to 2003.
Increasing trend over North America the US region, NW Australia, and Argentina;
A Decreasing trend over most of tropical regions and E Australia, like Africa,
## Spatial Distribution of Available gauges
**The spatial distribution of gauge network changes;**
**Good coverage in earlier years over most regions;**
**The US region has good coverage through the period;**
**Notes:**
However, uncertainties exist in the trend shown in the previous slide.
Here we show distribution of gauge networks for four selected years through the data period.
........
Number of gauges in a 2.5 deg lat/lon available for different months through the period from 1948 to 2003.
Substantial differences are observed in gauge networks throughout the period.
## Time Series of the Total Number of Available Gauges
- Used to Define the Gauge-Based Analysis
**The total number of available gauges changes;**
**The maximum during 1960s;**
**Decreased during later period;**
**Notes:**
The total number available gauges changes through the period.
These changes may yield time-changing bias, or artificial trends, in the resulting analyses.
Therefore, we have to be cautions when using gridded data sets to analyze the long term trend.
## We conducted comparative studies to examine how the magnitude of the gauge-based analyses vary with
- Gauge network configuration; and
- Interpolation algorithms;
## Detailed Examinations of the Gauge-Based Analyses over the Sahel Region
## Time series of reporting station number
- The number of gauge stations changes;
- Subset stations with relatively high reporting rates;
**Notes:**
The time series of the number of reporting stations from 1911 to 2003 over Sahel region.
As shown in red line, it is the total number of reporting stations.
Red Line: number of all stations with reports
Green Line: number of stations with reporting rates of 80% or higher
The subset of stations not only have relatively high reporting rates, but have reasonably well coverage over the Sahel region.
## Experiment I: Comparisons of gauge-based analyses using various gauge networks (1931-1980)
**Select a period with the best gauge availability over the region [1931 – 1980];**
** **
**Construct analyses using observations at stations with 80% or higher reporting rates (****the fixed network****) and those available at 1921, 1931, ..., 1991, 2001 (****the changing networks****); **
**Compare the trends calculated from the analyses based on different gauge networks;**
**Analyses are created using the OI and Shepard algorithms;**
**Notes:**
To select a period in which the coverage of gauge stations over the Sahel region is reasonably well, and those stations have relatively high reporting rates during the period;
Then, define the long-term trend based on the analysis using the selected fixed gauge network;
Assume the obtained trend is true.
Then using different gauge networks for various years to construct analyses of monthly precipitation during the period;
To examine how the various gauge networks effect on the long-term trend;
## Number of gauge stations on 0.5olat/lon grid
- Number of gauge stations on 0.5olat/lon grid
- The gauge coverage is reasonably well, but
- Less stations at the northern dry regions;
**Notes:**
Upper Panel: number of all stations with reports
Bottom: number of stations with reporting rates of 80% or higher
The coverage is reasonably well, the most of gauges are at the southern party (large precipitation region), and the northern dry has less stations.
## Interpolation Algorithms
- OI (Optimal Interpolation of Gandin [1965])
- Interpolate the monthly anomalies;
- Weighting statistically;
- Add the interpolated anomalies to climatology;
- Shepard (1965)
- Interpolate the monthly total;
- Inverse-distance weighting;
- Using 4-10 nearest stations;
## Areal mean of annual precipitation from OI/Shepard over the Sahel region (1931-1980, June-Sep.)
**Similar trends in the analyses with various gauge networks;**
**The RMSD is much less the magnitude of long-term trend;**
**OI interpolation is less affected by the gauge network **
**than Shepard;**
**Notes:**
Results over the ENTIRE Sahel region
Red Line: total annual mean based on analysis with the select fixed subset of gauge stations
Blue shading: The Root mean square error between the analyses with various gauge network and the fixed subset gauge network;
Points:
Similar trends in the analyses using all available gauges or gauges with stable reporting rates;
The RMSE is much less the long-term trend;
OI produce less RMSE due to the various gauge network;
Time series of mean precipitation over the Sahel region calculated by interpolating gauge observations with various assumed network configuration.
Results based on the OI and the Shepard algorithms are plotted in top and bottom panels, respectively.
Gauge-based analyses are created using 9 sets of gauge networks, those of 1921, 1931 .... 1991, as well as with all available gauges. Center of the line is for results with all gauges, while width of the line indicates standard deviation among the analyses based on 9 sets of gauge configurations.
Points here are
The OI technique produces analyses with more stable magnitude (smaller standard deviation) for variable gauge networks compared to that based on the Shapard;
Over Sahel, the uncertainty, as indexed by the standard deviation, is much less than the magnitude of trend, for both algorithms.
We are now extending this examination for other regions.
## Spatial distributions of annual mean, trend, RMSD of trend (1931-1980, June-Sep.)
- Over most of the Sahel region the trend uncertainties due to
- change of gauge network is very limited;
- The Shepard produce more small scale feature of trend pattern;
- OI is less affected by the change of gauge network;
**Notes:**
1% 5% 10% 20% 50% 100%
## Experiment II: Comparisons of trends interpolated using using various gauge networks for data period [1948-2003]
- Assume the trend calculated from the PREC/L gauge-based analysis for 1948 – 2003 is true;
- Interpolate the trend using gauge networks for each year of the 56-year period;
- Compare the 56 sets of interpolated trend distribution to get insight into the uncertainties
## Spatial distribution of trend calculated with gauge networks of different years (1948-2003)
**Trend distribution is smoothed;**
**The overall patterns**
**of trend are similar even when networks are very sparse (e.g.2000);**
**Notes:**
Probably due to the large scale nature of the trend distribution.
## Trend calculated with gauge networks of different years over the Sahel region
- Overall, trends calculated using various gauge networks do not show big difference with that based on a dense network;
- Differences in the calculated trend are larger when networks are sparser;
## Summary of Results for the Sahel Region
- The annual precipitation over the regions of Sahel have been decreasing during the periods of 1931-1980 & 1948-2003;
- The uncertainties exist due to the change of network through the period;
- The magnitude of the uncertainties in trend is much less than that of the trend itself;
- The OI algorithm produces gauge-based analysis with less alias in magnitude than the Shepard;
## Examinations over the Global Land Areas for 1948 – 2003
## Spatial distributions of annual mean, trend, RMSE of trend
_**(1948-2003)**_
**Notes:**
Here are Global distributions for period from 1948 to 2003.
The annual mean precipitation: large precipitation over tropical regions
The linear trend:
The root mean square error of trend caused by the various gauge networks from different years through the period:
The relative root mean square error of trend:
## Summary and Future Work
- The spatial distribution of major trend of annual precipitation has been described from the long-term gauge based analysis;
- The uncertainties due to the change of gauge network through the period has been explored;
- The uncertainties are related to interpolation algorithms, the OI interpolation is better than the Shepard;
- The trend are related to gauge network but the trend alias over the major trend regions is limited;
- Future work is underway to further quantify the uncertainties, such as, significance test, etc.
**Notes:**
major trend described
2) Uncertainties explored
Uncertainties related to algorithm;
Network related but overall trend alias is limited except some regions
future work underway to further quantify.. Significance test...
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396639
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Number range CHAPTERRelease Notes for RFC-Only Software in AWIPS Release
OB7.2
01/12/2007
This document contains release information for AWIPS Release OB7.2.
Information about program enhancements and bug fixes is included. Each
bug fix is designated by an HSD Bug number that indicates which release
had the problem and the number of the bug for that release (e.g. r23-2).
More information about each bug can be found on the Web page for the
HSEB bug list that is maintained by the HSD RFC Field Support Group.
NOTE: The fix to HSD Bug 25-9 (DR 17039) changed the defining point for
grid cells to be consistent with MPE. This will mean that the station
definition for many stations will change. Therefore, all stations will
need to be redefined within ppinit.
NOTE: In this release, the determination of whether Daylight Saving Time
is in effect has been changed. Prior to this release, the calculation
was performed internally using a custom algorithm. In OB7.2, the
determination is now made via a system call to the operating system.
This change will impact all executables which deal with local time.
**1. DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING (DHM) RELEASE NOTES**
**Distributed Hydrologic Modeling in OB7.2\
**
> DHM is the set of features integrated into NWSRFS for distributed
> hydrologic modeling. The primary component is DHM-OP, an NWSRFS
> operation (#64), which executes in batch mode through OFS-FCST and in
> GUI mode through IFP. The existing dependencies for executing
> operations in OFS-FCST and IFP (e.g. tokens, scripts and executables)
> still apply. New dependencies for the DHM-OP include Java archives
> and shared libraries.
>
> DHM-OP uses the FS5files database to read and write timeseries data
> and XMRG formatted files for gridded input and output. OFS-FCST can
> also write netCdf grids for display in D2D. For further details
> regarding use of D-2D to display DHM grids refer to the OB7.2 AWIPS
> User\'s Manual.
**New Apps Defaults Token**
1\. dhm_data_dir: \$(ofs_files)/\$(ofs_level)/dhmdata - root directory
location for DHM input/output xmrg files
*\*Before running DHM for the first time, this directory and its
subdirectories need to be created using the create_files_group script*
**create_files_group** group_name (group name should be equal to
\$ofs_level)
2\. ifp_griddb_dir: /data/dhm/\$(LOGNAME)/precip - root directory for
IFP's local copy of the precip xmrgs
3\. dhm_d2d_notify_bin_dir: /awips/fxa/bin - directory location for D2D
executable used to ping notification server on creation of DHM grids
4\. dhm_d2d_data_dir: /data/fxa/Grid/LOCAL/netCDF/DHM - directory used
by DHM to write grid output file that will be displayed by D2D program.
**New NWSRFS documentation**
I.2-UNIX-DHM PROGRAM EXECUTION INFORMATION FOR DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC
MODELING (DHM) ON UNIX SYSTEMS - overall description of DHM describing
how it interfaces to NWSRFS and how to use it
Number range CHAPTERV.3.3-DHM-OP DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING
OPERATION - User Level documentation describing the DHM-OP segment
definition
VIII.3.3-DHM-OP DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING OPERATION - System level
documentation describing internal code structure
**New NWSRFS Output**
In addition to user requested DHM grid output available during carryover
save runs (see I.2-UNIX-DHM), whenever a DHM-OP is run through IFP or
OFS-FCST the following information summarizing the execution will appear
in the background. For example:
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*DHM
Operation\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\
\* Start of run period: 7/1/2002 12Z\
\* Start of forecast period : 7/6/2002 12Z\
\* End of run period: 7/6/2002 12Z\
\* Basin ID : DHMBAS1
\* Upstream Basin ID:\
\* precipitation data directory : /data/dhm/\$LOGNAME/precip\
\* DHM Model data directory : \$PWD/test_run_files
\* D2D data directory : N/A
\* DHM Notify data directory : N/A
\* number of hour(s) of future precipitation: 0
\* Carryover will not be saved\
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\**
**Known Problems related to DHM**
Problem 1: In NWSRFS OB7.2 the Java dependencies added by DHM mean that
fatal error reporting for OFS-FCST and IFP has now changed. Core dumps
will contain the following information, ***whether or not*** DHM is the
cause of the fatal error. The error messages will be improved in OB8.1
to contain more meaningful information.
The following information is displayed when a core dump occurs:
\#
\# An unexpected error has been detected by HotSpot Virtual Machine:
\#
\# SIGSEGV (0xb) at pc=0x0804b1bb, pid=21205, tid=3086870208
\#
\# Java VM: Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (1.5.0_04-b05 mixed mode)
\# Problematic frame:
\# C \[fcst+0x31bb\]
\#
\# An error report file with more information is saved as
hs_err_pid21205.log
\#
\# If you would like to submit a bug report, please visit:
\# http://java.sun.com/webapps/bugreport/crash.jsp
\#
Abort (core dumped)
Problem 2: Java log files (\*.log) will be generated in the directory
from which DHM is executed when OFS or IFP aborts abnormally. These
files are uniquely time-stamped but are not purged, so they could build
up in the directory. They are not expected to cause disk space or inode
problems. The workaround is to remove the hs_err_pidxxx.log when the OFS
or IFP program is aborted abnormally. The problem will be addressed in
OB8.1.
**2. CALB RELEASE NOTES**
HSD Bug Fixes:
**MCP3**
> 1\. The logic for setting the areal extent adjustment (internal
> variable AEADJ) to zero was changed. 2. Previously AEADJ was set to
> zero whenever the water equivalent exceeded the value of AEADJ. This
> is not correct for the case when AEADJ is less than the normal AI
> value. 3. Parameter values for compaction and destructive metamorphism
> calculations were changed for the computation of snow depth. \[HSD Bug
> [r27-38]{.underline}\] \[AWIPS_DR_17774\]
**3.** **IDMA RELEASE NOTES**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Corrected a problem processing the calb_output token in the
> .Apps_defaults file \[r26-49\] \[DR 17070\]
>
> Corrected a problem when the \@R card was set to something other than
> 0 (used to group stations for analysis) \[HSD Bug r27-12\] \[DR
> 17070\]
**4.** **OFS RELEASE NOTES**
**Ifp/fcst**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> If startrun == mod start date, mod will be ignored. In
> \.../options/ModSettings/ModDefinitions, change WEADD
> ModStartDateOffset to 1. This change will make weadd hour default to
> one time step after 12Z. \[HSD Bug r26-13\]\[DR 17007\]
>
> Frost index (FGIX) column added to fcst printout and to the SAC
> display. \[HSD Bug r26-28\]\[DR 17011\]
**fcst**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> When running RES-SNGL the mass balance truncates the observed data for
> the entire day if there is not a whole day of observed data
> (i.e.LSTCMPDY 18Z). \[HSD Bug [r27-39]{.underline}\]
> \[AWIPS_DR_17805\] \[[[Index]{.underline}](#INDEX)\]
>
> Fixed a problem in which the XMRG files were not being processed
> properly, resulting in messages stating \"NO GRIDDED DATA FOUND\...\"
> for a specific date, even though data is definitely available. \[HSD
> Bug
> [[r27-2]{.underline}](http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/water/RFC_support/hseb_buglist.shtml#r25-52)\]
> \[Maintenance Request 1963\] \[[[Index]{.underline}](#INDEX)\]
>
> Fixed core dumps when running with a Res-J forecast group. \[HSD Bug
> r24-33\]
>
> Corrected a problem with the Daylight Saving Time (DST) definition.
> While the problem originally only occurred in years with five Sundays
> in October, the fix will also address the changes to the DST
> definition in 2007 and any further redefinitions. \[HSD Bug r25-61\]
>
> Corrected a number of days in June. \[HSD Bug r26-20\] \[DR 17079\]
>
> Corrected some odd behavior associated with the UHGCDATE mod. \[HSD
> Bug r26-41\] \[DR 17008\]
>
> Corrected the behavior of \@SETTODAY, which started on the wrong day
> when relative values were entered like \*-5 \[HSD Bug r27-5\] \[DR
> 17010\]
>
> Corrected the processing of monthly evaporation values (RAINEVAP) in
> Res-Sngl \[HSD Bug r27-24\]
**filesize**
HSD Bug Fixes:
Corrected an overflow error in the punch file when the input deck
contains a large number of basins, areas or segments. \[HSD Bug r25-12\]
\[DR 17081\]
**ppdutil**
HSD Bug Fixes:
Corrected a problem with the output from the DUMPOBS command, when the
STATE ID option is used. \[HSD Bug r23-50\]
**ppinit**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> In previous versions of OFS, the location of the lower left hand
> corner of a grid cell was used to determine whether a grid cell was
> within a basin. In order to be compatible with MPE, the center of the
> grid cell is now used to make that determination. To facilitate this
> change, all stations will need to be redefined within ppinit..\[HSD
> Bug [r25-9]{.underline}\] \[[[Index]{.underline}](#INDEX)\]
**shefpars**
HSD Bug Fixes:
Corrected processing of the L or LS TZ codes in Alaska \[HSD Bug
r27-17\] \[DR 17068\]
Corrected processing of an invalid .B statement -- previously when a
valid \".B\" statement with a closing \".END\" is followed by an invalid
\".B\" statement the data values in the invalid \".B\" statement are
read in as though the original \".END\" statement was not read. \[HSD
Bug r27-20\] \[DR 17068\]
**shefpost**
HSD Bug Fixes:
Increased the size of the work buffer to handle up to 1,000 time series
values. \[HSD Bug r26-42\] \[DR 17042\]
**5.** **IFP RELEASE NOTES**
**parse_mods_by_segment**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Parse forecast group mod with negative value corrected. \[HSD Bug
> r26-33\]
**IFP_Map**
HSD Bug Fixes:
Corrected the PLOT-TS and PLOT-TUL operations which were displaying SRSO
in cubic feet instead of CFSD \[HSD Bug r27-13\] \[DR 17007\]
**ifp_nwsrfs**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Corrected some odd behavior associated with the UHGCDATE mod. \[HSD
> Bug r26-41\] \[DR 17008\]
**6.** **X PROGRAM RELEASE NOTES**
**xnav**
HSD Bug Fixes:
Corrected a problem with the date display when viewing hydrographs.
\[HSD Bug r26-1\]
Corrected the problem that xnav interpreted the missing indicator (-999)
as an actual value. \[HSD Bug r26-36\] \[DR 17009\]
**xsets**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Fixed core dump caused by Postgresql. \[HSD Bug r27-1\]
**7.** **FFG RELEASE NOTES**
**ffguid**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Corrected a problem with defining lat/lon. \[HSD Bug r26-23\] \[DR
> 17040\]
**8.** **GRIB RELEASE NOTES**
None
**9.** **UTIL RELEASE NOTES**
None
**10.** **ENSEMBLE PROGRAM RELEASE NOTES**
**espadp**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Corrected a problem with the display of exceedance quantiles when bias
> adjust is on. \[HSD Bug r25-4\] \[DR 17006\]
>
> Changed the process which searches for flood flow values for the Flood
> Exceedance Probability plot to be consistent with the rest of espadp
> -- The IHFS Database will be searched first, followed by the fs5files.
> \[HSD Bug r26-50\] \[DR 17006\]
>
> Corrected a display problem which resulted in several lines of the
> legend being lost when using historical water years 1948-2004 \[HSD
> Bug r27-15\] \[DR 17006\]
**bbuilder**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Add the option \"Period\" to the list of valid analysis intervals in
> the ESPADP Batch Builder. \[HSD Bug
> [[r24-71]{.underline}](http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/water/RFC_support/hseb_buglist.shtml#r25-8)\]
**etsgen**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Corrected a problem with SaveCODate in leap years. \[HSD Bug r26-26\]
> \[DR 17041\]
**11.** **VERIFY RELEASE NOTES**
> Enhancements:
>
> The Interactive Verification Program GUI (run using the script ivp)
> has been completely rewritten in order to provide it with direct
> access to pairs data within the archive database and provide the user
> with a much greater level of flexibility in (1) choosing the data to
> view, (2) defining statistics plots, and (3) manipulating the graphic
> generated. The user's manual for the new IVP can be found at:
<http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hrl/verification/verification_doc_ob7.php>
**ivpbatch**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Fixed a problem in which observed data with a SHEF qualifier code of
> 'B', 'R', and 'E' were being used in building pairs. Data with these
> three qualifier codes should never get used. \[DR# 18419\]
>
> Fixed a problem in which pairing was running into problems due to
> issues with communication between Java and Informix. \[HSD Bugs
> [r26-39]{.underline} and [r26-47]{.underline}\]
>
> Fixed a problem in which pairing was running out of memory due to
> storing too many pairs. Now, it will generate 1000 at a time, and
> after each 1000 pairs, they will be inserted into the vfypairs table
> of the archive database. \[HSD Bug
> [[r27-3]{.underline}](http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/water/RFC_support/hseb_buglist.shtml#r25-8)\]
>
> Fixed a problem in which forecasts with negative values were not being
> used in pairing. \[HSD Bug
> [[r27-](http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/water/RFC_support/hseb_buglist.shtml#r25-8)6]{.underline}\]
>
> Fixed a problem in which NATLSTATS = \"ALL\" was not being properly
> processed for computing national statistics. \[HSD Bug
> [[r27-22]{.underline}](http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/water/RFC_support/hseb_buglist.shtml#r25-8)\]
> \[[[Index]{.underline}](#INDEX)\]
**12. ARCHIVE SHEF DECODERS**
**shef_decode_raw**
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Made it so that the adjustfactor table was being employed before
> storing data in the archive database. This applies to the raw SHEF
> decoder when processing non-forecast data. \[HSD Bug
> [r26-22]{.underline}\]
>
> Fixed a problem in which data was not being posted to the pecrsep and
> pemrsep tables due to the SHEF qualifier code being checked
> incorrectly prior to posted data to the archive database. \[HSD Bug
> [r26-29]{.underline}\]
**shef_decode_raw, shef_decode_pro**
> For OB7.2 these programs have been converted to run against the new
> RAX Postgres database.
HSD Bug Fixes:
> Fixed a problem in which values with a date prior to 1970 were being
> posted with dates in 1970. \[HSD Bug [r26-43]{.underline}\]
>
> Fixed a problem in which the datalimits and locdatalimits tables were
> not being properly used to set the SHEF qualifier character code.
> \[HSD Bug [r26-25]{.underline}\]
13. **HISTORICAL DATA BROWSER**
> Prior to OB7.2 this application was released and supported outside of
> the AWIPS baseline. There were two versions: one which ran on a local
> non-AWIPS PC; and one which ran on the DS inside the AWIPS firewall.
> In OB7.2 the HDB has been completely re-written so that it will run on
> the DX (Linux RHEL4, PostgreSQL) - this replaces the version which ran
> on the decommissioned DS. The PC/Web-based version will no longer be
> maintained by OHD. There are no enhancements or new features
> implemented in OB7.2, just a conversion. A User\'s Guide is available
> at:
>
> <http://www.weather.gov/om/water/RFC_support/>
14. **RFC ARCHIVE DATABASE (RAX)**
> The archive database (adb_ob72xxx) is converted from Informix to
> PostgreSQL during the OB7.2 upgrade. The conversion is automated via
> the use of scripts. All data in the OB7.1 Informix database is
> extracted and preserved offline while the operating system is upgraded
> to RHEL 4 and PostgreSQL installed. Once the new PostgreSQL engine has
> been loaded, scripts take care of populating the new database using
> the saved and converted data. Because the upgrade also involves a disk
> repartition, the flat-file archive database is preserved offline and
> restored when the upgrade is complete. Applications which use the
> archive database (shef decoders, RAXUM applications) have been
> converted to use the new database. For further details, visit:
>
> <http://www.weather.gov/oh/rfcdev/projects/rfcADEMT_build_info.htm>
>
> and select \"OB7.2 Release\".
15. **OFSDE RELEASE NOTES**
> HSD Bug Fixes:
>
> Changed to allow the use of a window to account for PC observations
> which are received after 12Z. \[HSD Bug r26-35\]
>
> Corrected a problem with the MAPE calculation when greater than 20
> values are processed \[HSD Bug r26-51\]
>
> Corrected a problem in which the latest forecasted reservoir releases
> (as determined by basistime) were not being transferred from the IHFS
> database to NWSRFS \[HSD Bug r27-40\] \[DR 17811\]
16. **SYS_FILES RELEASE NOTES**
The file ofs.files_dir.list was updated to add dhmdata to the list of
standard ofs directories
17. **SCRIPT RELEASE NOTES**
The OFS script was updated to add java archives (jars) and shared
libraries used by DHM to the \$CLASSPATH and \$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
environment variables.
A new script start_ifp_nwsrfs was added to the suite of ifp scripts to
add java archives (jars) and shared libraries used by DHM to the
\$CLASSPATH and \$LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables. This is script
is used internally by IFP and does not require any action by the user.
The get_ofs_data IFP script was updated to copy all hourly observed
precipitation xmrgs and hourly qpf xmrgs to the directory pointed to by
\$ifp_griddb_dir. DHM uses this local directory to read precipitation
data.
18. **CONTACT INFORMATION**
Contact the [[HSD RFC Support
Team]{.underline}](mailto:[email protected]) if there are any
questions.
|
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# Presentation: 124154
## Archived Information Math Education at High Tech High
## High Tech High
- Who am I?
- What is High Tech High?
- What’s wrong with math education in this country?
- What is HTH trying to do about it?
## High Tech High
- Who am I?
- Ben Daley
- Director, High Tech High
- Chief Instructional Officer, High Tech High Village
## What is High Tech High?
- Public, charter high school in San Diego
- In 5th year
- Diverse group of students selected by lottery (all applicants placed in lottery)
- All staff on one year contracts
## What is High Tech High?
- 100% of graduates have gone to college (2 graduating classes)
- 60% were first in their family to go to college
- Alumni at MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, Haverford, Harvey Mudd
- High test scores (10-10)
## HTH Replication Efforts
- National effort supported by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Sites in Tucson, AZ, Harrisburg, PA, Los Angeles (2 sites), Portland, Chicago, San Carlos, CA (Bay area), New Bedford, MA
- New Charter Management Organization
- High Tech Middle (opened in fall 2003)
- High Tech High International (opened in fall 2004)
- Will have 6 small schools at San Diego campus in fall 2005
## High Tech Middle
Floor Plan
- Floor Plan
## The HTH Design Principles
- Personalization
- Real World Immersion – Adult Connection
- Common Intellectual Mission
- Teacher as Designer
## Personalization
- Small class size (22-25 students in core classes)
- Small teaching teams (44-66 students per team)
- Advisory program
## Adult World Connection
- Site Visits
- Internships
- Presentations of Learning
- Exhibitions
## Common Intellectual Mission
- High expectations for all students
- No ability grouping
- All students are on the college track
- Our challenge is to challenge and support a diverse group of learners in every classroom
## Teacher as Designer
- Hire great teachers, articulate a shared vision, remove obstacles
- HTH is a teacher run school
- Teachers design the curriculum. It does not come from legislatures, school boards, or principals
## Project Based Learning
- Learning in a context
- “Hands on – Minds on” learning
- Students making, building, and doing
- School is both a vocational school and an academic school
- Students present their work to panels of experts from the community
- Less is More
## Textbooks
- “The teachers who don’t rely on textbooks seem to know their subject matter better than teachers who rely on textbooks.”
- - Kiel Bowman, HTH ’03
- “The less the teacher relied on a textbook and the fewer number of topics the teacher covered, the better these students performed in college level physics.”
- - Dr. Phil Sadler, Harvard University
## Middle School Math/Science
- 6th grade: Math & Earth Science
- 7th grade: Math & Life Science
- 8th grade: Math & Physical Science
## High School Math & Science
- 9th: Math/Physics
- 10th: Math/Chemistry
- 11th: Math, Biology, Engineering
- 12th: Math, Advanced Science
## High School Math
- _Student A_ _Student B_
- Math 1 Math 1
- Math 2 Math 2
- Math 3 Math 3
- Calculus Math 4
- We emphasize algebra and geometry because standardized tests are a hurdle that students need to overcome.
- All entering 9th graders take HTH Physics/Math 1.
## What’s wrong with math education?
- Most of what we teach in math classes is not important
- We are on a calculus driven system, which is linear and hierarchical, and has one entry point and many exit points
- Could be on a statistics driven system, which would have more flexibility and many entry points
## The problems with arguments for traditional math curriculum
- It’s fun
- It teaches “thinking” skills
- It’s important for a career in science
## What HTH is doing about math education
- Teaching traditional boring math because of standardized tests
- Teaching math and science integrated for grades 6-10
- Teaching real world, project based, integrated-with-science math as much as possible
## Slide 21
## Examples of Projects
- Who wants to be a millionaire?
- The human powered submarine
- The math & physics of rock climbing
- The math & physics of movies
## www.hightechhigh.org
- Student work
- Examples of teacher developed projects
- The HTH math curriculum
- The HTH resource center
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212084
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# Presentation: 212084
## Electronics Recycling at BNL
- Building Manager Meeting
- December 13, 2005
- Keith Klaus
## Federal Electronics Recycling and Reuse Challenge
- A short term component of the Federal Electronics Challenge
- Designed to increase recycling and reuse of electronic components
- Use this program to your advantage
## What is the Federal Electronics Challenge?
- The FEC is a purchasing, use, and end-of life management challenge issued for Federal facilities or agencies to:
- 1. Purchase greener electronic products
- 2. Manage electronic assets in an environmentally
- sound manner
- 3. Receive assistance and network with other
- agencies to improve current practices
## Fact #1
- Approximately **10,000** federally owned computers could be deemed excess or surplus each week
- The Federal Government is setting **Environmentally Sound Management guidelines** for itself to ensure it is responsibly managing its electronic assets!
**From This**
**To This**
## Fact #2 - The Federal government is a huge consumer electronics
- With 1.8 million employees, the U.S. Federal sector represents a **significant market share** for electronics – About 7% of the total market
- FY 2004 IT budget – **$155 Billion** (Hardware & Services)
- FY 2005 IT budget - **$60.8 Billion**
- Projected FY 2006 IT budget – approx. **$65.1 Billion**
## Fact #3 – Electronics represent serious environmental costs and opportunities
- Electronic equipment contains hazardous substances such as lead, mercury, chromium, cadmium, and beryllium.
- And valuable metals such as aluminum and copper and precious metals - gold, silver, platinum and palladium.
- Components can be reused, recycled, or reclaimed in the current marketplace.
**This is important to the Federal Government**
## Fact #4 - The Federal government’s purchase and use of electronics are not sustainable
- Average life cycle of Federally owned computers is 3 years
- Significant quantities are ending up in storage closets, warehouses, or landfills
- Liability Avoidance and Environmental Stewardship are important to the Federal Community
- These factors led to the development of the
- Federal Electronics Challenge
## What electronics does the FEC address?
- Monitors (computers and TV)
- CPUs
- Copiers
- Laptops
- Keyboards
- Equipment with LCD
- screens
- Printers
- Cell phones
- Medical and other technical equipment
## BENEFITS
- Reduced use and disposal of hazardous materials, and reduced solid waste from the manufacture and disposition of electronic equipment;
- Electronic equipment that is easier and less costly to demanufacture and recycle;
- Increased recovery and use of reusable components and recyclable materials from electronic equipment;
- Reduced use of virgin materials in the manufacture of new electronic equipment;
- Greater energy efficiency in the manufacture and use of electronic equipment;
- Reduced environmental liability from the handling and disposal of electronic equipment; and,
- Reduced Federal government electronic equipment life cycle costs.
## Benefits for Building Managers
- Free up “used” space, for productive research or other activities
- Reduce space charges?
- Increase productive utilization of space in your buildings
- Clean up your buildings!!!
- Comply with DOE property management requirements
## What can a building manager do to help?
- Encourage pack rats to recycle their obsolete electronics, YOU KNOW WHO THEY ARE!
- Increase awareness of building occupants
- GET HELP! Call your Environmental Compliance Representative, or contact me: at X 6399 or [email protected]
## Questions?
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[^1]
*Abstract*---The 3.7 m long quadrupole magnet LQS01 represents a major
step of the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) towards the
development of long Nb3Sn accelerator quadrupole magnets for a LHC
Luminosity upgrade. The magnet support structure is a scale up of the 1
m long Technology Quadrupole TQS design with some modifications
suggested by TQS model test results. It includes an aluminum shell
pre-tensioned over iron yokes using pressurized bladders and locking
keys (bladder and key technology). The axial support is provided by two
stainless steel plates compressed against the coil ends by four
stainless steel rods. The structure, instrumented with strain gauges,
has been fabricated and assembled around four aluminum "dummy coils" in
order to determine pre-load homogeneity and mechanical response during
cool-down. After presenting the main magnetic and mechanical parameters
of LQS01, we report in this paper on design, assembly, and test of the
support structure, with a comparison between strain gauges results and
3D numerical predictions.
*Index Terms*--- LARP, Nb~3~Sn, Quadrupole magnet
# INTRODUCTION
[AS]{.smallcaps} part of the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP
\[1\]), three US national laboratories (BNL, FNAL, and LBNL) are
currently engaged in the development of Nb3Sn superconducting magnets
for a future upgrade of the LHC Interaction Regions (IR). In order to
contain the superconducting coils during magnet excitation and minimize
conductor motion induced by electro-magnetic forces, LBNL has developed
shell-based support structures for quadrupole magnets. The main
components and features of these structures are the following.
{width="2.5256944444444445in"
height="2.5256944444444445in"}
Fig. 1. LQS01 cross-section.
• An external aluminum segmented shell (solid tube).
• A 4-piece iron yoke with gaps open during all magnet operations.
• Assembly performed through two sub-assemblies.
• Pre-loading obtained with water pressurized bladders.
• Maximum coil stress reached after cool-down.
• Axial coil support provided by end-plate and axial rods.
These support structures have been originally adopted by the LBNL
Superconducting Magnet Program to cope with the needs of high field
Nb3Sn magnets, which, because of large e.m. forces acting on a brittle
superconducting material, require a precise control of the coil pre-load
\[2-3\]. In this paper with give an overview of how these structures
have been applied to quadrupole magnets, we describe their main
principles of operation and finally we present how, through LARP,
accelerator quality features are in the process of being included in the
design.
# Magnet Design and Parameters
The structure LQS structure is based on an aluminum shell pre-tensioned
with pressurized bladders \[6B.1-6B.10\]. The design (Fig. 6B.1)
comprises an iron yoke surrounded by a 20 mm thick aluminum shell, and
includes four pads and four coils wound around titanium poles. Between
each pad and yoke two interference keys are used to balance the
azimuthal tension in the outer shell with the azimuthal compression in
the inner coils. The 3D design (Fig. 6B.2) is characterized by:
Stainless steel or iron pad laminations (50 mm thick)
Iron masters (1.6 m long)
Iron yoke laminations (50 mm thick)
4 aluminum shell segments (0.820 m long)
Axial rods and tie rods 3.3 m long
Based on detailed FEA analysis, and taking into account the requirements
for a long structure and the TQS program experience, several
improvements and optimizations were included in the LQS design: Load
keys are located closer to the mid-plane, resulting in optimal coil
stress distribution Two bladders per quadrant provide larger surface and
better control during assembly Axial rods located next to the coils
reduce the end plate deflections and overall thickness Iron masters
located between pad and yoke provide a flat and precise surface for
bladders and keys. This solution is compatible with the use of laminated
pads and yokes, and is suitable for providing structure alignment during
assembly, cool-down and operation. Aluminum shell thickness of 20 mm was
selected for optimal balance between pre-load at room temperature,
cool-down and operation, taking into account the assembly requirements.
Further optimization may include the use of stamped laminations for the
pads and yokes, resulting in more accurate tolerances and cost
reductions for a larger production.
TABLE I Magnet Design Parameters
---------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------
**Parameter** **Unit**
Strand diameter mm 0.8
No. strands 51
Cable width (bare) mm 22.000
Cable thickness (bare) mm 1.400
Insulation thickness mm 0.110
No. turns/quadrant (layer 1) 24
No. turns/quadrant (layer 2) 30
Short sample current kA 17.3
Maximum dipole field T 15.8
Coil peak field T 15.0
Stored energy MJ/m 0.84
Inductance mH/m 5.6
Fx / Fy layer 1 (per quadrant) MN/m \+ 2.3 / - 0.3
Fz layer 1 (per quadrant) kN 90
Fx / Fy layer 2 (per quadrant) MN/m \+ 3.3 / - 2.2
Fz layer 2 (per quadrant) kN 126
---------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------
{width="3.1680555555555556in"
height="1.9854166666666666in"}
Fig. 2. LQS01 end region design.
# Magnetic Analysis
## Cross-section
The field in the conductor has been computed by a 2D magnetic model of
the magnet cross-section (Fig. 3B.1), where each individual turn has
been considered. The assumed current density of 2800 A/mm2 (12 T, 4.2 K)
is based on measurements from the TQS02 magnet, which used the same
conductor and heat treatment as presently envisioned for LQ. The highest
field of 13.4 T (Fig. 3B.2), at the 1.9 K short sample current is
located in layer 1 on the pole turn. Layer 2 has a margin of \~ 2 T.
LQS01 magnet parameters
{width="3.34375in" height="0.8395833333333333in"}
## Ens region
In order to investigate the field in the end and its dependence on the
iron design, we analyzed several cases using different yoke, pad and
master configurations and materials. A modeled coil length of 1 m is
sufficient to perform the end field analysis. In Fig. 3B.2 we show
several pictures of the model aimed at investigating the difference
between the peak field in the coil straight section and the peak field
in the end with different yoke and master length (for the stainless
steel pad case). The results are given in Table 3B.4.
The final choice is shown in Fig. 3B.3, with stainless steel pads
covering the coil end region. In these conditions, the peak field in the
end region, which is located in the pole turn of layer 1 (right below
the region where the pole turn of layer 2 is bent around the pole, as
shown in Fig. 3B.4), is the same as the peak field in the straight
section.
{width="2.71875in" height="2.111111111111111in"}
Fig. 3. LQS01 end region design.
# Mechanical Analysis
## Cross-section
A 2D mechanical analysis of the cross section was performed for both
cases. We computed the stresses assuming no separation at 240 T/m (for
both cases) between coil and pole in layer 1 (see Fig. 6B.3). The
material properties used in the model are given in Table 6B.1, the
electromagnetic forces are given in Table 6B.2, and a summary of the
results of the analysis is given in Table 6B.3. The load key position
(21 mm from the mid-plane) has been optimized to minimize stresses and
to have the same peak stress after cool-down and during excitation.
Magnet parameters and electromagnetic forces at 240 T/m
{width="2.6590277777777778in"
height="2.317361111111111in"}
Table 6B.3
Summary of the 2D mechanical analysis
{width="3.098611111111111in" height="2.11875in"}
Fig. 2. LQS01 end region design.
{width="3.1083333333333334in" height="2.125in"}
Fig. 2. LQS01 end region design.
## Ens region
Two finite element model were used for the 3D mechanical analysis of
LQS: a 1 m long model (TQS length, Fig. 6B.14) and a 3.3 m long model
(Fig. 6B.15). The following computational steps were considered:
o Key insertion
o Cool-down
o Excitation
The surfaces of the impregnated coil are bonded, while all the other
surfaces are modeled under the assumption of "sliding with separation
allowed" with a friction factor of 0.2. The axial pre-load has been
chosen in order to provide full contact between coil and end parts when
the electro-magnetic forces for a gradient of 240 T/m are applied (Fig.
6B.16). In the end the contact area between pole turn and pole in layer
2 in the end region is the one more likely to separate because of the
e.m. axial forces (Fig. 6B.17). The axial support is provided by 4
stainless steel rods with a diameter of 25.4 mm, connected to a 50 mm
thick end plate made of Nitronic 40 stainless steel.
According to the 3D analysis
o about 65 MPa of coil-pole contact pressure are necessary to prevent
separation in the end of layer 2 (Fig. 6B.18)
o in order to withstand a total electromagnetic axial force of 474 kN,
25.4 mm diameter stainless steel axial rods are pre-tensioned to 88 MPa,
corresponding to 180 kN of total axial force, to reach after cool-down a
tension of 240 MPa, corresponding to 480 kN of total axial force (Fig.
6B.19 and Fig. 6B.20).
{width="3.098611111111111in" height="2.11875in"}
Fig. 2. LQS01 end region design.
{width="3.1083333333333334in" height="2.125in"}
Fig. 2. LQS01 end region design.
# Assembly Procedure and Tooling
# Cool-down Test
The shell was instrumented with half-bridge strain gauges placed on the
right side and left side of the magnet mid-plane (see Fig. 2). The
gauges measure the azimuthal and axial strain at six longitudinal
stations along the shell: station 1 is near the lead end and station 5
is at the shell's longitudinal center. In total, 24 gauges, all
thermally compensated by gauges mounted on stress-free aluminum
elements, were mounted on the shell. The gauges in stations 1 and 2 (end
gauges) were used to monitor end effects, whereas the ones in stations 3
to 6 (central gauges) measured strain variations in the central part of
the magnet. The measured strain in the azimuthal and axial directions (
and *~z~*) was converted into stress ( and *~z~*) using the relation
$\sigma_{\theta,z} = \frac{E}{\left( 1 - \nu^{2} \right)}\left( \varepsilon_{\theta,z} + \text{νε}_{z,\theta} \right)$,
(1)
where *E* and are, respectively, the elastic modulus (79 GPa at 4.5 K)
and the Poisson's ratio (0.34) of aluminum.
{width="3.3152777777777778in"
height="2.276388888888889in"}
{width="3.3152777777777778in"
height="2.276388888888889in"}
{width="3.3152777777777778in"
height="2.276388888888889in"}
{width="3.3152777777777778in"
height="2.276388888888889in"}
# Status of the Fabrication
# Conclusions
# Conclusions
# References {#references .Reference-Head}
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[^1]: ^^Manuscript received 19 August 2008. This work was supported by
the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and
Nuclear Physics, High Energy Physics Division, U. S. Department of
Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
P. Ferracin, S. Caspi , D.W. Cheng, D. R. Dietderich, S. A. Gourlay,
A. R. Hafalia, C.R. Hannaford, A. F. Lietzke, and G. L. Sabbi are
with Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA (phone:
510-486-4630; fax: 510-486-5310; e-mail: <[email protected]>).
G. Ambrosio, E. Barzi, A.R. Nobrega, and A.V. Zlobin are with
Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA.
M. Anerella, J. Schmalzle, and P. Wanderer are with Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.
|
en
|
log-files
|
175161
|
gnt_infrm: **********************************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_proc on sequence 73002030
gnt_infrm: **********************************************
Mon Apr 24 15:14:44 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: (do_proc) Root directory is /tproc/nandra/processing/
gnt_infrm: (do_proc) Deleting sequence 73002030...
gnt_infrm: (do_proc) Creating sequence 73002030...
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_getf
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:14:45 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Using rcp to copy aux/ files...
fa950501_0745.1550.gz
ft950501_0745_1550.mkf.gz
ft950501_0745_1550_mkfc.ps.gz
ft950501_0745_1550_mkfm.ps.gz
ft950501_0745_1550_mkfs.ps.gz
gnt_infrm: Copying screened/ files...
ad73002030g200170h.evt.gz
ad73002030g200270m.evt.gz
ad73002030g300170h.evt.gz
ad73002030g300270m.evt.gz
ad73002030s000102h.evt.gz
ad73002030s000112h.evt.gz
ad73002030s000202m.evt.gz
ad73002030s100102h.evt.gz
ad73002030s100112h.evt.gz
ad73002030s100202m.evt.gz
gnt_infrm: Copying unscreened/ files...
ad73002030g200170h.unf.gz
ad73002030g200270m.unf.gz
ad73002030g300170h.unf.gz
ad73002030g300270m.unf.gz
ad73002030s000101h.unf.gz
ad73002030s000102h.unf.gz
ad73002030s000112h.unf.gz
ad73002030s000202m.unf.gz
ad73002030s100101h.unf.gz
ad73002030s100102h.unf.gz
ad73002030s100112h.unf.gz
ad73002030s100202m.unf.gz
gnt_infrm: Unzipping all files...
gnt_infrm: Unzipped all files in /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened.
gnt_infrm: Unzipped all files in /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/screened.
gnt_infrm: Unzipped all files in /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux.
gnt_infrm: Getting object name from attitude file...
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_getf
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:15:40 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: (do_proc) Sequence directory is /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030.
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_cats
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:15:40 EDT 2000
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel] cat
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!cat:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!cat > set datadir ../unscreened
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!cat > set DUMPCAT
Obscat listing off
!cat > set inst sis0
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
!cat:ASCA-SIS0 > set datamode BRIGHT
!cat:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > make obscat cat_filt=DEF lststr='ad*s0*.unf'
''Using default selection expression: ONTIME>100&&NEVENTS>0&&COORDPRO!='ERROR'&&INSTRUME=='SIS0'&&DATAMODE=='BRIGHT'
!cat:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save obscat s0_bright.cat clobber=yes
!cat:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set datamode BRIGHT2
!cat:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT2 > make obscat cat_filt=DEF lststr='ad*s0*.unf'
''Using default selection expression: ONTIME>100&&NEVENTS>0&&COORDPRO!='ERROR'&&INSTRUME=='SIS0'&&DATAMODE=='BRIGHT2'
!cat:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT2 > save obscat s0_bright2.cat clobber=yes
!cat:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT2 > set inst sis1
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
!cat:ASCA-SIS1 > set datamode BRIGHT
!cat:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > make obscat cat_filt=DEF lststr='ad*s1*.unf'
''Using default selection expression: ONTIME>100&&NEVENTS>0&&COORDPRO!='ERROR'&&INSTRUME=='SIS1'&&DATAMODE=='BRIGHT'
!cat:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save obscat s1_bright.cat clobber=yes
!cat:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set datamode BRIGHT2
!cat:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT2 > make obscat cat_filt=DEF lststr='ad*s1*.unf'
''Using default selection expression: ONTIME>100&&NEVENTS>0&&COORDPRO!='ERROR'&&INSTRUME=='SIS1'&&DATAMODE=='BRIGHT2'
!cat:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT2 > save obscat s1_bright2.cat clobber=yes
!cat:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT2 > set inst gis2
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
!cat:ASCA-GIS2 > make obscat cat_filt=DEF lststr='ad*g2*.unf'
''Using default selection expression: ONTIME>100&&NEVENTS>0&&HV_RED=='OFF'&&HVH_LVL==3&&HVL_LVL==4&&COORDPRO!='ERROR'&&INSTRUME=='GIS2'
!cat:ASCA-GIS2 > save obscat g2.cat clobber=yes
!cat:ASCA-GIS2 > set inst gis3
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
!cat:ASCA-GIS3 > make obscat cat_filt=DEF lststr='ad*g3*.unf'
''Using default selection expression: ONTIME>100&&NEVENTS>0&&HV_RED=='OFF'&&HVH_LVL==3&&HVL_LVL==4&&COORDPRO!='ERROR'&&INSTRUME=='GIS3'
!cat:ASCA-GIS3 > save obscat g3.cat clobber=yes
!cat:ASCA-GIS3 > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Makefilter file is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/ft950501_0745_1550.mkf
gnt_infrm: Determining datamode...
gnt_infrm: Determining BR_EARTH angle...
rm: No match.
rm: No match.
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_cats
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:16:05 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: (do_proc) The dominant datamode is: BRIGHT.
gnt_infrm: (do_proc) The BR_EARTH angle is: 20.
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_scrn
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:16:06 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: The datamode is BRIGHT.
gnt_infrm: Determining the CCD mode...
CCD EXP_TIME
--------------------------
1 6.059719129592180E+03
1 2.945436356022954E+03
-------------------------------------
Exposure time in 1-CCD mode: 9005
Exposure time in 2-CCD mode: 0
Exposure time in 4-CCD mode: 0
-------------------------------------
gnt_infrm: Using 1-CCD mode.
****** ASCASCREEN V.0.51 ******
Applies standard clean criteria to all modes of ASCA data.
Output:
-- A single cleaned events file (.evt) except in MPC mode
-- An image for the entire detector (.img) except in FAST and MPC modes
-- The timing filters (.gti) in MPC mode
-- A lightcurve (.lc) and spectrum (.pha) in MPC mode.
-- The Dark Frame Error history file (.dfe) for FAINT mode.
-- A reduced obscat (.cat)
Try ascascreen -h for help.
Report problems to [email protected]
A return will accept the default.
For character replies, the default is in upper case.
Okay, I'll only write the xco file
To use it, say:
xselect @output_root.xco
I will choose all the minor modes.
Okay, I will use the defaults.
Got data directory: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened
Got instrument SIS0
Got datamode BRIGHT
Using HIGH bit rate data.
Using MEDIUM bit rate data.
Using LOW bit rate data.
Analysing files for your chosen mode, please wait.
Using 0.01 for Maximum allowed angular deviation
Using 30 for Bright Earth Angle
Using 10 for minimum elevation
Using 6 for minimum cutoff rigidity
Using 275 for Radiation Belt Monitor upper-threshold
Using 100 for SIS Pixel rejection upper-threshold for chips 1 .
I will start up SAOImage, and leave you in Xselect at the end
Writing command file 73002030_sis0.xco
Index NEVENTS ONTIME S0CCDMOD S0CCDLST S0_ARENA
0 173362 21900.7 1 1111 0
Removing Hot and Flickering Pixels.
Performing Grade selection ( keeping 0,2,3, and 4 ).
Command file written, goodbye
****** ASCASCREEN V.0.51 ******
Applies standard clean criteria to all modes of ASCA data.
Output:
-- A single cleaned events file (.evt) except in MPC mode
-- An image for the entire detector (.img) except in FAST and MPC modes
-- The timing filters (.gti) in MPC mode
-- A lightcurve (.lc) and spectrum (.pha) in MPC mode.
-- The Dark Frame Error history file (.dfe) for FAINT mode.
-- A reduced obscat (.cat)
Try ascascreen -h for help.
Report problems to [email protected]
A return will accept the default.
For character replies, the default is in upper case.
Okay, I'll only write the xco file
To use it, say:
xselect @output_root.xco
I will choose all the minor modes.
Okay, I will use the defaults.
Got data directory: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened
Got instrument SIS1
Got datamode BRIGHT
Using HIGH bit rate data.
Using MEDIUM bit rate data.
Using LOW bit rate data.
Analysing files for your chosen mode, please wait.
Using 0.01 for Maximum allowed angular deviation
Using 20 for Bright Earth Angle
Using 10 for minimum elevation
Using 6 for minimum cutoff rigidity
Using 275 for Radiation Belt Monitor upper-threshold
Using 100 for SIS Pixel rejection upper-threshold for chips 3 .
I will start up SAOImage, and leave you in Xselect at the end
Writing command file 73002030_sis1.xco
Index NEVENTS ONTIME S1CCDMOD S1CCDLST S1_ARENA
0 154697 21884.7 1 3333 0
Removing Hot and Flickering Pixels.
Performing Grade selection ( keeping 0,2,3, and 4 ).
Command file written, goodbye
****** ASCASCREEN V.0.51 ******
Applies standard clean criteria to all modes of ASCA data.
Output:
-- A single cleaned events file (.evt) except in MPC mode
-- An image for the entire detector (.img) except in FAST and MPC modes
-- The timing filters (.gti) in MPC mode
-- A lightcurve (.lc) and spectrum (.pha) in MPC mode.
-- The Dark Frame Error history file (.dfe) for FAINT mode.
-- A reduced obscat (.cat)
Try ascascreen -h for help.
Report problems to [email protected]
A return will accept the default.
For character replies, the default is in upper case.
Okay, I'll only write the xco file
To use it, say:
xselect @output_root.xco
I will choose all the minor modes.
Okay, I will use the defaults.
Got data directory: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened
Got instrument GIS2
Got datamode PH
Using HIGH bit rate data.
Using MEDIUM bit rate data.
Using LOW bit rate data.
Analysing files for your chosen mode, please wait.
Using 0.01 for Maximum allowed angular deviation
Using 5 for minimum elevation
Using standard GIS particle BGD rejection criterion
I will start up SAOImage, and leave you in Xselect at the end
Removing ring and calibration sources
Using the region:
CIRCLE(128.50,128.50,88.00)
-ELLIPSE(167.50,220.00,24.66,28.95,245.298)
Writing command file 73002030_gis2.xco
Index NEVENTS ONTIME RAWXBINS RISEBINS TIMEBINS PHA_BINS POS_DET
0 91010 18203.9 256 32 1 1024 FLF
Using Rise Time window bkgd. rejection
Command file written, goodbye
****** ASCASCREEN V.0.51 ******
Applies standard clean criteria to all modes of ASCA data.
Output:
-- A single cleaned events file (.evt) except in MPC mode
-- An image for the entire detector (.img) except in FAST and MPC modes
-- The timing filters (.gti) in MPC mode
-- A lightcurve (.lc) and spectrum (.pha) in MPC mode.
-- The Dark Frame Error history file (.dfe) for FAINT mode.
-- A reduced obscat (.cat)
Try ascascreen -h for help.
Report problems to [email protected]
A return will accept the default.
For character replies, the default is in upper case.
Okay, I'll only write the xco file
To use it, say:
xselect @output_root.xco
I will choose all the minor modes.
Okay, I will use the defaults.
Got data directory: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened
Got instrument GIS3
Got datamode PH
Using HIGH bit rate data.
Using MEDIUM bit rate data.
Using LOW bit rate data.
Analysing files for your chosen mode, please wait.
Using 0.01 for Maximum allowed angular deviation
Using 5 for minimum elevation
Using standard GIS particle BGD rejection criterion
I will start up SAOImage, and leave you in Xselect at the end
Removing ring and calibration sources
CIRCLE(128.50,128.50,88.00)
-ELLIPSE(217,95,21.56,25.92,169.216)
Writing command file 73002030_gis3.xco
Index NEVENTS ONTIME RAWXBINS RISEBINS TIMEBINS PHA_BINS POS_DET
0 104714 18201.9 256 32 1 1024 FLF
Using Rise Time window bkgd. rejection
Using the region:
Command file written, goodbye
Running extractions
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/ad73002030s000202m.unf
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
71037 35116 0 35921 0 0
Writing events file
35116 events written to the output file
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/ad73002030s000102h.unf
10% completed
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100% completed
Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
102325 77107 0 25218 0 0
Writing events file
112223 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
173362 112223 0 61139 0 0
in 9121.0 seconds
CLEANSIS_V1.6
allocating image arrays...
PROGRAM TO MAKE AN SIS SCIENCE FILE CLEANED OF ANOMALOUS PIXELS.
* Anomalous pixels may consist of at least two populations.
1. Persistent HOT pixels are removed by comparing to the chip mean.
2. Flickering WARM pixels are removed by comparing to the cell mean.
3. In faint areas (zero bgd), flickering pixels are removed with a
cutoff threshold.
Hints:
Choose cell size and thresholds based on the expected background and the PSF.
Use the DIRTYSIS option to examine the anomalous pixel spectra.
Try a multiple pass clean:
Choose a PHA cut to optimize the S/N of the flickering pixels,
then a broad band clean.
Be suspicious of extended source cleans.
For very bright sources you may need to turn off the iteration option.
See the help page for further info (fhelp cleansis)
Poisson clean cell size : 5
Poisson probability threshold : 0.631E-05
Zero Bgd Cutoff threshold (>) : 3
Iterate : T
Dirtysis : F
Minimum PHA value (inclusive) : 0
Maximum PHA value (inclusive) : 4095
open output file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/ascascr
reading data file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/ascascr
copying primary header to output file...
making chip image...
Total counts in chip images : 112223
copy bad pix array...
cleaning chip # 0
cleaning chip # 1
Hot pixels & counts : 1 2284
Flickering pixels iter, pixels & cnts : 1 13 225
cleaning chip # 2
cleaning chip # 3
Number of pixels rejected : 14
Number of (internal) image counts : 112223
Number of image cts rejected (N, %) : 2509 2.24
By chip : 0 1 2 3
Pixels rejected : 0 14 0 0
Image counts : 0 112223 0 0
Image cts rejected: 0 2509 0 0
Image cts rej (%) : 0.00 2.24 0.00 0.00
filtering data...
Total counts : 0 112223 0 0
Total cts rejected: 0 2509 0 0
Total cts rej (%) : 0.00 2.24 0.00 0.00
Number of clean counts accepted : 109714
writing history cards...
copying extensions...
writing out hot pixs...
Number of rejected pixels : 14
updating NEVENTS keywords...
closing data file...
closing clean file...
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: ascascreen_sis0_in_event.xsl
10% completed
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100% completed
Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 106296 0 0 0 0
Writing events file
106296 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 106296 0 0 0 0
in 9121.0 seconds
Image has 106296 counts for 11.65 counts/sec
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel] ascascreen_sis0
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA > set mission ASCA
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA > set instru SIS0
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0 > set datadir /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened
Setting data directory to /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/
Setting mkf directory to /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0 > set dumpcat
Obscat listing off
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0 > set datamode BRIGHT
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > make obscat cat_filt=@73002030_sis0_obscat.sel lststr = '[af][dt]*[Ss]0*[HhMmLl].unf'
''!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > choose 1-** switch=yes
Setting datamode to BRIGHT
Got the minimum time resolution of the chosen data: 0.40000E+01,
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 2047
Number of files read in: 2
Files currently in use:
1 ad73002030s000202m.unf
2 ad73002030s000102h.unf
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set image detector
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > select mkf @73002030_sis0_mkf.sel
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract events
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > sisclean clean=2 cellsize=5 log_prob=-5.24 bkg_thr=3 clean_phalow=0 clean_phahi =4095 sis_plot2=no saoimage2=no
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > select events "grade==0||(grade>=2&&grade<=4)" save_file=no
The select output will overwrite the cleaned event list
if you have not saved it already.
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract "event image"
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save obscat 73002030_sis0 clobberit = yes
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > $rm -f ascascreen_sis0*.cat 73002030_sis0_list.tmp 73002030_sis0_obscat.lis
Spawning...
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save all 73002030_sis0 clobberit=yes use_events=yes
Saving the Image:
Wrote image to file 73002030_sis0.img
Saving the Cleaned events list(s):
Wrote cleaned events file to 73002030_sis0.evt
Changing Data directory from:
/local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/
to the current working directory.
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear mkf
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set dumpcat
Obscat listing on
!ascascreen_sis0:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > exit save=no
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/ad73002030s100202m.unf
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
63396 30432 0 32964 0 0
Writing events file
30432 events written to the output file
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/ad73002030s100102h.unf
10% completed
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100% completed
Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
91301 64577 0 26724 0 0
Writing events file
95009 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
154697 95009 0 59688 0 0
in 8907.2 seconds
CLEANSIS_V1.6
allocating image arrays...
PROGRAM TO MAKE AN SIS SCIENCE FILE CLEANED OF ANOMALOUS PIXELS.
* Anomalous pixels may consist of at least two populations.
1. Persistent HOT pixels are removed by comparing to the chip mean.
2. Flickering WARM pixels are removed by comparing to the cell mean.
3. In faint areas (zero bgd), flickering pixels are removed with a
cutoff threshold.
Hints:
Choose cell size and thresholds based on the expected background and the PSF.
Use the DIRTYSIS option to examine the anomalous pixel spectra.
Try a multiple pass clean:
Choose a PHA cut to optimize the S/N of the flickering pixels,
then a broad band clean.
Be suspicious of extended source cleans.
For very bright sources you may need to turn off the iteration option.
See the help page for further info (fhelp cleansis)
Poisson clean cell size : 5
Poisson probability threshold : 0.631E-05
Zero Bgd Cutoff threshold (>) : 3
Iterate : T
Dirtysis : F
Minimum PHA value (inclusive) : 0
Maximum PHA value (inclusive) : 4095
open output file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/ascascr
reading data file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/ascascr
copying primary header to output file...
making chip image...
Total counts in chip images : 95009
copy bad pix array...
cleaning chip # 0
cleaning chip # 1
cleaning chip # 2
cleaning chip # 3
Hot pixels & counts : 4 7579
Flickering pixels iter, pixels & cnts : 1 11 246
Number of pixels rejected : 15
Number of (internal) image counts : 95009
Number of image cts rejected (N, %) : 7825 8.24
By chip : 0 1 2 3
Pixels rejected : 0 0 0 15
Image counts : 0 0 0 95009
Image cts rejected: 0 0 0 7825
Image cts rej (%) : 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.24
filtering data...
Total counts : 0 0 0 95009
Total cts rejected: 0 0 0 7825
Total cts rej (%) : 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.24
Number of clean counts accepted : 87184
writing history cards...
copying extensions...
writing out hot pixs...
Number of rejected pixels : 15
updating NEVENTS keywords...
closing data file...
closing clean file...
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: ascascreen_sis1_in_event.xsl
10% completed
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 84395 0 0 0 0
Writing events file
84395 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 84395 0 0 0 0
in 8907.2 seconds
Image has 84395 counts for 9.475 counts/sec
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel] ascascreen_sis1
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA > set mission ASCA
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA > set instru SIS1
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1 > set datadir /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened
Setting data directory to /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/
Setting mkf directory to /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1 > set dumpcat
Obscat listing off
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1 > set datamode BRIGHT
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > make obscat cat_filt=@73002030_sis1_obscat.sel lststr = '[af][dt]*[Ss]1*[HhMmLl].unf'
''!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > choose 1-** switch=yes
Setting datamode to BRIGHT
Got the minimum time resolution of the chosen data: 0.40000E+01,
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 2047
Number of files read in: 2
Files currently in use:
1 ad73002030s100202m.unf
2 ad73002030s100102h.unf
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set image detector
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > select mkf @73002030_sis1_mkf.sel
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract events
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > sisclean clean=2 cellsize=5 log_prob=-5.24 bkg_thr=3 clean_phalow=0 clean_phahi =4095 sis_plot2=no saoimage2=no
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > select events "grade==0||(grade>=2&&grade<=4)" save_file=no
The select output will overwrite the cleaned event list
if you have not saved it already.
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract "event image"
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save obscat 73002030_sis1 clobberit = yes
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > $rm -f ascascreen_sis1*.cat 73002030_sis1_list.tmp 73002030_sis1_obscat.lis
Spawning...
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save all 73002030_sis1 clobberit=yes use_events=yes
Saving the Image:
Wrote image to file 73002030_sis1.img
Saving the Cleaned events list(s):
Wrote cleaned events file to 73002030_sis1.evt
Changing Data directory from:
/local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/
to the current working directory.
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear mkf
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set dumpcat
Obscat listing on
!ascascreen_sis1:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > exit save=no
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/ad73002030g200270m.unf
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
41055 14859 5565 20631 0 0
Writing events file
14859 events written to the output file
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/ad73002030g200170h.unf
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
49955 28928 5707 15320 0 0
Writing events file
43787 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
91010 43787 11272 35951 0 0
in 7836.2 seconds
Infile # of rows Outfile # of rows # filtered
---------------- ----------------- ----------
43787 43169 618
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: ascascreen_gis2_in_event.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 43169 0 0 0 0
Writing events file
43169 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 43169 0 0 0 0
in 7836.2 seconds
Image has 43169 counts for 5.509 counts/sec
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel] ascascreen_gis2
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA > set mission ASCA
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA > set instru GIS2
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2 > set datadir /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened
Setting data directory to /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/
Setting mkf directory to /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2 > set dumpcat
Obscat listing off
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2 > set datamode PH
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > make obscat cat_filt=@73002030_gis2_obscat.sel lststr = '[af][dt]*[Gg]2*[HhMmLl].unf'
''!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > choose 1-** switch=yes
Setting datamode to PH
Got the minimum time resolution of the chosen data: 0.50000E+00,
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 1023
Number of files read in: 2
Files currently in use:
1 ad73002030g200270m.unf
2 ad73002030g200170h.unf
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set image detector
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > select mkf @73002030_gis2_mkf.sel
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter region 73002030_gis2_randc.reg
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract events
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > gisclean
Using table:/software/lheasoft/develop/refdata/rti_gis_1024_040693.fits
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract "event image"
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save obscat 73002030_gis2 clobberit = yes
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > $rm -f ascascreen_gis2*.cat 73002030_gis2_list.tmp 73002030_gis2_obscat.lis
Spawning...
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save all 73002030_gis2 clobberit=yes use_events=yes
Saving the Image:
Wrote image to file 73002030_gis2.img
Saving the Filtered Events list:
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis2.evt
Changing Data directory from:
/local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/
to the current working directory.
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > clear mkf
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > clear region all
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set dumpcat
Obscat listing on
!ascascreen_gis2:ASCA-GIS2-PH > exit save=no
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/ad73002030g300270m.unf
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
45460 18360 4749 22351 0 0
Writing events file
18360 events written to the output file
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/ad73002030g300170h.unf
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
59254 35685 4922 18647 0 0
Writing events file
54045 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
104714 54045 9671 40998 0 0
in 7834.2 seconds
Infile # of rows Outfile # of rows # filtered
---------------- ----------------- ----------
54045 53458 587
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: ascascreen_gis3_in_event.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 53458 0 0 0 0
Writing events file
53458 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 53458 0 0 0 0
in 7834.2 seconds
Image has 53458 counts for 6.824 counts/sec
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel] ascascreen_gis3
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA > set mission ASCA
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA > set instru GIS3
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3 > set datadir /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened
Setting data directory to /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/
Setting mkf directory to /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3 > set dumpcat
Obscat listing off
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3 > set datamode PH
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > make obscat cat_filt=@73002030_gis3_obscat.sel lststr = '[af][dt]*[Gg]3*[HhMmLl].unf'
''!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > choose 1-** switch=yes
Setting datamode to PH
Got the minimum time resolution of the chosen data: 0.50000E+00,
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 1023
Number of files read in: 2
Files currently in use:
1 ad73002030g300270m.unf
2 ad73002030g300170h.unf
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set image detector
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > select mkf @73002030_gis3_mkf.sel
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > filter region 73002030_gis3_randc.reg
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract events
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > gisclean
Using table:/software/lheasoft/develop/refdata/rti_gis_1024_040693.fits
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract "event image"
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save obscat 73002030_gis3 clobberit = yes
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > $rm -f ascascreen_gis3*.cat 73002030_gis3_list.tmp 73002030_gis3_obscat.lis
Spawning...
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save all 73002030_gis3 clobberit=yes use_events=yes
Saving the Image:
Wrote image to file 73002030_gis3.img
Saving the Filtered Events list:
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis3.evt
Changing Data directory from:
/local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/unscreened/
to the current working directory.
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > clear mkf
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > clear region all
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set dumpcat
Obscat listing on
!ascascreen_gis3:ASCA-GIS3-PH > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Checking for G3BITFIX problem...
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_scrn
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:17:46 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_cent
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:17:46 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Getting RA and DEC from attitude file...
gnt_infrm: Getting OTIME from attitude file...
gnt_infrm: Checking permanent area...
gunzip: No match.
gnt_infrm: Files not in permanent area; performing centroiding...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS PHA_BINS
1 MKN421_N4 PH MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:46:07 0.78E+04 43169 1024
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 27207 14619 0 0 1343
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 27207 14619 0 0 1343
in 7836.2 seconds
Spectrum has 27207 counts for 3.472 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 2142 40882 0 0 145
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 2142 40882 0 0 145
in 7836.2 seconds
Spectrum has 2142 counts for 0.2733 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_gis2.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 1023
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 0.50000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter region gis2_src_reg.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter pha_cutoff 60 900
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save spectrum gis2_spec_src.tmp clobber=yes group=no
Wrote spectrum to gis2_spec_src.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter region gis2_bgd_reg.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save spectrum gis2_spec_bgd.tmp clobber=yes group=no
Wrote spectrum to gis2_spec_bgd.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > exit save=no
****** statistics for /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/gis2_spec_src.tmp ******
The sum of the selected image = 26918.000000
The mean of the selected image = 39.997028
The standard deviation of the selected image = 46.281328
The number of points used in calculation = 673
The minimum of selected image = -1.0
The maximum of selected image = 252.0
The location of minimum is at pixel number = (1,1)
The location of maximum is at pixel number = (14,20)
****** successfully exited ******
****** statistics for /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/gis2_spec_bgd.tmp ******
The sum of the selected image = 2081.000000
The mean of the selected image = 0.363176
The standard deviation of the selected image = 0.660429
The number of points used in calculation = 5730
The minimum of selected image = -1.0
The maximum of selected image = 5.0
The location of minimum is at pixel number = (1,1)
The location of maximum is at pixel number = (93,68)
****** successfully exited ******
gnt_infrm: SDS = 1699.44
gnt_infrm: Source was detected with confidence because S = 1699.44
gnt_infrm: The scripts will find centroids from smoothed sky images.
gnt_infrm: The source coordinates will be X and Y of the centroid.
gnt_infrm: Centroid for sis0...
gnt_infrm: Centroiding region is circle(113,167,33).
gnt_infrm: Creating sky image for sis0...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS S0CCDPOW
1 MKN421_N4 BRIGHT MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:45:57 0.91E+04 109714 0100
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 92130 14166 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 92130 14166 0 0 0
in 9121.0 seconds
Image has 92130 counts for 10.10 counts/sec
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_sis0.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 2047
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 4.0000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > filter region init_reg.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save image sis0_sky.tmp clobber=yes
Wrote image to file sis0_sky.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Smoothing sky image for sis0...
gnt_infrm: Finding maximum pixel (centroid) for sis0...
****** statistics for /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/sis0_sky_sm.tmp ******
The sum of the selected image = 92129.999993
The mean of the selected image = 15.636456
The standard deviation of the selected image = 26.592670
The number of points used in calculation = 5892
The minimum of selected image = 0.0
The maximum of selected image = 163.3
The location of minimum is at pixel number = (1,1)
The location of maximum is at pixel number = (120,175)
****** successfully exited ******
gnt_infrm: Initial sky posns are 120, 175
gnt_infrm: Converting to det co-ordinates
/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_subevt.tmp
The sum of the selected column is 8385510.0
The mean of the selected column is 462.95534
The standard deviation of the selected column is 9.1580187
The minimum of selected column is 438.00000
The maximum of selected column is 502.00000
The number of points used in calculation is 18113
The sum of the selected column is 9143550.0
The mean of the selected column is 504.80594
The standard deviation of the selected column is 9.4646243
The minimum of selected column is 476.00000
The maximum of selected column is 531.00000
The number of points used in calculation is 18113
gnt_infrm: Writing source region for sis0...
gnt_infrm: Writing SIS background region for sis0...
115,126
gnt_infrm: Centroid for sis1...
gnt_infrm: Centroiding region is circle(113,167,33).
gnt_infrm: Creating sky image for sis1...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS S1CCDPOW
1 MKN421_N4 BRIGHT MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:45:57 0.89E+04 87184 0001
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 75411 8984 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 75411 8984 0 0 0
in 8907.2 seconds
Image has 75411 counts for 8.466 counts/sec
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_sis1.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 2047
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 4.0000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > filter region init_reg.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save image sis1_sky.tmp clobber=yes
Wrote image to file sis1_sky.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Smoothing sky image for sis1...
gnt_infrm: Finding maximum pixel (centroid) for sis1...
****** statistics for /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/sis1_sky_sm.tmp ******
The sum of the selected image = 75410.999954
The mean of the selected image = 12.835915
The standard deviation of the selected image = 22.044234
The number of points used in calculation = 5875
The minimum of selected image = 0.0
The maximum of selected image = 132.3
The location of minimum is at pixel number = (1,1)
The location of maximum is at pixel number = (120,175)
****** successfully exited ******
gnt_infrm: Initial sky posns are 120, 175
gnt_infrm: Converting to det co-ordinates
/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_subevt.tmp
The sum of the selected column is 6772763.0
The mean of the selected column is 461.39131
The standard deviation of the selected column is 9.5062473
The minimum of selected column is 436.00000
The maximum of selected column is 499.00000
The number of points used in calculation is 14679
The sum of the selected column is 7937187.0
The mean of the selected column is 540.71715
The standard deviation of the selected column is 9.2979683
The minimum of selected column is 510.00000
The maximum of selected column is 567.00000
The number of points used in calculation is 14679
gnt_infrm: Writing source region for sis1...
gnt_infrm: Writing SIS background region for sis1...
115,135
gnt_infrm: Centroid for gis2...
gnt_infrm: Centroiding region is circle(108,131,14).
gnt_infrm: Creating sky image for gis2...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS PHA_BINS
1 MKN421_N4 PH MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:46:07 0.78E+04 43169 1024
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 28550 14619 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 28550 14619 0 0 0
in 7836.2 seconds
Image has 28550 counts for 3.643 counts/sec
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_gis2.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 1023
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 0.50000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter region init_reg.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save image gis2_sky.tmp clobber=yes
Wrote image to file gis2_sky.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Smoothing sky image for gis2...
gnt_infrm: Finding maximum pixel (centroid) for gis2...
****** statistics for /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/gis2_sky_sm.tmp ******
The sum of the selected image = 28549.999991
The mean of the selected image = 15.507876
The standard deviation of the selected image = 23.765877
The number of points used in calculation = 1841
The minimum of selected image = 0.0
The maximum of selected image = 103.8
The location of minimum is at pixel number = (1,1)
The location of maximum is at pixel number = (112,134)
****** successfully exited ******
gnt_infrm: Initial sky posns are 112, 134
gnt_infrm: Converting to det co-ordinates
/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_subevt.tmp
The sum of the selected column is 1274370.0
The mean of the selected column is 107.86035
The standard deviation of the selected column is 2.3107856
The minimum of selected column is 102.00000
The maximum of selected column is 115.00000
The number of points used in calculation is 11815
The sum of the selected column is 1385394.0
The mean of the selected column is 117.25722
The standard deviation of the selected column is 2.4328344
The minimum of selected column is 111.00000
The maximum of selected column is 123.00000
The number of points used in calculation is 11815
gnt_infrm: Writing source region for gis2...
gnt_infrm: Writing GIS background region for gis2...
107,117
gnt_infrm: Centroid for gis3...
gnt_infrm: Centroiding region is circle(108,131,14).
gnt_infrm: Creating sky image for gis3...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS PHA_BINS
1 MKN421_N4 PH MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:46:07 0.78E+04 53458 1024
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 37320 16138 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 37320 16138 0 0 0
in 7834.2 seconds
Image has 37320 counts for 4.764 counts/sec
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_gis3.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 1023
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 0.50000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > filter region init_reg.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save image gis3_sky.tmp clobber=yes
Wrote image to file gis3_sky.tmp
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Smoothing sky image for gis3...
gnt_infrm: Finding maximum pixel (centroid) for gis3...
****** statistics for /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/gis3_sky_sm.tmp ******
The sum of the selected image = 37319.999958
The mean of the selected image = 20.271592
The standard deviation of the selected image = 30.981670
The number of points used in calculation = 1841
The minimum of selected image = 0.0
The maximum of selected image = 135.0
The location of minimum is at pixel number = (1,1)
The location of maximum is at pixel number = (111,134)
****** successfully exited ******
gnt_infrm: Initial sky posns are 111, 134
gnt_infrm: Converting to det co-ordinates
/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_subevt.tmp
The sum of the selected column is 1771779.0
The mean of the selected column is 113.43015
The standard deviation of the selected column is 2.3595010
The minimum of selected column is 107.00000
The maximum of selected column is 120.00000
The number of points used in calculation is 15620
The sum of the selected column is 1830576.0
The mean of the selected column is 117.19437
The standard deviation of the selected column is 2.3788112
The minimum of selected column is 111.00000
The maximum of selected column is 123.00000
The number of points used in calculation is 15620
gnt_infrm: Writing source region for gis3...
gnt_infrm: Writing GIS background region for gis3...
113,117
gnt_infrm: Comparing SIS and GIS centroids respectively...
gnt_infrm: Combining respective sky images...
gnt_infrm: Comparing combined GIS centroid to SIS0 and SIS1...
****** statistics for /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/gis_sky_sm.tmp ******
The sum of the selected image = 65870.000011
The mean of the selected image = 62.317881
The standard deviation of the selected image = 89.248735
The number of points used in calculation = 1057
The minimum of selected image = 0.0
The maximum of selected image = 445.4
The location of minimum is at pixel number = (1,1)
The location of maximum is at pixel number = (111,134)
****** successfully exited ******
gnt_infrm: Copying .reg files to permanent area...
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_cent
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:18:43 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_prod
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:18:43 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Running extraction procedure for 73002030...
gnt_infrm: Running SISPI...
SISPI v1.1.1
SISPI v1.1.1
gnt_infrm: DATAMODE = BRIGHT.
gnt_infrm: BITFIX = n.
gnt_infrm: Extracting src data for sis0...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS S0CCDPOW
1 MKN421_N4 BRIGHT MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:45:57 0.91E+04 109714 0100
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 106296 0 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 106296 0 0 0 0
in 9121.0 seconds
Image has 106296 counts for 11.65 counts/sec
Processing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.evt
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 102789 3507 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 102789 3507 0 0 0
in 9121.0 seconds
Spectrum has 102789 counts for 11.27 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS0 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 9121.0 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 5.77050E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - none Associated background file
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - none Associated redistribution matrix file
ANCRFILE - none Associated ancillary response file
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
... QUALITY
...
... -------
... QUALITY
... -------
... Bad Channels (Channel - Channel)
... ---------------------------------------------
... 0 - 13 have quality 5
... ---------------------------------------------
...
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis0_src.pha
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 98922 3507 0 0 3867
Writing events file
98922 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 98922 3507 0 0 3867
in 9121.0 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 81120 3507 0 0 21669
Writing events file
81120 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 81120 3507 0 0 21669
in 9121.0 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 17881 3507 0 0 84908
Writing events file
17881 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 17881 3507 0 0 84908
in 9121.0 seconds
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_sis0.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 2047
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 4.0000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set xybinsize 4
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save image clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_sky.img
Wrote image to file 73002030_sis0_sky.img
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set image det
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > select events CCDID.EQ.1
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > filter region 73002030_sis0_src.reg
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save spectrum group=yes clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_src.pha
Wrote spectrum to 73002030_sis0_src.pha
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 140 1723
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_src.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis0_src.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 140 560
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_src_soft.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis0_src_soft.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 560 1723
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_src_hard.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis0_src_hard.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear region all
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Extracting src data for sis1...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS S1CCDPOW
1 MKN421_N4 BRIGHT MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:45:57 0.89E+04 87184 0001
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 84395 0 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 84395 0 0 0 0
in 8907.2 seconds
Image has 84395 counts for 9.475 counts/sec
Processing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.evt
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 81993 2402 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 81993 2402 0 0 0
in 8907.2 seconds
Spectrum has 81993 counts for 9.205 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS1 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 8907.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 5.11040E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - none Associated background file
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - none Associated redistribution matrix file
ANCRFILE - none Associated ancillary response file
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
... QUALITY
...
... -------
... QUALITY
... -------
... Bad Channels (Channel - Channel)
... ---------------------------------------------
... 0 - 13 have quality 5
... ---------------------------------------------
...
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis1_src.pha
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 79201 2402 0 0 2792
Writing events file
79201 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 79201 2402 0 0 2792
in 8907.2 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 65427 2402 0 0 16566
Writing events file
65427 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 65427 2402 0 0 16566
in 8907.2 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 13822 2402 0 0 68171
Writing events file
13822 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 13822 2402 0 0 68171
in 8907.2 seconds
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_sis1.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 2047
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 4.0000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set xybinsize 4
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save image clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_sky.img
Wrote image to file 73002030_sis1_sky.img
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set image det
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > select events CCDID.EQ.3
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > filter region 73002030_sis1_src.reg
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save spectrum group=yes clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_src.pha
Wrote spectrum to 73002030_sis1_src.pha
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 140 1723
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_src.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis1_src.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 140 560
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_src_soft.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis1_src_soft.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 560 1723
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_src_hard.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis1_src_hard.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear region all
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Extracting src data for gis2...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS PHA_BINS
1 MKN421_N4 PH MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:46:07 0.78E+04 43169 1024
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 43169 0 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 43169 0 0 0 0
in 7836.2 seconds
Image has 43169 counts for 5.509 counts/sec
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 37151 6018 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 37151 6018 0 0 0
in 7836.2 seconds
Spectrum has 37151 counts for 4.741 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 36325 6018 0 0 826
Writing events file
36325 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 36325 6018 0 0 826
in 7836.2 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 11863 6018 0 0 25288
Writing events file
11863 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 11863 6018 0 0 25288
in 7836.2 seconds
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_gis2.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 1023
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 0.50000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set xybinsize 1
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save image clobber=yes 73002030_gis2_sky.img
Wrote image to file 73002030_gis2_sky.img
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set image det
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter region 73002030_gis2_src.reg
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save spectrum group=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis2_src.pha
Wrote spectrum to 73002030_gis2_src.pha
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter pha_cutoff 43 850
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis2_src.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis2_src.evt
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter pha_cutoff 170 850
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis2_src_hard.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis2_src_hard.evt
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Extracting BITFIX=n src data for gis3...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS PHA_BINS
1 MKN421_N4 PH MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:46:07 0.78E+04 53458 1024
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 53458 0 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 53458 0 0 0 0
in 7834.2 seconds
Image has 53458 counts for 6.824 counts/sec
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 47348 6110 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 47348 6110 0 0 0
in 7834.2 seconds
Spectrum has 47348 counts for 6.044 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 46314 6110 0 0 1034
Writing events file
46314 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 46314 6110 0 0 1034
in 7834.2 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 15053 6110 0 0 32295
Writing events file
15053 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 15053 6110 0 0 32295
in 7834.2 seconds
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_gis3.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 1023
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 0.50000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set xybinsize 1
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save image clobber=yes 73002030_gis3_sky.img
Wrote image to file 73002030_gis3_sky.img
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set image det
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > filter region 73002030_gis3_src.reg
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save spectrum group=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis3_src.pha
Wrote spectrum to 73002030_gis3_src.pha
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > filter pha_cutoff 43 850
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis3_src.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis3_src.evt
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > filter pha_cutoff 170 850
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis3_src_hard.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis3_src_hard.evt
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Extracting bgd data for sis0...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS S0CCDPOW
1 MKN421_N4 BRIGHT MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:45:57 0.91E+04 109714 0100
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 106296 0 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 106296 0 0 0 0
in 9121.0 seconds
Image has 106296 counts for 11.65 counts/sec
Processing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.evt
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 2581 103715 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 2581 103715 0 0 0
in 9121.0 seconds
Spectrum has 2581 counts for 0.2830 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS0 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 9121.0 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 3.66800E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - none Associated background file
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - none Associated redistribution matrix file
ANCRFILE - none Associated ancillary response file
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
... QUALITY
...
... -------
... QUALITY
... -------
... Bad Channels (Channel - Channel)
... ---------------------------------------------
... 0 - 13 have quality 5
... ---------------------------------------------
...
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis0_bgd.pha
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 2463 103715 0 0 118
Writing events file
2463 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 2463 103715 0 0 118
in 9121.0 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 1978 103715 0 0 603
Writing events file
1978 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 1978 103715 0 0 603
in 9121.0 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 487 103715 0 0 2094
Writing events file
487 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
106296 487 103715 0 0 2094
in 9121.0 seconds
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_sis0.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 2047
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 4.0000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set xybinsize 4
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save image clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_sky.img
Wrote image to file 73002030_sis0_sky.img
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > set image det
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > select events CCDID.EQ.1
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > filter region 73002030_sis0_bgd.reg
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save spectrum group=yes clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_bgd.pha
Wrote spectrum to 73002030_sis0_bgd.pha
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 140 1723
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_bgd.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis0_bgd.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 140 560
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_bgd_soft.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis0_bgd_soft.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 560 1723
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis0_bgd_hard.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis0_bgd_hard.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > clear region all
!xsel:ASCA-SIS0-BRIGHT > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Extracting bgd data for sis1...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS S1CCDPOW
1 MKN421_N4 BRIGHT MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:45:57 0.89E+04 87184 0001
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 84395 0 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 84395 0 0 0 0
in 8907.2 seconds
Image has 84395 counts for 9.475 counts/sec
Processing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.evt
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 1703 82692 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 1703 82692 0 0 0
in 8907.2 seconds
Spectrum has 1703 counts for 0.1912 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS1 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 8907.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 4.38960E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - none Associated background file
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - none Associated redistribution matrix file
ANCRFILE - none Associated ancillary response file
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
... QUALITY
...
... -------
... QUALITY
... -------
... Bad Channels (Channel - Channel)
... ---------------------------------------------
... 0 - 13 have quality 5
... ---------------------------------------------
...
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis1_bgd.pha
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 1617 82692 0 0 86
Writing events file
1617 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 1617 82692 0 0 86
in 8907.2 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 1284 82692 0 0 419
Writing events file
1284 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 1284 82692 0 0 419
in 8907.2 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /local/data/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/xsel_work1001.xsl
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 336 82692 0 0 1367
Writing events file
336 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
84395 336 82692 0 0 1367
in 8907.2 seconds
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_sis1.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 4
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 8
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 2047
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 4.0000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set xybinsize 4
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save image clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_sky.img
Wrote image to file 73002030_sis1_sky.img
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > set image det
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > select events CCDID.EQ.3
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > filter region 73002030_sis1_bgd.reg
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save spectrum group=yes clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_bgd.pha
Wrote spectrum to 73002030_sis1_bgd.pha
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 140 1723
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_bgd.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis1_bgd.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 140 560
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_bgd_soft.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis1_bgd_soft.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > filter pha_cutoff 560 1723
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_sis1_bgd_hard.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_sis1_bgd_hard.evt
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > clear region all
!xsel:ASCA-SIS1-BRIGHT > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Extracting bgd data for gis2...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS PHA_BINS
1 MKN421_N4 PH MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:46:07 0.78E+04 43169 1024
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 43169 0 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 43169 0 0 0 0
in 7836.2 seconds
Image has 43169 counts for 5.509 counts/sec
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 2151 41018 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 2151 41018 0 0 0
in 7836.2 seconds
Spectrum has 2151 counts for 0.2745 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 2064 41018 0 0 87
Writing events file
2064 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 2064 41018 0 0 87
in 7836.2 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
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Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 862 41018 0 0 1289
Writing events file
862 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
43169 862 41018 0 0 1289
in 7836.2 seconds
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_gis2.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 1023
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 0.50000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set xybinsize 1
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save image clobber=yes 73002030_gis2_sky.img
Wrote image to file 73002030_gis2_sky.img
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > set image det
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter region 73002030_gis2_bgd.reg
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save spectrum group=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis2_bgd.pha
Wrote spectrum to 73002030_gis2_bgd.pha
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter pha_cutoff 43 850
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis2_bgd.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis2_bgd.evt
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > filter pha_cutoff 170 850
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis2_bgd_hard.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis2_bgd_hard.evt
!xsel:ASCA-GIS2-PH > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: Extracting BITFIX=n bgd data for gis3...
OBJECT DATAMODE BIT_RATE DATE-OBS TIME-OBS ONTIME NEVENTS PHA_BINS
1 MKN421_N4 PH MEDIUM 01/05/95 07:46:07 0.78E+04 53458 1024
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
10% completed
20% completed
30% completed
40% completed
50% completed
60% completed
70% completed
80% completed
90% completed
100% completed
Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 53458 0 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 53458 0 0 0 0
in 7834.2 seconds
Image has 53458 counts for 6.824 counts/sec
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
10% completed
20% completed
30% completed
40% completed
50% completed
60% completed
70% completed
80% completed
90% completed
100% completed
Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 2130 51328 0 0 0
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 2130 51328 0 0 0
in 7834.2 seconds
Spectrum has 2130 counts for 0.2719 counts/sec
... written the PHA data Extension
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
10% completed
20% completed
30% completed
40% completed
50% completed
60% completed
70% completed
80% completed
90% completed
100% completed
Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 2042 51328 0 0 88
Writing events file
2042 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 2042 51328 0 0 88
in 7834.2 seconds
extractor v3.75 8 Mar 2000
Getting FITS WCS Keywords
Doing file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
10% completed
20% completed
30% completed
40% completed
50% completed
60% completed
70% completed
80% completed
90% completed
100% completed
Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 907 51328 0 0 1223
Writing events file
907 events written to the output file
===============================================================================
Grand Total Good Bad: Region Time Phase Cut
53458 907 51328 0 0 1223
in 7834.2 seconds
** XSELECT V2.0 **
!> Enter session name >[xsel]
Notes: XSELECT set up for ASCA
Time keyword is TIME in units of s
Default timing binsize = 16.000
Command not found; type ? for a command listing
!xsel:ASCA > clear all proceed=yes
WARNING: CLEAR ALL will remove all temporary files
!xsel > set datadir ./
Setting data directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
Setting mkf directory to /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/
!xsel > read e 73002030_gis3.evt
Setting...
Image keywords = X Y with binning = 1
WMAP keywords = DETX DETY with binning = 1
Energy keywords = PI with binning = 1
Getting Min and Max for Energy Column...
Got min and max for PI: 0 1023
Got the minimum time resolution of the read data: 0.50000
Number of files read in: 1
******************** Observation Catalogue ********************
Data Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
HK Directory is: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set binsize 128
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set image sky
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set xybinsize 1
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract image
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save image clobber=yes 73002030_gis3_sky.img
Wrote image to file 73002030_gis3_sky.img
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > set image det
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > filter region 73002030_gis3_bgd.reg
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract spectrum
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save spectrum group=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis3_bgd.pha
Wrote spectrum to 73002030_gis3_bgd.pha
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > filter pha_cutoff 43 850
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis3_bgd.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis3_bgd.evt
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > clear events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > clear pha_cutoff
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > filter pha_cutoff 170 850
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > extract events
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > save events use=no clobber=yes 73002030_gis3_bgd_hard.evt
Wrote events list to file 73002030_gis3_bgd_hard.evt
!xsel:ASCA-GIS3-PH > exit save=no
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_prod
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:20:43 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_spec
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:20:44 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Group .pha files for 73002030...
gnt_infrm: Minimum channels are 60 (gis2), 60 (gis3).
gnt_infrm: Creating grouped spectrum files for sis0...
grppha
Mon Apr 24 15:20:54 EDT 2000
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS0 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 9121.0 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 5.77050E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - none Associated background file
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - none Associated redistribution matrix file
ANCRFILE - none Associated ancillary response file
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis0_src.pha.tmp
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
grppha
Mon Apr 24 15:20:55 EDT 2000
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS0 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 9121.0 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 5.77050E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - 73002030_sis0_bgd.pha
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - 73002030_sis0.rmf
ANCRFILE - 73002030_sis0.arf
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
...... Channel 512 is not within the channel range !
...... Upper channel reset to last channel : 511
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis0_src_20.pha
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
ascaarf
Mon Apr 24 15:20:55 EDT 2000
ascaarf 73002030_sis0_src.pha.tmp 73002030_sis0.rmf 73002030_sis0.arf point=yes simple=yes clobber=yes
ASCAARF vers 3.00 6 Oct 1998.
xrtrsp : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_ea_v2_0.fits
xrtpsf : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_psf_v2_0.fits
Input WMAP array has size 45 by 39 bins
expanded to 45 by 39 bins
First WMAP bin is at detector pixel 280 320
8 detector pixels per WMAP bin
WMAP bin size is 0.21600 mm
0.21216 arcmin
Selected region size is 66.494 arcmin^2
Optical axis is detector pixel 662.72 559.02
1180 energies from RMF file
Effective area fudge applied
Arf filter applied
Point source at 463.00 479.00 (detector coordinates)
Point source at 24.97 10.00 (WMAP bins wrt optical axis)
Point source at 5.71 21.83 (... in polar coordinates)
Total counts in region = 1.02751E+05
Weighted mean angle from optical axis = 5.474 arcmin
gnt_infrm: Creating grouped spectrum files for sis1...
grppha
Mon Apr 24 15:22:24 EDT 2000
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS1 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 8907.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 5.11040E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - none Associated background file
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - none Associated redistribution matrix file
ANCRFILE - none Associated ancillary response file
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis1_src.pha.tmp
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
grppha
Mon Apr 24 15:22:24 EDT 2000
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS1 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 8907.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 5.11040E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - 73002030_sis1_bgd.pha
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - 73002030_sis1.rmf
ANCRFILE - 73002030_sis1.arf
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
...... Channel 512 is not within the channel range !
...... Upper channel reset to last channel : 511
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis1_src_20.pha
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
ascaarf
Mon Apr 24 15:22:24 EDT 2000
ascaarf 73002030_sis1_src.pha.tmp 73002030_sis1.rmf 73002030_sis1.arf point=yes simple=yes clobber=yes
ASCAARF vers 3.00 6 Oct 1998.
xrtrsp : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_ea_v2_0.fits
xrtpsf : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_psf_v2_0.fits
Input WMAP array has size 45 by 35 bins
expanded to 45 by 35 bins
First WMAP bin is at detector pixel 280 360
8 detector pixels per WMAP bin
WMAP bin size is 0.21600 mm
0.21216 arcmin
Selected region size is 58.887 arcmin^2
Optical axis is detector pixel 618.28 773.83
1180 energies from RMF file
Effective area fudge applied
Arf filter applied
Point source at 463.00 503.00 (detector coordinates)
Point source at 19.41 33.85 (WMAP bins wrt optical axis)
Point source at 8.28 60.17 (... in polar coordinates)
Total counts in region = 8.19550E+04
Weighted mean angle from optical axis = 7.511 arcmin
gnt_infrm: Creating grouped spectrum files for gis2...
grppha
Mon Apr 24 15:23:44 EDT 2000
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - GIS2 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 7836.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 3.66360E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - none Associated background file
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - none Associated redistribution matrix file
ANCRFILE - none Associated ancillary response file
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 1024 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 1024 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_gis2_src.pha.tmp
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
grppha
Mon Apr 24 15:23:44 EDT 2000
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - GIS2 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 7836.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 3.66360E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - 73002030_gis2_bgd.pha
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - 73002030_gis2.rmf
ANCRFILE - 73002030_gis2.arf
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 1024 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 1024 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_gis2_src_20.pha
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
ascaarf
Mon Apr 24 15:23:44 EDT 2000
ASCAARF vers 3.00 6 Oct 1998.
bethick : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/s2bev1.fits
grid : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/s2gridv3.fits
xrtrsp : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_ea_v2_0.fits
xrtpsf : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_psf_v2_0.fits
Input WMAP array has size 54 by 54 bins
expanded to 128 by 128 bins
First WMAP bin is at detector pixel 44 54
1 detector pixels per WMAP bin
WMAP bin size is 0.25000 mm
0.24555 arcmin
Selected region size is 144.80 arcmin^2
Optical axis is detector pixel 133.00 130.96
201 energies from RMF file
Effective area fudge applied
Arf filter applied
Point source at 106.50 116.50 (detector coordinates)
Point source at 26.50 14.46 (WMAP bins wrt optical axis)
Point source at 7.41 28.62 (... in polar coordinates)
Total counts in region = 3.70950E+04
Weighted mean angle from optical axis = 7.205 arcmin
gnt_infrm: Creating grouped spectrum files for gis3...
grppha
Mon Apr 24 15:32:04 EDT 2000
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - GIS3 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 7834.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 3.66360E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - none Associated background file
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - none Associated redistribution matrix file
ANCRFILE - none Associated ancillary response file
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 1024 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 1024 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_gis3_src.pha.tmp
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
grppha
Mon Apr 24 15:32:04 EDT 2000
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - GIS3 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 7834.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 3.66360E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - 73002030_gis3_bgd.pha
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - 73002030_gis3.rmf
ANCRFILE - 73002030_gis3.arf
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 1024 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 1024 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_gis3_src_20.pha
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
ascaarf
Mon Apr 24 15:32:04 EDT 2000
ASCAARF vers 3.00 6 Oct 1998.
bethick : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/s3bev1.fits
grid : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/s3gridv3.fits
xrtrsp : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_ea_v2_0.fits
xrtpsf : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_psf_v2_0.fits
Input WMAP array has size 54 by 54 bins
expanded to 128 by 128 bins
First WMAP bin is at detector pixel 50 54
1 detector pixels per WMAP bin
WMAP bin size is 0.25000 mm
0.24555 arcmin
Selected region size is 144.80 arcmin^2
Optical axis is detector pixel 119.36 134.44
201 energies from RMF file
Effective area fudge applied
Arf filter applied
Point source at 112.50 116.50 (detector coordinates)
Point source at 6.86 17.94 (WMAP bins wrt optical axis)
Point source at 4.72 69.07 (... in polar coordinates)
Total counts in region = 4.73050E+04
Weighted mean angle from optical axis = 4.721 arcmin
gnt_infrm: Creating response matrix for sis0...
Sisrmg Version 1.1, Configured 04/97
This version resolves *all* known keyword incompatibilities with
other FTOOLS tasks. If you have previously fudged *any* keywords
in the PHA file to compensate, incorrect results will follow.
Setting 1st PHA channel to 0
Making v1.1 1180x512 S0C1 Bright PI RMF
Calibration data files:
ecd = /software/lheasoft/release/refdata/sisdata/sis0c1p40_290296.fits
cti = /software/lheasoft/release/refdata/sisdata/sisph2pi_110397.fits
echo = /software/lheasoft/release/refdata/sisdata/sisechos_290296.fits
rdd = /software/lheasoft/release/refdata/sisdata/sisrddis_290296.fits
Please stand by...
...Done.
gnt_infrm: Creating response matrix for sis1...
Sisrmg Version 1.1, Configured 04/97
This version resolves *all* known keyword incompatibilities with
other FTOOLS tasks. If you have previously fudged *any* keywords
in the PHA file to compensate, incorrect results will follow.
Setting 1st PHA channel to 0
Making v1.1 1180x512 S1C3 Bright PI RMF
Calibration data files:
ecd = /software/lheasoft/release/refdata/sisdata/sis1c3p40_290296.fits
cti = /software/lheasoft/release/refdata/sisdata/sisph2pi_110397.fits
echo = /software/lheasoft/release/refdata/sisdata/sisechos_290296.fits
rdd = /software/lheasoft/release/refdata/sisdata/sisrddis_290296.fits
Please stand by...
...Done.
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_spec
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:41:07 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_expo
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:41:07 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Grouping channels and creating new 4-channel .pha files...
gnt_infrm: Creating 4-channel spectrum for sis0...
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS0 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 9121.0 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 5.77050E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - 73002030_sis0_bgd.pha
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - 73002030_sis0.rmf
ANCRFILE - 73002030_sis0.arf
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
minchan(nocom) 21
maxchan(nocom) 67
numchan(nocom) 47
minchan(nocom) 68
maxchan(nocom) 171
numchan(nocom) 104
minchan(nocom) 172
maxchan(nocom) 240
numchan(nocom) 69
minchan(nocom) 241
maxchan(nocom) 343
numchan(nocom) 103
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis0_4_ch.pha
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
gnt_infrm: Creating efficiency map for sis0...
ASCAEFFMAP vers 2.27 5 May 1999.
xrtrsp : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_ea_v2_0.fits
193 grouped channels from the PHA file
Bin size is 0.0270 (mm) = 0.0265(arcmin)
Optical axis is 662.72 559.02
WMAP size is 45 x 39
WMAP offset is 280 320
WMAP bin factor is 8
512 ungrouped channels from the RMF file
pha bin = 22, E = 0.615 - 1.989 keV ( 1 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 37.68365 weight = 3.0854269E-04
pha bin = 23, E = 1.989 - 5.027 keV ( 2 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 82.42984 weight = 3.2322758E-05
pha bin = 24, E = 5.027 - 7.042 keV ( 3 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 69.91310 weight = 2.8558813E-06
pha bin = 25, E = 7.042 - 10.035 keV ( 4 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 38.36671 weight = 8.0459148E-07
wrote /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.effmap
gnt_infrm: Creating 4-channel spectrum for sis1...
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - SIS1 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 8907.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 5.11040E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - 73002030_sis1_bgd.pha
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - 73002030_sis1.rmf
ANCRFILE - 73002030_sis1.arf
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 512 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 512 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
minchan(nocom) 21
maxchan(nocom) 67
numchan(nocom) 47
minchan(nocom) 68
maxchan(nocom) 171
numchan(nocom) 104
minchan(nocom) 172
maxchan(nocom) 240
numchan(nocom) 69
minchan(nocom) 241
maxchan(nocom) 343
numchan(nocom) 103
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_sis1_4_ch.pha
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
gnt_infrm: Creating efficiency map for sis1...
ASCAEFFMAP vers 2.27 5 May 1999.
xrtrsp : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_ea_v2_0.fits
193 grouped channels from the PHA file
Bin size is 0.0270 (mm) = 0.0265(arcmin)
Optical axis is 618.28 773.83
WMAP size is 45 x 35
WMAP offset is 280 360
WMAP bin factor is 8
512 ungrouped channels from the RMF file
pha bin = 22, E = 0.615 - 1.989 keV ( 1 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 34.00457 weight = 3.4770512E-04
pha bin = 23, E = 1.989 - 5.027 keV ( 2 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 72.60860 weight = 3.5466266E-05
pha bin = 24, E = 5.027 - 7.043 keV ( 3 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 57.87849 weight = 3.3566155E-06
pha bin = 25, E = 7.043 - 10.049 keV ( 4 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 29.41163 weight = 1.2834847E-06
wrote /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.effmap
gnt_infrm: Creating 4-channel spectrum for gis2...
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - GIS2 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 7836.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 3.66360E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - 73002030_gis2_bgd.pha
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - 73002030_gis2.rmf
ANCRFILE - 73002030_gis2.arf
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 1024 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 1024 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
minchan(nocom) 61
maxchan(nocom) 170
numchan(nocom) 110
minchan(nocom) 171
maxchan(nocom) 425
numchan(nocom) 255
minchan(nocom) 426
maxchan(nocom) 594
numchan(nocom) 169
minchan(nocom) 595
maxchan(nocom) 848
numchan(nocom) 254
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_gis2_4_ch.pha
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
gnt_infrm: Creating efficiency map for gis2...
ASCAEFFMAP vers 2.27 5 May 1999.
bethick : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/s2bev1.fits
grid : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/s2gridv3.fits
xrtrsp : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_ea_v2_0.fits
240 grouped channels from the PHA file
Bin size is 0.2500 (mm) = 0.2456(arcmin)
Optical axis is 133.00 130.96
WMAP size is 54 x 54
WMAP offset is 80 90
WMAP bin factor is 1
1024 ungrouped channels from the RMF file
pha bin = 62, E = 0.719 - 2.016 keV ( 1 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 64.17733 weight = 9.8817218E-03
pha bin = 63, E = 2.016 - 5.022 keV ( 2 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 73.59960 weight = 3.7766777E-03
pha bin = 64, E = 5.022 - 7.014 keV ( 3 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 63.75636 weight = 4.5030907E-04
pha bin = 65, E = 7.014 - 10.008 keV ( 4 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 22.37915 weight = 3.5776471E-04
wrote /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.effmap
gnt_infrm: Creating 4-channel spectrum for gis3...
-------------------------
MANDATORY KEYWORDS/VALUES
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTNAME - SPECTRUM Name of this BINTABLE
TELESCOP - ASCA Mission/Satellite name
INSTRUME - GIS3 Instrument/Detector
FILTER - NONE Instrument filter in use
EXPOSURE - 7834.2 Integration time (in secs) of PHA data
AREASCAL - 1.0000 Area scaling factor
BACKSCAL - 3.66360E-02 Background scaling factor
BACKFILE - 73002030_gis3_bgd.pha
CORRSCAL - 1.0000 Correlation scaling factor
CORRFILE - none Associated correlation file
RESPFILE - 73002030_gis3.rmf
ANCRFILE - 73002030_gis3.arf
POISSERR - TRUE Whether Poissonian errors apply
CHANTYPE - PI Whether channels have been corrected
TLMIN1 - 0 First legal Detector channel
DETCHANS - 1024 No. of legal detector channels
NCHAN - 1024 No. of detector channels in dataset
PHAVERSN - 1.1.0 OGIP FITS version number
STAT_ERR - FALSE Statistical Error
SYS_ERR - TRUE Fractional Systematic Error
QUALITY - TRUE Quality Flag
GROUPING - FALSE Grouping Flag
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------
minchan(nocom) 61
maxchan(nocom) 170
numchan(nocom) 110
minchan(nocom) 171
maxchan(nocom) 425
numchan(nocom) 255
minchan(nocom) 426
maxchan(nocom) 594
numchan(nocom) 169
minchan(nocom) 595
maxchan(nocom) 848
numchan(nocom) 254
...... exiting, changes written to file : 73002030_gis3_4_ch.pha
** grppha 2.9.0 completed successfully
gnt_infrm: Creating efficiency map for gis3...
ASCAEFFMAP vers 2.27 5 May 1999.
bethick : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/s3bev1.fits
grid : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/s3gridv3.fits
xrtrsp : /FTP/caldb/data/asca/xrt/bcf/xrt_ea_v2_0.fits
240 grouped channels from the PHA file
Bin size is 0.2500 (mm) = 0.2456(arcmin)
Optical axis is 119.36 134.44
WMAP size is 54 x 54
WMAP offset is 86 90
WMAP bin factor is 1
1024 ungrouped channels from the RMF file
pha bin = 62, E = 0.719 - 2.016 keV ( 1 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 74.13298 weight = 8.5751917E-03
pha bin = 63, E = 2.016 - 5.022 keV ( 2 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 85.22933 weight = 3.2568793E-03
pha bin = 64, E = 5.022 - 7.014 keV ( 3 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 77.23278 weight = 3.6102402E-04
pha bin = 65, E = 7.014 - 10.008 keV ( 4 / 4) calculating ...
<efficiency> = 29.72385 weight = 2.8661106E-04
wrote /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.effmap
gnt_infrm: Creating exposure map for sis0...
instfile=/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.effmap
ASCAEXPO_V0.9b
reading data file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.evt
reading gti ext: STDGTI
reading hp ext: HOT_PIXELS
querying CALDB...
reading cal file: /FTP/caldb/data/asca/sis/bcf/s0_teldef_070294.fits
reading inst file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.effm
making an inst map...
SIS AREA DISC ENABL OFF
CHIP: 0 1 2 3
CCD POWER ON/OFF: OFF ON OFF OFF
AREA DISC IN/OUT: OUT OUT IN IN
AREA DISC H START: 6 6 6 316
AREA DISC H STOP: 425 425 200 425
AREA DISC V START: 2 2 2 2
AREA DISC V STOP: 422 422 150 112
multiply inst map...
reading att file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/fa950501_0745.1550
making a sky image...
writing sky image: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_sky_
making an exposure map...
Aspect RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.0080 38.1952 50.2116
Mean RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.0357 38.1887 50.2116
Pnt RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.1164 38.3675 50.2116
Image rebin factor : 1
Attitude Records : 28610
Hot Pixels : 14
GTI intervals : 27
Total GTI (secs) : 9121.045
Max attitude excursion (arcsecs) : 15.000
0 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 0.00 0.00
10 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 1238.21 1238.21
20 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 2043.14 2043.14
30 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 4579.52 4579.52
40 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 4579.52 4579.52
50 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 5329.46 5329.46
60 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 6245.45 6245.45
70 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 9121.04 9121.04
100 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 9121.04 9121.04
Number of attitude steps used: 12
Number of attitude steps avail: 23002
Mean RA/DEC pixel offset: -48.0643 -93.4063
writing expo file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_raw.
closing attitude file...
closing data file...
gnt_infrm: Creating exposure map for sis1...
instfile=/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.effmap
ASCAEXPO_V0.9b
reading data file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.evt
reading gti ext: STDGTI
reading hp ext: HOT_PIXELS
querying CALDB...
reading cal file: /FTP/caldb/data/asca/sis/bcf/s1_teldef_070294.fits
reading inst file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.effm
making an inst map...
SIS AREA DISC ENABL OFF
CHIP: 0 1 2 3
CCD POWER ON/OFF: OFF OFF OFF ON
AREA DISC IN/OUT: OUT OUT OUT OUT
AREA DISC H START: 6 6 6 6
AREA DISC H STOP: 425 425 425 425
AREA DISC V START: 2 2 2 2
AREA DISC V STOP: 422 422 422 422
multiply inst map...
reading att file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/fa950501_0745.1550
making a sky image...
writing sky image: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_sky_
making an exposure map...
Aspect RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.0080 38.1952 50.2025
Mean RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.0203 38.1984 50.2025
Pnt RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.1311 38.3565 50.2025
Image rebin factor : 1
Attitude Records : 28610
Hot Pixels : 15
GTI intervals : 30
Total GTI (secs) : 8907.187
Max attitude excursion (arcsecs) : 15.000
0 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 0.00 0.00
10 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 1202.21 1202.21
20 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 1983.14 1983.14
30 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 4419.52 4419.52
40 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 4419.52 4419.52
50 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 5169.45 5169.45
60 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 6085.45 6085.45
70 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 8907.19 8907.19
100 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 8907.19 8907.19
Number of attitude steps used: 12
Number of attitude steps avail: 23002
Mean RA/DEC pixel offset: -52.1382 -27.5428
writing expo file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_raw.
closing attitude file...
closing data file...
gnt_infrm: Creating exposure map for gis2...
instfile=/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.effmap
ASCAEXPO_V0.9b
reading data file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.evt
reading gti ext: STDGTI
querying CALDB...
reading cal file: /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/gis2_ano_on_flf_180295.fits
reading inst file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.effm
making an inst map...
rebin gis: 1
multiply inst map...
reading att file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/fa950501_0745.1550
making a sky image...
writing sky image: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_sky_
making an exposure map...
Aspect RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.0080 38.1952 50.2093
Mean RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.0058 38.1847 50.2093
Pnt RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.1212 38.3487 50.2093
Image rebin factor : 1
Attitude Records : 28610
GTI intervals : 24
Total GTI (secs) : 7836.172
Max attitude excursion (arcsecs) : 15.000
0 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 0.00 0.00
10 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 1434.48 1434.48
20 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 2246.00 2246.00
30 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 2864.49 2864.49
40 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 4292.03 4292.03
50 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 4292.03 4292.03
60 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 5090.03 5090.03
70 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 6006.03 6006.03
80 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 7836.17 7836.17
100 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 7836.17 7836.17
Number of attitude steps used: 12
Number of attitude steps avail: 23529
Mean RA/DEC pixel offset: -10.7586 -3.7788
writing expo file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_raw.
closing attitude file...
closing data file...
gnt_infrm: Creating exposure map for gis3...
instfile=/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.effmap
ASCAEXPO_V0.9b
reading data file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.evt
reading gti ext: STDGTI
querying CALDB...
reading cal file: /FTP/caldb/data/asca/gis/bcf/gis3_ano_on_flf_180295.fits
reading inst file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.effm
making an inst map...
rebin gis: 1
multiply inst map...
reading att file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/aux/fa950501_0745.1550
making a sky image...
writing sky image: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_sky_
making an exposure map...
Aspect RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.0080 38.1952 50.1954
Mean RA/DEC/ROLL : 165.9908 38.1747 50.1954
Pnt RA/DEC/ROLL : 166.1439 38.3661 50.1954
Image rebin factor : 1
Attitude Records : 28610
GTI intervals : 24
Total GTI (secs) : 7834.172
Max attitude excursion (arcsecs) : 15.000
0 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 0.00 0.00
10 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 1434.48 1434.48
20 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 2246.00 2246.00
30 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 2864.49 2864.49
40 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 4292.03 4292.03
50 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 4292.03 4292.03
60 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 5090.03 5090.03
70 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 6006.03 6006.03
80 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 7834.17 7834.17
100 Percent Complete: Total/live time: 7834.17 7834.17
Number of attitude steps used: 12
Number of attitude steps avail: 23529
Mean RA/DEC pixel offset: 0.3135 -2.6789
writing expo file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_raw.
closing attitude file...
closing data file...
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_expo
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:45:26 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_lcvs
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:45:27 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Making lightcurves with 3 binsizes and 3 energy bands...
gnt_infrm: Time ordering...
gnt_infrm: Source, full-band, 16s bin, SIS/GIS...
nbint = 1533
gnt_infrm: Command...
lcurve nser=1 cfile1=@/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/lcvs.tmp
window=/home/rosserv/nandra/tartarus/scripts3.2/win_full2.wi dtnb=16 nbint=1533 tunits=1 clobber=yes
outfile=/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_16s.flc rescale=2.0 plot=no
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_src.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 98922 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS0
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 27 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_src.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 79201 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS1
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 30 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467228 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 4.0000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 6129
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1533
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 3 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1533 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1533 analysis results per interval
1% completed
2% completed
3% completed
4% completed
5% completed
6% completed
7% completed
8% completed
9% completed
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 9.830 Chisq 928.1 Var 0.5260 Newbs. 542
Min 8.000 Max 12.19 expVar 0.3072 Bins 178124
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_16s
nbint = 1539
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_src.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 36325 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS2
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_src.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 46314 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS3
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578339 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 0.50000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 49217
Default Newbin Time is: 48.118889 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1539
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 4 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1539 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1539 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 5.271 Chisq 659.8 Var 0.2269 Newbs. 479
Min 4.094 Max 6.594 expVar 0.1647 Bins 82640
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_src_16s
gnt_infrm: Source, full-band, 256/5760s bin, SIS/GIS...
nbint = 96
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_16s.f
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE;
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `RATE ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 542 Bin Time (s) ...... 16.00
Right Ascension ... Internal time sys.. Literal
Declination ....... Experiment ........
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 3- Y-axis; 4- Y-error; 5- Fractional exposure;
File contains binned data.
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467172 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 16.000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 1532
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 256.00000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 96
Default Newbins per Interval are: 96
(giving 1 Interval of 96 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 96 Newbins of 256.000 (s)
96 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:26:23
Ser.1 Avg 19.41 Chisq 197.6 Var 0.7885 Newbs. 19
Min 18.20 Max 21.49 expVar 0.7583E-01 Bins 542
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_256
nbint = 97
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_src_16s.f
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE;
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `RATE ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 479 Bin Time (s) ...... 16.00
Right Ascension ... Internal time sys.. Literal
Declination ....... Experiment ........
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 3- Y-axis; 4- Y-error; 5- Fractional exposure;
File contains binned data.
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578283 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 16.000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 1538
Default Newbin Time is: 48.118889 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 256.00000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 97
Default Newbins per Interval are: 97
(giving 1 Interval of 97 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 97 Newbins of 256.000 (s)
97 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:26:23
Ser.1 Avg 10.48 Chisq 180.3 Var 0.4100 Newbs. 18
Min 9.621 Max 11.68 expVar 0.4094E-01 Bins 479
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_src_256
nbint = 5
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_16s.f
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE;
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `RATE ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 542 Bin Time (s) ...... 16.00
Right Ascension ... Internal time sys.. Literal
Declination ....... Experiment ........
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 3- Y-axis; 4- Y-error; 5- Fractional exposure;
File contains binned data.
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467172 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 16.000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 1532
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 5760.0000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 5
Default Newbins per Interval are: 5
(giving 1 Interval of 5 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 5 Newbins of 5760.00 (s)
5 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 9:12:15
Ser.1 Avg 19.74 Chisq 319.7 Var 0.6137 Newbs. 5
Min 18.85 Max 20.93 expVar 0.1199E-01 Bins 542
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_576
nbint = 5
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_src_16s.f
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE;
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `RATE ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 479 Bin Time (s) ...... 16.00
Right Ascension ... Internal time sys.. Literal
Declination ....... Experiment ........
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 3- Y-axis; 4- Y-error; 5- Fractional exposure;
File contains binned data.
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578283 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 16.000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 1538
Default Newbin Time is: 48.118889 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 5760.0000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 5
Default Newbins per Interval are: 5
(giving 1 Interval of 5 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 5 Newbins of 5760.00 (s)
5 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 9:12:15
Ser.1 Avg 10.50 Chisq 186.5 Var 0.1861 Newbs. 5
Min 10.05 Max 11.23 expVar 0.7658E-02 Bins 479
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_src_576
gnt_infrm: Source, soft-band, 16s/5760s bin, SIS...
nbint = 1533
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_src_soft
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 81120 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS0
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 27 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_src_soft
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 65427 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS1
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 30 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467228 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 4.0000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 6129
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1533
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 3 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1533 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1533 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 8.089 Chisq 829.8 Var 0.3870 Newbs. 542
Min 6.500 Max 10.00 expVar 0.2528 Bins 146548
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_16s
nbint = 5
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_16s_s
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE;
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `RATE ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 542 Bin Time (s) ...... 16.00
Right Ascension ... Internal time sys.. Literal
Declination ....... Experiment ........
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 3- Y-axis; 4- Y-error; 5- Fractional exposure;
File contains binned data.
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467172 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 16.000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 1532
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 5760.0000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 5
Default Newbins per Interval are: 5
(giving 1 Interval of 5 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 5 Newbins of 5760.00 (s)
5 analysis results per interval
1% completed
2% completed
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Intv 1 Start 9838 9:12:15
Ser.1 Avg 16.24 Chisq 232.0 Var 0.3676 Newbs. 5
Min 15.55 Max 17.15 expVar 0.9859E-02 Bins 542
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_576
gnt_infrm: Source, hard-band, 16s/5760s bin, SIS/GIS...
nbint = 1533
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_src_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 17881 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS0
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 27 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_src_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 13822 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS1
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 30 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467228 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 4.0000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 6129
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1533
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 3 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1533 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1533 analysis results per interval
1% completed
2% completed
3% completed
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 1.748 Chisq 654.5 Var 0.6596E-01 Newbs. 542
Min 1.094 Max 2.500 expVar 0.5462E-01 Bins 31704
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_16s
nbint = 5
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_16s_h
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE;
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `RATE ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 542 Bin Time (s) ...... 16.00
Right Ascension ... Internal time sys.. Literal
Declination ....... Experiment ........
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 3- Y-axis; 4- Y-error; 5- Fractional exposure;
File contains binned data.
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467172 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 16.000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 1532
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 5760.0000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 5
Default Newbins per Interval are: 5
(giving 1 Interval of 5 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 5 Newbins of 5760.00 (s)
5 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 9:12:15
Ser.1 Avg 3.515 Chisq 93.87 Var 0.3175E-01 Newbs. 5
Min 3.307 Max 3.792 expVar 0.2137E-02 Bins 542
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_576
nbint = 1539
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_src_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 11863 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS2
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_src_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 15053 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS3
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578339 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 0.50000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 49217
Default Newbin Time is: 48.118889 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1539
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 4 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1539 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1539 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 1.715 Chisq 579.1 Var 0.6481E-01 Newbs. 479
Min 0.9062 Max 2.658 expVar 0.5361E-01 Bins 26917
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_src_16s
nbint = 5
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_src_16s_h
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE;
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `RATE ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 479 Bin Time (s) ...... 16.00
Right Ascension ... Internal time sys.. Literal
Declination ....... Experiment ........
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 3- Y-axis; 4- Y-error; 5- Fractional exposure;
File contains binned data.
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578283 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 16.000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 1538
Default Newbin Time is: 48.118889 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 5760.0000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 5
Default Newbins per Interval are: 5
(giving 1 Interval of 5 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 5 Newbins of 5760.00 (s)
5 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 9:12:15
Ser.1 Avg 3.427 Chisq 86.09 Var 0.3490E-01 Newbs. 5
Min 3.180 Max 3.662 expVar 0.2507E-02 Bins 479
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_src_576
gnt_infrm: Background, full-band, 16s/5760s bin, SIS/GIS...
nbint = 1533
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_bgd.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 2463 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS0
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 27 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_bgd.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 1617 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS1
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 30 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467228 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 4.0000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 6129
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1533
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 3 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1533 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1533 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.2241 Chisq 530.6 Var 0.6858E-02 Newbs. 542
Min 0.3125E-01 Max 0.4688 expVar 0.7006E-02 Bins 4081
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_bgd_16s
nbint = 5
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_bgd_16s.f
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE;
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `RATE ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 542 Bin Time (s) ...... 16.00
Right Ascension ... Internal time sys.. Literal
Declination ....... Experiment ........
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 3- Y-axis; 4- Y-error; 5- Fractional exposure;
File contains binned data.
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467172 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 16.000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 1532
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 5760.0000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 5
Default Newbins per Interval are: 5
(giving 1 Interval of 5 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 5 Newbins of 5760.00 (s)
5 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 9:12:15
Ser.1 Avg 0.4469 Chisq 24.90 Var 0.1300E-02 Newbs. 5
Min 0.4027 Max 0.5118 expVar 0.2697E-03 Bins 542
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_bgd_576
nbint = 1539
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_bgd.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 2064 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS2
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_bgd.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 2042 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS3
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578339 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 0.50000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 49217
Default Newbin Time is: 48.118889 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1539
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 4 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1539 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1539 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.2620 Chisq 514.0 Var 0.8790E-02 Newbs. 479
Min 0.3125E-01 Max 0.5625 expVar 0.8192E-02 Bins 4107
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_bgd_16s
nbint = 5
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_bgd_16s.f
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE;
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `RATE ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 479 Bin Time (s) ...... 16.00
Right Ascension ... Internal time sys.. Literal
Declination ....... Experiment ........
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 3- Y-axis; 4- Y-error; 5- Fractional exposure;
File contains binned data.
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578283 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 16.000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 1538
Default Newbin Time is: 48.118889 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 5760.0000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 5
Default Newbins per Interval are: 5
(giving 1 Interval of 5 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 5 Newbins of 5760.00 (s)
5 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 9:12:15
Ser.1 Avg 0.5236 Chisq 7.394 Var 0.4399E-03 Newbs. 5
Min 0.4982 Max 0.5533 expVar 0.3833E-03 Bins 479
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_bgd_576
gnt_infrm: Background, soft-band, 16s bin, SIS...
nbint = 1533
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_bgd_soft
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 1978 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS0
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 27 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_bgd_soft
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 1284 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS1
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 30 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467228 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 4.0000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 6129
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1533
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 3 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1533 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1533 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.1789 Chisq 538.7 Var 0.5560E-02 Newbs. 542
Min 0.000 Max 0.4062 expVar 0.5595E-02 Bins 3263
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_bgd_16s
gnt_infrm: Background, hard-band, 16s bin, SIS/GIS...
nbint = 1533
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_bgd_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 487 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS0
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 27 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_bgd_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 336 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS1
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 30 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467228 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 4.0000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 6129
Default Newbin Time is: 47.931169 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1533
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 3 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1533 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1533 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.4538E-01 Chisq 560.7 Var 0.1471E-02 Newbs. 542
Min 0.000 Max 0.2188 expVar 0.1422E-02 Bins 824
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_bgd_16s
nbint = 1539
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_bgd_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 862 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS2
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Series 1 file 2:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_bgd_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 907 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS3
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
**** Warning : Infiles for series 1 overlap in time
Having > 1 intv or using time winds. might cause data loss !
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578339 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 0.50000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 49217
Default Newbin Time is: 48.118889 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 512 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1539
Default Newbins per Interval are: 512
(giving 4 Intervals of 512 Newbins each)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1539 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
**** Warning: All results and errors will be multiplied by 2.000000
1539 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.1125 Chisq 501.7 Var 0.3688E-02 Newbs. 479
Min 0.000 Max 0.3125 expVar 0.3521E-02 Bins 1770
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_bgd_16s
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_lcvs
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:46:02 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_cols
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:46:02 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Determine countrates for sis0 and sis1 in 2 energy bands...
gnt_infrm: Determining scaling factor...
gnt_infrm: Calculating values...
gnt_infrm: Countrate for SIS full-band...
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_bgd.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 2463 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS0
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 27 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467228 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 4.0000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 6129
Default Newbin Time is: 4.0000000 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 6129 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1533
Default Newbins per Interval are: 1533
(giving 1 Interval of 1533 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1533 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
1533 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.2679 Chisq 527.8 Var 0.1581E-01 Newbs. 559
Min 0.000 Max 0.7500 expVar 0.1674E-01 Bins 2463
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_bgd_16
gnt_infrm: Countrate for SIS soft-band...
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_bgd_soft
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 1978 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS0
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 27 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467228 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 4.0000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 6129
Default Newbin Time is: 4.0000000 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 6129 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1533
Default Newbins per Interval are: 1533
(giving 1 Interval of 1533 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1533 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
1533 analysis results per interval
1% completed
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.2157 Chisq 547.2 Var 0.1320E-01 Newbs. 559
Min 0.000 Max 0.6250 expVar 0.1348E-01 Bins 1978
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_bgd_16
gnt_infrm: Countrate for SIS hard-band...
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_bgd_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
No. of Rows ....... 487 Bin Time (s) ...... 4.000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA SIS0
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 7- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 27 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:12:47.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63388467228 (days) 15:12:47:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 4.0000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 6129
Default Newbin Time is: 4.0000000 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 6129 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1533
Default Newbins per Interval are: 1533
(giving 1 Interval of 1533 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1533 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
1533 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.5244E-01 Chisq 569.1 Var 0.3337E-02 Newbs. 559
Min 0.000 Max 0.3125 expVar 0.3277E-02 Bins 487
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_bgd_16
gnt_infrm: Countrate for GIS full-band...
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_bgd.evt
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 2064 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS2
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578339 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 0.50000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 49217
Default Newbin Time is: 2.4609477 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 10000 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1539
Default Newbins per Interval are: 1539
(giving 1 Interval of 1539 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1539 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
1539 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.2627 Chisq 477.7 Var 0.1631E-01 Newbs. 481
Min 0.000 Max 0.8125 expVar 0.1642E-01 Bins 2064
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_bgd_16
gnt_infrm: Countrate for GIS hard-band...
lcurve 1.0 (xronos5.16)
Series 1 file 1:/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_bgd_hard
Selected FITS extensions: 1 - RATE TABLE; 2 - GTIs
Source ............ MKN421_N4 Start Time (d) .... 9838 08:24:15.636
FITS Extension .... 1 - `EVENTS ` Stop Time (d) ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
No. of Rows ....... 862 Bin Time (s) ...... 0.5000
Right Ascension ... 1.6601E+02 Internal time sys.. Converted to TJD
Declination ....... 3.8195E+01 Experiment ........ ASCA GIS2
Filter ............ NONE
Corrections applied: Vignetting - No ; Deadtime - No ; Bkgd - No ; Clock - No
Selected Columns: 1- Time; 4- E-Channel;
File contains arrival-time data.
FITS Extension .... 2 - `STDGTI ` First GTI Start ... 9838 08:24:15.636
No. of Rows ....... 24 Last GTI Stop ..... 9838 15:14:23.636
Selected Columns: 1 - GTI Start; 2 - GTI Stop
Expected Start ... 9838.35018096858 (days) 8:24:15:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Expected Stop .... 9838.63499578339 (days) 15:14:23:636 (h:m:s:ms)
Minimum Newbin Time 0.50000000 (s)
for Maximum Newbin No.. 49217
Default Newbin Time is: 2.4609477 (s) (to have 1 Intv. of 10000 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Newbin Time ...... 16.000000 (s)
Maximum Newbin No. 1539
Default Newbins per Interval are: 1539
(giving 1 Interval of 1539 Newbins)
Type INDEF to accept the default value
Maximum of 1 Intvs. with 1539 Newbins of 16.0000 (s)
1539 analysis results per interval
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Intv 1 Start 9838 8:24:23
Ser.1 Avg 0.1088 Chisq 471.5 Var 0.6664E-02 Newbs. 481
Min 0.000 Max 0.4375 expVar 0.6798E-02 Bins 862
Writing output file: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_bgd_16
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_cols
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:46:09 EDT 2000
[1] 30432
gnt_infrm: Starting do_kill - checking for infinite xspec loop...
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_fits
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:46:09 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Performing spectral fitting to a powerlaw...
Xspec 11.0.1 15:46:17 24-Apr-2000
http://xspec.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Plot device not set, use "cpd" to set it
Type "help" or "?" for further information
XSPEC>@plfit.xcm
!XSPEC> set xs_return_result 1;
!XSPEC> open fit_result_pl.dat w
!XSPEC> set fileid [open fit_result_pl.dat w];
!XSPEC> log plfit.log;
!XSPEC> data 1:1 73002030_sis0_src_20;
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 1 10.82 +/- 3.6336E-02( 96.0% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_sis0.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_sis0.arf
using background file... 73002030_sis0_bgd.pha
1 data set is in use
!XSPEC> data 2:2 73002030_sis1_src_20;
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 2 8.983 +/- 3.2685E-02( 97.6% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_sis1.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_sis1.arf
using background file... 73002030_sis1_bgd.pha
2 data sets are in use
!XSPEC> data 3:3 73002030_gis2_src_20;
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 3 4.626 +/- 2.4778E-02( 97.6% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_gis2.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_gis2.arf
using background file... 73002030_gis2_bgd.pha
3 data sets are in use
!XSPEC> data 4:4 73002030_gis3_src_20;
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 4 5.930 +/- 2.7939E-02( 98.1% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_gis3.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_gis3.arf
using background file... 73002030_gis3_bgd.pha
4 data sets are in use
!XSPEC> ignore bad;
!XSPEC> ignore 1-4:0.1-0.6;
!XSPEC> ignore 1-4:10.0-20.0;
!XSPEC> ignore 1-4:5.0-7.5;
!XSPEC> setplot energy;
!XSPEC> query no;
Querying disabled - assuming answer is no
!XSPEC> model con*wabs*po ;1.0,-1, 0,0,1,1 ;0.0, 0.02,0,0,10000,10000 ;2.,0.2,-1,- ...
Model: constant[1]*wabs[2]( powerlaw[3] )
!Param# 1 : 1.0,-1, 0,0,1,1
!Param# 2 : 0.0, 0.02,0,0,10000,10000
!Param# 3 : 2.,0.2,-1,-1,3,3
!Param# 4 : .001,.0002,0,0,1e4,1e4
!Param# 5 : 0.99,0.01,0,0,2,2
!Param# 6 : =2
Equating parameter powerlaw:nH to parameter wabs:nH * 1
!Param# 7 : =3
Equating parameter constant:PhoIndex to parameter powerlaw:PhoIndex * 1
!Param# 8 : =4
Equating parameter wabs:norm to parameter constant:norm * 1
!Param# 9 : 0.99,0.01,0,0,2,2
!Param# 10 : =2
Equating parameter constant:nH to parameter wabs:nH * 1
!Param# 11 : =3
Equating parameter wabs:PhoIndex to parameter powerlaw:PhoIndex * 1
!Param# 12 : =4
Equating parameter powerlaw:norm to parameter constant:norm * 1
!Param# 13 : 0.99,0.01,0,0,2,2
!Param# 14 : =2
Equating parameter :nH to parameter wabs:nH * 1
!Param# 15 : =3
Equating parameter :PhoIndex to parameter powerlaw:PhoIndex * 1
!Param# 16 : =4
Equating parameter :norm to parameter constant:norm * 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model: constant[1]*wabs[2]( powerlaw[3] )
Model Fit Model Component Parameter Unit Value Data
par par comp group
1 1 1 constant factor 1.000 frozen 1
2 2 2 wabs nH 10^22 0.000 +/- 0.000 1
3 3 3 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.000 +/- 0.000 1
4 4 3 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 +/- 0.000 1
5 5 4 constant factor 0.9900 +/- 0.000 2
6 2 5 wabs nH 10^22 0.000 = par 2 2
7 3 6 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.000 = par 3 2
8 4 6 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 = par 4 2
9 6 7 constant factor 0.9900 +/- 0.000 3
10 2 8 wabs nH 10^22 0.000 = par 2 3
11 3 9 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.000 = par 3 3
12 4 9 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 = par 4 3
13 7 10 constant factor 0.9900 +/- 0.000 4
14 2 11 wabs nH 10^22 0.000 = par 2 4
15 3 12 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.000 = par 3 4
16 4 12 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 = par 4 4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chi-Squared = 220107.5 using 986 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 224.5995 for 980 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 0.00
!XSPEC> fit 25;
Chi-Squared Lvl Fit param # 1 2 3 4
5 6 7
5536.50 -2 1.000 0.1149 2.513 9.3460E-02
1.029 1.036 1.091
1441.21 -3 1.000 0.1164 2.685 0.1115
1.030 1.046 1.122
1187.97 -4 1.000 0.1123 2.628 0.1114
1.029 1.048 1.126
1187.96 -5 1.000 0.1136 2.633 0.1118
1.029 1.047 1.125
1187.94 -6 1.000 0.1135 2.632 0.1118
1.029 1.047 1.125
1187.94 1 1.000 0.1135 2.632 0.1118
1.029 1.047 1.125
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variances and Principal axes :
2 3 4 5 6 7
4.35E-08 | -0.14 -0.04 0.99 0.03 0.02 0.02
2.25E-06 | 0.95 -0.28 0.12 -0.06 0.05 0.06
1.61E-05 | -0.09 0.02 0.01 -0.91 0.23 0.33
1.38E-04 | 0.27 0.96 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.02
5.86E-05 | 0.05 0.01 0.04 -0.40 -0.65 -0.64
2.51E-05 | 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.07 0.72 -0.69
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model: constant[1]*wabs[2]( powerlaw[3] )
Model Fit Model Component Parameter Unit Value Data
par par comp group
1 1 1 constant factor 1.000 frozen 1
2 2 2 wabs nH 10^22 0.1135 +/- 0.3558E-02 1
3 3 3 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.632 +/- 0.1128E-01 1
4 4 3 powerlaw norm 0.1118 +/- 0.1007E-02 1
5 5 4 constant factor 1.029 +/- 0.4790E-02 2
6 2 5 wabs nH 10^22 0.1135 = par 2 2
7 3 6 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.632 = par 3 2
8 4 6 powerlaw norm 0.1118 = par 4 2
9 6 7 constant factor 1.047 +/- 0.6226E-02 3
10 2 8 wabs nH 10^22 0.1135 = par 2 3
11 3 9 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.632 = par 3 3
12 4 9 powerlaw norm 0.1118 = par 4 3
13 7 10 constant factor 1.125 +/- 0.6151E-02 4
14 2 11 wabs nH 10^22 0.1135 = par 2 4
15 3 12 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.632 = par 3 4
16 4 12 powerlaw norm 0.1118 = par 4 4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chi-Squared = 1187.935 using 986 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 1.212179 for 980 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 5.044E-06
!XSPEC> tclout param 2;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par2 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> tclout param 3;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par3 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> tclout param 4;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par4 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> tclout dof;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set dof [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par2 { } cpar2;
!XSPEC> split $cpar2
!XSPEC> set lpar2 [split $cpar2];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par3 { } cpar3;
!XSPEC> split $cpar3
!XSPEC> set lpar3 [split $cpar3];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par4 { } cpar4;
!XSPEC> split $cpar4
!XSPEC> set lpar4 [split $cpar4];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $dof { } cpar5;
!XSPEC> split $cpar5
!XSPEC> set lpar5 [split $cpar5];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar2 0
!XSPEC> set nh [lindex $lpar2 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar3 0
!XSPEC> set gamma [lindex $lpar3 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar4 0
!XSPEC> set norm [lindex $lpar4 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar5 0
!XSPEC> set dof [lindex $lpar5 0];
!XSPEC> show fit
Chi-Squared = 1187.935 using 986 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 1.212179 for 980 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 5.044E-06
!XSPEC> set chisq [show fit];
!XSPEC> error max 15 4.61 2
Parameter Confidence Range ( 4.610)
2 0.106565 0.120081
!XSPEC> set str [error max 15 4.61 2];
!XSPEC> lindex $str 0
!XSPEC> set nhlo [lindex $str 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $str 1
!XSPEC> set nhhi [lindex $str 1];
!XSPEC> expr ($nhhi - $nhlo)/2.0
!XSPEC> set nh_err [expr ($nhhi - $nhlo)/2.0];
!XSPEC> error max 15 4.61 3
Parameter Confidence Range ( 4.610)
3 2.61146 2.65296
!XSPEC> set str [error max 15 4.61 3];
!XSPEC> lindex $str 0
!XSPEC> set glo [lindex $str 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $str 1
!XSPEC> set ghi [lindex $str 1];
!XSPEC> expr ($ghi - $glo)/2.0
!XSPEC> set g_err [expr ($ghi - $glo)/2.0];
!XSPEC> puts $fileid "$nh $nh_err $gamma $g_err $norm $chisq $dof";
!XSPEC> close $fileid;
!XSPEC> notice 1-4:5.0-7.5;
A total of 206 more channels will be noticed
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 1 10.06 +/- 3.4911E-02( 96.1% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_sis0.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_sis0.arf
using background file... 73002030_sis0_bgd.pha
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 2 8.409 +/- 3.1534E-02( 97.6% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_sis1.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_sis1.arf
using background file... 73002030_sis1_bgd.pha
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 3 4.384 +/- 2.4057E-02( 97.6% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_gis2.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_gis2.arf
using background file... 73002030_gis2_bgd.pha
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 4 5.627 +/- 2.7157E-02( 98.2% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_gis3.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_gis3.arf
using background file... 73002030_gis3_bgd.pha
Chi-Squared = 1392.342 using 1192 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 1.173982 for 1186 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 2.827E-05
!XSPEC> ignore bad;
Chi-Squared = 1392.342 using 1192 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 1.173982 for 1186 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 2.827E-05
!XSPEC> save all 73002030_webfit;
!XSPEC> show files;
Information for file 1
belonging to plot group 1, data group 1
telescope = ASCA , instrument = SIS0 , channel type = PI
Current data file : 73002030_sis0_src_20.pha
with integration time 9121.
effective area 1.000
selected region area 5.7705E-02
Background file : 73002030_sis0_bgd.pha
with integration time 9121.
and effective area 1.000
selected region area 3.6680E-02
No current correction
Response (RMF) file : 73002030_sis0.rmf
Auxiliary (ARF) file : 73002030_sis0.arf
Weighting method is standard
Information for file 2
belonging to plot group 2, data group 2
telescope = ASCA , instrument = SIS1 , channel type = PI
Current data file : 73002030_sis1_src_20.pha
with integration time 8907.
effective area 1.000
selected region area 5.1104E-02
Background file : 73002030_sis1_bgd.pha
with integration time 8907.
and effective area 1.000
selected region area 4.3896E-02
No current correction
Response (RMF) file : 73002030_sis1.rmf
Auxiliary (ARF) file : 73002030_sis1.arf
Weighting method is standard
Information for file 3
belonging to plot group 3, data group 3
telescope = ASCA , instrument = GIS2 , channel type = PI
Current data file : 73002030_gis2_src_20.pha
with integration time 7836.
effective area 1.000
selected region area 3.6636E-02
Background file : 73002030_gis2_bgd.pha
with integration time 7836.
and effective area 1.000
selected region area 8.7402E-02
No current correction
Response (RMF) file : 73002030_gis2.rmf
Auxiliary (ARF) file : 73002030_gis2.arf
Weighting method is standard
Information for file 4
belonging to plot group 4, data group 4
telescope = ASCA , instrument = GIS3 , channel type = PI
Current data file : 73002030_gis3_src_20.pha
with integration time 7834.
effective area 1.000
selected region area 3.6636E-02
Background file : 73002030_gis3_bgd.pha
with integration time 7834.
and effective area 1.000
selected region area 8.7402E-02
No current correction
Response (RMF) file : 73002030_gis3.rmf
Auxiliary (ARF) file : 73002030_gis3.arf
Weighting method is standard
!XSPEC> setplot command ma 17 on 2;
!XSPEC> setplot command la t Energy spectrum;
!XSPEC> setplot command la y Counts;
!XSPEC> setplot command time off;
!XSPEC> setplot command cs 1.3;
!XSPEC> setplot command h web_pha.gif/gif;
!XSPEC> plot ldata ratio;
!XSPEC> ignore 1-4:5.0-7.5;
Chi-Squared = 1187.935 using 986 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 1.212179 for 980 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 5.044E-06
!XSPEC> query no;
Querying disabled - assuming answer is no
!XSPEC> model con*(wabs*po+wabs*po) ;1.0,-1, 0,0,1,1 ;0.03, 0.005,0,0,10,10 ;3.,0. ...
Model: constant[1]( wabs[2]( powerlaw[3] ) + wabs[4]( powerlaw[5] ) )
!Param# 1 : 1.0,-1, 0,0,1,1
!Param# 2 : 0.03, 0.005,0,0,10,10
!Param# 3 : 3.,0.05,1.5,1.5,5,5
!Param# 4 : .001,.0002,0,0,1e4,1e4
!Param# 5 : 1.0,0.01,0,0,1e5,1e5
!Param# 6 : 2.,0.05,-1,-1,3,3
!Param# 7 : .001,.0002,0,0,1e4,1e4
!Param# 8 : 0.99,0.01,0,0,2,2
!Param# 9 : =2
Equating parameter wabs:nH to parameter wabs:nH * 1
!Param# 10 : =3
Equating parameter powerlaw:PhoIndex to parameter powerlaw:PhoIndex * 1
!Param# 11 : =4
Equating parameter constant:norm to parameter wabs:norm * 1
!Param# 12 : =5
Equating parameter wabs:nH to parameter powerlaw:nH * 1
!Param# 13 : =6
Equating parameter powerlaw:PhoIndex to parameter constant:PhoIndex * 1
!Param# 14 : =7
Equating parameter wabs:norm to parameter wabs:norm * 1
!Param# 15 : 0.99,0.01,0,0,2,2
!Param# 16 : =2
Equating parameter constant:nH to parameter wabs:nH * 1
!Param# 17 : =3
Equating parameter wabs:PhoIndex to parameter powerlaw:PhoIndex * 1
!Param# 18 : =4
Equating parameter powerlaw:norm to parameter wabs:norm * 1
!Param# 19 : =5
Equating parameter wabs:nH to parameter powerlaw:nH * 1
!Param# 20 : =6
Equating parameter powerlaw:PhoIndex to parameter constant:PhoIndex * 1
!Param# 21 : =7
Equating parameter :norm to parameter wabs:norm * 1
!Param# 22 : 0.99,0.01,0,0,2,2
!Param# 23 : =2
Equating parameter :nH to parameter wabs:nH * 1
!Param# 24 : =3
Equating parameter :PhoIndex to parameter powerlaw:PhoIndex * 1
!Param# 25 : =4
Equating parameter :norm to parameter wabs:norm * 1
!Param# 26 : =5
Equating parameter :nH to parameter powerlaw:nH * 1
!Param# 27 : =6.
Equating parameter :PhoIndex to parameter constant:PhoIndex * 1
!Param# 28 : =7
Equating parameter :norm to parameter wabs:norm * 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model: constant[1]( wabs[2]( powerlaw[3] ) + wabs[4]( powerlaw[5] ) )
Model Fit Model Component Parameter Unit Value Data
par par comp group
1 1 1 constant factor 1.000 frozen 1
2 2 2 wabs nH 10^22 3.0000E-02 +/- 0.000 1
3 3 3 powerlaw PhoIndex 3.000 +/- 0.000 1
4 4 3 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 +/- 0.000 1
5 5 4 wabs nH 10^22 1.000 +/- 0.000 1
6 6 5 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.000 +/- 0.000 1
7 7 5 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 +/- 0.000 1
8 8 6 constant factor 0.9900 +/- 0.000 2
9 2 7 wabs nH 10^22 3.0000E-02 = par 2 2
10 3 8 powerlaw PhoIndex 3.000 = par 3 2
11 4 8 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 = par 4 2
12 5 9 wabs nH 10^22 1.000 = par 5 2
13 6 10 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.000 = par 6 2
14 7 10 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 = par 7 2
15 9 11 constant factor 0.9900 +/- 0.000 3
16 2 12 wabs nH 10^22 3.0000E-02 = par 2 3
17 3 13 powerlaw PhoIndex 3.000 = par 3 3
18 4 13 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 = par 4 3
19 5 14 wabs nH 10^22 1.000 = par 5 3
20 6 15 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.000 = par 6 3
21 7 15 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 = par 7 3
22 10 16 constant factor 0.9900 +/- 0.000 4
23 2 17 wabs nH 10^22 3.0000E-02 = par 2 4
24 3 18 powerlaw PhoIndex 3.000 = par 3 4
25 4 18 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 = par 4 4
26 5 19 wabs nH 10^22 1.000 = par 5 4
27 6 20 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.000 = par 6 4
28 7 20 powerlaw norm 1.0000E-03 = par 7 4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chi-Squared = 219490.2 using 986 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 224.6573 for 977 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 0.00
!XSPEC> chatter 0;
!XSPEC> fit 100;
!XSPEC> chatter 10;
!XSPEC> fit 100;
Chi-Squared Lvl Fit param # 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10
Fit parameter 6 has pegged
1174.74 2 1.000 0.1268 2.747 0.1152
2.635 3.000 2.5168E-02 1.028 1.049
1.127
1174.74 2 1.000 0.1268 2.747 0.1152
2.635 3.000 2.5168E-02 1.028 1.049
1.127
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variances and Principal axes :
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5.67E-08 | -0.16 -0.04 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.04 0.02 0.02
1.23E-06 | 0.59 -0.21 -0.03 0.00 -0.01 0.78 -0.03 0.03 0.04
7.86E-06 | -0.77 0.02 -0.22 0.01 -0.01 0.59 0.06 -0.04 -0.04
1.90E-05 | 0.09 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.92 -0.22 -0.32
3.08E-05 | 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 -0.72 0.69
7.00E-05 | 0.04 -0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.39 -0.65 -0.65
1.89E-03 | -0.13 -0.97 -0.04 0.05 -0.10 -0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.15E-01 | 0.02 0.10 0.01 0.79 -0.60 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.71E+01 | -0.01 -0.05 0.00 0.60 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model: constant[1]( wabs[2]( powerlaw[3] ) + wabs[4]( powerlaw[5] ) )
Model Fit Model Component Parameter Unit Value Data
par par comp group
1 1 1 constant factor 1.000 frozen 1
2 2 2 wabs nH 10^22 0.1268 +/- 0.2755E-01 1
3 3 3 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.747 +/- 0.2103 1
4 4 3 powerlaw norm 0.1152 +/- 0.7229E-02 1
5 5 4 wabs nH 10^22 2.635 +/- 2.513 1
6 6 5 powerlaw PhoIndex 3.000 +/- 3.292 1
7 7 5 powerlaw norm 2.5168E-02 +/- 0.2033E-01 1
8 8 6 constant factor 1.028 +/- 0.5168E-02 2
9 2 7 wabs nH 10^22 0.1268 = par 2 2
10 3 8 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.747 = par 3 2
11 4 8 powerlaw norm 0.1152 = par 4 2
12 5 9 wabs nH 10^22 2.635 = par 5 2
13 6 10 powerlaw PhoIndex 3.000 = par 6 2
14 7 10 powerlaw norm 2.5168E-02 = par 7 2
15 9 11 constant factor 1.049 +/- 0.6857E-02 3
16 2 12 wabs nH 10^22 0.1268 = par 2 3
17 3 13 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.747 = par 3 3
18 4 13 powerlaw norm 0.1152 = par 4 3
19 5 14 wabs nH 10^22 2.635 = par 5 3
20 6 15 powerlaw PhoIndex 3.000 = par 6 3
21 7 15 powerlaw norm 2.5168E-02 = par 7 3
22 10 16 constant factor 1.127 +/- 0.6782E-02 4
23 2 17 wabs nH 10^22 0.1268 = par 2 4
24 3 18 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.747 = par 3 4
25 4 18 powerlaw norm 0.1152 = par 4 4
26 5 19 wabs nH 10^22 2.635 = par 5 4
27 6 20 powerlaw PhoIndex 3.000 = par 6 4
28 7 20 powerlaw norm 2.5168E-02 = par 7 4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chi-Squared = 1174.741 using 986 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 1.202396 for 977 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 1.234E-05
!XSPEC> notice 1-4:5.0-7.5;
A total of 206 more channels will be noticed
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 1 10.06 +/- 3.4911E-02( 96.1% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_sis0.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_sis0.arf
using background file... 73002030_sis0_bgd.pha
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 2 8.409 +/- 3.1534E-02( 97.6% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_sis1.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_sis1.arf
using background file... 73002030_sis1_bgd.pha
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 3 4.384 +/- 2.4057E-02( 97.6% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_gis2.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_gis2.arf
using background file... 73002030_gis2_bgd.pha
Net count rate (cts/s) for file 4 5.627 +/- 2.7157E-02( 98.2% total)
using response (RMF) file... 73002030_gis3.rmf
using auxiliary (ARF) file... 73002030_gis3.arf
using background file... 73002030_gis3_bgd.pha
Chi-Squared = 1378.353 using 1192 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 1.165133 for 1183 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 6.467E-05
!XSPEC> ignore bad;
Chi-Squared = 1378.353 using 1192 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 1.165133 for 1183 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 6.467E-05
!XSPEC> save all 73002030_2plfit;
!XSPEC> open fit_result_flux.dat w
!XSPEC> set fileid [open fit_result_flux.dat w];
!XSPEC> flux 0.5 2.0
Model flux 0.1151 photons ( 1.7264E-10 ergs)cm**-2 s**-1 ( 0.500- 2.000) DtSet : 1
Model flux 0.1183 photons ( 1.7752E-10 ergs)cm**-2 s**-1 ( 0.500- 2.000) DtSet : 2
Model flux 0.1206 photons ( 1.8105E-10 ergs)cm**-2 s**-1 ( 0.500- 2.000) DtSet : 3
Model flux 0.1297 photons ( 1.9462E-10 ergs)cm**-2 s**-1 ( 0.500- 2.000) DtSet : 4
!XSPEC> set flux1 [flux 0.5 2.0];
!XSPEC> flux 2.0 10.0
Model flux 1.9962E-02 photons ( 1.1272E-10 ergs)cm**-2 s**-1 ( 2.000- 10.000) DtSet : 1
Model flux 2.0526E-02 photons ( 1.1591E-10 ergs)cm**-2 s**-1 ( 2.000- 10.000) DtSet : 2
Model flux 2.0938E-02 photons ( 1.1823E-10 ergs)cm**-2 s**-1 ( 2.000- 10.000) DtSet : 3
Model flux 2.2508E-02 photons ( 1.2709E-10 ergs)cm**-2 s**-1 ( 2.000- 10.000) DtSet : 4
!XSPEC> set flux2 [flux 2.0 10.0];
!XSPEC> lindex $flux1 1
!XSPEC> set s0_flux1 [lindex $flux1 1];
!XSPEC> lindex $flux2 1
!XSPEC> set s0_flux2 [lindex $flux2 1];
!XSPEC> puts $fileid "$s0_flux1 $s0_flux2";
!XSPEC> close $fileid;
!XSPEC> tclout param 2;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par2 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> tclout param 3;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par3 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> tclout param 4;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par4 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> tclout param 5;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par5 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> tclout param 6;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par6 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> tclout param 7;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par7 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> tclout dof;
!XSPEC> string trim $xspec_tclout
!XSPEC> set par8 [string trim $xspec_tclout];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par2 { } cpar2;
!XSPEC> split $cpar2
!XSPEC> set lpar2 [split $cpar2];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par3 { } cpar3;
!XSPEC> split $cpar3
!XSPEC> set lpar3 [split $cpar3];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par4 { } cpar4;
!XSPEC> split $cpar4
!XSPEC> set lpar4 [split $cpar4];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par5 { } cpar5;
!XSPEC> split $cpar5
!XSPEC> set lpar5 [split $cpar5];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par6 { } cpar6;
!XSPEC> split $cpar6
!XSPEC> set lpar6 [split $cpar6];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par7 { } cpar7;
!XSPEC> split $cpar7
!XSPEC> set lpar7 [split $cpar7];
!XSPEC> regsub -all { +} $par8 { } cpar8;
!XSPEC> split $cpar8
!XSPEC> set lpar8 [split $cpar8];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar2 0
!XSPEC> set nhs [lindex $lpar2 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar3 0
!XSPEC> set gs [lindex $lpar3 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar4 0
!XSPEC> set norms [lindex $lpar4 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar5 0
!XSPEC> set nhh [lindex $lpar5 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar6 0
!XSPEC> set gh [lindex $lpar6 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $lpar7 0
!XSPEC> set normh [lindex $lpar7 0];
!XSPEC> show fit
Chi-Squared = 1378.353 using 1192 PHA bins.
Reduced chi-squared = 1.165133 for 1183 degrees of freedom
Null hypothesis probability = 6.467E-05
!XSPEC> set chisq [show fit];
!XSPEC> error max 15 4.61 2
Parameter Confidence Range ( 4.610)
Chi-Squared when model parameter 2= 0.1162
is 1378.2732, which is < previous minimum 1378.3525
(critical delta = 0.0100)
!XSPEC> set str [error max 15 4.61 2];
!XSPEC> lindex $str 0
!XSPEC> set nhs_lo [lindex $str 0];
!XSPEC> lindex $str 1
!XSPEC> set nhs_hi [lindex $str 1];
!XSPEC> expr ($nhs_hi - $nhs_lo)/2.0
XSPEC>exit
XSPEC: quit
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_fits
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:47:37 EDT 2000
[1] + Done /home/rosserv/nandra/tartarus/scripts3.2/do_kill ...
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_mosa
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:47:37 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Creating the exposure corrected sky image and sky images...
[1] 31468
Executing: /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/SAOtng -title SAO042400151473002030 -xrm *cmapDir1:/usr/local/saord/Colormaps/ -xrm *port:-1 -xrm *geometry:+5+5 -xrm *errorlog:SAO042400151473002030_error.log
Welcome to SAOtng 1.9.1
Setting current scaling limits: data
Setting current scale: linear
Resetting zoom factor: 2 centered at: 256.5,256.5
Setting current scale: log
gnt_infrm: Making sis0 detector image...
Received new filename '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_det.img'
No WCS information available for image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_det.img'
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_det.img' complete!
Setting current scaling limits: data
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_det.img' complete!
Setting current scaling limits: user 1 529
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0_det.img' complete!
Executing GIF creation command '(/usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' colormap display > /tmp/saotng.lut; /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' display_data | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/fits2gif -luts /tmp/saotng.lut > /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis0.gif; echo "GIF file created!" | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaset SAO042400151473002030 message) &'
Destroying image '73002030_sis0_det.img-31477'
gnt_infrm: Making sis1 detector image...
Received new filename '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_det.img'
No WCS information available for image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_det.img'
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_det.img' complete!
Setting current scaling limits: data
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_det.img' complete!
Setting current scaling limits: user 1 432
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1_det.img' complete!
Executing GIF creation command '(/usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' colormap display > /tmp/saotng.lut; /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' display_data | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/fits2gif -luts /tmp/saotng.lut > /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis1.gif; echo "GIF file created!" | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaset SAO042400151473002030 message) &'
Destroying image '73002030_sis1_det.img-31477'
gnt_infrm: Making gis2 detector image...
Received new filename '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_det.img'
No WCS information available for image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_det.img'
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_det.img' complete!
Setting current scaling limits: data
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_det.img' complete!
Setting current scaling limits: user 1 258
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2_det.img' complete!
Executing GIF creation command '(/usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' colormap display > /tmp/saotng.lut; /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' display_data | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/fits2gif -luts /tmp/saotng.lut > /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis2.gif; echo "GIF file created!" | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaset SAO042400151473002030 message) &'
Destroying image '73002030_gis2_det.img-31477'
gnt_infrm: Making gis3 detector image...
Received new filename '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_det.img'
No WCS information available for image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_det.img'
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_det.img' complete!
Setting current scaling limits: data
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_det.img' complete!
Setting current scaling limits: user 1 337
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3_det.img' complete!
Executing GIF creation command '(/usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' colormap display > /tmp/saotng.lut; /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' display_data | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/fits2gif -luts /tmp/saotng.lut > /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis3.gif; echo "GIF file created!" | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaset SAO042400151473002030 message) &'
Destroying image '73002030_gis3_det.img-31477'
gnt_infrm: Adding images for the SIS...
gnt_infrm:adding and smoothing
gnt_infrm: Adding images for the GIS...
****** successfully exited ******
****** successfully exited ******
gnt_infrm: Making web page image with target marker...
Setting current colormap: Heat
Received new filename '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_sky_sm.img'
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_sky_sm.img' complete!
circle(166.1138d,38.2089d,10.0)
Setting current scaling limits: data
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_sky_sm.img' complete!
Setting current scaling limits: user 1 445.427
Display of image '/tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_sky_sm.img' complete!
Executing GIF creation command '(/usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' colormap display > /tmp/saotng.lut; /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaget 'SAO042400151473002030' display_data | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/fits2gif -luts /tmp/saotng.lut > /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_sky_sm.gif; echo "GIF file created!" | /usr/local/saord/bin.linux/xpaset SAO042400151473002030 message) &'
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_mosa
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:49:32 EDT 2000
All done!
XPA$ERROR no 'xpaset' access points match template: 04_24_00.15:14
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_html
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:49:33 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Creating the web page for sequence 73002030...
gnt_infrm: Setting all variables...
spectrum
spectrum: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/web_pha.gif
lightcurve
lightcurve: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_sis_src_5760s.flc
sky image
sky image: /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/73002030_gis_sky_sm.gif
countrate
countrate: 19.029 0.6312 15.673 3.3684 10.322 3.3363
general info (.evt)
centroid
datamode
ccdmode
bitfix
spectral fit
gnt_warng(html): File fit_result_2pl.dat does not exist
warning
fatal
sds
name
object
version
gnt_infrm: Making veron.96 table...
gnt_infrm: Making images for the web page...
pha
flc
gnt_infrm: Creating the web page...
gnt_infrm: Creating the download web page...
gnt_infrm: Writing an entry into browse.table...
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_html
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:49:51 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_tran
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:49:51 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Copying the files to the database (universe)...
gnt_infrm: Transferring web page files to html area...
(remove /www/tartarus/restricted/html/73002030)
(create /www/tartarus/restricted/html/73002030)
(set permissions)
73002030.html
73002030_gis_sky_sm.gif
73002030_flc.gif
73002030_pha.gif
73002030_sis0.gif
73002030_sis1.gif
73002030_gis2.gif
73002030_gis3.gif
veron96.txt
gnt_infrm: Tarring selected files...
73002030.tar ...
73002030_spectral.tar ...
gnt_infrm: Gzipping the tar files...
gnt_infrm: Transferring tar files to ftp area...
(remove /www/tartarus/restricted/ftp/73002030/*.tar)
gnt_infrm: Removing tar files, attitude file(s), raw exposure maps and raw sky images...
gnt_infrm: Gzipping all files in /tproc/nandra/processing/73002030/work/...
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_tran
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:52:36 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: ========================
gnt_infrm: End of procedure do_proc
gnt_infrm: ========================
Mon Apr 24 15:52:36 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: *************************
gnt_infrm: Running procedure do_rslt
gnt_infrm: *************************
Mon Apr 24 15:52:40 EDT 2000
gnt_infrm: Quality control procedure...
gnt_infrm: Finding warng/error/fatal messages...
down up up
gnt_infrm: Updating the web pages...
gnt_infrm: Updating sequence index...
gnt_infrm: Transferring web page and sum,log files...
rm: No match.
rm: No match.
|
en
|
markdown
|
909995
|
# Presentation: 909995
## International Center for Leadership in Education Raymond J. McNulty
- Archived Information
**9 Characteristics of **
**Successful Schools**
## Keep in Mind . . .
- Class of 2015
- Children Achieving Their Dreams – The Children We Have.......
- Imperfect World
## 9 Characteristics of Successful Schools
- Small Learning Communities
- High Expectations
- 9th Grade
- 12th Grade
- Data
- Curriculum
- Relationships / Reflective Thought
- Professional Development
- Leadership
- Class of 2015
- Dreams of the children we have
- Imperfect World
## Rigor/Relevance - All
| Why
Do We Need
to Change
Schools? | What
Needs to
Be Done? | How
Do We Do
It? |
| --- | --- | --- |
## Schools Do Make a Difference
## Characteristics
- Small Learning Communities
- 2. High Expectations
- 3. 9th Grade
- 4. 12th Grade
- 6. Curriculum
- 5. Data
- 7. Relationships / Reflective Thought
- 8. Professional Development
- 9. Leadership
## Characteristics
- Small Learning Communities
- High Expectations
- Especially in Literacy
## Characteristics
- Small Learning Communities
- High Expectations
- 3. 9th Grade
- 4. 12th Grade
## What does it take to graduate?
| 9th Grade | 10th Grade | 11th Grade | 12th Grade |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| English
Math
Science
Social Studies
PE | English
Math
Science
Social Studies
.5 PE
.5 Computer | English
Math
Science
Social Studies
Fine Arts | English
Elective
Elective
Elective
.5 Health |
## Characteristics
- Small Learning Communities
- 2. High Expectations
- 3. 9th Grade
- 4. 12th Grade
- 5. Data
## In the last 30 years, jobs have been redistributed: employment share and earnings have shrunk for high school drop outs
- Until the 1970’s the United States’ economic dominance rested on a solid agricultural and manufacturing base where workers with high school or less could provide a comfortable living for their families
- Today, ideas rather than natural resources comprise an increasing share in GDP growth
**High school drop outs**
**High school graduates**
**Some college, no degree**
**Associate degree**
**Bachelor’s degree**
**Graduate degree**
- Employment share
- Earnings
**1973**
**2001**
- 32%
- $25,900
- 40%
- $32,000
- 9%
- $51,000
- 12%
- $40,000
- 7%
- $57,700
- Employment share
- Earnings
- 9%
- $20,700
- 31%
- $29,600
- 21%
- $52,600
- 18%
- $35,800
- 11%
- $68,200
- 10%
- $37,100
- Source: Autor, Levy, Murnane, 2003; Carnavale (ETS), 2003
## Characteristics
- Small Learning Communities
- 2. High Expectations
- 3. 9th Grade
- 4. 12th Grade
- 6. Curriculum
- 5. Data
## Curriculum
- The National Education Association addressed this issue by appointing a Committee of Ten in 1892 to establish a standard curriculum.
- The goal of high school was to prepare all students to do well in life, contributing to their own well-being and society's good, and to prepare some students for college.
## Rigor/Relevance Framework
## 1. Awareness
2. Comprehension
3. Application
4. Analysis
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation
**2.**** ****Comprehension **
**3.**** ****Application**
**4.**** ****Analysis**
**5.**** ****Synthesis **
**6.**** ****Evaluation**
** ****Knowledge Taxonomy**
## Application Model
**1.** **Knowledge in one discipline**
**2. Application within discipline**
**3. Application across disciplines**
**Application to real-world *****predictable situations***
**Application to real-world *****unpredictable situations***
## Application
**1**
**2**
**3**
**4**
**5**
**Application**
**Knowledge**
***Rigor/Relevance Framework***
## C D
**C**** **** **** ****D**
**A**** **** **** ****B**
- 1 2 3 4 5
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 3
- 2
- 1
- Bloom’s
- Application
## Characteristics
- Small Learning Communities
- 2. High Expectations
- 3. 9th Grade
- 4. 12th Grade
- 6. Curriculum
- 5. Data
- 7. Relationships / Reflective Thought
## Characteristics
- Small Learning Communities
- 2. High Expectations
- 3. 9th Grade
- 4. 12th Grade
- 6. Curriculum
- 5. Data
- 7. Relationships / Reflective Thought
- 8. Professional Development
## Characteristics
- Small Learning Communities
- 2. High Expectations
- 3. 9th Grade
- 4. 12th Grade
- 6. Curriculum
- 5. Data
- 7. Relationships / Reflective Thought
- Professional Development
- Leadership
## There has also been a skills convergence: high school graduates seeking a family wage job face requirements similar to those entering college
- Required Skills:
**Add, subtract, multiply, divide and simplify rational expressions**
- Understand functional notation
- Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables
- Solve quadratic equations in one variable
- Graph a linear equation and quadratic function
**Determine the perimeter and the circumference of geometric shapes**
- Represent geometric objects and figures algebraically
- Source: American Diploma Project, 2003
**Machine Operator**
**Eastman Chemical Company**
- Required Skills:
- Calculate and apply ratios, proportions and percentages to solve problems
**Add, subtract, multiply, divide and simplify rational expressions**
- Recognize and solve problems using a linear equation and one variable
- Apply principals in equations involving measurements
**Determine the perimeter and the circumference of geometric shapes**
- Colleges and employers demand similar knowledge and skill sets
- In math, they require algebra, geometry, data analysis, and statistics
- In English they demand strong oral and written communication skills, analytical and research skills
## International Center for Leadership in Education Raymond J. McNulty [email protected] www.LeaderEd.com
**9 Characteristics of **
**Successful Schools**
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# Presentation: 939040
## COMMITTEE AND SECTION ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE
- AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS
- EMSC Grantee Meeting
- April 2005
**Notes:**
Greetings from the AAP !
## OBJECTIVES
- Introduction to the AAP Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine or COPEM
- Introduction to the AAP Section on Emergency Medicine
- Update you on programs, products, work of the American Academy of Pediatrics in EMSC
## WHAT IS THE COPEM?
- 10 member committee appointed by the AAP Board of Directors
- Serves in a primary advisory role for the Board
- Development and review of AAP policies and guidelines
- Interface with other organizations
- Members of the COPEM
- Geographic representation
- Expertise
- Special skills
- Liaisons
**Notes:**
Members are selected from a group on nominees based on a number of factors that include geographic representation from each of the AAP regions, expertise in areas like pre-hospital care, office emergencies, school emergencies and special skills such as writing skills.
Nominees are reviewed and members are chosen by the AAP Board.
Typical term for a member is 3-two year terms.
## AAP COPEM MEMBERS 2004/05
- Steve Krug [Chair] - Illinois
- Margaret Dolan - Virginia
- Kathy Shaw – Pennsylvania
- Joan Shook – Texas
- Tom Bojko – New Jersey
- Karen Frush – North Carolina
- Paul Sirbaugh - Texas
- Robert Sapien – New Mexico
- Loren Yamamoto – Hawaii
- Pat O’Malley - Massachusetts
**Notes:**
Committee members for 2004/05
Newest additions are Loren Yamamoto from Hawaii and Pat O’Malley from Massachusetts.
We are encouraging Loren to host a COPEM meeting at his home!!!
## COPEM: Organizational Liaisons
- ACEP – Sharon Mace, Ohio
- NAEMSP – Kathleen Brown, Washington, DC
- ACS – David Tuggle, Oklahoma
- MCHB – representative
- EMSC NRC – Jane Ball
- AAFP – New ! (TBD)
- AAP Staff – Sue Tellez
**Notes:**
The committee has a number of formal liaisons with other organizations.
The amazing Sue Tellez makes all of this work!!!
Recognizing the role that family physicians play in pediatric primary care, and as physicians staffing so many emergency departments, the AAP has reached out to the AAFP, and we hope that we will have a liaison attending the upcoming COPEM meeting later this week.
## WORK OF THE COPEM
- Spectrum of EMSC
- Systems of care
- AAP policy and guidelines
- Educational programs & resources
- Liaisons and collaboration with other organizations and initiatives
- EMSC regional meetings
- NAEMSP, ACEP, ACS, AHA, others
- Political action
**Notes:**
The spectrum of emergency services includes: acute care, prevention and rehabilitation.
We work nationally but also want to be connected with efforts at the grass roots level. This is why we are sending representatives to all the regional meetings. We also try to link with AAP state chapter COPEM’s.
Systems of care can includes prehospital, community, disaster response, EIF
Educational brochures include: What to do in an emergency
As you might expect, the committee has also played a leadership role in the AAP’s advocacy efforts on behalf of EMSC and on other key issues such as trauma, disaster preparedness and EMS.
## WHAT IS THE SECTION ON EMERGENCY MEDICINE?
- Membership – 1200 members
- Education
- Subcommittees
- Prehospital Care
- Collaborative Research
- Fellowship Directors
- PEM in Non-Children’s Hospitals
- Administrative
- Future Leaders in PEM – NEW !!
- Communication
- Awards
**Notes:**
The Section has steadily grown, now with over 1200 members, representing the third largest specialty section in the AAP.
One of the primary roles of the section is the development of educational programs, directed towards the members of the section (there is a two-day section educational program annually at the NCE) and presentations and workshops for the over 60,000 members of the AAP (e.g. directed towards general pediatricians and other specialists).
The Section has sponsored educational programs for PEM fellow trainees (annual Fellow’s Course), an intensive PEM CME course (PREPEM), and a PEM Leadership forum.
The section members are also involved in a variety of committee, including......
An important recent addition to the Section is the ‘Future Leaders’ committee – this is targeted to engage the interests and needs of the many young PEM specialists who have recently entered the field.
## SECTION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ELECTED BY SECTION MEMBERS
- Joan Shook [Chair] – Texas
- Milt Tenenbein – Winnipeg, CA
- Jim Chamberlain –Washington, DC
- Mark Joffe – Pennsylvania
- Charles Macias – Texas
- Marc Gorelic - Wisconsin
- Nate Kuppermann – California
- Steve Selbst – Delaware
- Martha Wright - Ohio
- Dan Isaacman – Pennsylvania
- Liaisons
- Committee Chairs
- Sue Tellez – AAP Staff
**Notes:**
The Section Executive committee is elected by the members of the section.......
Milt is the chair-elect.
## PEDIATRIC EDUCATION FOR PREHOSPITAL PROFESSIONALS
- EMS-C National Heroes Award
- Developmental approach
- Case-based, videos, hands on
- _[www.PEPPSite.com](http://www.peppsite.com/)_
**Notes:**
AAP Outreach Educational programs include PEPP, PALS, APLS and PREP-EM.
This slide contains information on the PEPP Course.
More information is available at the PEPP website.
## ADVANCED PEDIATRIC LIFE SUPPORT COURSE
- Collaborative effort between ACEP & AAP
- Revision – 4th Ed.
- New slide set
- New manual
- Broader in depth and breadth than PALS
- Offers flexibility in course design
**Notes:**
This is information about the APLS Course. The course can be offered in a 2-day format or in smaller clocks of time over several weeks or months such as in a residency training or hospital in-service
There are several skill tracks including: emergency medicine office emergencies and trauma
It can be customized with lectures on environmental emergencies, submersion injuries, toxicology and neonatal emergencies.
There is more information on the ACEP website and the AAP website
## PREP-EM
- Intensive PEM review course
- PEM sub-board candidates
- Emergency physicians
- Pediatricians
- Family physicians
- Expert national faculty
- Offered every other year
- Summer 2006
**Notes:**
PREP-EM is another education program sponsored by the Section. This 5 day intensive review course occurs semi-annually. The course has been designed to serve not only as an excellent tool used by PEM sub-board candidates to prepare for their exam, but as an excellent review program for pediatricians, emergency physicians and family physicians.
This course attracts a prominent group of national expert faculty in the field of PEM
## THE COPEM MANUAL
- Reference manual
- For all levels of emergency care
- Individual
- Office
- Hospital
- Community
**Notes:**
Comprehensive contains copies of the EIF, First Aid Chart, State Emergency Management Directors, history of the Federal EMS-C program, Legal aspects of EMS-C, description of Life Support Programs , examples of mock codes and much more
## FAMILY READINESS KIT
- Disaster planning kit for parents
- Developed by talking to families
- Over 20 different fact sheets & topics
- Available online at:
- aap.org/family/frk/frkit.htm
## EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
- First Aid CPR Chart
- What to do in an emergency brochure
- First Aid and Choking Brochure
## AAP WEBSITE ON TERRORISM
- All the information in one place
- Links to other sites
- Responding to Children’s Emotional Needs During Times of Crisis
- Brochure – The Youngest Victims
- Smallpox FAQ’s
- Statement on Radiation Disasters and Children – June 2003
- www.aap.org/terrorism
**Notes:**
Another excellent AAP resource is the terrorism website......
## AAP POLICY AND COMMITTEE OPINION CITATIONS
- Death of a Child in the Emergency Department (5/05)
- Role of Pediatricians in Advocating for Life Support Courses for Parents and the Public (12/04)
- Relief of Pain and Anxiety in Emergency Medical Systems for Children (11/04)
- Overcrowding Crisis In Our Nation’s Emergency Departments: Is Our Safety Net Unraveling? (9/04)
- Consent for Emergency Medical Services for Children and Adolescents (3/02)
- Care of Children in the Emergency Department: Guidelines for Preparedness (94/01)
- Emergency Preparedness for Children With Special Health Care Needs (10/99)
**Notes:**
On this slide is a list of some fairly important policy statements and/or technical reports authored by the COPEM.
Dates in parenthesis represent the date of publication.
The Death of a Child policy will also appear in Annals of Emergency Medicine as it represents the collaboration of both AAP and ACEP.
All of these are available at the AAP website.
## AAP POLICY AND COMMITTEE OPINION – New & Revised [In Progress]
- Ventricular Fibrillation and AED Usage in Children (New !)
- Pediatrician’s Liability During Disasters (12/02)
- Pediatric Care Recommendations for Freestanding Urgent Care Facilities (5/99)
- Access to Emergency Medical Care (10/92)
- Pediatrician’s Role in Disaster Preparedness (1/97)
- Role of the Pediatrician in Rural EMSC (5/98)
- Available at: http://www.aap.org
**Notes:**
The following AAP policy statements and technical reports on this slide are all in the process of being updated by the COPEM
A new policy statement and technical report is under development regarding VF and AED use.
The COPEM is involved in 2 projects involving the use of AED’s in children. One is a policy statement regarding the use of AED’s in children the second is a collaborative effort with the AHA called The Medical Emergency Response Plan for Schools: Preparation for Initial Response to Life-Threatening Medical Emergencies. This statement sets forth a public health initiative for AED’s in schools. I t contains information for legislators, school personnel and community leaders.
Dates in parenthesis are the original date of publication.
All policy statements are available at the AAP website.
## AAP POLICY AND COMMITTEE OPINION – On the Horizon
- Preparation for Office Emergencies
- Patient Safety in Emergency Medical Services for Children
- Mental Health Emergencies
- Pediatric Disaster and Bioterrorism Preparedness
- Access to Care
**Notes:**
There are several issues that COPEM is presently working on.
COPEM will produce a policy statement addressing the important issue of office-based preparedness for emergencies.
Another important endeavor that COPEM has taken on is the issue of pediatric patient safety in the broad realm of EMSC. This will likely result in several products, and may be an area of collaboration between the AAP, ACEP and others.
Mental health emergencies is a collaborative monograph being written with the ACEP COPEM as a resource document. The AAP recently convened a task force to examine this growing problem. We expect the COPEM to play a role in the work of the task force.
Likewise, the AAP formed a task force several years ago to address the growing concern regarding pediatric disaster and bioterrorism preparedness. Much more remains to be done.
## CARE OF CHILDREN IN THE ED GUIDELINES
- Published jointly by AAP and ACEP
*Pediatrics 2001;107:777-781.*
- Defines guidelines for hospital ED’s in areas of care for children
- Administration and coordination
- Staffing
- QI and support
- Policies and procedures
- Equipment and supplies
**Notes:**
COPEM has a number of special projects under way. One is the implementation kit for the Care of Children in the ED Guidelines.
The goal of the guidelines is to define standards of emergency care for children
Reference is Pediatrics 2001;107:777-781.
## CARE OF CHILDREN IN THE ED GUIDELINES
- Implementation kit
- Model policies
- Clinical practice guidelines
- Transfer guidelines
- Medication calculator
- Relevant policies
- Reference articles
**Notes:**
The implementation kit will contain many resources for ED’s
## CARE OF CHILDREN IN THE ED GUIDELINES
- Goal is implementation in ED’s nationwide
- A research study is being designed to evaluate the process and effect of implementation
- Collaborative effort with ACEP and the EMSC program
- Project is presently in progress
**Notes:**
MGH is the PI
## AAP POLITICAL ADVOCACY
- Medicaid
- Immunizations
- Access to care
- Tort reform
- Trauma systems
- EMS
- EMSC !!
**Notes:**
The AAP is hard at work in an advocacy role on behalf of pediatric healthcare issues such as Medicaid, immunizations and access to care. and as well, on issues relevant to EMSC.
The AAP is helped to lead a coalition of professional organizations advocating for effective legislative re-authorization and funding for trauma systems
Likewise for EMS
Finally, the AAP is taken an important leadership role advocating for appropriate levels of funding and the continued presence or re-authorization of the EMSC program, which has helped lead the way towards substantial improvements in the delivery of emergency care to our nation’s children.
?? Refer the audience to the editorial which was published in Pediatrics, Academic Emergency Medicine, Pediatric Emergency Care, and Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine ????? See next slide
## EMSC COMMENTARY
- Krug S, Kuppermann N: Twenty Years of
- Emergency Medical Services for Children:
- A Cause for Celebration and a Call for Action.
- April 2005
**Notes:**
Refer the audience to the commentary written by S Krug and N Kuppermann which will be simultaneously published in the April 2005 issues of Pediatrics, Academic Emergency Medicine, Pediatric Emergency Care, and Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine.
## WHAT CAN COPEM DO FOR YOU?
- Direct link to the 60,000 members of the AAP
- Development of new educational resources and initiatives
- Let us know what you think or what you need!
- Legislative issues
- AAP Washington office
- AAP State government affairs committee
**Notes:**
We work with the AAP Washington office on legislative initiatives and model legislation regarding emergency medical services for children
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# A Profile
# of
# Older Americans: 2004
{width="1.78125in" height="1.7638888888888888in"}
# Administration on Aging
# U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
# Table of Contents
**Highlights**....................................................................................................
1
**The Older
Population**.....................................................................................
2
**Future
Growth**.............................................................................................
3
Figure 1: Number of Persons 65+, 1900 - 2030 (numbers in millions)
**Marital
Status**..............................................................................................
4
Figure 2: Marital Status of Persons 65+ - 2003
**Living
Arrangements**.....................................................................................
5
Figure 3: Living Arrangements of Persons 65+: 2002
**Racial and Ethnic
Composition**..........................................................................
6
**Geographic
Distribution**..................................................................................
6
> Figure 4: Persons 65+ as Percentage of Total Population by State: 2003
> (US Map)
>
> Figure 5: Percentage Increase in Population 65+ by State: 2003 (US
> Map)
>
> Figure 6: The 65+ Population by State: 2003 (table)
**Income**
.....................................................................................................
10
Figure 7: Percent Distribution by Income: 2003
**Poverty**
................................\.....................................................................
11
**Housing**
...................................................................................................
11
**Employment**
..............................................................................................
12
**Education**
.................................................................................................
12
**Health and Health Care**
.................................................................................
12
**Disability** **and Activity Limitations**
.................................................................... 13
Figure 8: Percent with Disabilities, By Age: 1997
**Caregiving**
....................................................................................................
14
**Special Topic: Health Insurance Coverage**
...................................................... 15
Figure 9: Sources of Health Insurance Coverage: 2003
**Notes**
.......................................................................................................
16
**Highlights \***
- The older population (65+) numbered 35.9 million in 2003, an
increase of 3.1 million or 9.5% since 1993.
- The number of Americans aged 45-64 -- who will reach 65 over the
next two decades -- increased by 39% during this decade.
- About one in every eight, or 12.4 percent, of the population is an
older American.
- Over 2.0 million persons celebrated their 65th birthday in 2003.
- Persons reaching age 65 have an average life expectancy of an
additional 18.2 years (19.5 years for females and 16.6 years for
males).
- Older women outnumber older men at 21.0 million older women to 14.9
million older men.
- In 2003, 17.6% of persons 65+ were minorities\--8.2% were
African-Americans,\*\* 2.8% were Asian or Pacific Islander,\*\* and
less than 1% were American Indian or Native Alaskan.\*\* Persons of
Hispanic origin (who may be of any race) represented 5.7% of the
older population. In addition, 0.5% of persons 65+ identified
themselves as being of two or more races.
- Older men were much more likely to be married than older women\--71%
of men vs. 41% of women (Figure 2). Almost half of all older women
in 2003 were widows (43%).
- About 31 percent (10.5 million) of noninstitutionalized older
persons live alone (7.8 million women, 2.7 million men).
- Half of older women age 75+ live alone.
- About 416,000 grandparents aged 65 or more had the primary
responsibility for their grandchildren who lived with them.
- By the year 2030, the older population will more than double to 71.5
million.
- The 85+ population is projected to increase from 4.7 million in 2003
to 9.6 million in 2030.
- Members of minority groups are projected to represent 26.4 percent
of the older population in 2030, up from 16.4 percent in 2000.
- The median income of older persons in 2003 was \$20,363 for males
and \$11,845 for females. Median money income of all households
headed by older people (after adjusting for inflation) rose by 0.4%
from 2002 to 2003; however, this difference was not statistically
significant.
- For one-third of Americans over 65, Social Security benefits
constitute 90% of their income.
- About 3.6 million elderly persons (10.2%) were below the poverty
level in 2003. This poverty rate was not statistically different
from the poverty rate in 2002. Another 2.3 million or 6.7% of the
elderly were classified as \"near-poor\" (income between the poverty
level and 125% of this level).
- About 11% (3.7 million) of older Medicare enrollees received
personal care from a paid or unpaid source in 1999.
#########
\*Principal sources of data for the Profile are the U.S. Bureau of the
Census, the National Center on Health Statistics, and the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. The Profile incorporates the latest data available but
not all items are updated on an annual basis.
### The Older Population
The older population\--persons 65 years or older\--numbered 35.9 million
in 2003 (the most recent year for which data are available). They
represented 12.4% of the U.S. population, about one in every eight
Americans. The number of older Americans increased by 3.1 million or
9.5% since 1993, compared to an increase of 13.3% for the under-65
population. However, the number of Americans aged 45-64 -- who will
reach 65 over the next two decades -- increased by 39% during this
period.
In 2003, there were 21.0 million older women and 14.9 million older men,
or a sex ratio of 140 women for every 100 men. The female to male sex
ratio increases with age, ranging from 115 for the 65-69 age group to a
high of 226 for persons 85 and over.
Since 1900, the percentage of Americans 65+ has tripled (from 4.1% in
1900 to 12.4% in 2004), and the number has increased eleven times (from
3.1 million to 35.9 million). The older population itself is getting
older. In 2003, the 65-74 age group (18.3 million) was eight times
larger than in 1900, but the 75-84 group (12.9 million) was 17 times
larger and the 85+ group (4.7 million) was 38.5 times larger.
In 2002, persons reaching age 65 had an average life expectancy of an
additional 18.2 years (19.5 years for females and 16.6 years for males).
A child born in 2002 could expect to live 77.3 years, about 30 years
longer than a child born in 1900. Much of this increase occurred because
of reduced death rates for children and young adults. However, the
period of 1980-2002 also has seen reduced death rates for the population
aged 65-84, especially for men -- by 30.4% for men aged 65-74 and by
23.3% for men aged 75-84. Life expectancy at age 65 increased by only
2.5 years between 1900 and 1960, but has increased by 3.9 years from
1960 to 2002.
Over 2.0 million persons celebrated their 65th birthday in 2003. In the
same year, about 1.8 million persons 65 or older died. Census estimates
showed an annual net increase of over 317,000 in the number of persons
65 and over.
There were 50,639 persons aged 100 or more in 2003 (0.17% of the total
population). This is a 36% increase from the 1990 figure of 37,306.
***(Data for this section were compiled primarily from Internet releases
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the National Center for Health
Statistics).***
\- 2-
### Future Growth
The older population will continue to grow significantly in the future
([see Figure 1]{.underline}). This growth slowed somewhat during the
1990\'s because of the relatively small number of babies born during the
Great Depression of the 1930\'s. But the older population will burgeon
between the years 2010 and 2030 when the \"baby boom\" generation
reaches age 65.
By 2030, there will be about 71.5 million older persons, more than twice
their number in 2000. People 65+ represented 12.4% of the population in
the year 2000 but are expected to grow to be 20% of the population by
2030. The 85+ population is projected to increase from 4.6 million in
2002 to 9.6 million in 2030.
Minority populations are projected to represent 26.4% of the elderly
population in 2030, up from 17.6% in 2003. Between 2000 and 2030, the
white\*\* population 65+ is projected to increase by 77% compared with
223% for older minorities, including Hispanics (342%),
African-Americans\*\* (164%), American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts\*\*
(207%), and Asians and Pacific Islanders\*\* (302%).
{width="5.104166666666667in"
height="3.9791666666666665in"}
***Note: Increments in years are uneven.***
***(Sources: Projections of the Population by Age are taken from the
January 2004 Census Internet Release. Historical data are taken from
\"65+ in the United States,\" Current Population Reports, Special
Studies, P23-190 Data for 2000 are from the 2000 Census and 2003 data
are taken from the Census estimates for 2003.)***
\- 3-
### Marital Status
In 2003, older men were much more likely to be married than older
women\--71% of men, 41% of women (Figure 2). Almost half of all older
women in 2003 were widows (43%). There were over four times as many
widows (8.2 million) as widowers (2.0 million).
Divorced and separated (including married/spouse absent) older persons
represented only 10.7% of all older persons in 2003. However, this
percentage has increased since 1980, when approximately 5.3% of the
older population were divorced or separated/spouse absent.
{width="4.447916666666667in"
height="2.7708333333333335in"}
***(Based on Internet releases of data from the 2003 Current Population
Survey of the U.S. Bureau of the Census)***
\- 4 -
### Living Arrangements
Over half (53.9%) the older noninstitutionalized persons lived with
their spouse in 2003. Approximately 10.3 million or 71.2% of older men,
and 8.1 million or 41.1% of older women, lived with their spouse
(Figure 3). The proportion living with their spouse decreased with age,
especially for women. Only 28.7% of women 75+ years old lived with a
spouse.
About 30.8% (10.5 million) of all noninstitutionalized older persons in
2003 lived alone (7.8 million women, 2.7 million men). They represented
39.7 of older women and 18.8% of older men. The proportion living alone
increases with advanced age. Among women aged 75 and over, for example,
half (49.8%) lived alone.
About 643,000 grandparents aged 65 or over maintained households in
which grandchildren were present in 2003. (Another 215,000 elderly were
spouses of such people.) In addition, 453,000 grandparents over 65 years
lived in parent- maintained households in which their grandchildren were
present. About 416,000 grandparents over 65 years old were the persons
with primary responsibility for their grandchildren who lived with them.
While a relatively small number (1.56 million) and percentage (4.5%) of
the 65+ population lived in nursing homes in 2000, the percentage
increases dramatically with age, ranging from 1.1% for persons 65-74
years to 4.7% for persons 75-84 years and 18.2% for persons 85+. In
addition, approximately 5% of the elderly lived in self-described senior
housing of various types, many of which have supportive services
available to their residents.
###### Figure 3: Living Arrangements of Persons 65+: 2003
{width="2.8020833333333335in"
height="2.2604166666666665in"} {width="2.8125in"
height="2.2291666666666665in"}
***(Based on data from U.S. Bureau of the Census including the 2003
Current Population Survey and the 2003 American Community Survey. See:
March 2003 Current Population Survey Internet releases. See also:
\"America's Families and Living Arrangements; Population
Characteristics: June, 2001, Current Population Reports, P20-537" and**
**"The 65 Years and Over Population: 2000, Census 2000 Brief, October,
2001" as well as other Census 2000 data and unpublished data from the
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.)***
\- 5 -
### Racial and Ethnic Composition
In 2003, 17.6% of persons 65+ were minorities\--8.2% were
African-Americans,\*\* 2.8% were Asian or Pacific Islander,\*\* and less
than 1% were American Indian or Native Alaskan.\*\* Persons of Hispanic
origin (who may be of any race) represented 5.7% of the older
population. In addition, 0.5% of persons 65+ identified themselves as
being of two or more races.
Only 6.8% of minority race and Hispanic populations were 65+ in 2003
(8.3% of African-Americans,\*\* 8.4% of Asians and Pacific
Islanders,\*\* 6.9% of American Indians and Native Alaskans,\*\* 5.2% of
Hispanics), compared with 15.1% of whites.\*\*
***(Data for this section were compiled from Internet releases of the
Census 2003 Estimates).***
### Geographic Distribution
The proportion of the older persons in the population varies
considerably by state with some states experiencing much greater growth
in their older populations (Figures 4 and 5). In 2003, about half (52%)
of persons 65+ lived in nine states. California had over 3.8 million;
Florida 2.9 million; New York 2.5 million; Texas 2.2 million; and
Pennsylvania 1.9 million. Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and New Jersey each
had well over 1 million (Figure 6).
Person 65+ constituted approximately 14% or more of the total population
in 9 states in 2003 (Figure 6): Florida (17.0%); Pennsylvania (15.4%);
West Virginia (15.3%); North Dakota (14.8%); Iowa (14.7%); Maine (14.4);
South Dakota (14.3); Rhode Island (14.0%); and Arkansas (13.9%). In nine
states, the 65+ population increased by 20% or more between 1993 and
2003 (Figure 6): Nevada (60.5%); Alaska (50.3%); Arizona (32.4%); New
Mexico (27.1%); Colorado (22.8%); Utah (22.5%); Delaware (22.4%); Hawaii
(20.9%); and Idaho (20.6%). The ten jurisdictions with the highest
poverty rates for elderly over the period 2001-2003 were Mississippi
(17.1%); the District of Columbia (16.0%); Arkansas (15.7%); Texas
(15.1%); South Carolina (14.6%); North Carolina (13.7%); Massachusetts
(13.0%); Tennessee (12.8%); Alabama (12.6%); and New York (12.6%).
Most persons 65+ lived in metropolitan areas in 2003 (77.4%). About 50%
of older persons lived in the suburbs, 27.2% lived in central cities,
and 22.6% lived in nonmetropolitan areas.
The elderly are less likely to change residence than other age groups.
In the five year period from 1995 to 2000, 22.8% of older persons had
moved (compared to 47.7% of persons under 65). Most older movers (59.7%)
stayed in the same county while only 18.8% (of the movers) moved to
another state. The 85+ segment of the older population had a much high
rate of moving. During this period, 32.3% of the 85+ population moved,
61.1% of them within the same county.
***(Data for this section and for Figure 4 were compiled primarily from
the Census Population Estimates for 2003 as well as other Internet
releases of the U.S. Bureau of the Census including tables from the
March 2003 Current Population Survey and "Internal Migration of the
Older Population: 1995 to 2000," Census 2000 Special Report, CENSR-10,
August 2003).***
\- 6 -
**Figure 4: Persons 65+ as a Percentage of Total Population - 2003**
***Based on Census 2003 Population Estimates from the U.S. Bureau of the
Census\
***
\- 7 -
######
###### Figure 5: Percentage Increase in Population 65+ \-- 1993 to 2003
***Based on Census 1993 and 2003 Population Estimates from the U.S.
Bureau of the Census*\
**
\- 8 -
------------------- ------------ ----------- ------------- ----------------
**Figure 6: The 65+
Population by State
2003**
**Numbers** **Number of **Percent **Increase **Percent Below
Persons** of All from 1993 to Poverty
Ages** 2003** 2001-2003**
**US Total (50 35,919,174 12.4% 9.5% 10.3%
States + DC)**
**Alabama** 592,181 13.2% 8.6% 12.6%
**Alaska** 40,598 6.3% 50.3% 7.9%
**Arizona** 714,467 12.8% 32.4% 6.5%
**Arkansas** 377,682 13.9% 5.4% 15.7%
**California** 3,764,870 10.6% 12.8% 8.6%
**Colorado** 441,371 9.7% 22.8% 9.0%
**Connecticut** 470,689 13.5% 2.2% 6.2%
**Delaware** 106,896 13.1% 22.4% 5.6%
**District of 67,845 12.0% -11.9% 16.0%
Columbia**
**Florida** 2,897,383 17.0% 14.3% 10.2%
**Georgia** 826,506 9.5% 18.7% 12.4%
**Hawaii** 169,346 13.5% 20.9% 8.8%
**Idaho** 155,652 11.4% 20.6% 5.4%
**Illinois** 1,507,377 11.9% 1.8% 8.2%
**Indiana** 763,059 12.3% 5.3% 8.0%
**Iowa** 433,618 14.7% 0.1% 8.7%
**Kansas** 353,585 13.0% 0.5% 8.6%
**Kentucky** 512,381 12.4% 6.4% 10.3%
**Louisiana** 524,348 11.7% 7.8% 12.4%
**Maine** 188,385 14.4% 10.6% 10.5%
**Maryland** 624,980 11.3% 13.2% 9.9%
**Massachusetts** 856,982 13.3% 0.9% 13.0%
**Michigan** 1,236,501 12.3% 5.4% 9.0%
**Minnesota** 609,396 12.0% 7.6% 9.1%
**Mississippi** 349,407 12.1% 6.1% 17.1%
**Missouri** 759,980 13.3% 3.0% 8.0%
**Montana** 125,160 13.6% 12.2% 10.8%
**Nebraska** 232,387 13.4% 2.3% 10.0%
**Nevada** 250,787 11.2% 60.5% 8.2%
**New Hampshire** 154,174 12.0% 15.9% 7.0%
**New Jersey** 1,123,842 13.0% 4.8% 9.3%
**New Mexico** 225,266 12.0% 27.1% 12.2%
**New York** 2,488,959 13.0% 3.9% 12.6%
**North Carolina** 1,016,214 12.1% 17.0% 13.7%
**North Dakota** 93,837 14.8% 0.8% 10.5%
**Ohio** 1,516,771 13.3% 3.0% 7.7%
**Oklahoma** 461,133 13.1% 5.3% 11.8%
**Oregon** 453,568 12.7% 9.0% 6.4%
**Pennsylvania** 1,901,764 15.4% 0.4% 9.0%
**Rhode Island** 150,797 14.0% -2.3% 11.4%
**South Carolina** 511,732 12.3% 19.9% 14.6%
**South Dakota** 109,040 14.3% 4.3% 10.9%
**Tennessee** 726,683 12.4% 12.3% 12.8%
**Texas** 2,175,256 9.8% 18.3% 15.1%
**Utah** 203,007 8.6% 22.5% 8.4%
**Vermont** 80,132 12.9% 16.1% 8.9%
**Virginia** 833,427 11.3% 17.2% 10.0%
**Washington** 690,583 11.3% 13.3% 8.3%
**West Virginia** 277,220 15.3% 0.4% 10.1%
**Wisconsin** 711,987 13.0% 5.5% 7.8%
**Wyoming** 59,963 12.0% 17.7% 7.7%
------------------- ------------ ----------- ------------- ----------------
**Population data is from the Census Bureau Population Estimates and
poverty data is from the Current Population Survey, 2001, 2002, and 2003
Annual Social and Economic Supplements.\
**
\- 9 -
**Income**
The median income of older persons in 2003 was \$20,363 for males and
\$11,845 for females. Median money income of all households headed by
older people rose by 0.4% from 2002 to 2003; however, this difference
was not statistically significant. Households containing families headed
by persons 65+ reported a median income in 2003 of \$35,310 (\$36,797
for non-Hispanic Whites, \$28,407 for African-Americans, \$34,872 for
Asians, and \$25,355 for Hispanics). About one of every ten (9.9%)
family households with an elderly householder had incomes less than
\$15,000 and 50.4% had incomes of \$35,000 or more (Figure 7).
###### Figure 7: Percent Distribution by Income: 2003\*
{width="4.395833333333333in"
height="3.4895833333333335in"}
***\$35,310 median for 12.0 million family households 65+ ***
{width="4.364583333333333in"
height="2.9791666666666665in"}
***\$14,664 median for 33.8 million persons 65+ reporting income***
\- 10 -
For all older persons reporting income in 2002 (33.8 million), 29.3%
reported less than \$10,000. Only 26.8% reported \$25,000 or more. The
median income reported was \$14,664.
For one-third of Americans over 65, Social Security benefits constitute
90% of their income. The major other sources of income as reported by
the Social Security Administration for older persons in 2002 were income
from assets (reported by 55%), private pensions (reported by 29%),
government employee pensions (reported by 14%), and earnings (reported
by 22%).
***(Based on data from Current Population Survey, Annual Social and
Economic Supplement, \"Income, Poverty, and health Insurance Coverage in
the United States: 2003,\" P60‑226, issued August, 2003, by the U.S.
Bureau of the Census, related Census detailed tables on the Census
Bureau web site, and from Fast Facts and Figures About Social Security,
2004, Social Security Administration)***
### Poverty
About 3.6 million elderly persons (10.2%) were below the poverty level
in 2003. This poverty rate was not statistically different from the
poverty rate in 2002. The historic lowest level of 9.7% was reached in
1999. Another 2.3 million or 6.7% of the elderly were classified as
\"near-poor\" (income between the poverty level and 125% of this level).
One of every twelve (8.8%) elderly Whites\*\* was poor in 2003, compared
to 23.7% of elderly African-Americans,\*\* 14.3% of Asians,\*\* and
19.5% of elderly Hispanics. Higher than average poverty rates for older
persons were found among those who lived in central cities (13.1%),
outside metropolitan areas (i.e. rural areas) (11.0%), and in the South
(11.9%).
Older women had a higher poverty rate (12.5%) than older men (7.3%) in
2003. Older persons living alone were much more likely to be poor
(18.6%) than were older persons living with families (5.8%). The highest
poverty rates (40.8%) were experienced by older Hispanic women who lived
alone.
### *Based on data from Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, \"Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2003,\" P60‑226, issued August, 2004, by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and related Census detailed tables on the Census Bureau web site*
### Housing
Of the 21.6 million households headed by older persons in 2003, 80% were
owners and 20% were renters. The median family income of older
homeowners was \$25,353. The median family income of older renters was
\$13,540. In 2003, 42% of older householders spent more than one-fourth
of their income on housing costs - 35% for owners and 76% for renters -
.as compared to 41% of all householders.
For homes occupied by older householders in 2003, the median year of
construction was 1965 (it was 1971 for all householders) and 5.2% had
physical problems. In 2003, the median value of homes owned by older
persons was \$122,790 (with a median purchase price of \$32,905)
compared to a median home value of \$140,201 for all homeowners. About
72% of older homeowners in 2003 owned their homes free and clear.
***(Source: \"American Housing Survey for the United States in 2003,
Current Housing Reports\" H150/03)***
\- 11 -
### Employment
In 2003, 5.0 million (14.4 %) Americans age 65 and over were in the
labor force (working or actively seeking work), including 3.3 million
men (18.3%) and 2.1 million women (10.7%). They constituted 3.4% of the
U.S. labor force. About 3.6% were unemployed. Labor force participation
of men 65+ decreased steadily from 2 of 3 in 1900 to 15.8% in 1985, and
has stayed at 16%-18% since then. The participation rate for women 65+
rose slightly from 1 of 12 in 1900 to 10.8% in 1956, fell to 7.3% in
1985, and has been around 8%-10% since 1988.
***(Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics web-site:
http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm)***
### Education
The educational level of the older population is increasing. Between
1970 and 2003, the percentage who had completed high school rose from
28% to 71%. Over 17% in 2003 had a bachelor\'s degree or more. The
percentage who had completed high school varied considerably by race and
ethnic origin in 2003: 76% of Whites\*\*, 70% of Asians and Pacific
Islanders, 52% of African-Americans, and 36% of Hispanics. The increase
in educational levels is also evident within these groups. In 1970, only
30% of older Whites and 9% of older African-Americans were high school
graduates.
***(Source: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic
Supplement, 2003 and related tables on the Census Bureau web site)***
### Health and Health Care
In 2004 (January-June), 37.4% of noninstitutionalized older persons
assessed their heath as excellent or very good (compared to 65.8% for
persons aged 18-64). There was little difference between the sexes on
this measure, but older African-Americans (57.7%)\*\* and older
Hispanics (60.1%) were less likely to rate their health as excellent or
good than were older Whites (76.9%).\*\*\*\*\* Most older persons have
at least one chronic condition and many have multiple conditions. Among
the most frequently occurring conditions of elderly in 2000-2001 were:
hypertension (49.2%), arthritic symptoms (36.1%), all types of heart
disease (31.1%), any cancer (20.0), sinusitis (15.1%), and diabetes
(15.0).
Almost 70% reported in 2004that they received an influenza vaccination
during the past 12 months and 57% reported that they had ever received a
pneumococcal vaccination. About 24% (of persons 60+) report
height/weight combinations that place them among the obese. Over 26% of
persons aged 65-74 and 16% of persons 75+ report that they engage in
regular leisure-time physical activity. Only 8% reported that they are
current smokers and only 4% reported excessive alcohol consumption. Only
2.4% reported that they had experienced psychological distress during
the past 30 days.
In 2002, over 12.7 million persons aged 65 and older were discharged
from short stay hospitals. This is a rate of 3,575 for every 10,000
persons aged 65+ which is more than three times the comparable rate for
persons aged 45-64 (which was 1,159 per 10,000). The average length of
stay for persons aged 65+ was 5.8 days; the comparable rate for persons
aged 45-64 was 5.0 days. The average length of stay for older people has
decreased almost 5 days since 1980. Older persons averaged more office
visits with doctors in 2002 -- 6.6 for those aged 65-74 and 7.2 for
persons over 75 while persons aged 45-65 averaged only 3.7 office visits
during that year. Almost 96% of older persons reported that they did
have a usual place to go
\- 12 -
for medical care and only 2.5% said that they failed to obtain needed
medical care during the previous 12 months due to financial barriers.
In 2002, older consumers averaged \$3,741 in out-of-pocket health care
expenditures, an increase of 45% since 1992. In contrast, the total
population spent considerably less, averaging \$2,416 in out-of-pocket
costs. Older Americans spent 12.7%of their total expenditures on health,
more than twice the proportion spent by all consumers (5.9%). Health
costs incurred on average by older consumers in 2002 consisted of
\$2,002 (53%) for insurance, \$905 (24%) for drugs, \$688 (18%) for
medical services, and \$146 (4%) for medical supplies.
***(Sources: Advanced Data From Vital and Health Statistics and other
data releases from the National Center for Health Statistics web site;
and the Bureau of Labor Statistics web site)***
**Disability and Activity Limitations**
In 1997, more than half of the older population (54.5%) reported having
at least one disability of some type (physical or nonphysical). Some of
these disabilities may be relatively minor but others cause people to
require assistance to meet important personal needs. Over a third
(37.7%) reported at least one severe disability. The percentages with
disabilities increase sharply with age (Figure 8). Disability takes a
much heavier toll on the very old. Almost three-fourths (73.6%) of those
aged 80+ report at least one disability. Over half (57.6%) of those aged
80+ had one or more severe disabilities and 34.9% of the 80+ population
reported needing assistance as a result of disability. There is a strong
relationship between disability status and reported health status. Among
those 65+ with a severe disability, 68.0% reported their health as fair
or poor. Among the 65+ persons who reported no disability, only 10.5%
reported their health as fair or poor. Presence of a severe disability
is also associated with lower income levels and educational attainment.
###### Figure 8: Percent With Disabilities, By Age: 1997
\- 13 -
In another study which focused on the ability to perform specific
activities of daily living (ADLs), over 27.3% of community-resident
Medicare beneficiaries over age 65 in 1999 had difficulty in performing
one or more ADLs and an additional 13.0% reported difficulties with
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). By contrast, 93.3% of
institutionalized Medicare beneficiaries had difficulties with one or
more ADLs and 76.3% of them had difficulty with three or more ADLS.
\[ADLs include bathing, dressing, eating, and getting around the house.
IADLs include preparing meals, shopping, managing money, using the
telephone, doing housework, and taking medication\]. Limitations on
activities because of chronic conditions increase with age. Among those
65-74 years old, 19.9 percent had difficulties with ADLs. In contrast,
over half (52.5%) of these 85 years and older had difficulties with
ADLs.
It should be noted that (except where noted) the figures above are taken
from surveys of the noninstitutionalized elderly. Although nursing homes
are being increasingly used for short-stay post-acute care, about 1.6
million elderly are in nursing homes (about half are age 85 and over).
These individuals often have high needs for care with their ADLs and/or
have severe cognitive impairment, due to Alzheimer\'s disease or other
dementias.
***(Sources: Current Population Reports, \"Americans with Disabilities,
1997\" P70-73, February 2001 and related Internet data; Internet
releases of the Census Bureau and the National Center on Health
Statistics)***
**Caregiving**
About 11% (3.7 million) of older Medicare enrollees received personal
care from a paid or unpaid source in 1999. Almost all community resident
older persons with chronic disabilities receive either informal care
(from family or friends) or formal care (from service provider
agencies). Over 90% of all these older persons with chronic disabilities
received informal care and/or formal care; and about two thirds received
only informal care. About 9 % of this chronically disabled group
received only formal services.
***(Source: National Long Term Care Survey)***
\- 14 -
**Special Topic: Health Insurance Coverage**
In 2003, almost all (96%) non-institutionalized persons 65+ were covered
by Medicare. Medicare covers mostly acute care services and requires
beneficiaries to pay part of the cost, leaving about half of health
spending to be covered by other sources. About 61% had some type of
private health insurance. Over 6.4% had military-based health insurance
and 9% of the non-institutionalized elderly were covered by Medicaid.
Less than 1% did not have coverage of some kind. Over 87% of
non-institutionalized Medicare beneficiaries in 2002 had some type of
supplementary coverage. However, among Medicare beneficiaries residing
in nursing homes, almost 58% were covered by Medicaid in 2001.
**Figure 9:**
{width="5.125in" height="3.4479166666666665in"}
Note: Figure 9 data is for the non-institutionalized elderly. A person
can be represented in more than one category.
***(Source: \"Income, Poverty, and health Insurance Coverage in the
United States: 2003,\" P60‑226, issued August, 2003, based on data from
Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Bureau
of the Census. Medicare beneficiary data is from the Medicare Current
Beneficiary Survey)***
\- 15 -
**Notes:**
\*Principal sources of data for the Profile are the U.S. Bureau of the
Census, the National Center on Health Statistics, and the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. The Profile incorporates the latest data available but
not all items are updated on an annual basis.
\*\*Excludes persons of Hispanic origin.
\*\*\*Calculated on the basis of the official poverty definitions for
the years 2000-2002
\*\*\*\* Census 2000 figure
\*\*\*\*\* 2001 figure
*A Profile of Older Americans: 2004* was prepared by the Administration
on Aging (AoA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The annual
Profile of Older Americans was originally developed and researched by
Donald G. Fowles, AoA. Saadia Greenberg, AoA, developed the 2004
edition.
AoA serves as an advocate for the elderly within the federal government
and is working to encourage and coordinate a responsive system of family
and community based services throughout the nation. AoA helps states
develop comprehensive service systems which are administer by 56 State
and Territorial Units on Aging, 655 Area Agencies on Aging, 226 Native
American and Hawaiian organizations, and more than 29,000 local service
providers.
\- 16 -
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187362
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# Presentation: 187362
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
** ****CLIA ****OVERVIEW**
- Virginia Wanamaker
- Deputy Director
- Division of Laboratory Services
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- Impetus for Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA)
- Deaths from inaccurately read Pap smears.
- Proliferation of “black box” technology with no oversight in physicians’ offices.
**Notes:**
Subpart J includes the requirements for facilities and record and specimen retention. Every laboratory must have a facility whether permanent or temporary and every laboratory has records that must be retained. These are the structure requirements that we talk about in POD.
This section also includes transfusion services. Neither the CLIA regulations or the laboratory cover the actual administration of transfusion of blood or blood products, but the requirements for transfusion will remain in CLIA until the regulations are updated in all the facility types that do give transfusions.
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- Congress passed the Law in 1988
- Regulates all testing on humans for health purposes using minimum quality standards
- To ensure accurate testing regardless of location
- Includes research when results returned and specimens have unique ID
**Notes:**
Subpart J includes the requirements for facilities and record and specimen retention. Every laboratory must have a facility whether permanent or temporary and every laboratory has records that must be retained. These are the structure requirements that we talk about in POD.
This section also includes transfusion services. Neither the CLIA regulations or the laboratory cover the actual administration of transfusion of blood or blood products, but the requirements for transfusion will remain in CLIA until the regulations are updated in all the facility types that do give transfusions.
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- Final Regulations published Feb. 1992
- Five major quality standards based on test complexity
- The more complex the test, the more stringent the standards
**Notes:**
Subpart K includes those requirements that describe how a laboratory must function. They are in a logical order starting with the test request and ending with the reporting of the test results.
We certify laboratories by specialty and subspecialty. For that reason, Subpart K lists the condition statements for the s/s immediately following the introduction. Each one of these conditions lists those requirements that must be met to meet each specific condition. Note that each s/s condition now includes all the general lab systems, pre, analytic and post requirements for that particular condition to be met. In the past, the specialty and subspecialty conditions were listed in the middle of the quality control section were applicable only to quality control. With this organization, all the process’ for each s/s are included (pre.ana.post) Granted all the requirements are not together, but this is better than the condition statement referring requirements throughout the regulation. For example in the old reg, when citing the condition of Bacti out of compliance- media requirements were listed prior to the Bacti condition and quality control and susceptibility were cited after the condition statement. Quality assurance and record keeping in PTM were not included as a requirement for the condition of Bacti, so could not be included in the basis for the condition of Bacti being not met
Note that the conditions are in the same order as on the 1557.
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- Surveys:
- Performed biennially and are announced
- The first survey is information-sharing unless risk to patient safety is found
- Survey process looks at outcomes—results
- Lab is given credit for what they do right
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- Labs must enroll and meet all major CLIA quality requirements:
- Personnel
- PT
- Quality control (Analytic Systems)
- Patient test management (Pre Analytic and Post Analytic Systems)
- Facility Administration
- Quality Assessment
**Notes:**
The preanalytic system includes those first steps of the quality system process of test requests, specimen submission, handling and referral and the same assessment requirements as in gen lab systems to monitor, assess and correct as necessary.
## How does CMS look at laboratories?
***CLIA***
**How does CMS ****look at laboratories?**
**Outcome-Oriented **** **** **** **** ****Survey Process**
## CLIA Surveys:
State Agency Med. Techs. trained by CMS
Approved accrediting organizations with equivalent standards; e.g. CAP, JCAHO
Educational, outcome-oriented with QA focus
Data indicates improved lab performance over time with more labs than ever enrolled in CLIA
***CLIA***
- CLIA Surveys:
- State Agency Med. Techs. trained by CMS
- Approved accrediting organizations with equivalent standards; e.g. CAP, JCAHO
- Educational, outcome-oriented with QA focus
- Data indicates improved lab performance over time with more labs than ever enrolled in CLIA
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
**Notes:**
(This is the QA (Quality Assessment) piece). There are equivalent assessment requirements in each of the other systems. How do you evaluate and know your policies are effective?
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- Survey Process:
- Perform entrance interview
- Tour lab
- Observe testing
- Interview personnel
**Notes:**
The introduction to the Analytic Systems reads as follows.
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- Survey Process:
- Review records, data/information
- Assess outcomes and determine compliance
- Conduct exit conference and generate survey report
- Lab develops plan of correction if problems found
**Notes:**
The introduction to the Analytic Systems reads as follows.
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- CLIA State Surveyors:
- Professional and knowledgeable about CLIA, laboratory practices and quality assessment
- Evaluate lab’s overall ability to provide accurate results rather than individual standards
- Receive periodic training by CMS and experts
**Notes:**
Those sections mentioned in the introduction include all of the following sections.
Titles look pretty similar to the old reg. High complexity.
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- Without specific G.T. training a CLIA surveyor can:
- Review lab director’s qualifications and responsibilities
- Evaluate QC, instrument maintenance and analytical test validation and PT data
- Interview testing personnel: observe test procedures
**Notes:**
Those sections mentioned in the introduction include all of the following sections.
Titles look pretty similar to the old reg. High complexity.
## CLIA OVERVIEW
***CLIA***
**CLIA OVERVIEW**
- Without specific G.T. training a CLIA surveyor can:
- Verify specimen integrity, identification, handling, audit trail, confidentiality, etc.
- Assess lab’s plan to assure accuracy internally and externally and solve problems; check turnaround time
- Assist the lab to meet applicable CLIA requirements.
**Notes:**
Those sections mentioned in the introduction include all of the following sections.
Titles look pretty similar to the old reg. High complexity.
## CLIA COMPLIANCE for GENETIC TESTIANG
***CLIA***
**CLIA COMPLIANCE for GENETIC TESTIANG**
- CLIA experience with G.T. research labs:
- Much of what lab does to verify test works and results are correct facilitates meeting CLIA
- Existing documentation and data are useful
- Organizational materials are acceptable: e.g. job descriptions, safety plans, etc.
- There are G.T. research labs in compliance with CLIA!!
**Notes:**
NOT NEW!
## CLIA COMPLIANCE for GENETIC TESTING
***CLIA***
**CLIA COMPLIANCE for GENETIC TESTING**
- Quality control
- Examples of alternative control procedures
- Split samples with another lab
- Include previously tested patient samples as surrogate controls
- Test each patient specimen in duplicate
- Test multiple specimen types from same patient
**Notes:**
NOT NEW!
## CLIA COMPLIANCE for GENETIC TESTING
***CLIA***
**CLIA COMPLIANCE for GENETIC TESTING**
- Proficiency Testing (PT)
- No PT program samples available
- At least twice a year lab needs to verify accuracy of test
- Some examples to accomplish verification
- Blind testing of materials with known values
- Correlation of patient results with clinical symptoms
- Split samples with another laboratory
**Notes:**
NOT NEW!
## QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
***CLIA***
**QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM**
- Establish and follow policies/procedures addressing ongoing QA activity
- Take corrective actions as necessary
- Review their effectiveness
- Revise policies/procedures as necessary to prevent recurrence
- Communicate to staff
- Document all assessment activities
**Notes:**
NOT NEW!
## GENETIC TESTING UPDATE
***CLIA***
**GENETIC TESTING UPDATE**
- Currently CLIA has no specific standards addressing genetic testing
- Molecular amplification procedures are included in Final Quality System Rule
- Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) under development by CDC and CMS
- NPRM is on CMS regulation schedule
**Notes:**
NOT NEW!
## CLIA and HIPAA
***CLIA***
**CLIA and HIPAA**
- HIPPA Privacy Rule yields to CLIA
- CLIA limits release of test results by a laboratory only to persons authorized under State law to receive test results
- CLIA yields to State requirements
**Notes:**
NOT NEW!
## MYTH and FACT
***CLIA***
**MYTH and FACT**
- MYTH
- A CLIA certified lab may send a specimen to a research lab. If the CLIA lab confirms the test results of the research lab, then the research lab does not need a CLIA certificate.
- FACT
- Both labs need CLIA certificates. The CLIA certified lab has referred a specimen to another lab that should also be CLIA certified.
**Notes:**
The organization follows the flow of a patient specimen through the laboratory. From test request and specimen collection to test reporting.
## MYTH and FACT
***CLIA***
**MYTH and FACT**
- MYTH
- If a physician sends a patient sample to a foreign lab, it is considered practice of medicine and the foreign lab does not have to be CLIA certified.
- FACT
- It does not matter whether the physician or a CLIA lab sends the specimen, it is laboratory testing and falls under CLIA. The foreign lab needs to be CLIA certified.
**Notes:**
The organization follows the flow of a patient specimen through the laboratory. From test request and specimen collection to test reporting.
## MORE INFORMATION
***CLIA***
**MORE INFORMATION**
- _[www.cms.hhs.gov/clia](http://www.cms.hhs.gov/clia)_
- CLIA Application
- State Agency Contacts
- Guidelines for Surveyors and Laboratories
- General Information about CLIA
**Notes:**
The organization follows the flow of a patient specimen through the laboratory. From test request and specimen collection to test reporting.
|
en
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log-files
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633641
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> **VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT**
>
> **FEDERAL MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION SERVICE**
# UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
### WASHINGTON, DC 20427
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> **[Vacancy Announcement]{.underline}**: FMCS-06-07DEU & MP **Opens:**
> 09-05-06 **Closes:** 09-19-06
>
> **[Position]{.underline}:** Administrative Assistant (OA), GS-303-08/9
>
> **[Full Performance Level]{.underline}:** GS-09
>
> **[Location]{.underline}:** Washington, DC
>
> **[Area of Consideration]{.underline}:** All Candidates in the
> Washington, DC Commuting Area.
>
> No relocation expenses will be paid.
>
> [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}
## Duties and Responsibilities of Position
> The incumbent serves as the principal administrative assistant to the
> Director, Deputy Director and the executive suite of offices. Screens
> all visitors and incoming calls for the main office of the Federal
> Mediation and Conciliation Service. Ascertains the nature of the calls
> or business of the visitors in order to provide briefings. Performs
> typing, copying, mailing and other preparations required to support
> the office. Performs a variety of administrative functions for the
> Director and Deputy Director. Maintains the Deputy's calendar and
> makes necessary travel arrangements. Prepares narrative and
> statistical reports on an as needed basis. Acts as an assistant
> conference coordinating and meeting planner by assisting in making
> plans, preparations, reservations, agendas and other functions as
> necessary in conducting conferences and meetings. The incumbent will
> serve as an effective and courteous communication link between the
> Director, Deputy Director, Mediators, national office management, FMCS
> clients and the general public.
>
> **[Qualifications Required]{.underline}: U.S. Citizenship is
> required.** Applicants must have one year of specialized experience
> equivalent to the next lower grade level. Specialized experience is
> experience that has equipped the applicant with the particular
> knowledge, skills, and abilities to successfully perform the duties of
> the position. A combination of education and experience may qualify
> you for this position in accordance with the Qualifications Standards
> for General Schedule Positions. Applicants must also meet
> time-in-grade requirements and time after competitive appointment
> requirements by the closing date of this announcement.
>
> **[Typing Proficiency]{.underline}:** In addition to meeting
> experience requirements, applicants must show possession of typing or
> office automation skills (the ability to type a minimum of 40 words
> per minute). Applicants may meet these requirements by passing the
> appropriate performance test, presenting a certificate of proficiency
> from a school or other organization authorized to issue such
> certificates by the Office of Personnel Management local office, or by
> self-certifying their proficiency. Performance test results and
> certificates of proficiency are acceptable for 3 years.
>
> **[Basis for Evaluation]{.underline}:** Applicants who meet minimum
> qualification requirements will be further evaluated based on the
> quality ranking factors listed below. Each quality ranking factor must
> be addressed by a narrative that describes specifically and accurately
> the experience(s), education, training, and award(s) possessed that
> reflects the knowledge, skill or ability stated in the quality ranking
> factors. All eligible candidates will be evaluated on the basis of
> experience, training, self-development, outside activities and awards.
> Performance appraisals will be given due weight prior to making a
> selection decision. Failure to address each factor will negatively
> affect eligibility and/or rating for this position
>
> **[Quality Ranking Factors]{.underline}:** **Applicants *must* include
> a statement addressing each of the following factors:**
1. Skill in operating automated word processing equipment and a
computer terminal and associated software (Microsoft Word, Outlook,
Power Point, Excel).
Ability to prepare correspondence and reports using proper grammar,
spelling, punctuation and format.
Knowledge of a variety of office procedures including those needed
to establish and maintain filing systems, tracking systems, and
office support services.
Knowledge of office management and administration, such as reports
preparation, budgeting, procurement of supplies and equipment, and
travel.
> **[How to Apply:]{.underline}**
>
> You may apply for this position by submitting an *Optional Application
> for Federal Employment* (OF-612), the older *Application for Federal
> Employment* (SF-171)*,* a resume, or other application format of your
> choice, so long as it contains the following information: vacancy
> announcement number, title and grade(s) of the position for which you
> are applying; country of citizenship; social security number;
> information about your education, including (1) high school graduation
> date and (2) college/university information, your major and type and
> year of degree(s). If no degree, show total credits earned and
> indicate whether semester or quarter hours. Include information about
> all your work experience related to this job, including: job titles;
> duties and accomplishments; employer's name and address and
> supervisor's telephone number; number of hours worked per week;
> starting and ending dates (month and year); and annual salary. If you
> held various positions with the same employer, describe each
> separately.
>
> Applicants with career or career-conditional status or reinstatement
> eligibility must submit a copy of their most recent Notification of
> Personnel Action (Standard Form 50) showing tenure group and promotion
> potential (if any). All current Federal employees must provide a copy
> of their current Performance Appraisal (must be within 15 months from
> the closing date of the announcement). Applicants unable to provide
> their most recent performance appraisal must provide written
> justification for its absence. Non-status applicants claiming veteran
> preference or eligibility for Veterans Readjustment Appointment must
> submit a copy of their DD-214 and, if disabled, an SF-15 with letter
> from the Department of Veterans Affairs.
>
> Failure to submit all required documents and information requested by
> the closing date of this announcement may result in your not receiving
> full consideration. In order to receive full consideration, it is in
> your best interest to submit a narrative statement describing relevant
> experience and training for each of the KSA's listed above**.**
> Applicant\'s qualifications will be evaluated solely on the
> information submitted in the application.
>
> If an applicant is applying under merit promotion and competitive
> procedures, two (2) applications must be submitted. If only one is
> submitted, it will be considered under merit promotion only.
>
> **All applications must be [received]{.underline} no later than
> 09-19-06.** We will accept facsimiles and
>
> e-mails.
>
> Submit required forms to:
>
> Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
>
> Office of Human Resources
>
> 2100 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20427
>
> Attention: Glorious L. Broughton
>
> Telephone: (202) 606-5460
>
> FAX Number: (202) 606-4216
>
> E-mail: [email protected]
>
> Application materials will not be returned.
>
> **[Interagency Career Transition Assistance Program (ICTAP) Local
> Displaced and Surplus Applicants]{.underline}:** Federal employees
> seeking CTAP/ICTAP eligibility must submit proof that they meet the
> requirements of 5 CFR 330.605 (a) for CTAP and 5 CFR 330.704 for
> ICTAP. This includes a copy of the agency notice, a copy of their most
> recent Performance Rating and a copy of their most recent SF-50 noting
> current position, grade level, and duty location. Please annotate your
> application to reflect that you are applying as a CTAP or ICTAP
> eligible.
>
> **[The Defense Authorization Act of November 18, 1997]{.underline}:**
> The Defense Authorization Act of November 18, 1997, extended veterans'
> preference to persons who served on active duty during the Gulf War
> from August 2, 1990, through January 2, 1992. The law grants
> preference to persons otherwise eligible and who served on active duty
> during this period, regardless of where the person served or for how
> long. The law also authorizes the Secretary of each military
> department to award the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal for service
> in Bosnia during the period November 20, 1995, to a date to be
> determined. The award of the Medal is qualifying for veterans'
> preference. More information on veterans' preference is available in
> the VetGuide that may be found on the United States Office of
> Personnel Management web site at [www.opm.gov.]{.underline}
>
> **[Reasonable Accommodation]{.underline}:** FMCS provides reasonable
> accommodation to applicants with disabilities. If you need reasonable
> accommodation for any part of the application and hiring process,
> please notify FMCS. The decision for granting reasonable accommodation
> will be on a case-by-case basis.
>
> **APPLICATIONS MAILED IN POSTAGE PAID U.S. GOVERNMENT ENVELOPES WILL
> NOT BE CONSIDERED.**
>
> **[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**
>
> **EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY:** Candidates will be considered
> without discrimination for any non-merit reason such as political,
> religious, or labor affiliation or non-affiliation, marital status,
> race, color, sex, national origin, nondisqualifying handicapping
> condition, or age.
|
en
|
log-files
|
615503
|
pact is get-JobTransforms
###########################################################
The input values you specify for this script to run are :
Remote gate-keeper is "gk01.swt2.uta.edu"
Remote Gridftp server is "gk01.swt2.uta.edu"
Remote $APP area is "/ifs0/osg/app"
Remote $DATA area is "/ifs0/osg/data"
###########################################################
Mon Sep 25 10:07:42 CDT 2006
Sending the install script "ace-install-template-gk01.swt2.uta.edu-get-JobTransforms-2006-09-25T11-0400-22065" to remote site "gk01.swt2.uta.edu".
globus-url-copy file:\/\/\//direct/usatlas+u/atlaswin/remote-install/scripts\/ace-install-template-gk01.swt2.uta.edu-get-JobTransforms-2006-09-25T11-0400-22065 gsiftp\:\/\/gk01.swt2.uta.edu\//ifs0/osg/app\/ace-install-template-gk01.swt2.uta.edu-get-JobTransforms-2006-09-25T11-0400-22065
Sending the mdsupdate script "fix-MDSConfig-gk01.swt2.uta.edu-get-JobTransforms-2006-09-25T11-0400-22065" to remote site "gk01.swt2.uta.edu".
Sending the testrun script "run-kit-val" to remote site "gk01.swt2.uta.edu".
Running the install script in "/ifs0/osg/app" on "gk01.swt2.uta.edu"
hostname is gk01.swt2.uta.edu
Doing a pacman "get-JobTransforms" on gk01.swt2.uta.edu now...
The directory "/ifs0/osg/app/atlas_app/atlas_rel/kitval" already exists on gk01.swt2.uta.edu
Pacman [3.18.5] is available at http://physics.bu.edu/pacman/...
Package [JobTransforms] found in [GCL]...
Package [GCL:kitvaldir] found in [GCL]...
Package [GCL:KitValidation-145] found in [GCL]...
Package [GCL:KitValidation-192] found in [GCL]...
Package [kitvaldir] found in [GCL]...
Package [OSG-JTs] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.3.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.3.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.3.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.3.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.3.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.3.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.4.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.4.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.4.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.4.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:9.0.4.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:10.0.1.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:10.0.1.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:10.0.1.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:10.0.1.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:10.0.1.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:10.5.0.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:10.5.0.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.0.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.1.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.2.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.2.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.8/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.3.10/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.4.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.41.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.41.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.41.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.41.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.41.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.41.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.41.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.8/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.10/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.11/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.12/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.13/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.14/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.42.15/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.8/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.10/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.11/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.12/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KV:11.0.5.13/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.5.0.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.5.0.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.0.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.1.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.2.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.2.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.8/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.10/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.4.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.8/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.10/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.11/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.12/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.13/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.14/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.14/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Downloading [JobTransforms-11-00-42-14.tar.gz] from [http://classis01.roma1.infn.it/pacman/cache/../packages/11.0.42.14]...
Untarring [JobTransforms-11-00-42-14.tar.gz]...
Package [11.0.42.15/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.15/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Downloading [JobTransforms-11-00-42-15.tar.gz] from [http://classis01.roma1.infn.it/pacman/cache/../packages/11.0.42.15]...
Untarring [JobTransforms-11-00-42-15.tar.gz]...
Package [11.0.5.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.8/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.10/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.11/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.12/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.12/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Downloading [JobTransforms-11-00-05-12.tar.gz] from [http://classis01.roma1.infn.it/pacman/cache/../packages/11.0.5.12]...
Untarring [JobTransforms-11-00-05-12.tar.gz]...
Package [11.0.5.13/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.13/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Downloading [JobTransforms-11-00-05-13.tar.gz] from [http://classis01.roma1.infn.it/pacman/cache/../packages/11.0.5.13]...
Untarring [JobTransforms-11-00-05-13.tar.gz]...
Package [11.0.5.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KitValidation-145] found in [GCL]...
Package [KitValidation-192] found in [GCL]...
Package [9.0.3.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.3.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [9.0.4.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.0.1.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.5.0.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [10.5.0.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.0.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.1.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.2.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.2.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.8/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.3.10/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.4.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.41.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.8/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.10/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.11/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.12/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.13/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.1/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.2/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.3/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.4/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.8/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.9/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.10/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.11/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.5/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.5.6/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [11.0.42.7/JobTransforms] found in [KV]...
Package [KitValidation-145] found in [GCL]...
Package [KitValidation-192] found in [GCL]...
The softlink /ifs0/osg/app/atlas_app/atlas_rel/kitval/KitValidation/JobTransforms/users already exists
gatekeeper is gk01.swt2.uta.edu
Cleaning remote install scripts and tmp files...
Installation get-JobTransforms is done on site gk01.swt2.uta.edu.
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
495371
|
**Dinosaur National Monument**
**Fire and Fire Effects Monitoring**
Fire-related monitoring, as prescribed in Dinosaur's Fire Management
Plan, has several components: collecting pre-burn data, monitoring
ongoing fires, monitoring first order fire effects, and monitoring
second order (long-term) fire effects. The purposes of such monitoring
are to (a) determine if resource management objectives are met on
individual fires and (b) to provide information for developing
prescriptions for future burning. Based on monitoring that has been
conducted, a fairly standard prescription has been developed for
prescribed burning in Wyoming big sagebrush communities. Burning in
these communities is intended to restore perennial grasslands as grazing
is terminated in various portions of the monument (see Grazing by
Domestic Livestock section).
Data collected during ongoing fires -- suppressed wildland fire,
wildland fire use, and prescribed burns -- includes location, elevation,
aspect, other topographic characteristics, weather temperature, relative
humidity, shading, wind speed and direction, etc.), fuel type and other
fuel characteristics (e.g. continuity, arrangement, live fuel moisture),
fire behavior (directions and rates of spread, flame length, residence
time, unusual fire behavior, etc.), fire perimeter increase and other
fire-related data. Some of these data are collected once; other types of
data are collected periodically throughout the duration of the fire.
Those data of greatest importance include fuel type, wind speed, live
fuel moisture, and residence time. The purpose of such monitoring is to
be able to correlate burning conditions with subsequent first and second
order fire effects.
Fire monitoring data is usually attached to the formal fire report and
kept in files in the Fire Management Office. Data may be collected by
firefighters, fire monitors, or biological technicians from resource
management functions. The quality and quantity of data collected during
monitoring of ongoing fires has varied considerably, depending on the
importance placed by the incumbent Fire Management Officer and the
training provided for fire monitors. Data from the 1980s is probably of
greater value than that of the 1990s.
First order fire effects data is collected immediately post-burn,
usually by the same staff that conduct the fire monitoring. Data
collected include such as area burned, percent ground cover consumed,
duff consumption, percent crown consumption and crown scorch, and other
characteristics appropriate for the fuel type. This data is also stored
with the formal fire report.
Second order fire effects data collection began in 1984 and has focused
on correlating fire effects with burning conditions (recorded fire
behavior, live fuel moisture, etc.) Monitoring second order fire effects
has two primary purposes: to determine if resource management objectives
are met in the fire management program and providing predictive
information for prescribed burning and wildland fire use.
There are three major points of investigation in the fire effects
monitoring program: the response by vegetation, small mammal populations
and breeding birds to wildland fire. When the program initially began in
the early 1980s, there was little information on community effects of
fire in sagebrush systems. We were unaware of any other entity
conducting systematic fire effects monitoring in pinyon/juniper and
sagebrush communities. The objectives of initial monitoring were to
provide some baseline information on such community effects.
Methodologies to determine the responses of vegetation, breeding birds
and small mammals were developed in conjunction with scientists from the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Colorado State University. Sampling
was scheduled for years 1, 2, 4, 7, 12 and 20 post-burn. Pre-burn
sampling was conducted for prescribed fire to provide a baseline for
later analysis. Protocols were expected to yield statistically reliable
data with a minimum workload requirement.
The protocol initially applied to measuring vegetation response was
estimation of crown cover by species using the Daubenmire methodology
along permanent transects. Two transects were established in the burned
(experimental) and an adjacent unburned (control) area. Data collection
began as soon as grasses began to flower and were readily identifiable;
data collection ceased when forbs became too withered to identify. This
protocol was employed from 1984 through 1990. Seasonal employees
collected the data. It soon became evident, particularly with turnover
in seasonal staff, that there was considerable variation among monitors
in estimation of canopy cover. It was also evident that the transects
represented only a small portion of a burned area -- and monitoring the
response of vegetation along those small transects did not seem to
adequately characterize the response across a burned area.
The protocol for documenting vegetation response to fire was modified in
1991 (Delafield 1996). Five 100m transects were established in each of
the experimental and control areas. These were supposed to be placed
representatively across the sampling areas; on a few burns, however, the
transects are clustered. An optical point projection device is used to
collect two data points at each meter interval, resulting in 200 data
points per transect and 1,000 data points per sample area. While the
collected data is frequency of occurrence by species, the number of data
points allow the figures to also be used as a surrogate for canopy
coverage. Field data is entered in Microsoft Excel. Raw and analyzed
data are stored in notebooks for individual fires in the natural
resource management office.
The protocol for breeding birds involves multiple passes along a fixed
width linear transects (Delafield 1996). Transects are examined on three
consecutive mornings. Species within the transect and "fly-overs" are
recorded. Raw and analyzed data are stored in notebooks for individual
fires in the natural resource management office. Although other
methodologies currently have greater favor, the fixed width linear
transects have been retained for consistency.
The protocol for sampling small mammal populations uses 3 parallel
Calhoun lines in each of the experimental and control areas. Traps are
run for three consecutive nights, resulting in 540 trap nights in each
of the experimental and control areas. Specimens are identified to
species; most are then transferred to the Midcontinent Ecological Center
in Albuquerque for verification of identification and use as museum
specimens. Raw and analyzed data are stored in notebooks for individual
fires in the natural resource management office.
All sampling efforts were paired -- equal efforts on burned and unburned
areas. This is regarded as critical to identify the variations in
responses due simply to annual climatic patterns and other non-fire
influences. In retrospect, this has proved to be a very valuable part of
the protocols for all three aspects of long-term fire effects
monitoring. Annual differences in precipitation patterns and other
influences have resulted in wide fluctuations in apparent responses
(e.g. small mammal populations). That such fluctuations are experienced
in both experimental and control areas makes it evident that the
fluctuations are not fire-related responses.
These monitoring protocols were established prior to development of the
Western Region fire monitoring handbook (and RX-91). The RX-91
methodologies were not adopted at Dinosaur for several reasons:
- The RX-91 methodologies for fire behavior monitoring are not
conducive to monitoring fast-spreading fires in light fuels.
- The RX-91 methodologies are insufficient to answer the
community-level questions posed at Dinosaur.
- The absence of control plots in the RX-91 methodologies makes it
difficult to impossible to identify annual climatic effects.
Questions were raised, however, by proponents of the standardized
Western Region protocols about the validity of the Dinosaur protocols.
In the late 1990s, the University of Wyoming was contracted to (a)
examine the reliability of Dinosaur's fire effects monitoring protocols
and (b) analyze and publish the results of monitoring data collected
since 1984. The objectives of the latter effort were to (a) evaluate
difference in species richness, density and diversity within and across
paired burned and unburned plots, (b) assess similarity-dissimilarity in
species composition within and across burned and unburned sites, and (c)
evaluate short and long-term responses to burning. Six study sites with
similar soils, elevation, annual precipitation, and pre-burn vegetation
(all predominately Wyoming big sagebrush communities prior to burning)
were selected for the analysis.
Winslow (2001) compared the Dinosaur protocols with other accepted
methodologies. He concluded that the optical projection device
methodology used for vegetation monitoring was very precise and very
reliable; sufficient statistical power could still be achieved with some
reduction in sampling effort. He concluded that neither the Dinosaur
methodology nor the comparable methodology had sufficient power to
identify a one bird per hectare change within a considerable increase in
sampling effort. The small mammal methodology was acceptable though the
researcher would prefer to use a different array of traps (and would
prefer an accounting of catch by individual trap site -- that would
shift the effort from a monitoring program to a research program which,
we believe, is unnecessary to answer the monitoring questions). Winslow
did suggest that the sampling design might be changed to 5-year
intervals. We are inclined to disagree with eliminating the early
post-burn sampling because the rate of change is greatest during this
period and vegetation response during this period would also appear to
have greatest susceptibility to influences of other factors (e.g.
grazing).
Perryman, et al. (2002) documented the obvious regarding vegetation
response -- that fire converted Wyoming big sagebrush stands to
perennial grasslands. Grass density was significantly greater in burned
areas; forb abundance was also greater in some years. Sagebrush invasion
into burned areas was almost non-existent when there was no post-burn
grazing by domestic livestock during spring and summer.
Olson, et al. (2003) reviewed the response of small mammal populations
to fire. They concluded that:
- There was no difference in species richness (number of species)
between burn and control plots across sample years and sites
combined, or across sample years by site.
- The abundance of small mammals varied between site location,
treatment type and across sample years. Generally, though, the
number of small mammals was consistently lower on burned sites.
- There were no differences in diversity indexes between burned and
control plats across sample years and sites combined; diversity on
burned plots generally fluctuated more across post-burn sample years
by site than did diversity on control plots.
- With the exception of one study site, species similarity between
paired burn and control plots across post-burn sample years was
consistently high.
From this we can conclude that burning Wyoming big sagebrush stands does
not substantially alter small mammal communities. Although not analyzed
by Olson, et al. (2003), a cursory examination of the data does suggest
some species are more common in burned areas (e.g. Apache pocket mouse,
northern grasshopper mouse) and other species (e.g. sagebrush vole) are
more common in the control plots.
Olson, et al. (*in prep*) found that species richness, density and
diversity of breeding birds were higher on burned than unburned plots
across all sites during the early post-burn period (1-5 years) but lower
on burned plots during later post-burn periods (5+ years). Similarity
index values indicated maximum overlap of bird species between burned
and unburned plots across all sites during the intermediate post-burn
years and minimal overlap during early and late post-burn periods. They
concluded that fire in Wyoming big sagebrush communities results in
short-term (5-7 years) increased species richness, density, and
community diversity on burned sites. Though not analyzed by Olson, et
al. (*in prep*), some species appear to be nearly obligate in unburned
sites (e.g. green-tailed towhee) while granivores appear to be more
common in the burned sites. It also appears that where pinyon/juniper
stands are burned, insectivorous bird populations increase during the
first few years following burning. As a general conclusion, then, it
appears that burning in Wyoming big sagebrush does not adversely effect
breeding bird populations.
I would be inclined to recommend cessation monitoring of breeding bird
and small mammal populations. It appears from Olson, et al. (2003; *in
prep*) that 15 years of data indicate that burning has no substantial
impact on these resources. I recommend that the vegetation monitoring be
continued with some modification (redistribution of some clustered
transects) because these monitoring results are most directly applicable
to determining if management objectives are achieved on individual burn
sites.
One other fire-related monitoring effort has been quite important in
Dinosaur's fire management program. Intensive monitoring of live fuel
moisture in sagebrush was conducted from 1987 through 1990. Live fuel
moisture proved to be a very sensitive input in modeling prescribed
burning in Wyoming big sagebrush (NFFL Fuel Model 5). With inputs of
empirical live fuel moisture and modification of midflame wind speed (no
reduction from 20-foot wind speed), NFFL Model 5 closely predicted fire
behavior in Wyoming big sage communities. Kalish (1992) extended the
examination of live fuel moisture to sites with varying elevation and
aspect. She concluded that live fuel moisture varied by elevation but
not by aspect. Live fuel moisture monitoring is still conducted
intermittently for prescribed fire planning and implementation.
**Data Sets:**
- Fire history maps (hard copies in fire management office)
- Fire reports with attached fire behavior and first order fire
effects monitoring notes (fire management office files)
- Second order fire effects monitoring data (WORD and EXCEL files as
well as field data forms in individual fire notebooks in the natural
resource management office)
- Live fuel moisture data in LOTUS and EXCEL formats (in natural
resource management and fire management offices)
**References:**
Delafield, H., Jr. 1996. Fire effects monitoring protocols. File
memorandum, Dinosaur National Monument.
Kalish, E.L. 1992. Comparison of live fuel moisture in Wyoming big
sagebrush based upon elevation and aspect. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State
University, Fort Collins. 67pp.
Olson, R.A., B.L. Perryman, S.J. Petersburg and T. Naumann. *In prep.*
Fire Effects on Passerine Bird Communities in Dinosaur National
Monument.
Olson, R.A., B.L. Perryman, S.J. Petersburg, and T. Naumann. 2003. Fire
Effects on Small Mammal Communities in Dinosaur National Monument.
Western North American Naturalist. *In press.*
Perryman, B.L., R.A. Olson, and S. Petersburg. 2002. Vegetation response
to fire in Dinosaur National Monument. Western North American Naturalist
(*In press*).
Winslow, D.K. 2001. Validation of sampling protocols for monitoring
vegetation, breeding passerine birds, and small mammal community
responses to prescribed fire at Dinosaur National Monument. M.S. Thesis.
University of Wyoming, Laramie. 139pp.
|
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706338
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**CHAPTER ONE**
**BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW OF ANALYSIS**
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), also
known as Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
of 1986 (SARA), created a broad range of emergency response planning and
reporting requirements for manufacturers, processors, and users of toxic
chemicals in the United States. 42 U.S.C. §§ 11001-11050. Under section
313 of EPCRA, certain facilities are required to submit annual reports
to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and to States
on their release, transfer, and waste management activity of certain
toxic chemicals if they are manufactured, processed, or otherwise used
above thresholds amounts. In addition, the Pollution Prevention Act
(PPA) of 1990 requires these same facilities to report pollution
prevention, recycling, and other waste management information for these
same chemicals. EPA maintains the data collected under EPCRA section 313
and the PPA in a database known as the Toxics Release Inventory
(TRI).[^1]
Since the inception of the TRI Program, EPA has implemented measures to
reduce the reporting burden on the regulated universe, and make TRI
reporting as user friendly as possible. These measures include
compliance assistance activities, such as industry-specific guidance and
annual training workshops. EPA also reduced the time spent completing
the required TRI forms by developing the Toxics Release Inventory--Made
Easy (TRI-ME) software and adding the Form A certification. In January
2005, EPA proposed the TRI Reporting Forms Modification Rule (79 FR
1674, January 10, 2005) that included general options for reducing the
time, cost, and complexity of the reporting requirements imposed on
facilities. (EPA refers to this rulemaking as the "Phase 1\" burden
reduction rulemaking.)
EPA is proposing additional options for streamlining TRI reporting. The
purpose of this proposed rule is to provide additional burden reduction
options without compromising the quality of toxic chemical release data
and of other waste management information. This additional set of burden
reduction options will be referred to hereafter as the "Phase 2\" burden
reduction rulemaking.
This report analyzes the economic effects of the Phase 2 burden
reduction options. To understand the effects of the proposed rule,
however, it is first necessary to understand how EPCRA section 313 and
TRI currently operate. This chapter provides an overview of TRI followed
by a description of the proposed rule and organization of the report.
**1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRI**
In 1986, Congress passed the Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). The law was passed in response to the
accidental release of methyl isocyanate gas in Bhopal, India, in
December 1984, and to a number of chemical accidents in the United
States, including one in Institute, West Virginia. These accidental
releases highlighted the lack of information readily available to the
public about toxic chemicals being manufactured, processed, used, and
transported within their communities. EPCRA is based on the premise that
the public has the right to know about the use of chemicals, as well as
their routine and accidental releases. The broad purposes are to
encourage planning for response to accidental chemical releases as well
as daily management of routine releases, and to provide the public and
government agencies with information about the presence, release, and
management of toxic chemicals.
EPCRA contains four main provisions:
- Planning for chemical emergencies (sections 301-303),
- Emergency notification of chemical accidents and releases (section
304),
- Reporting of hazardous chemical inventories (sections 311-312), and
- Toxic chemical release reporting (section 313).
Because this rule is being proposed under section 313 (and not the
other sections of EPCRA), the remainder of this overview deals only
with the TRI provisions of section 313.
The first regulations implementing EPCRA section 313 were
promulgated on February 16, 1988 (53 FR 4500), and are codified at
40 CFR part 372. Under these original regulations, owners or
operators of regulated facilities must complete the Toxic Chemical
Release Inventory Reporting Form R, which includes information on
releases to air, water, and land, as well as on-site waste treatment
and transfers of the chemical to off-site locations.
A facility must report under section 313 if it meets all of the
following three criteria:
\(1\) It is in a Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code
covered by the regulations;
\(2\) It has ten or more full-time employees (or the hourly
equivalent of 20,000 hours); and
\(3\) It manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses any of the
listed toxic chemicals or chemical categories above the applicable
reporting threshold.
Facilities must submit the forms each calendar year to both EPA and
the State in which the facility is located by July 1 of the
following year.
A completed Form R must be submitted for each toxic chemical
manufactured, processed, or otherwise used over threshold levels at
each regulated facility as described in 40 CFR part 372. For most
chemicals, threshold levels are set at 25,000 lbs for manufacturing
and processing and 10,000 lbs for otherwise use. 40 C.F.R. § 372.25.
Over 600 toxic chemicals and chemical compound categories are
currently on the list of TRI chemicals.
TRI is unique among environmental databases because of the
multimedia data it collects, and because it was designed for public
access. EPCRA requires that EPA "establish and maintain in a
computer database a national toxic chemical inventory based on data
submitted to the Administrator." 42 U.S.C. § 11023(j). EPA maintains
the section 313 data in the national TRI database. TRI data are
available to the public in a variety of formats, including disk,
on-line, and CD-ROM. With its broad dissemination, TRI data is used
extensively by the public. Facilities use the data obtained through
TRI to better understand their operations, and make better use of
pollution prevention opportunities. Public-interest groups use the
data to educate themselves on the presence of toxic chemicals in the
environment, and use that improved information to engage in a
meaningful, productive dialogue with industry and with all levels of
government. In general, TRI data have proven to be a powerful tool
in environmental decision-making.
**1.1.1 Pollution Prevention Act**
In 1990, Congress passed the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA), which
adopted as national policy an environmental hierarchy that
establishes pollution prevention as the first choice among waste
management options. 42 U.S.C. §§ 13101-13109. For waste that cannot
be prevented at the source, recycling is considered the next best
option. Treatment or disposal should be considered only after source
reduction and recycling have been eliminated as options. Section
6607 of the PPA supplemented the information reported under EPCRA
section 313 by requiring facilities to also report information on
their pollution prevention, recycling, and other waste management
activities. The data elements required by the Pollution Prevention
Act are included as section 8 of Form R.
**1.1.2 Changes to the List of Chemicals**
When Congress passed EPCRA it provided an initial list of
approximately 300 chemicals and chemical categories subject to TRI
reporting. The statutory list was derived from chemical lists used
in New Jersey and Maryland. Congress also included a provision in
EPCRA that EPA may amend the list of chemicals subject to TRI
reporting. Under section 313(d), EPA has the authority to add a
chemical to the list if it determines that the chemical can cause or
can be reasonably anticipated to cause:
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- Adverse acute human health effects at concentration levels
reasonably likely to exist beyond facility site boundaries as a
result of continuous or frequently recurring releases;
- In humans, cancer or teratogenic effects, serious or irreversible
reproductive dysfunctions, neurological disorders, heritable genetic
mutations, or other chronic health effects; or
- A significant adverse effect on the environment. See, 42 U.S.C.§
11023(d).
EPA has added chemicals to the list through its authority under
section 313(d). Most notably, EPA added 286 chemicals and chemical
categories to the list of toxic chemicals subject to TRI on November
30, 1994 (59 FR 61432). The majority of these chemicals are
pesticides. Many of the remainder are chemicals either regulated or
identified as concerns under other environmental statutes such as
the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Safe Drinking Water
Act.
EPA may delete a chemical from the list if it does not meet any of
the above criteria found in 313(d). According to section 313(e) of
EPCRA, any person may petition EPA to add or delete a chemical from
the list on the basis of whether or not it meets the above criteria.
See, 42 U.S.C. § 11023(e). All changes to the list are made through
rulemaking under the Administrative Procedures Act (APA).
**1.1.3 Alternate Threshold**
On November 30, 1994, EPA finalized the "TRI Alternate Threshold for
Facilities with Low Annual Reportable Amounts" (59 FR 61488). This
rule was intended to reduce the compliance burden associated with
EPCRA section 313. It established a streamlined reporting option for
facilities where the annual reportable amount of a listed chemical
released or managed does not exceed 500 pounds.[^2] Such facilities
have the option of applying an alternate manufacture, process, or
otherwise use threshold of 1 million pounds to that chemical,
instead of the standard thresholds of 10,000 or 25,000 pounds. If a
facility does not exceed the 1 million-pound threshold, then that
facility is eligible to submit Form A for that chemical instead of
Form R. Form A is a simplified reporting form that includes facility
identification information and identifies the chemical or chemical
category being reported. The form must be submitted on an annual
basis.
**1.1.4 Executive Order 12856**
On August 3, 1993, Executive Order 12856, "Federal Compliance with
Right-to-Know Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements" was signed
by the President (58 FR 41981). The Executive Order requires federal
facilities to comply with EPCRA requirements beginning with the
1994-reporting year. The Executive Order also asks all federal
agencies to set a voluntary goal of 50% reduction from baseline
quantities of their releases and transfers by 1999.
1.1.5 Changes to the List of Industries
On May 1, 1997, EPA added facilities in seven industry groups to the
list of facilities subject to the reporting requirements of section
313 (62 FR 23833). Prior to this action, reporting was limited to
facilities in the manufacturing sector (SIC codes 20-39) and federal
facilities. This action added facilities in the following sectors:
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- Metal mining,
- Coal mining,
- Electric utilities,
- Commercial hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal
facilities
- Chemicals and allied products-wholesale,
- Petroleum bulk terminals and plants-wholesale, and
- Solvent recovery services.
The first reports from these facilities were submitted in 1999 for
reporting year 1998.
**1.1.6 Changes for Certain PBT Chemicals**
On October 29, 1999, EPA lowered reporting thresholds to 10 or 100
pounds for certain TRI chemicals (persistent, bioaccumulative and
toxic chemicals, or PBT chemicals) that are of concern because of
their tendency to persist and bioaccumulate (64 FR 58666). EPA also
added to TRI certain PBT chemicals that were not already listed
including a dioxin category with a reporting threshold of 0.1 grams.
At this time EPA made other changes to PBT chemical reporting, such
as disallowing the use of the *de minimis* exemption, range
reporting, and Form A reporting for PBT chemicals. 40 CFR §
372.28(b). On January 17, 2001, EPA lowered the reporting threshold
for lead and lead compounds to 100 pounds and applied the same
limitations as are applied to other PBT chemicals. 40 CFR § 372.28.
**1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED RULE**
As described above, EPA has implemented a number of burden reduction
measures. To build upon these efforts, EPA conducted a TRI
Stakeholder Dialogue between Fall 2002 and early 2004. During this
dialogue, improvements to the TRI reporting process were identified
and a number of burden reduction options associated with TRI
reporting were explored. After reviewing these improvements and
reporting options, EPA has decided to proceed with burden reduction
rulemakings in three phases: Phase 1) relatively simple,
modifications to the reporting forms and Phase 2) new and expanded
eligibility for Form A and Phase 3) alternate year reporting for all
or some reporters.
EPA is proposing two options that it believes may reduce reporting
burden for TRI facilities. Some facilities may qualify for both
options, however, for different chemicals. Although these options
could be proposed separately, EPA is combining the options in the
proposed rule. The following sections outline the specific options
that are proposed.
**1.2.1 New Eligibility for Form A: PBT Chemicals**
This option allows facilities reporting on PBT chemicals (except
dioxin and dioxin-like compounds) with no disposal or other releases
(Section 8.1) and positive waste management quantities in Sections
8.2 - 8.8, to use Form A. Facilities must also not manufacture,
process, or otherwise use more than 1,000,000 pounds of the chemical
and must have less than or equal to 500 pounds of total waste
management quantities in Sections 8.2 through 8.8. Note that the 500
pound annual reportable amount (ARA) is calculated differently for
this option than the current approach for Form A. For this option,
reporting facilities will sum sections 8.2 through 8.8 (8.8 is
non-production related waste) to determine if their annual PBT
reportable amount (PRA) is less than or equal to 500 pounds. To use
the New Eligibility for Form A: PBT Chemicals Option, Section 8.8
quantities cannot include release or disposal quantities. This
approach differs from the current Form A reporting requirements in
that EPA is proposing to have reporters also include Section 8.8
quantities when calculating the PRA. Since this option is now
available to PBT chemicals (except dioxin and dioxin-like
compounds), which are of special concern, the Agency believes it is
appropriate to include all release and other waste management
quantities in the PRA, including non-production related quantities.
If this calculation totals less than or equal to 500 pounds, the
reporting facility may use Form A to report in lieu of Form R.
2. **Expanded Eligibility for Form A: Non-PBT Chemicals**
TRI reporters are currently able to take advantage of the alternate
reporting threshold if they have an ARA of 500 pounds or less. The ARA
is the total of all quantities released (on- and off-site, but excluding
catastrophic events), treated, recovered, recycled, and combusted at the
facility, plus all amounts transferred off-site from the facility for
the purpose of recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and/or disposal.
This option extends the existing Form A eligibility criteria and allows
a facility reporting on Non-PBT chemicals with an ARA of 5,000 lbs or
less to use Form A, provided they meet the 1,000,000 pound alternate
reporting threshold. EPA is also taking comment on two alternate annual
reportable amounts (1,000 lbs and 2,000 lbs) for this option.
**1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT**
This report examines the potential burden and cost savings to industry
that would result from the broad, comprehensive set of regulatory burden
reduction options described above. This report also estimates the other
impacts of the rule. The remainder of the report is organized as
follows:
**Chapter 2** presents the methodology used to estimate the unit burden,
unit costs, and impacts of the proposed Phase 2 rule.
**Chapter 3** presents the total burden and cost savings associated with
the proposed rule.
**Chapter 4** evaluates the benefits of the proposed rule.
**Chapter 5** presents the impacts of the proposed rule on reporting
[^1]: 1 ^1^ The term "EPCRA section 313\" properly refers to only the
statutory requirements, while the term "TRI" properly refers to the
database that stores the information collected both under EPCRA
section 313 and under section 6607 of the PPA. However, the terms
are have often been used interchangeably by the public to refer to
the statute, the regulatory requirements, the reporting form, the
database, and/or and EPA\'s program to manage the data. In deference
to common usage, the terms EPCRA section 313 and TRI are sometimes
used interchangeably in this report where doing so will make the
report simpler and easier to read.
[^2]: 2 The annual reportable amount is equal to the combined total
quantities recycled, combusted for energy recovery, treated, or
released. It can be calculated as is the sum of data elements 8.1
through 8.7 on Form R.
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469958
|
# Presentation: 469958
## Patient Safety Monthly Reporting Plan
| * required for saving
Facility ID:_______________________ | |
*Month/Year:______ /______ | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| No NHSN Patient Safety Modules Followed this Month | | | | | | |
| Device-Associated Module | | | | | | |
| Locations
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ | CLA BSI
| | DE | VAP | CAUTI | CLIP
|
| Procedure-Associated Module | | | | | | |
| Procedures
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ | SSI
(Circle one setting)
In Out Both In Out Both In Out Both In Out Both In Out Both In Out Both In Out Both In Out Both In Out Both In Out Both | | | Post-procedure PNEU
(Circle)
In In In In In In In In In In | | |
| Medication-Associated Module: Antimicrobial Use and Resistance | | | | | | |
| Locations
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ | Microbiology
| | | Pharmacy
| | |
**Patient Safety Monthly Reporting Plan**
**Assurance of Confidentiality:** The information obtained in this surveillance system that would permit identification of any individual or institution is collected with a guarantee that it will be held in strict confidence, will be used only for the purposes stated, and will not otherwise be disclosed or released without the consent of the individual, or the institution in accordance with Sections 304, 306 and 308(d) of the Public Health Service Act (42 USC 242b, 242k, and 242m(d)).
- Public reporting burden of this collection of information is estimated to average 35 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to CDC, Project Clearance Officer, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS D-74, Atlanta, GA 30333, ATTN: PRA (0920-0666).
- CDC 57.106(Front) Rev. 1
- OMB No. 0920-0666
- Exp. Date: 03-31-2011
## Patient Safety Monthly Reporting Plan
- OMB No. 0920-0666
- Exp. Date: 03-31-2011
| MDRO and CDAD Module | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Locations
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL | | Setting Specific
(Circle one) Organism
Type
In Out Both ________
In Out Both ________
In Out Both ________
In Out Both ________ | | | | ±LabID Event
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | Process and Outcome Measures | | | | | | | | | | |
| Locations | Specific Infection
Organism Surveillance
Type | | | | §AST
Timing | | | §AST
Eligible
| | | Inci-
dence | | Preva-lence | | | Lab ID
Event | HH | GG |
| ______ | | ________ | | | Adm
Both | | | All
NHx | | | | | | | | | | |
| _______ | | ________
| | | Adm
Both | | | All
NHx | | | | | | | | | | |
| _______ | | ________
| | | Adm
Both | | | All
NHx | | | | | | | | | | |
| _______ | | ________
| | | Adm
Both | | | All
NHx | | | | | | | | | | |
| _______ | ________
| | | | Adm Both | | | All
NHx | | | | | | | | | | |
| High Risk Inpatient Influenza Vaccination Module | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Check one: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Method A | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Method B | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|
§For AST, circle one to indicate timing of testing and one to indicate type of patients tested.
Timing: Adm = Admission Both = Both Admission and Discharge/Transfer
Patients: All = All patients tested NHx = Only patients tested are those who have no documentation at the admitting facility in the previous 12 months of MDRO-colonization or infection at the time of admission.
±LabID Event – Laboratory-identified Event | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
CDC57.106 (Back) Rev. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
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524083
|
# Presentation: 524083
## Media Influences on Adolescent Smoking Behavior
**James Sargent, M.D.**
**Director of Cancer Prevention Research**
**Norris Cotton Cancer Center**
**Dartmouth Medical School**
*Supported by National Institutes of Health (CA077026, AA015591)*
## Mass Communication
**Mass Communication**
*Source*
*Receiver*
*Medium*
*Simple one-way communication*
## Media Influences on Adolescent Smoking Behavior
_**AIMS**_
**• ****Describe smoking in popular contemporary movies**
**• ****Assess exposure to movie smoking among adolescents**
**• ****Determine if movie smoking exposure is linked with adolescent smoking**
*Supported since 1997 by National Institutes of Health (CA-77026)*
- Johnny Depp: “Blow”
**Notes:**
A lot of research has investigated predictors and risk factors for smoking, but only recently have we begun to look at movies. Why?
## Content Analysis
**Notes:**
A lot of research has investigated predictors and risk factors for smoking, but only recently have we begun to look at movies. Why?
## Smoking Episodes in 532 Box Office Hits
**0**
**4**
**16**
**36**
**64**
**G**
**PG**
**PG-13**
**R**
**28 (25%)**
**71 (44%)**
**220 (76%)**
**215 (87%)**
**Number of Movie Smoking Episodes**
**Smoking Episodes in 532 Box Office Hits**
**N - Movies (% w smk)**
**MPAA Rating**
**0**
**0**
**4**
**7**
## Percent of Movies
**0**
**20**
**40**
**60**
**80**
**Percent of Movies**
**0**
**5**
**10**
**15**
**20**
**25**
**Minutes of Screen Smoking**
**Smoking Screentime in 532 Box office hits**
## Linking Smoking in Movies with Adolescent Smoking
- Jeff Bridges: “Seabiscuit”
## BMJ 2001;323(7326):1394-7
**BMJ 2001;323(7326):1394-7**
## Chicken and the Egg: Longitudinal Study of Never Smokers
## Findings Generalizable?
- Could this just be a regional finding?
- Can the findings be replicated?
- Do they hold across race/ethnicity?
## Study Design
**Study Design**
- Random digit dial telephone (RDD) survey
- Telephone protocol identified U.S. households with 10-14 year-old adolescents (N = 6522)
- Major undertaking, 400,000 RDD numbers
- Could never have been accomplished without NIH funding
## Exposure Measurement
**Exposure Measurement**
## Select Popular Movies
**• ****Box office hits**
** **
** **
** ****N**
** ****Top 100, 1998-2002 500**
** ****> $10mil revenues, 2003 32 **
** • ****Count the tobacco use occurrences**
** ****in each movie**
**Content Analysis**
## Generate Movie Lists
**Generate Movie Lists**
**Select Popular Movies**
**• ****Box office hits**
** **
** **
** ****N**
** ****Top 100, 1998-2002 500**
** ****> $10mil revenues, 2003 32 **
**• ****Questionnaire assesses which of the**
** ****50 movies the adolescent has ever seen**
**Survey Adolescents (Sep 2003)**
** • ****Randomly select 50 movies for each survey**
** • ****Use stratified sampling to ensure**
** ****representative distribution by rating**
** ****(R, PG 13, PG, G)**
** **
** • ****Count the tobacco use occurrences**
** ****in each movie**
**Content Analysis**
## Generate Movie Lists
**Generate Movie Lists**
**Select Popular Movies**
**• ****Box office hits**
** **
** **
** ****N**
** ****Top 100, 1998-2002 500**
** ****> $10mil revenues, 2003 32 **
**• ****Questionnaire assesses which of the**
** ****50 movies the adolescent has ever seen**
**Survey Adolescents (Sep 2003)**
** • ****Randomly select 50 movies for each survey**
** • ****Use stratified sampling to ensure**
** ****representative distribution by rating**
** ****(R, PG 13, PG, G)**
** **
** • ****Count the tobacco use occurrences**
** ****in each movie**
**Content Analysis**
**Number movie tobacco use occurrences seen**
**Movie Smoking Exposure Variable**
**Merge**
## Exposure to Movie Smoking and Adolescent
**Exposure to Movie Smoking and Adolescent**
**Smoking by Race/Ethnicity**
*Overall Smoking Prevalence*
## Controlling for Covariates
***Sociodemographics***
- Grade in school
- Gender
- Parent Education
***Social Influences***
- Parent smoking
- Sibling smoking
- Friend smoking
***Personality Characteristics***
- Self esteem
- Sensation seeking
- Rebelliousness
***Parenting***
- Maternal responsiveness
- Maternal supervision
- Parental disapproval of smoking
## Multivariate Analyses
## Promoting Change within the Movie Industry
**Notes:**
A lot of research has investigated predictors and risk factors for smoking, but only recently have we begun to look at movies. Why?
## Movie Character Smoking Trends
## Movie Character Smoking--Adolescents
- † p-value < 0.01 for downward trend among teen movie characters
- 0
- 2
- 4
- 6
- 8
- 10
- 12
- 14
- 16
- 18
- 20
- 1996
- 1997
- 1998
- 1999
- 2000
- 2001
- 2002
- 2003
**Year**
**Percent of Adolescent Smokers**
- Daily
- smoking,
- 10th
- graders,
- MTFS*
- Adolescent
- movie
- characters†
## What’s in Store?
- Reach—Gross impressions
- U.S. adolescents 10-14: 2003
## Adolescent ← randomly assigned to ← Movie
**Generate movie lists**
**Select Popular Movies**
**• ****Box office hits**
** **
** **
** ****N**
** ****Top 100, 1999-2003 500**
** ****Top 50, 2003 (assessed 5/03) 32 **
**• ****Questionnaire assesses which of the**
** ****50 movies the adolescent has ever seen**
**Survey Students**
** • ****Randomly select 50 movies for each survey**
** • ****Use stratified sampling to ensure**
** ****representative distribution by rating**
** ****(R, PG 13, PG, G)**
** **
***Adolescent ******←****** randomly assigned to ← Movie***
***So a representative sample of about 550 U.S. adolescents***
***responded to each movie***
## Lifetime Smoking Impressions US Adolescents 10-14 in 2003, 532 Popular Contemporary Movies
- Impression: each time an adolescent saw a smoking scene
- These movies delivered:
- 13.8 billion lifetime smoking impressions
- Does not count repetitive viewing
## Smoking
**Smoking**
## What’s in Store?
- Reach—Gross impressions
- Contextualized smoking
- Movie industry response
- Eliminate G and PG smoking
## Movie smoking – Kid smoking relation
- 0
- .1
- .2
- .3
- .4
- 0
- 50
- 100
- 150
- 200
**GPG movie smoking**
**PG-13 movie smoking**
**R movie smoking**
**Episodes of Movie Smoking Exposure**
**Proportion of Adolescent Ever Smokers**
**Movie smoking – Kid smoking relation**
**by smoking rating**
## What’s in Store?
- Reach—Gross impressions
- Contextualized smoking
- Movie industry response
- Eliminate G and PG smoking
- “Most smoking is bad guy smoking”
## Movie smoking – Kid smoking relation
- 0
- .1
- .2
- .3
- .4
- .5
- 0
- 50
- 100
- 150
**Bad Guy Smoking**
**Good Guy Smoking**
**Mixed Character**
**Episodes of Movie Smoking Exposure**
**Proportion of Adolescent Ever Smokers**
**Movie smoking – Kid smoking relation**
**by character type**
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
778580
|
{width="0.875in" height="0.875in"}
{width="2.45in" height="0.9368055555555556in"}
**2008 North Pacific Tsunami Awareness Conference**
**Honolulu, Hawaii**
**August 18-20, 2008**
**Provisional Agenda**
**Day1**
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **Welcome** | ***Monday, August |
| Session | | 18^th^*** |
| 1** | | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | - Welcome and Logistics | ***Tim Hendricks,*** |
| 730-810 | | |
| am** | - Opening Remarks | ***Regional |
| | | Operational Services |
| | - Goals of Conference | Meteorologist, NWS |
| | | Pacific Region*** |
| | | |
| | | ***Jeff LaDouce,*** |
| | | |
| | | ***Director, NWS |
| | | Pacific Region*** |
| | | |
| | | ***Carolyn |
| | | Harshman,*** |
| | | |
| | | ***President, |
| | | Emergency Planning |
| | | Consultants*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **Tsunami Survivor Story** | *Monday, August |
| Session | | 18^th^* |
| 2** | | |
| | | ***Chair: Carolyn |
| | | Harshman*** |
| | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Bob |
| | | Goldhammer*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | Fleeing the 1946 Hilo Tsunami | *Harriet Rompom* |
| 810-830 | | |
| am** | | *Ewa Beach, HI* |
| | | |
| | | *Manny Mattos* |
| | | |
| | | *Hawaii Paradise Park |
| | | Emergency Network* |
| | | |
| | | *Paia, HI* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **Tsunami Program Development | *Monday, August |
| Session | Strategy For The North Pacific | 18^th^* |
| 3** | Island Countries** | |
| | | ***Chair:*** |
| | | ***Carolyn |
| | | Harshman*** |
| | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Bob |
| | | Goldhammer*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | Action Items, Accomplishments and | *NWS Pacific Region* |
| 830-900 | Shared Goals | |
| am** | | *Tim Hendricks* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **CNMI Emergency Management | *Monday, August |
| Session | Office** | 18^th^* |
| 4** | | |
| | | ***Chair: Carolyn |
| | | Harshman*** |
| | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Bob |
| | | Goldhammer*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | TsunamiReady | *CNMI EMO* |
| 900-930 | | |
| am** | New Emergency Operations Center | *Theodore J. Untalan* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **WFO Role During Tsunami Events** | *Monday, August |
| Session | | 18^th^* |
| 5** | | |
| | | ***Chair: Tim |
| | | Hendricks*** |
| | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Chris |
| | | Maier*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| * | WFO Honolulu | *NWS WFO Honolulu* |
| *930-10 | | |
| am** | | *Ray Tanabe* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
---------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------
10-1030 am **Break** *Monday, August 18^th^*
---------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **WFO Role During Tsunami Events** | *Monday, August |
| Session | | 18^th^* |
| 5** | | |
| | | ***Chair: Tim |
| * | | Hendricks*** |
| *Cont** | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Chris |
| | | Maier*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | WFO Guam | *NWS WFO Guam* |
| 1030-11 | | |
| am** | | *Chip Guard* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
| ** | **Tsunami Hazard Assessment** | * | |
| Session | | M | |
| 6** | | o | |
| | | n | |
| | | d | |
| | | a | |
| | | y | |
| | | , | |
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| | | 1 | |
| | | 8 | |
| | | ^ | |
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| | | h | |
| | | \ | |
| | | | |
| | | ^ | |
| | | * | |
| | | | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | C | |
| | | h | |
| | | a | |
| | | i | |
| | | r | |
| | | : | |
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| | | r | |
| | | i | |
| | | a | |
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| | | Y | |
| | | a | |
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| | | a | |
| | | g | |
| | | i | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | | |
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| | | * | |
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| | | d | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
| **11-12 | 1946 Marquesas Tsunami | | *PTWC* |
| pm** | | | |
| | | | *Gerard Fryer* |
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 12-1 pm | **Lunch** | *Monday, August |
| | | 18^th^* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| | Pacific Risk Management \`Ohana | *NWS Pacific Region* |
| | (PRiMO) | |
| | | *Ed Young* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
| ** | **Tsunami Hazard Assessment** | * | |
| Session | | M | |
| 6 | | o | |
| Cont** | | n | |
| | | d | |
| | | a | |
| | | y | |
| | | , | |
| | | A | |
| | | u | |
| | | g | |
| | | u | |
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| | | t | |
| | | 1 | |
| | | 8 | |
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| | | ^ | |
| | | * | |
| | | | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
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| | | a | |
| | | i | |
| | | r | |
| | | : | |
| | | B | |
| | | r | |
| | | i | |
| | | a | |
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| | | Y | |
| | | a | |
| | | n | |
| | | a | |
| | | g | |
| | | i | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | S | |
| | | c | |
| | | r | |
| | | i | |
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| | | e | |
| | | : | |
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| | | G | |
| | | u | |
| | | a | |
| | | r | |
| | | d | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
| 1-145 | **2007 Solomon Islands Tsunami** | | *ITIC* |
| pm | | | |
| | | | *Brian Yanagi* |
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
| ** | Tsunami Inundation Mapping in | | *UH* |
| 145-230 | Hawaii | | |
| pm** | | | *Kwok Fai Cheung* |
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
---------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------
230-3 pm **Break** *Monday, August 18^th^*
---------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
| ** | **Tsunami Hazard Assessment** | * | |
| Session | | M | |
| 6 | | o | |
| Cont** | | n | |
| | | d | |
| | | a | |
| | | y | |
| | | , | |
| | | A | |
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| | | t | |
| | | 1 | |
| | | 8 | |
| | | ^ | |
| | | t | |
| | | h | |
| | | ^ | |
| | | * | |
| | | | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | C | |
| | | h | |
| | | a | |
| | | i | |
| | | r | |
| | | : | |
| | | B | |
| | | r | |
| | | i | |
| | | a | |
| | | n | |
| | | Y | |
| | | a | |
| | | n | |
| | | a | |
| | | g | |
| | | i | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | S | |
| | | c | |
| | | r | |
| | | i | |
| | | b | |
| | | e | |
| | | : | |
| | | C | |
| | | h | |
| | | i | |
| | | p | |
| | | G | |
| | | u | |
| | | a | |
| | | r | |
| | | d | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
| | | * | |
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
| 3-345 | **Tsunami Resonance Along Island | | *UH* |
| pm | Chains** | | |
| | | | *Kwok Fai Cheung* |
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
| **3 | A New Methodology for Tsunami | | *PMEL and NOAA |
| 45--445 | Hazard Assessment: Guam, a Case | | Pacific Services |
| pm** | Study | | Center* |
| | | | |
| | | | *Diego Arcas and |
| | | | Adam Stein* |
+---------+------------------------------------+---+----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 445 pm | **End of the Day Summary and | *Monday, August |
| | Overview of Tomorrow's Agenda** | 18^th^* |
| | | |
| | | ***Tim Hendricks*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
**Day 2**
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **Tsunami Resilient Communities** | *Tuesday, August |
| Session | | 19^th^* |
| 7** | | |
| | | ***Chair: Carolyn |
| | | Harshman*** |
| | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Bob |
| | | Goldhammer*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 730-830 | **NWS TsunamiReady Program | *NWS Headquarters* |
| am | Overview** | |
| | | *Chris Maier* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 830-9 | **Honolulu PD Tsunami Related | *Honolulu Police |
| am | Activities** | Department* |
| | | |
| | **Waikiki Evacuation Plan** | *Paul Epstein and |
| | | Leland Cadoy* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| **9 -10 | Coastal Community Resilience (CCR) | *NOAA Pacific |
| am** | and Tsunami Hazard Education and | Services Center* |
| | Awareness Tool (HEAT) | |
| | | *Russell Jackson* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
---------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------
10-1030 am **Break** *Tuesday, August
18^th^*
---------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **Tsunami Resilient Communities** | *Tuesday, August |
| Session | | 18^th^* |
| 7** | | |
| | | ***Chair: Carolyn |
| * | | Harshman*** |
| *Cont** | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Bob |
| | | Goldhammer*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 10 | **Tsunami Building Codes** | *UH* |
| 30-1115 | | |
| am | | *Ian Robertson* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | Hawaii Community Level Tsunami | *UH* |
| 1115-12 | Vulnerability Assessment Using GIS | |
| pm** | | *Cheryl Anderson* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 12-1 pm | **Lunch** | *Tuesday, August |
| | | 18^th^* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| | International Association of | *IAEM-USA Region 7 |
| | Emergency Managers (IAEM) | President* |
| | | |
| | | *Bob Goldhammer* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **Tsunami Resilient Communities** | *Tuesday, August |
| Session | | 18^th^* |
| 7** | | |
| | | ***Chair: Carolyn |
| * | | Harshman*** |
| *Cont** | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Chris |
| | | Maier*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| **1-2 | Pacific Tsunami Museum and | *UH* |
| pm** | International Community | |
| | Preparedness Activities | *Walter Dudley* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **Pacific Wave** | *Tuesday, August |
| Session | | 18^th^* |
| 8** | | |
| | | ***Chair: Stuart |
| | | Weinstein*** |
| | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Chris |
| | | Maier*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| **2-230 | Pacific Wave 06 Review and | *ITIC* |
| pm** | Findings | |
| | | *Brian Yanagi* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
---------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------
230-3 pm **Break** *Tuesday, August
18^th^*
---------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **Pacific Wave** | *Tuesday, August |
| Session | | 18^th^* |
| 8** | | |
| | | ***Chair: Stuart |
| * | | Weinstein*** |
| *Cont** | | |
| | | ***Scribe: Chris |
| | | Maier*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 3-330 | **Pacific Wave 06 - American | *TBA* |
| pm | Samoa** | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 330-4 | **Pacific Wave 08 Preview** | *PTWC* |
| pm | | |
| | | *Stuart Weinstein* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 4-430 | **Breakout Groups: Level of | |
| pm | Participation** | |
| | | |
| | **Group 1: Guam and CNMI** | |
| | | |
| | **Group 2: Republic of Palau and | |
| | FSM** | |
| | | |
| | **Group 3: Kwajalein, Republic of | |
| | the Marshall Islands and American | |
| | Samoa** | |
| | | |
| | **Group 4: State of Hawaii** | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| **430-5 | Group Reports and Panel Discussion | *PTWC* |
| pm** | | |
| | | *Stuart Weinstein* |
| | | |
| | | *ITIC* |
| | | |
| | | *Brian Yanagi* |
| | | |
| | | *NWS WFO Guam* |
| | | |
| | | *Chip Guard* |
| | | |
| | | *TBA* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 5 pm | **End of the Day Summary and | *Tuesday, August |
| | Overview of Tomorrow's Agenda** | 18^th^* |
| | | |
| | | ***Tim Hendricks*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
**Day 3**
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| ** | **Tsunami Warning and | *Wednesday, August |
| Session | Dissemination Systems: Pacific | 20^th^* |
| 9** | Tsunami Warning Center & Hawaii | |
| | State Civil Defense (Field Trip)** | ***Chair: Tim |
| | | Hendricks*** |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 8 am | **Tour Bus departs Ala Moana Hotel | |
| | (Transportation Provided)** | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 9-945 | **PTWC Command Briefing** | *Stuart Weinstein* |
| am | | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 945- | **PTWC 24 X 7 Operations** | *PTWC Staff* |
| | | |
| 1030 am | | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 1130 | **Lunch: Ala Moana Center (on your | |
| am- | own)** | |
| | | |
| 130 pm | | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 215-245 | **State Civil Defense Command | *Edward Teixeira* |
| pm | Briefing** | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 245-315 | **State Civil Defense 24 x 7 | *State Civil Defense |
| pm | Operations** | Staff* |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 315-345 | **Return to Ala Moana Hotel @ | *Tim Hendricks* |
| pm | Closing Remarks** | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| **400 | Conference Ends | |
| pm** | | |
+---------+------------------------------------+-----------------------+
[\
](http://www.prh.noaa.gov/nptac2008/nptac_registration_form.php)
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425653
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function interp_DIF_struct = interpDIF( DIF_struct_cell )
err_dlgname = 'Error in DIF interpolation';
% Load saved sensitivity factors for building dimensions:
if exist('tmp_s_f.mat','file'), load 'tmp_s_f'; end
% If saved options are not found, set to default options:
if ~exist('s_f','var')
err = errordlg('Sensitivity factors for interpolation not defined.', err_dlgname);
end
s_f = s_f;
n_m = length( DIF_struct_cell ); % number of models to interpolate between
if n_m<2
err = errordlg(['Results from at least two building models are required for interpolation:' ...
'DIF_struct_array must have length > 1'], err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
end
% Assemble list of fields common to all structures in DIF_struct_cell:
fields = fieldnames(DIF_struct_cell{1});
for i=2:n_m
fields_i = fieldnames(DIF_struct_cell{i});
fields = intersect(fields,fields_i);
end
% Create a structure array containing only the common fields:
for i=1:n_m
for j=1:length(fields)
DIF_struct_array(i).(fields{j}) = DIF_struct_cell{i}.(fields{j});
end
end
% error checking:
% make sure DIF_struct_array has length > 1
% make sure building dimensions, terrain, response names, and frame
% locations coincide for all models:
force_units = DIF_struct_array(1).force_units;
length_units = DIF_struct_array(1).length_units;
ws_units = DIF_struct_array(1).ws_units;
terrain = DIF_struct_array(1).terrain;
theta = DIF_struct_array(1).theta;
frame_coords = DIF_struct_array(1).frame_coords;
attach_pts = DIF_struct_array(1).attach_pts;
d0 = DIF_struct_array(1).d0;
resp_names = DIF_struct_array(1).resp_names;
resp_units = DIF_struct_array(1).resp_units;
n_r = length(resp_names);
tol = 10^-3; % tolerance for coincidence of dimensions, frame locations, scale factors
for i = 1:n_m
if ~strcmp(force_units,DIF_struct_array(i).force_units)
err = errordlg('The force units must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif ~strcmp(length_units,DIF_struct_array(i).length_units)
err = errordlg('The length units must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif ~strcmp(ws_units,DIF_struct_array(i).ws_units)
err = errordlg('The wind speed units must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif ~strcmp(terrain,DIF_struct_array(i).terrain)
err = errordlg('The terrain conditions must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif length(theta)~=length(DIF_struct_array(i).theta) || any(theta~=DIF_struct_array(i).theta)
err = errordlg( 'The wind directions must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif any(size(frame_coords)~=size(DIF_struct_array(i).frame_coords)) || max(max(abs(frame_coords-DIF_struct_array(i).frame_coords)))>tol
err = errordlg( 'The frame coordinates must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif any(size(attach_pts)~=size(DIF_struct_array(i).attach_pts)) || max(max(abs(attach_pts-DIF_struct_array(i).attach_pts)))>tol
err = errordlg( 'The attachment locations must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif max(max(abs(d0-DIF_struct_array(i).d0)))>tol
err = errordlg( 'The building dimensions must coincide for all models used in interpolation',err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif max(max(abs(d0-DIF_struct_array(i).d)))<tol
err = errordlg( 'For interpolation, the model dimensions must not exactly coincide with the building dimensions',err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif size(DIF_struct_array(i).d,1)>1
err = errordlg( 'The DIF results used in interpolation must not have been obtained by interpolation themselves.',err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
else
d0_mx(i,:) = DIF_struct_array(i).d0;
d(i,:) = DIF_struct_array(i).d;
end
end
interp_DIF_struct.force_units = force_units;
interp_DIF_struct.length_units = length_units;
interp_DIF_struct.ws_units = ws_units;
interp_DIF_struct.terrain = terrain;
interp_DIF_struct.theta = theta;
interp_DIF_struct.frame_coords = frame_coords;
interp_DIF_struct.attach_pts = attach_pts;
interp_DIF_struct.d0 = d0;
interp_DIF_struct.d = d;
% Form matrix of normalized deviations of model dimensions from building dimensions:
delta(:,1) = abs(d(:,1)./d0_mx(:,1)-1); % width: W_i/W_0 -1
delta(:,2) = abs((d(:,2)./d(:,1))./(d0_mx(:,2)./d0_mx(:,1))-1); % aspect ratio: (L_i/W_i)/(L_0/W_0)-1
delta(:,3) = abs((d(:,3)./d(:,1))./(d0_mx(:,3)./d0_mx(:,1))-1); % height ratio: (H_i/W_i)/(H_0/W_0)-1
delta(:,4) = abs((d(:,4)./d(:,1))./(d0_mx(:,4)./d0_mx(:,1))-1); % roof slope: (R_i/W_i)/(R_0/W_0)-1
norm_s_f = s_f*4/sum(s_f); % normalized sensitivity factors
S = diag(norm_s_f); % diagonal matrix of sensitivity factors
% scaled vector deviations of model dimensions from building dimensions:
delta_s = delta*S;
% norm of scaled deviation:
dev = diag(delta_s*delta_s').^.5;
gam = sum(dev.^-1)^-1; % constant factor in numerator of weighted average
wf = gam./dev; % weighting factors for each model in weighted average
interp_DIF_struct.wf = wf;
% Identify which quantities are available to interpolate:
% initialize boolean values for which quantities to interpolate:
intrp.X_max_obs = 1;
intrp.X_min_obs = 1;
intrp.X_max_est = 1;
intrp.X_min_est = 1;
intrp.load_max = 1;
intrp.load_min = 1;
for i = 1:n_m
if length(DIF_struct_array(i).resp_names) ~= n_r
err = errordlg('The number of response quantities must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
end
for j = 1:n_r
if ~strcmp(resp_names(j), DIF_struct_array(i).resp_names(j))
err = errordlg('The response names must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
elseif ~strcmp(resp_units(j), DIF_struct_array(i).resp_units(j))
err = errordlg('The response units must coincide for all models used in interpolation', err_dlgname);
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error = 1; return;
end
end
if ~isfield(DIF_struct_array, 'X_max_obs') || isempty(DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_obs)
intrp.X_max_obs = 0;
elseif intrp.X_max_obs==1
if exist('X_max_obs','var')
if any(size(X_max_obs)~=size(DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_obs))
err = errordlg('Mismatch in dimensions of the field ''X_max_obs''.', err_dlgname );
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error =1; return;
end
else
X_max_obs = zeros(size(DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_obs));
X_max_obs_bnd = [];
end
end
if ~isfield(DIF_struct_array, 'X_min_obs') || isempty(DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_obs)
intrp.X_min_obs = 0;
elseif intrp.X_min_obs==1
if exist('X_min_obs','var')
if any(size(X_min_obs)~=size(DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_obs))
err = errordlg('Mismatch in dimensions of the field ''X_min_obs''.', err_dlgname );
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error =1; return;
end
else
X_min_obs = zeros(size(DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_obs));
X_min_obs_bnd = [];
end
end
if ~isfield(DIF_struct_array, 'X_max_est') || isempty(DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_est)
intrp.X_max_est = 0;
elseif intrp.X_max_est==1
if exist('X_max_est','var')
if any(size(X_max_est)~=size(DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_est))
err = errordlg('Mismatch in dimensions of the field ''X_max_est''.', err_dlgname );
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error =1; return;
end
else
X_max_est = zeros(size(DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_est));
X_max_est_bnd = [];
end
end
if ~isfield(DIF_struct_array, 'X_min_est') || isempty(DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_est)
intrp.X_min_est = 0;
elseif intrp.X_min_est==1
if exist('X_min_est','var')
if any(size(X_min_est)~=size(DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_est))
err = errordlg('Mismatch in dimensions of the field ''X_min_est''.', err_dlgname );
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error =1; return;
end
else
X_min_est = zeros(size(DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_est));
X_min_est_bnd = [];
end
end
if ~isfield(DIF_struct_array, 'load_max') || isempty(DIF_struct_array(i).load_max)
intrp.load_max = 0;
elseif intrp.load_max==1
if exist('load_max','var')
if any(size(load_max)~=size(DIF_struct_array(i).load_max))
err = errordlg('Mismatch in dimensions of the field ''load_max''.', err_dlgname );
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error =1; return;
end
else
load_max = zeros(size(DIF_struct_array(i).load_max));
load_max_bnd = [];
end
end
if ~isfield(DIF_struct_array, 'load_min') || isempty(DIF_struct_array(i).load_min)
intrp.load_min = 0;
elseif intrp.load_min==1
if exist('load_min','var')
if any(size(load_min)~=size(DIF_struct_array(i).load_min))
err = errordlg('Mismatch in dimensions of the field ''load_min''.', err_dlgname );
uiwait(err); interp_DIF_struct.error =1; return;
end
else
load_min = zeros(size(DIF_struct_array(i).load_min));
load_min_bnd = [];
end
end
end
interp_DIF_struct.resp_names = DIF_struct_array(1).resp_names;
interp_DIF_struct.resp_units = DIF_struct_array(1).resp_units;
% Perform the interpolation:
for i = 1:n_m
if intrp.X_max_obs ==1
X_max_obs = X_max_obs + DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_obs*wf(i);
X_max_obs_bnd = cat(2,X_max_obs_bnd,DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_obs);
end
if intrp.X_min_obs ==1
X_min_obs = X_min_obs + DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_obs*wf(i);
X_min_obs_bnd = cat(2,X_min_obs_bnd,DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_obs);
end
if intrp.X_max_est ==1
X_max_est = X_max_est + DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_est*wf(i);
X_max_est_bnd = cat(2,X_max_est_bnd,DIF_struct_array(i).X_max_est);
end
if intrp.X_min_est ==1
X_min_est = X_min_est + DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_est*wf(i);
X_min_est_bnd = cat(2,X_min_est_bnd,DIF_struct_array(i).X_min_est);
end
if intrp.load_max ==1
load_max = load_max + DIF_struct_array(i).load_max*wf(i);
load_max_bnd = cat(3,load_max_bnd,DIF_struct_array(i).load_max);
end
if intrp.load_min ==1
load_min = load_min + DIF_struct_array(i).load_min*wf(i);
load_min_bnd = cat(3,load_min_bnd,DIF_struct_array(i).load_min);
end
end
% Assemble the results in a data structure:
if intrp.X_max_obs ==1
interp_DIF_struct.X_max_obs = X_max_obs;
interp_DIF_struct.X_max_obs_bnd = X_max_obs_bnd;
end
if intrp.X_min_obs ==1
interp_DIF_struct.X_min_obs = X_min_obs;
interp_DIF_struct.X_min_obs_bnd = X_min_obs_bnd;
end
if intrp.X_max_est ==1
interp_DIF_struct.X_max_est = X_max_est;
interp_DIF_struct.X_max_est_bnd = X_max_est_bnd;
end
if intrp.X_min_est ==1
interp_DIF_struct.X_min_est = X_min_est;
interp_DIF_struct.X_min_est_bnd = X_min_est_bnd;
end
if intrp.load_max ==1
interp_DIF_struct.load_max = load_max;
interp_DIF_struct.load_max_bnd = load_max_bnd;
end
if intrp.load_min ==1
interp_DIF_struct.load_min = load_min;
interp_DIF_struct.load_min_bnd = load_min_bnd;
end
|
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567828
|
# Presentation: 567828
## QCD Thermodynamics on Lattice
- Peter Petreczky
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Transition and EOS at T>0
- QCD at T>0, mu>0
- Deconfinement vs. chiral transition in QCD comparison with resonance gas model
- 2. Testing hot QCD with pair (screening, mesons etc.)
- 1. Bulk QCD thermodynamics
- Free energy of static quark anti-quark pair
- Meson spectral function from lattice QCD
- Quarkonia spectral functions above deconfinement
- Light meson spectral function above deconfinement
## Bulk Thermodynamics in SU(3) gauge theory
- What is the order of the transition ? What is the transition temperature
- What is the EOS ?
- Boyd et al., Nucl. Phys. B496 (1996) 167
- Necco, Nucl. Phys. B683 (2004) 167
- The problem has been “solved” !
## QCD phase diagram at T>0
- Lattice calculations of QCD for physical value of the quark (pion) masses
- is extremely difficult:
- Physical point: (HPQCD, MILC, UKQCD )
- hep-lat/0405022
- Transition in “real” QCD is most likely a rapid crossover
- Bielefeld, Coulombia, CP-PACS, MILC
- Staggered and Wilson fermions violate flavor symmetries of QCD !!
- MILC, impr. KS
- Fodor and Katz, std. KS,
- JHEP 0404 (2004) 050
- Chiral extrapolation of
- With impr. KS fermions:
- Bielefeld, 2000,
- p4 action, NPB 605(2001) 579
- MILC, 2004,
- Asqtad action, hep-lat/0405029
- Impr. Wilson fermions:
- CP-PACS
- PRD 63 (2001) 034502
- Nakamura, Latttice 2004
## Finite temperature transition with asqtad action (I)
- MILC Coll., **hep-lat/0405029, hep-lat/0309118, hep-lat/0209079, **
** ****hep-lat/0110067**
- Chiral condensate and susceptibility
## Finite temperature transition with asqtad action (II)
- Quark number susceptibilities fluctuations of conserved charges
- SB limit is almost reached at 2Tc
- Cut-off effects are smaller than in the free theory
- Nt=6 is already very close to the continuum
## Is there a 1st order transition in Nf=2 QCD ?
- Carmona et al., hep-lat/0309035, Di Giacomo, Lattice ‘ 04, Pica, Lattice ‘04
- Standard staggered action
- However, 1st transition is also observed for Nf=4
- standard staggered action, but for HYP staggered
- action there is a only a crossover
- Hasenfratz, Knechtli, hep-lat/0105022
## Transition in the continuum limit
- Transition gets smoother on finer lattices,
- imrovement of flavor symmetry ?
- HYP staggered fermions at Nt=4 ->
- Hasenfratz, Knechtli, hep-lat/0202019
- MILC Coll.
## QCD thermodynamics in the presence of finite
- chemical potential
- Technical problem:
- Finite complex action reweighting sign problem, overlap problem:
- Multi-parameter reweghting, Fodor, Katz
- Taylor expansion around mu=0, Bielefeld-Swansea Coll.
- Analytic continuation from imaginary mu, de Focrand, Philipsen; D’Elia, Lombardo
- See pleanry talk by S. Katz on Lattice 2003, hep-lat/0310051
- Physics problem:
- Interesting phase diagram in the plane
- If there is a crossover at a chiral
- Critical end-point exist at some value of
- the chemical potential,
- Stephanov, Rajagopal, Shuryak, PRL 81 (98) 4816
- Where is the
- Endpoint ??
## Locating the critical end-point
- Multiparameter rewigting:
- Lee-Yang zeroes:
- Crossover
- Phase transition
- 2001: Fodor, Katz, JHEP 0203 (2002) 014
- Lattices:
- See talk by Ejiri, Lattice 2004
## 2004:
- crossover
- 1st order
- Fodor, Katz, JHEP 0404 (2004) 050
- Comparison with analytic continuation
- de Forcrand, Philipsen
- Fodor, Katz
## Taylor expansion around zero chemical potential and EOS
- Continuum SB
- Allton et al., Phys. Rev. D68 (2003) 014507
- including n=3, see talk by Ejiri
- Csikor et al., JHEP 0405 (2004) 046
- Multiparameter reweighting:
## New developments: calculations with fixed baryon number
- Kratochvila, de Forcrand, Lattice 2004
- Alexandru, Lattice 2004
- The sign problem is less severe but are this study are feasible
- For larger volumes ? (currently 4^4)
## Comparison with resonance gas at low T
- For fixed the ratio of
- These observable is
- T-independent
- The ratios of the expansion
- coeffiecients are
**Compare wi****th**** LGT results **
**(Bielefeld-Swansea Coll)**** :**
**Consequences:**
- Karsch, Redlich, Tawfik, PLB 571 (2003) 67
- ~1000 Exp. Know resonances
## Ratios of different quantities:
- Karsch, Redlich, Tawfik, EPJC 29 (2003) 549, PLB 571 (2003) 67
- See talk by Ejirii on Lattice 2004
- Bielefeld –Swansea Coll.
## ?
- we need the quark mass dependence of hadron masses !
- Karsch, Redlich, Tawfik, EPJC 29 (2003) 549
- Reasonable description of lattice data
## Quark number susceptibilities
- See talk by Ejiri
## What drives the transition in QCD ?
- What drives the transition in QCD ?
- Deconfinement vs. chiral transition
- for all
- Karsch, Redlich, Tawfik, EPJC 29 (2003) 549
- Role of hadron resonances ?
- Though depends on
- The deconfinement transition is driven resonances (energy density) !
## Testing hot QCD matter with quark anti-quark pair
- Static quark anti-quark pair heavy quark potentials
- All started with
- McLerran and Svetitsky, PRD 24 (1981) 450
- Matsui and Satz, PLB 178 (1986) 416
- Time scales: *1/T < t <*
- Heavy quark anti-quark pair heavy quarkonia spectral functions
- Time scales: *1/m < t<* *1/mv*
- Light quark anti-quark pair* **** *light meson spectral functions
- Time scales: *t~1/T*
- Heavy quarkonia and open charm physics at T>0
- Heavy quarkonia physics at T>0
- Thermal dilepton and photons, mesons
- What is the range of interaction and what is g(T) ?
## Static quark anti-quark pair in T>0 QCD
- QCD partition function in the presence of static pair
- McLerran, Svetitsky, PRD 24 (1981) 450
- temporal Wilson line:
- Polyakov loop:
- Separate singlet and octet contributions using projection operators
- Nadkarni, PRD 34 (1986) 3904
## Color singlet free energy:
- Color octet free energy:
- Fix the Coulomb gauge
- transfer matrix can be
- defined
- Dressed gauge invariant Wilson line
- Philipsen, PLB 535 (2002) 138
- equivalent
- At T=0 equivalent to definition through Wilson loop, Philipsen, PLB 535 (2002) 138
## Color averaged free energy:
- Vacuum (T=0) physics, short distances rT<<1
- Linear rise :
- Screening :
- long distances rT>>1
- Singlet contribution
- is dominant for rT<<1
*T* ln 9
- Kaczmarek, Karsch, P.P., Zantow, hep-lat/0309121
## Short vs. long distance physics in singlet free energy
- 3-loop running coupling
- Necco, Sommer, NPB 622 (02)328
- T-dependence
- Perturbation theory:
- Kaczmarek, Karsch, P.P.,
- Zantow, hep-lat/0406036
- T=0 non-perturbative
- physics
## Screening at large distances:
- High temperature perturbation theory:
- The only non-perturbative information
- Kaczmarek, Karsch, P.P., Zantow, hep-lat/0406036
## The entropy contribution and the internal energy
- Negative entropy contribution
- Numerically:
- Kaczmarek, Karsch, P.P., Zantow, hep-lat/0309121
## Static free energy in full QCD
- Petrov, Lattice 2004, Petrov, P.P, hep-lat/0405009
- String breaking
- screening
- Effective screening radius
- Vacuum physics
- 3 flavor QCD, asqtad action,
- 2 flavor QCD, p4 action
- Kaczmarek et al., hep-lat/0312015
- 2+1 flavor QCD std. KS
- study extended to finite denisty
- Toth, Katz, Fodor Lattice 2004
- decreases with increasing
## Large increase in the entropy and internal energy due to inclusion
- of a static meson !
- Large decrease in
- large increase in
- Similar increase also observed if an extra baryon is include in the system
- Kratochvila, Lattice 2004
## MEM
- Meson correlators and spectral functions
- Imaginary time Real time
- LGT
- Experiment, dilepton rate
- Quasi-particle masses and width
- KMS condition
## Reconstruction of the spectral functions
- data and degrees of freedom to reconstruct
- Bayesian techniques: find which maximizes
- data
- Prior knowledge
- Maximum Entropy Method (MEM)
- Asakawa, Hatsuda, Nakahara, PRD 60 (99) 091503, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 46 (01) 459
- Likelyhood function
- Shannon-Janes entropy:
- Other methods:
- S. Gupta, hep-lat/0301006
- G.P. Lepage et al., hep-lat/0110175
- Constrained curve fitting
- - default model
- -perturbation theory
## Cutoff effects in the spectral function
- Does the integral represenation of the imaginary time correlator
- holds on the lattice ?
- How the cutoff effects in manifest themselves in ?
- Asymptotic freedom analyze cutoff effects in in the free theory
- Karsch, Laermann, P.P, Stickan, PRD 68 (2003) 014504
- For Wilson action on anisotropic lattice
- Cutoff effects are entirely contained in
## Wilson action :
- Wilson action :
- Large cutoff effects
- Move away as
- Truncated FP action :
- Bietenholz, NPB PS 53 (97) 921
- Large reduction of the
- cutoff effects
## Meson spectral functions at T=0
- CP-PACS, Yamazaki et al, PRD 65 (2002) 014501
- No continuum only peaks, 2nd and 3rd peak scale like *1/a !*
- This happens not only for Wilson action, see poster by Blum, P.P, Latttice’ 04
## Heavy quarkonia spectral functions (I)
- Asakawa, Hatsuda, PRL 92 (2004) 012001
- Wilson action, anisotropic lattices,
- Datta, Karsch, P.P, Wetzorke, PRD 69 (2004) 094507
- Non-perturbativel impr. Wilson action, isotropic lattices,
- Umeda, Nomura, Matsufuru, hep-lat/0211003
- Fermilab action, anisotropic lattices, , extended operators
## Heavy quarkonia spectral functions (II)
- What do we get at low temperature from lattice calculations ?
- Calculations performed on isotropic lattices for *1/a*=*4.04*GeV, *4.86*GeV, *9.72*GeV
* *
* **Lattice artifacts !!!*
* *
* *
***1/a*****=*****4.04*****GeV**
* **1/a=4.86*GeV
*1/a=9.72*GeV
- 2nd and 3rd peaks are lattice artfifacts, no 2S state
- Datta, Karsch, P.P, Wetzorke, PRD 69 (2004) 094507
## Heavy quarkonia spectral functions (III)
- The temperature dependence of the correlators
- If there is no T-dependence in the spectral function,
- x
- x
- Datta, Karsch, P.P., Wetzorke, PRD 69 (2004) 094507
## Heavy quarkonia spectral functions (IV)
- Heavy quarkonia spectral functions from MEM:
- Gradual dissolution of ; screening cannot lead to suppression
- what is the thermal width ???
- is dissolved at
- Is dissolved at
- Datta, Karsch, P.P., Wetzorke, PRD 69 (2004) 094507
## Results from anisotropic lattices:
- Results from anisotropic lattices:
- Asakawa, Hatsuda, PRL 92 (2004) 012001
- Point operators
- Umeda, Nomura, Matsufuru,
- Lattice 2004,
- Smeared operators
## Light meson spectral functions (I)
- Asakawa, Hatsuda, Nakahara, Nucl.Phys. A715 (2003) 863
- No light mesons are expected to exist above deconfinement temperatures !
- Anisotropic lattices:
- Std. Wilson fermions
- Meson resonance above deconfinement ! Approximate degeneracy of
- PS, SC, V, AV channels !
## Light meson spectral functions (II)
- Large deviation from 1
- Scaling with *T*
- Karsch, Laermann, P.P.,Stickan, Wetzorke,
- Nucl.Phys. A715 (2003) 701 work in progress
- Lattice artifacts !
- Isotropic lattices :
- fixed by
- NP clover fermions,
## Light meson spectral functions (III)
- Mesons below
- Strong correlations above ??
- Suppression of low
- mass dileptons above
- Karsch, Laermann, P.P.,Stickan, Wetzorke,
- PLB 530 (2002) 147, work in progress
## Summary
- There is most likely no phase transition but rapid crossover in full QCD,
- Improvement of flavor symmetry in the staggered fermion formulation
- may have a large impact on the phase transition
- Strong interaction between quarks in the deconfined phase:
- (though bulk quantities suggest a nearly free gas of quarks and gluons)
- non-perturbative behavior of the static quark anti-quark free energy,
- large value of in the deconfined phase.
- survival of
- Existence of “meson resonances” in the deconfined phase
- suppression of low mass dileptons
- this is sQGP as seen on lattice !!!
- There is a substantial progress at finite ,
- but we are far from final results, need the continuum limit
- Lattice data provide evidence for Hagedorn type transition in full QCD
- (a density driven deconfinement transition)
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Record: 158189
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800539.tif
Record: 158190
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800540.tif
Record: 158191
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800541.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800542.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800543.tif
Record: 158192
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800544.tif
Record: 158193
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800545.tif
Record: 158194
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800545.tif
Record: 158195
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800546.tif
Record: 158196
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800546.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800547.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800548.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800549.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800550.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800551.tif
Record: 158197
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800551.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800552.tif
Record: 158198
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800009.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800010.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800011.tif
Record: 158199
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800011.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800012.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800013.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800014.tif
Record: 158200
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800016.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800017.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800018.tif
Record: 158201
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800018.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800019.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800020.tif
Record: 158202
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800022.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800023.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800024.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800025.tif
Record: 158203
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800027.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800028.tif
Record: 158204
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800030.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800031.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800032.tif
Record: 158205
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800034.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800035.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800036.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800037.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800038.tif
Record: 158206
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800040.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800041.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800042.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800043.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800044.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800045.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800046.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800047.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800048.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800049.tif
Record: 158207
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800054.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800055.tif
Record: 158208
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800050.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800051.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800052.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800053.tif
Record: 158209
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800087.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800088.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800089.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800090.tif
Record: 158210
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800092.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800093.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800094.tif
Record: 158211
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800096.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800097.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800098.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800099.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800100.tif
Record: 158212
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800101.tif
Record: 158213
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800102.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800103.tif
Record: 158214
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800103.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800104.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800105.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800106.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800107.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800108.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800109.tif
Record: 158215
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800111.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800112.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800113.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800114.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800115.tif
Record: 158216
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800117.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800118.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800119.tif
Record: 158217
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800057.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800058.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800059.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800060.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800061.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800062.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800063.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800064.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800065.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800066.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800067.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800068.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800069.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800070.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800071.tif
Record: 158218
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800071.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800072.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800073.tif
Record: 158219
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800073.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800074.tif
Record: 158220
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800075.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800076.tif
Record: 158221
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800077.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800078.tif
Record: 158222
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800079.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800080.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800081.tif
Record: 158223
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800081.tif
Record: 158224
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800082.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800083.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800084.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800085.tif
Record: 158225
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800121.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800122.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800123.tif
Record: 158226
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800124.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800125.tif
Record: 158227
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800126.tif
Record: 158228
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800128.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800129.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800130.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800131.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800132.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800133.tif
Record: 158229
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800135.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800136.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800137.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800138.tif
Record: 158230
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800140.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800141.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800142.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800143.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800144.tif
Record: 158231
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800146.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800147.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800148.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800149.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800150.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800151.tif
Record: 158232
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800152.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800153.tif
Record: 158233
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800155.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800156.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800157.tif
Record: 158234
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800159.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800160.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800161.tif
Record: 158235
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800163.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800164.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800165.tif
Record: 158236
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800167.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800168.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800169.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800170.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800171.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800172.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800173.tif
Record: 158237
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800175.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800176.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800177.tif
Record: 158238
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800179.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800180.tif
Record: 158239
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800182.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800183.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800184.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800185.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800186.tif
Record: 158240
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800188.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800189.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800190.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800191.tif
Record: 158241
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800193.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800194.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800195.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800196.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800197.tif
Record: 158242
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800199.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800200.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800201.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800202.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800203.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800204.tif
Record: 158243
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800206.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800207.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800208.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800209.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800210.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800211.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800212.tif
Record: 158244
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800214.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800215.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800216.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800217.tif
Record: 158245
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800219.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800220.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800221.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800222.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800223.tif
Record: 158246
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800298.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800299.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800300.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800301.tif
Record: 158247
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800303.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800304.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800305.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800306.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800307.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800308.tif
Record: 158248
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800308.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800309.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800310.tif
Record: 158249
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800310.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800311.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800312.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800313.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800314.tif
Record: 158250
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800225.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800226.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800227.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800228.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800229.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800230.tif
Record: 158251
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800230.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800231.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800232.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800233.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800234.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800235.tif
Record: 158252
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800235.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800236.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800237.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800238.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800239.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800240.tif
Record: 158253
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800241.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800242.tif
Record: 158254
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800243.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800244.tif
Record: 158255
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800245.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800246.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800247.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800248.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800249.tif
Record: 158256
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800250.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800251.tif
Record: 158257
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800251.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800252.tif
Record: 158258
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800252.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800253.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800254.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800255.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800256.tif
Record: 158259
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800256.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800257.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800258.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800259.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800260.tif
Record: 158260
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800260.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800261.tif
Record: 158261
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800262.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800263.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800264.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800265.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800266.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800267.tif
Record: 158262
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800267.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800268.tif
Record: 158263
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800268.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800269.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800270.tif
Record: 158264
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800270.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800271.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800272.tif
Record: 158265
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800272.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800273.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800274.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800275.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800276.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800277.tif
Record: 158266
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800278.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800279.tif
Record: 158267
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800279.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800280.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800281.tif
Record: 158268
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800282.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800283.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800284.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800285.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800286.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800287.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800288.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800289.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800290.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800291.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800292.tif
Record: 158269
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800292.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800293.tif
Record: 158270
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800294.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800295.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800296.tif
Record: 158271
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800316.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800317.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800318.tif
Record: 158272
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800320.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800321.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800322.tif
Record: 158273
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800324.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800325.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800326.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800327.tif
Record: 158274
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800329.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800330.tif
Record: 158275
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800332.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800333.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800334.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800335.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800336.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800337.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800338.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800339.tif
Record: 158276
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800341.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800342.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800343.tif
Record: 158277
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800344.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800345.tif
Record: 158278
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800347.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800348.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800349.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800350.tif
Record: 158279
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800352.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800353.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800354.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800355.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800356.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800357.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800358.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800359.tif
Record: 158280
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800361.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800362.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800363.tif
Record: 158281
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800365.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800366.tif
Record: 158282
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800368.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800369.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800370.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800371.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800372.tif
Record: 158283
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800374.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800375.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800376.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800377.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800378.tif
Record: 158284
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800380.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800381.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800382.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800383.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800384.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800385.tif
Record: 158285
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800386.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800387.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800388.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800389.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800390.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800391.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800392.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800393.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800394.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800395.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800396.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800397.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800398.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800399.tif
Record: 158286
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800416.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800417.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800418.tif
Record: 158287
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800400.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800401.tif
Record: 158288
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800401.tif
Record: 158289
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800442.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800443.tif
Record: 158290
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800404.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800405.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800406.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800407.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800408.tif
Record: 158291
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800408.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800409.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800410.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800411.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800412.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800413.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800414.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800415.tif
Record: 158292
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800418.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800419.tif
Record: 158293
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800420.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800421.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800422.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800423.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800424.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800425.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800426.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800427.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800428.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800429.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800430.tif
Record: 158294
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800432.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800433.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800434.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800435.tif
Record: 158295
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800437.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800438.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800439.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800440.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800441.tif
Record: 158296
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800443.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800444.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800445.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800446.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800447.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800448.tif
Record: 158297
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800449.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800450.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800451.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800452.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800453.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800454.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800455.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800456.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800457.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800458.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800459.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800460.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800461.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800462.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800463.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800464.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800465.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800466.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800467.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800468.tif
Record: 158298
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800469.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800470.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800471.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800472.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800473.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800474.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800475.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800476.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800477.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800478.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800479.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800480.tif
Record: 158299
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800481.tif
Record: 158300
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800483.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800484.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800485.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800486.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800487.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800488.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800489.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800490.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800491.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800492.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800493.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800494.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800495.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800496.tif
Record: 158301
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800498.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800499.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800500.tif
Record: 158302
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800502.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800503.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800504.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800505.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800506.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800507.tif
Record: 158303
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800509.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800510.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800511.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800512.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800513.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800514.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800515.tif
Record: 158304
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800516.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800517.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800518.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800519.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800520.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800521.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800522.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800523.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800524.tif
Record: 158305
§Reel 428
§IMAGE 42800526-42800529
Record: 158306
§Reel 428
§IMAGE 42800530-42800540
Record: 158307
§Reel 428
§IMAGE 42800541-42800547
Record: 158308
§Reel 428
§IMAGE 42800547-42800548
Record: 158309
§Reel 428
§IMAGE 42800548-42800552
Record: 158310
§Reel 428
§IMAGE 42800552-42800584
Record: 158311
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800584.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800585.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800586.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800587.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800588.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800589.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800590.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800591.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800592.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800593.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800594.tif
Record: 158312
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800594.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800595.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800596.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800597.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800598.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800599.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800600.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800601.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800602.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800603.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800604.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800605.tif
Record: 158313
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800605.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800606.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800607.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800608.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800609.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800610.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800611.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800612.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800613.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800614.tif
Record: 158314
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800615.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800616.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800617.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800618.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800619.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800620.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800621.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800622.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800623.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800624.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800625.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800626.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800627.tif
Record: 158315
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800627.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800628.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800629.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800630.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800631.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800632.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800633.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800634.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800635.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800636.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800637.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800638.tif
Record: 158316
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800638.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800639.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800640.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800641.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800642.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800643.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800644.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800445.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800646.tif
Record: 158317
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800646.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800647.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800648.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800649.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800650.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800651.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800652.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800653.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800654.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800655.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800656.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800657.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800658.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800659.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800660.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800661.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800662.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800663.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800664.tif
Record: 158318
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800664.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800665.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800666.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800667.tif
Record: 158319
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800667.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800668.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800669.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800670.tif
Record: 158320
§Reel 428
§IMAGE 42800671-42800720
Record: 158321
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800720.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800721.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800722.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800723.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800724.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800725.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800726.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800727.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800728.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800729.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800730.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800731.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800732.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800733.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800734.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800735.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800736.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800737.tif
Record: 158322
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800737.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800738.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800739.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800740.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800741.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800742.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800743.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800744.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800745.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800746.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800747.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800748.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800749.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800750.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800751.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800752.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800753.tif
Record: 158323
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800753.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800754.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800755.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800756.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800757.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800758.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800759.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800760.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800761.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800762.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800763.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800764.tif
Record: 158324
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800764.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800765.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800766.tif
Record: 158325
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800767.tif
Record: 158326
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800767.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800768.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800769.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800770.tif
Record: 158327
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800770.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800771.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800772.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800773.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800774.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800775.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800776.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800777.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800778.tif
Record: 158328
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800780.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800781.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800782.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800783.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800784.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800785.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800786.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800787.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800788.tif
Record: 158329
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800790.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800791.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800792.tif
Record: 158330
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800794.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800795.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800796.tif
Record: 158331
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800798.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800799.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800800.tif
Record: 158332
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800802.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800803.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800804.tif
Record: 158333
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800806.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800807.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800808.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800809.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800810.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800811.tif
Record: 158334
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800813.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800814.tif
Record: 158335
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800816.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800817.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800818.tif
Record: 158336
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800820.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800821.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800822.tif
Record: 158337
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800824.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800825.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800826.tif
Record: 158338
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800828.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800829.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800830.tif
Record: 158339
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800832.tif
Record: 158340
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800833.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800834.tif
Record: 158341
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800836.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800837.tif
Record: 158342
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800839.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800840.tif
Record: 158343
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800840.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800841.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800842.tif
Record: 158344
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800844.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800845.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800846.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800847.tif
Record: 158345
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800849.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800850.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800851.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800852.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800853.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800854.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800855.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800856.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800857.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800858.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800859.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800860.tif
Record: 158346
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800862.tif
Record: 158347
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800863.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800864.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800865.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800866.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800867.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800868.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800869.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800870.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800871.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800872.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800873.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800874.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800875.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800876.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800877.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800878.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800879.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800880.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800881.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800882.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800883.tif
Record: 158348
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800883.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800884.tif
Record: 158349
§Reel 428
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§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800891.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800892.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800893.tif
Record: 158350
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800895.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800896.tif
Record: 158351
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800898.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800899.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800900.tif
Record: 158352
§Reel 428
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800902.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800903.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800904.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800905.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800906.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800907.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800908.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800909.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800910.tif
§IMAGE frd/pwmia/reel428/42800911.tif
End of report
|
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log-files
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306182
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<!-- Title: Eve shift. Sun Jan 9, 2005 -->
<!-- SciCo: Craig Blocker -->
<!-- DAQAce: Veronique Boisvert -->
<!-- MonAce: Paul Dituro -->
<!-- CO: Chiho Wang -->
<!-- OpManager: Sungwon Lee -->
<!-- Notes: -->
<pre>Inherit store at 17E30 and will continue to take data. Plan is to end the store at 17:00. A half hour before this, we will end run to switch to a test trigger table requested by Kevin Pitts. MCR plans a short controlled access to look at a magnet. After that, shot setup will follow shortly (we hope).</pre>
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:27:19.932 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192171">192171</A>
Terminated at 2005.01.09 16:27:13
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:28:03.756 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192171">192171</A>
TERMINATE: Ending to start test_mt run
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:33:55.686 2005 -->
<center><a href='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-394&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-394' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-395&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-395' width='300'></a><a href='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-396&button=yes' target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'><img src='/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-396' width='300'></a></center>
<!-- Author: Paul Hourly Plots (15:20-16:20) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:34:19.424 2005 -->
Turning Silicon HV to standby for test
<!-- Author: Paul -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:35:56.346 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192172">192172</A>
Activated at 2005.01.09 16:35:48
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:36:25.812 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192172">192172</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: AAA_NOSILICON Trigger: TEST_MT [1,563,487]
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:39:10.041 2005 -->
SCPU eb11 TRACER_EVENT error, HRR.
<!-- Author: Veronique -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 16;40;36 comment by...Veronique -->
again
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:40:00.066 2005 -->
FOr this test run: dead time is at 85%, the L3 display is green and CSL is at 23MB/s, but we're holding on.
<!-- Author: Veronique -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 16;42;45 comment by...KPitts -->
Yes, I didn't make very good guesses on some of the prescale factors. We're limited by how fast we can write out data. The parallel logger doesn't help in this case, because every event is going to stream I. The high deadtime isn't a problem, because the point of this test is to get a bunch of transverse mass track triggers on tape to check out the implementation.
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 16;56;00 comment by...Veronique -->
OK, we managed to get you about 40k events.
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:43:22.030 2005 -->
Getting SM_SMCPU error, HRR not helping, b0tsi03 complaining also.
<!-- Author: Veronique -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:46:21.823 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192172">192172</A>
Terminated at 2005.01.09 16:45:47
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:47:18.848 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192172">192172</A>
TERMINATE: Ending now, EVB needs cleaning up.
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:47:18.503 2005 -->
MCR called to say they are dumping beam at 17:00. Moving HV to End of Store.
<!-- Author: Paul -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:54:36.631 2005 -->
Thanks for taking the test run. Run 192172 using the TEST_MT table is testing the transverse mass functionality of the Level 1 3-track board. I verfied during the run that the trigger table parameters were downloaded correctly and the proper maps were generated in the XTRP crate. Further evaluation of the data will be performed offline. We got almost 40k events, which is enough to keep us busy for a while.
<!-- Author: KPitts :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192172' target=_top>192172</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 16:57:01.147 2005 -->
Cleaned up EVB, check SCPU is good.
<!-- Author: Veronique -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:08:20.965 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192173">192173</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: ACE_QIE
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:08:56.654 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192173">192173</A>
TERMINATE: End of cal qie
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:11:09.910 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192174">192174</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: CALIB_CLC_QIE
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:11:41.557 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192174">192174</A>
TERMINATE: ENd of CLC
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:14:28.435 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192175">192175</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: CALIB_RP_SMQIE
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:16:38.328 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192175">192175</A>
TERMINATE: end of RP calib
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:19:31.453 2005 -->
The silicon monitor has four pinkys: AVDD_B5 W11 Levels 0-4. Since the HV is at Standby and we are currently doing calibrations and not data taking we cannot do an HRR.
<p>
In addition, a total of seven columns have gone from green to black. These are SWedge B3-W10,11 B4-W0,10,11 B5-W0,1 for all levels. A graph will be posted. Si expert has been paged.
<!-- Author: Paul -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:22:58.026 2005 -->
<table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-397&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-398 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>An example of silicon going from green to black</td></tr></table>
<!-- Author: Paul -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 17;25;27 comment by...Paul -->
Sorry, this is the wrong plot. Please ignore and see below
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:24:57.163 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192176">192176</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: BOTHPLUGS_NORMAL Trigger: COSMICS [14,503,442]
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:25:00.416 2005 -->
<table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-399&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-399 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>True example</td></tr></table>
<!-- Author: Paul -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:32:12.897 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192176">192176</A>
TERMINATE: End of Plug laser calib
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:36:42.355 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192177">192177</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: SMQIECALIB
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:37:13.524 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192177">192177</A>
TERMINATE: Aborted, need to shepher ccal06
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:47:12.183 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192178">192178</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: SMQIECALIB
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:47:13.117 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192178">192178</A>
TERMINATE: need to shepherd pcal05 again
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:47:14.533 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192179">192179</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: SMQIECALIB
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:47:15.005 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192179">192179</A>
TERMINATE: finally, end of SMXQIE
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:50:58.138 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192180">192180</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: ACE_LED_ALL
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:50:59.285 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192180">192180</A>
TERMINATE: done CEM LED calib
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:52:49.440 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192181">192181</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: TOF_TAC_CALIB
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 17:56:41.185 2005 -->
I was paged out of the Vikings-Packers game because several wedges in SVX had turned pink and/or black in IMON. These wedges were all from one power supply, and additionally there were error messages from that CAEN crate from the PSgui. We had lost communication with that power supply crate (9), so we hockerized the crate, brought the ladders back to standby. Additionally, since we were not taking data, we took the system through a coldstart so that those chips would get a config signal.
<!-- Author: corrinne and Marcel. -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:01:16.570 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192181">192181</A>
TERMINATE: End of TOF_TAC calib
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:13:03.324 2005 -->
<table border=0><td><tr><td bgcolor=#e0e030>
L3Tagsets have changed, thet have been built with new calorimeter calibration tables, run configurations (COSMICS,L2_TORTURE,MIN_BIAS, CALORIMETER_MINIMAL) have been saved using the new Tags:
<br>
L3 _PASS_ALL_RECO: 511<br>
NULL: 512<br>
L3_RECO_51_PASS: 513<br>
<br></td></tr></td></table>
<!-- Author: Veronica -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:15:14.919 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192182">192182</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: CALIB_CLC_QIE
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:18:06.781 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192182">192182</A>
TERMINATE: End of 2nd CLC calib since first one didn't make it into dbana for some reason...
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 18;38;52 comment by...Veronique -->
also redid the reset of the crate
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:26:26.045 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192183">192183</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: BOTHPLUGS_NORMAL Trigger: COSMICS [14,503,442] Redoing this, because I forgot to do the 2 Myron runs...
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:34:35.547 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192183">192183</A>
TERMINATE: End of normal
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:35:25.457 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192184">192184</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: BOTHPLUGS_MM_C Trigger: COSMICS [14,503,442]
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:36:41.737 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192184">192184</A>
TERMINATE: end of MM_C
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:38:34.197 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192185">192185</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: BOTHPLUGS_MM Trigger: COSMICS [14,503,442]
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:39:37.340 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192185">192185</A>
TERMINATE: End of MM
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:40:15.146 2005 -->
calibration, calqie, some lines sig > 10 and lines not green. Need retake calibration
<!-- Author: Chiho :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192173' target=_top>192173</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:44:15.482 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192186">192186</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: ACE_QIE 2nd one because first calib shows errors
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 18:44:30.616 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192186">192186</A>
TERMINATE: End of 2nd calib
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 19:10:04.291 2005 -->
<table><tr><td><a href=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-400&button=yes target='xxx' onclick='jswindow()'; align=top><img src=/cgi/elog/elog.pl?nb=2005&action=view&page=-400 width='300' align='top'></a></td><td>WHA 17W sig >10 and lines black</td></tr></table>
<!-- Author: Chiho -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 19;56;52 comment by...Kwangzoo -->
<br>paged for the wide rms of wcal02 slot 18 channel 0 (17W 0 WHA). Although a RMS above 5 is not normal, this is okay for data taking. And I guess this will go back to normal when the current acces is over and the detector is closed up.
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 20;12;48 comment by...Craig Blocker -->
<pre>Although the accelerator was in controlled access at the time, no access was taken into the CDF collision hall. The last access to the CDF collision hall was two days ago.</pre>
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 20;12;52 comment by...Kwangzoo -->
<b>correction</b> wcal02 slot 18 chan 0 --> wcal02 slot 21 chan 0
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 20;20;26 comment by...Kwangzoo -->
okay, I misunderstood the access. requested to take calorimeter crates to do a check out.
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 20;54;08 comment by...Veronique -->
ccal14 is red on VxWorks...
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 20;54;44 comment by...Kwangzoo -->
qietest result of wcal02, Crate: b0wcal02 -- All ok!
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 19:12:33.250 2005 -->
<br><b>Halo Counter Work:</b>
<br> Swapped out a PMT base on access to the Tevatron tunnel.
Swapping the base has had no effect on the performance of the
counter. I looked at the signals from the PMT prior to
tripping off the HV and they do not look normal. For the
time being, I propose to leave the system as it is and request
an access to remove the counter for subsequent work outside the
tunnel.
<br>
<!-- Author: R.J. Tesarek -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 19:17:27.634 2005 -->
Swapped out a phototube of BSC-2 west counter #2 but it did not fix the problem. Then, the PMT base was replaced with a spare and it did work. Checked pedestal and QIE calibration afterwards and the counter looks OK.
<!-- Author: K. Terashi -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 19;28;20 comment by...K. Terashi -->
<table border=0><td><tr><td bgcolor=#e0e030>If this counter and the others are working ok (i.e, no empty bins in FDA: BSC Occupancy plot of YMon Forward Detector slide) for new data in upcoming store, please mark the BSC bit good for them.</td></tr></td></table>
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 20:17:43.946 2005 -->
Calorimeter Calibration expert taking over cal crates.
<!-- Author: Veronique -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 20;52;49 comment by...Kwangzoo -->
finished checkout. returning the cal crates to daqace. thanks, SciCo and DaqAce!
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 21:00:31.840 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192189">192189</A>
TERMINATE: ccal14 succesfully shephered and got through a setup ok.
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 22:24:09.635 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192190">192190</A>
Activated at 2005.01.09 22:23:53
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 22:24:52.178 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192190">192190</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: ACE_CALORIMETER_MINIMAL Trigger: SUMET5 [5,469,512] Note new L3 tag
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Comment: Sun Jan 9 22;26;16 comment by...Veronique -->
L1 rate is about 55Hz (NO BEAM conditions)
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 22:33:47.111 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192190">192190</A>
Terminated at 2005.01.09 22:33:22
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 22:33:48.752 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192190">192190</A>
TERMINATE: End of spike run
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 22:37:56.989 2005 -->
Spike run. YMon, TrigMon plots seem ok
<!-- Author: Chiho :: (run <a href='/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192190' target=_top>192190</a>) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 22:44:10.584 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192191">192191</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: L2TORTURE Trigger: L2_TORTURE [16,466,513]
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 23:10:39.311 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192191">192191</A>
TERMINATE: Putting beam in
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 23:17:08.783 2005 -->
<pre>MCR just started shot setup.</pre>
<!-- Author: Craig -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 23:21:22.393 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192192">192192</A>
Activated at 2005.01.09 23:20:47
<!-- Author: RunControl -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 23:21:23.000 2005 -->
Run <A HREF="/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192192">192192</A>
ACTIVATE: RunSet: ACE_COSMICS_ALL Trigger: COSMICS [14,503,511]
<!-- Author: Veronique (x2080) -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 23:55:23.708 2005 -->
<TABLE BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=1 BGCOLOR=WHITE>
<TR BGCOLOR=YELLOW><TH>Run Number</TH>
<TH>Data Type</TH>
<TH>Physics Table</TH>
<TH>Begin Time</TH>
<TH>End Time</TH>
<TH>Live Time</TH>
<TH>L1 Accepts</TH>
<TH>L2 Accepts</TH>
<TH>L3 Accepts</TH>
<TH>Live Lumi, nb-1</TH>
<TH>GR</TH>
<TH>SC</TH>
<TH>RC</TH></TR>
<TR><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192171>
192171</A>
x2EEAB</TD>
<TD>BEAM</TD>
<TD>PHYSICS_3_00 [2,560,510]</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>18:59:25</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>16:27:13</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>20:01:55</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 1,330,389,888</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 14,972,108</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 3,912,327</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 1960.135</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><A HREF=/java/cdfdb/servlet/RunSummary?RUN_NUMBER=192172>
192172</A>
x2EEAC</TD>
<TD>BEAM</TD>
<TD>TEST_MT [1,563,487]</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>16:35:48</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>16:45:47</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>00:00:38</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 80,360</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 39,703</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 39,606</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 0.739</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER></TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>1</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>0</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Totals</TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD>23:55:03</TD>
<TD ALIGN=CENTER>20:02:33</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 1,330,470,248</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 15,011,811</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 3,951,933</TD>
<TD ALIGN=RIGHT> 1960.873</TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD>
<TD> </TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<!-- Author: End of Shift Report -->
<!-- Date: Sun Jan 9 23:59:51.674 2005 -->
<font color=red>Shift Summary: </font><pre>16:00 We inherit store an about 17E30.
16:30 We end run to do special trigger table study for Kevin Pitts.
17:00 MCR ends run. They decide to have a controlled access to look
at the flourinert level (whatever that is) in a kicker magner. Rick
Tesarek and Koji Terashi take a controlled acess into the tunnel
near CDF (not into the collision hall) to work on some forward counters.
We do calibrations.
21:00 There are four channels in the QIE calibrations that had widths
greater than the spec. Kwangzoo Chung (the calorimeter calibration expert)
looked at the problem, redid the calibrations, and now things are fine.
23:00 We paged the Hadron TDC pager a couple of times tonight because
the efficiency plots in ObjectMon look very low. We got no repsonse.
This should be be monitored in the upcoming store, and if still low, the experts sought out.
23:15 MCR starts shot setup.
Date:2005.01.09
Shift:eve
Delivered luminosity: 44.1 nb-1
Acquired luminosity: 27.1 nb-1
Efficiency: 61%</pre>
<br><b>End of Shift Numbers</b>
<table><tr><td width=60% align=left>
<b>CDF Run II <p></b>
<pre>
Runs 192171-192191
Delivered Luminosity 0.04
Acquired Luminosity 0.03
Efficiency 61%
</td></tr></table></pre>
<!-- Author: Craig Blocker -->
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
396104
|
{width="1.50625in" height="0.7673611111111112in"}
> ***Success Story***
**PRESS OFFICE**
{width="6.427083333333333in"
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**Release Number:** PR AL 06-22 **Internet Address:**
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**A Personal Touch Adds Strength to Business Success**
*EAP Lifestyle Management, LLC*
*Patricia A. Vanderpool*
**Birmingham, AL** -- EAP Lifestyle Management, LLC has faced the
primary obstacle of competition with larger EAP companies. The company
has built a solid reputation for breadth of services provided and
unsurpassed customer attention. A personal touch and flexibility sets
them apart from their larger competitors. Therein also lies their
business strength.
Patricia A. Vanderpool, owner of the company, purchased EAP Lifestyle
Management, LLC in 1996. She received a Master of Science degree from
the University of South Alabama, where she is an adjunct Psychology
Department faculty member. She has received credentials as a Supervising
Licensed Professional Counselor, Certified Employee Assistance
Professional and Substance Abuse Professional.
Since 1996, the company has expanded their client base nationally and
opened several offices locally, as well as an office in Pensacola,
Florida. EAP Lifestyle Management, LLC, certified as a woman-owned
business, is the only WBENC-certified EAP provider in Alabama. They have
the only critical incident response team in the region, responding to
workplace trauma, including natural disasters and incidents of workplace
violence, injury and death. The company also provides the following
services:
- Continuing Education; as approved providers for nursing, social
workers and HR professionals;
- Counseling for individuals and families---children, adolescent and
adults;
- A full range of work/life services;
- Substance Abuse Professional services, including drug and alcohol
training, mandated by DOT; and
- Workplace presentations.
EAP Lifefestyle Management, LLC is the proud recipient of
diversity.com's 2004 Top Alabama diversity-owned businesses and finalist
in the Mobile Chamber's MOBI award. The provide volunteers to community
organizations such as Coalition for Domestic Violence and USA mentoring.
They also volunteer with businesses to support employee wellness. EAP is
developing, with OSHA and community partners, a workplace violence
alliance to address prevention, education and intervention.
SBA has played an invaluable support in the success of EAP Lifestyle
Management, LLC. They rely on and appreciate the ongoing support of the
Women's Business Center of Southern Alabama and the University of South
Alabama's Small Business Development Center.
*\# \# \#*
*For more information about all of the SBA's programs for small
businesses, visit the SBA's extensive Web site at
[www.sba.gov](http://www.sba.gov/).*
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# Presentation: 356778
## Quantum Innovation / Public Policy (Burke)
- Innovations produce winners & losers
- Political subsystems favor incremental change
- ag, defense, energy, transit, healthcare, edu, etc.
- “analysis is politics by other means”
- Auto/highway subsystem trumps transit
- Public sector: huge penalty for failure
- Media stifles innovation, accentuates conflict
- Macropolitical system can impose quantum change – earmarks, etc
- ’79+: mature democracy, entrenched interests
- Billionaires & tech foundations: quantum
- Dubai too.
## Social Entrepreneurism
- micro-credit, India street kids, AIDs education
- Problem for Americans: heal thyself for credibility
- Act local (small $), strive for widespread impact
- Fix 1 suburb world is saved (viral spread, mutation)
- Government is not the solution
- resistant, but good follower
- S. E. characteristics:
- Boring at dinner parties
- Driven, stamina, undeterred
- “Ends" oriented
- Will change/refine tactics
- Listener (behavioral)
- Cross-disciplinary, practical.
- By David Bornstein
## Cities21 Transforming Office Parks grant
- Bootstrapping
- 200 page masters thesis: Palo Alto office park
- Berkeley’s Cervero advised. 300 meetings in Bay Area
- 2-year schmooze for 65 surveys at Roche Bioscience
- Better data credibility
- Published papers differentiation from crazy “foamers”
- Very enthusiastic EPA BWC endorsement
- James Paxson
- Pleasanton Hacienda Business Park Owners Association
- EPA BWC & other awards
- Active in professional organizations & committees
- Participates in multiple transp. / smart growth studies
- Extremely high social IQ
- Topic: extreme smart growth (don’t want to miss out).
## Grant, continued
- Paxson quote:
- A unique location for early adoption of PRT
- If EPA-backed study makes a compelling case for a system => strong likelihood of public/private partnership to bring system to reality
- Partners
- Metropolitan Transportation Commission: MPO
- Cambridge Systematics (#1 transp. consultant, contributed to the Palo Alto methodology, HBP corridor study, nice quote)
- PeopleSoft (Oracle) – 225 invasive employee interviews
- Free lunches! Oracle needs to reassure Pleasanton
- Billionaire Larry Ellison
- Congestion Mgmt Agency
- Local bus transit agency
- East Bay Community Foundation
- CCLR (brownfields recycling)
- $56K in-kind partner contribution
- Partners led to more partners: BART, Bay Area Council.
## Given grant, use EPA clout
- Company town housing & social justice
- Convene policy discussions at EPA SF and DC
- No problem attracting thought-leaders..
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: William Kerr
Author-Name: Ramana Nanda
Title: Democratizing Entry: Banking Deregulations, Financing Constraints, and Entrepreneurship
Abstract: We study how US branch-banking deregulations affected the entry and exit of firms in the non-financial sector using establishment-level data from the US Census Bureaus Longitudinal Business Database. The comprehensive micro-data allow us to study how the entry rate, the distribution of entry sizes, and survival rates for firms responded to changes in banking competition. We also distinguish the relative effect of the policy reforms on the entry of startups versus facility expansions by existing firms. We find that the deregulations reduced financing constraints, particularly among small startups, and improved ex ante allocative efficiency across the entire firm-size distribution. However, the US deregulations also led to a dramatic increase in churning at the lower end of the size distribution, where new startups fail within the first three years following entry. This churning emphasizes a new mechanism through which financial sector reforms impact product markets. It is not exclusively better ex ante allocation of capital to qualified projects that causes creative destruction; rather banking deregulations can also democratize entry by allowing many more startups to be founded. The vast majority of these new entrants fail along the way, but a few survive ex post to displace incumbents.
Length: 41 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-12
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101806
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: E44, G21, L26, L43, M13
Keywords: banking, financial constraints, entrepreneurship, entry, exit, creative destruction, growth, deregulation
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-33
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: John Tang
Title: The Role of Financial Conglomerates in Industry Formation: Evidence from Early Modern Japan
Abstract: Large conglomerates known as zaibatsu have long been credited with leading Japanese industrialization during the Meiji Period (1868-1912). I develop a new dataset collected from corporate genealogies and estimate the likelihood of first entry with discrete choice econometric methods. I find zaibatsu are indeed more likely to pioneer new industries relative to independent firms. This may be due to their ability to finance investments internally, autonomy from shareholder interference, and lower risk aversion from being diversified. Nevertheless, zaibatsu lag independent firms in introducing innovative technologies, possibly from their preference for scale and monopolistic industries, conservative ownership, and organizational complexity.
Length: 35 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-12
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101805
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords: Meiji Period, zaibatsu, industrialization, late development, technology adoption
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-32
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Joshua Drucker
Author-Name: Edward Feser
Title: Regional Industrial Dominance, Agglomeration Economies, and Manufacturing Plant Productivity
Abstract: In a seminal article, Benjamin Chinitz (1961) focused attention on the effects that industry size, structure, and economic diversification have on firm performance and regional economies. He also raised a related but conceptually distinct question that has been overlooked since: how does the extent to which a regional industry is concentrated in a single or small number of firms impact the performance of other local firms within that industry? He suggested that such regional industrial dominance may impact input prices, limit capital accessibility, deter entrepreneurial activity, and reduce the regional availability of agglomeration economies such as specialized labor and supply pools In this paper, we use an establishment-level production function to quantify the links between industrial dominance, agglomeration economies, and firm performance. We consider two questions. First, do greater levels of regional industrial dominance lead to lower economic performance by small, dominated manufacturing plants? Second, are small plants in dominated regional industries more limited in capturing regional agglomeration benefits and therefore do they face rigidities in deploying production factors to maximum advantage? Our results suggest that regional industrial organization does influence productivity but that the effect tends to be a direct one, rather than an indirect effect via its influence on agglomeration economies.
Length: 54 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-12
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101804
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-31
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Timothy Bates
Author-Name: Alicia Robb
Title: Crime's Impact on the Survival Prospects of Young Urban Small Businesses
Abstract: High prevailing levels of criminal activity have numerous impacts on the viability of urban small businesses and the various impacts are not uniformly negative. It is the negative impacts, however, that are most often noted. Either the perception or reality of rampant crime can scare away customers, potential employees, lending institutions, even casualty insurance underwriters. Yet, competitors may also be driven away. Operating in a high-crime area can be advantageous, on balance, for some firms. Our analysis of nearly 5,000 urban businesses started between 1986 and 1992 indicates that those most seriously impacted by crime exhibit no measureable disadvantage regarding firm size, capitalization, survival rates, or other traits, relative to firms whose owners report that crime has not impacted them negatively.
Length: 30 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-10
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101803
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords: small business survival patterns
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-30
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Evan Rawley
Title: Diversification, Organizational Adjustment and Firm Performance: Evidence from Microdata
Abstract: This paper proposes that diversification taxes firms existing organizational systems by altering routines, formal contract structures and strategies. I test the proposition that organizational adjustment costs associated with diversification erode incumbent competitive advantage, using novel microdata on taxicab firms from the Economic Census. The tests exploit exogenous local characteristics of taxi markets to identify the impact of diversification on firm organization and performance. Supporting the contention that diversification leads to organizational adjustments, the results show that diversifying firms are less likely to adopt computerized dispatching systems for their taxicabs and make significant changes in their formal contract structures governing asset ownership. Consistent with the theory, diversification is associated with falling taxi productivity. Comparing the productivity of diversified and focused start-ups and incumbent firms reveals that the organizational change component of diversification accounts for an 18% decrease in paid ride-miles per taxi. The results support the core contention of the paper that diversification taxes firms existing organizational capital.
Length: 66 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-10
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101802
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords: diversification, organizational adjustment, productivity, entry, liability of newness, competitive advantage
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-29
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Steven Davis
Author-Name: Cheryl Grim
Author-Name: John Haltiwanger
Author-Name: Mary Streitwieser
Title: Electricity Pricing to U.S. Manufacturing Plants, 1963-2000
Abstract: We construct a large customer-level database and use it to study electricity pricing patterns from 1963 to 2000. The data show tremendous cross-sectional dispersion in the electricity prices paid by manufacturing plants, reflecting spatial price differences and quantity discounts. Price dispersion declined sharply between 1967 and 1977 because of erosion in quantity discounts. To estimate the role of cost factors and markups in quantity discounts, we exploit differences among utilities in the purchases distribution of their customers. The estimation results reveal that supply costs per watt-hour decline by more than half over the range of customer-level purchases in the data, regardless of time period. Prior to the mid 1970s, marginal price and marginal cost schedules with respect to annual purchase quantity are remarkably similar, in line with efficient pricing. In later years, marginal supply costs exceed marginal prices for smaller manufacturing customers by 10% or more. The evidence provides no support for a standard Ramsey-pricing interpretation of quantity discounts on the margin we study. Spatial dispersion in retail electricity prices among states, counties and utility service territories is large, rises over time for smaller purchasers, and does not diminish as wholesale power markets expand in the 1990s.
Length: 63 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-10
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101801
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: L60, L94, Q40
Keywords: electricity pricing and supply costs, quantity discounts, Ramsey pricing, spatial price dispersion
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-28
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Bayer
Author-Name: Fernando Ferreira
Author-Name: Robert McMillan
Title: A Unified Framework for Measuring Preferences for Schools and Neighborhoods
Abstract: This paper develops a comprehensive framework for estimating household preferences for school and neighborhood attributes in the presence of sorting. It embeds a boundary discontinuity design in a heterogeneous model of residential choice to address the endogeneity of school and neighborhood attributes. The model is estimated using restricted-access Census data from a large metropolitan area, yielding a number of new results. First, households are willing to pay less than one percent more in house prices substantially lower than previous estimates when the average performance of the local school increases by five percent. Second, much of the apparent willingness to pay for more educated and wealthier neighbors is explained by the correlation of these sociodemographic measures with unobserved neighborhood quality. Third, neighborhood race is not capitalized directly into housing prices; instead, the negative correlation of neighborhood race and housing prices is due entirely to the fact that blacks live in unobservably lower quality neighborhoods. Finally, there is considerable heterogeneity in preferences for schools and neighbors: in particular, we find that households prefer to selfsegregate on the basis of both race and education.
Length: 51 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-10
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101800
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-27
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Timothy Dunne
Author-Name: Mark Roberts
Author-Name: Shawn Klimek
Author-Name: Yi Xu
Title: The Dynamics of Market Structure and Market Size in Two Health Services Industries
Abstract: The relationship between the size of a market and the competitiveness of the market has been of long-standing interest to IO economists. Empirical studies have used the relationship between the size of the geographic market and both the number of firms in the market and the average sales of the firms to draw inferences about the degree of competition in the market. This paper extends this framework to incorporate the analysis of entry and exit flows. A key implication of recent entry and exit models is that current market structure will likely depend upon history of past participation. The paper explores these issues empirically by examining producer dynamics for two health service industries, dentistry and chiropractic services. We find that the number of potential entrants and past number of incumbent firms are correlated with current market structure. The empirical results also show that as market size increases the number of firms rises less than proportionately, firm size increases, and average productivity increases. However, the magnitude of the correlations are sensitive to the inclusion of the market history variables.
Length: 35 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-10
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101799
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-26
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Weinberg
Author-Name: John Abowd
Author-Name: Sandra Rowland
Author-Name: Philip Steel
Author-Name: Laura Zayatz
Title: Access Methods for United States Microdata
Abstract: Beyond the traditional methods of tabulations and public-use microdata samples, statistical agencies have developed four key alternatives for providing non-government researchers with access to confidential microdata to improve statistical modeling. The first, licensing, allows qualified researchers access to confidential microdata at their own facilities, provided certain security requirements are met. The second, statistical data enclaves, offer qualified researchers restricted access to confidential economic and demographic data at specific agency-controlled locations. Third, statistical agencies can offer remote access, through a computer interface, to the confidential data under automated or manual controls. Fourth, synthetic data developed from the original data but retaining the correlations in the original data have the potential for allowing a wide range of analyses.
Length: 34 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-08
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101798
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-25
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Weinberg
Title: Lessons for Targeted Program Evaluation: A Personal and Professional History of the Survey of Program Dynamics
Abstract: The Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) was created by the 1996 welfare reform legislation to facilitate its evaluation. This paper describes the evolution of that survey, discusses its implementation, and draws lessons for future evaluation. Large-scale surveys can be an important part of a portfolio of evaluation methods, but sufficient time must be given to data collection agencies if a high-quality longitudinal survey is expected. Such a survey must have both internal (agency) and external (policy analyst) buy-in. Investments in data analysis by agency staff, downplayed in favor of larger sample sizes given a fixed budget, could have contributed to more external acceptance. More attention up-front to reducing the potentially deleterious effects of attrition in longitudinal surveys, such as through the use of monetary incentives, might have been worthwhile. Given the problems encountered by the Census Bureau in producing the SPD, I argue that ongoing multi-purpose longitudinal surveys like the Survey of Income and Program Participation are potentially more valuable than episodic special-purpose surveys.
Length: 31 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-08
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101797
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Joshua Angrist
Author-Name: Stacey Chen
Title: Long-Term Effects of Vietnam-Era Conscription: Schooling, Experience and Earnings
Abstract: Instrumental variables (IV) estimates using the draft lottery show that white Vietnam-era draftees suffered substantial post-service earnings losses in the 1970s and 1980s. Angrist (1990) explains these losses as due primarily to lost labor market experience. Non-public use data from the 2000 Census allow the first longerterm follow-up for a large sample from the draft-lottery cohorts. We use these data to estimate the effects of military service on earnings, schooling, and a number of other variables. Consistent with the loss-of -experience model, IV estimates of the effects of Vietnam-era service on earnings are close to zero in 2000, when the draft-lottery cohorts were middle-aged and experience profiles relatively flat. On the other hand, draft-lottery estimates show a marked increase in schooling for Vietnam-era veterans. A variety of evidence suggests this increase reflects the impact of the Vietnam-era GI Bill more than draft-avoidance behavior. The economic return to the increased schooling generated by Vietnam-era service, estimated in a wage equation that constrains the impact of Vietnam-era military service to run solely through the experience and schooling channels, appears to be less than the OLS return. Finally, we look at measures of disability. The IV estimates point to an increase in non-workrelated disability rates and non-SSA disability income, but the fact that there is no corresponding effect on employment, hours worked, or work-related disability rates suggests health was affected little by Vietnam-era service. Allowing for excess disability among veterans raises the estimated returns to GI-Bill schooling slightly.
Length: 59 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-08
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101796
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-23
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Julie Silva
Title: International Trade and the Changing Demand for Skilled Workers in High-Tech Manufacturing
Abstract: This paper examines the effects of changing trade pressures on the demand for skilled workers in high-tech and traditional manufacturing industry groupings and in individual high-tech sectors. For industry groupings, changing import and export prices have mixed effects, with coefficients switching signs between wage share and employment share models. These findings suggest that changes in earnings and employment of skilled workers are not moving in the same direction in response to shifting trade pressures. For individual high-tech sectors, both price and orientation measures had significant effects, but the direction of these effects varied substantially by sector.
Length: 43 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-08
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101795
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-22
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Tetyana Shvydko
Author-Name: David Blau
Title: Labor Market Rigidities and the Employment Behavior of Older Workers
Abstract: The labor market is often asserted to be characterized by rigidities that make it difficult for older workers to carry out their desired trajectory from work to retirement. An important source of rigidity is restrictions on hours of work imposed by firms that use team production or face high fixed costs of employment. Such rigidities are difficult to measure directly. We develop a model of the labor market in which technological rigidity affects the age structure of a firms work force in equilibrium. Firms using relatively flexible technology care only about total hours of labor input, but not hours of work per worker. Older workers with a desire for short or flexible hours of work are attracted to such firms. Firms using a more rigid technology involving team production impose a minimum hours constraint, and as a result tend to have a younger age structure. A testable hypothesis of the model is that the hazard of separation of older workers is lower in firms with an older age structure. We use matched worker-firm data to test this hypothesis, and find support for it. Specification tests and alternative proxies for labor market rigidity support our interpretation of the effect of firm age structure on the separation propensity These results provide indirect but suggestive evidence of the importance of labor market rigidities.
Length: 47 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-07
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101794
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-21
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ronald Shadbegian
Author-Name: Randy Becker
Title: Issues and Challenges in Measuring Environmental Expenditures by U.S. Manufacturing: The Redevelopment of the PACE Survey
Abstract: The Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures (PACE) survey is the most comprehensive source of information on U.S. manufacturing's capital expenditures and operating costs associated with pollution abatement. In 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency began a significant initiative to redevelop the survey, guided by the advice of a multi-disciplinary workgroup consisting of economists, engineers, survey design experts, and experienced data users, in addition to incorporating feedback from key manufacturing industries. This paper describes some of these redevelopment efforts. Issues discussed include the approach to developing the new survey instrument, methods used to evaluate (and improve) its performance, innovations in sampling, and the special development and role of outside expertise. The completely redesigned PACE survey was first administered in early 2006.
Length: 32 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-07
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101793
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords: survey design, survey evaluation, sampling, environmental costs, manufacturing
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-20
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Adriano Rampini
Author-Name: Andrea Eisfeldt
Title: Leasing, Ability to Repossess, and Debt Capacity
Abstract: This paper studies the financing role of leasing and secured lending. We argue that the benefit of leasing is that repossession of a leased asset is easier than foreclosure on the collateral of a secured loan, which implies that leasing has higher debt capacity than secured lending. However, leasing involves agency costs due to the separation of ownership and control. More financially constrained firms value the additional debt capacity more and hence lease more of their capital than less constrained firms. We provide empirical evidence consistent with this prediction. Our theory is consistent with the explanation of leasing by practitioners, namely that leasing "preserves capital," which the academic literature considers a fallacy.
Length: 46 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-06
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101792
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: D23, D92, E22, G31, G32, G33
Keywords: leasing, secured debt, collateral, repossession, debt capacity, capital structure
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-19
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Lynch
Title: The Adoption and Diffusion of Organizational Innovation: Evidence for the U.S. Economy
Abstract: Using a unique longitudinal representative survey of both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing businesses in the United States during the 1990s, I examine the incidence and intensity of organizational innovation and the factors associated with investments in organizational innovation. Past profits tend to be positively associated with organizational innovation. Employers with a more external focus and broader networks to learn about best practices (as proxied by exports, benchmarking, and being part of a multi-establishment firm) are more likely to invest in organizational innovation. Investments in human capital, information technology, R&D, and physical capital appear to be complementary with investments in organizational innovation. In addition, nonunionized manufacturing plants are more likely to have invested more broadly and intensely in organizational innovation.
Length: 53 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-06
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101791
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: D2, J24, M5, O3
Keywords: organizational innovation, productivity, human capital, technological change
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-18
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Burkhauser
Author-Name: Shuaizhang Feng
Author-Name: Stephen Jenkins
Title: Using the P90/P10 Index to Measure U.S. Inequality Trends with Current Population Survey Data: A View From Inside the Census Bureau Vaults
Abstract: The March Current Population Survey (CPS) is the primary data source for estimation of levels and trends in labor earnings and income inequality in the USA. Time-inconsistency problems related to top coding in theses data have led many researchers to use the ratio of the 90th and 10th percentiles of these distributions (P90/P10) rather than a more traditional summary measure of inequality. With access to public use and restricted-access internal CPS data, and bounding methods, we show that using P90/P10 does not completely obviate time inconsistency problems, especially for household income inequality trends. Using internal data, we create consistent cell mean values for all top-coded public use values that, when used with public use data, closely track inequality trends in labor earnings and household income using internal data. But estimates of longer-term inequality trends with these corrected data based on P90/P10 differ from those based on the Gini coefficient. The choice of inequality measure matters.
Length: 50 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-06
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101790
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: D3, J3, C8
Keywords: inequality, income, earnings, Current Population Survey, decile ratio, Gini coefficient
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-17
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Judith Hellerstein
Author-Name: David Neumark
Author-Name: Melissa McInerney
Title: Spatial Mismatch or Racial Mismatch?
Abstract: We contrast the spatial mismatch hypothesis with what we term the racial mismatch hypothesis - that the problem is not a lack of jobs, per se, where blacks live, but a lack of jobs into which blacks are hired, whether because of discrimination or labor market networks in which race matters. We first report new evidence on the spatial mismatch hypothesis, using data from Census Long-Form respondents. We construct direct measures of the presence of jobs in detailed geographic areas, and find that these job density measures are related to employment of black male residents in ways that would be predicted by the spatial mismatch hypothesis - in particular that spatial mismatch is primarily an issue for low-skilled black male workers. We then look at racial mismatch, by estimating the effects of job density measures that are disaggregated by race. We find that it is primarily black job density that influences black male employment, whereas white job density has little if any influence on their employment. This evidence implies that space alone plays a relatively minor role in low black male employment rates.
Length: 48 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-06
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101789
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-16
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Judith Hellerstein
Author-Name: David Neumark
Author-Name: Melissa McInerney
Title: Changes in Workplace Segregation in the United States Between 1990 and 2000: Evidence from Matched Employer-Employee Data
Abstract: We present evidence on changes in workplace segregation by education, race, ethnicity, and sex, from 1990 to 2000. The evidence indicates that racial and ethnic segregation at the workplace level remained quite pervasive in 2000. At the same time, there was fairly substantial segregation by skill, as measured by education. Putting together the 1990 and 2000 data, we find no evidence of declines in workplace segregation by race and ethnicity; indeed, black-white segregation increased. Over this decade, segregation by education also increased. In contrast, workplace segregation by sex fell over the decade, and would have fallen by more had the services industry - a heavily female industry in which sex segregation is relatively high - not experienced rapid employment growth.
Length: 40 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-06
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101788
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: J11, J15, J16, J21, J24
Keywords: segregation, education, race, ethnicity, sex
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-15
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Bernard
Author-Name: J. Bradford Jensen
Author-Name: Stephen Redding
Author-Name: Peter Schott
Title: Firms in International Trade
Abstract: Standard models of international trade devote little attention to firms. Yet of the 5.5 million firms operating in the United States in 2000, just 4 percent engaged in exporting, and the top 10 percent of these exporting firms accounted for 96 percent of U.S. exports. Since the mid 1990s, a large number of empirical studies have provided a wealth of information about the important role that firms play in mediating countries imports and exports. This research, based on micro datasets that track countries production and trade at the firm level, demonstrates that trading firms differ substantially from firms that solely serve the domestic market. Across a wide range of countries and industries, exporters have been shown to be larger, more productive, more skill- and capital-intensive, and to pay higher wages than non-trading firms.2 Furthermore, these differences exist even before exporting begins. The ex ante superiority of exporters suggests self-selection: exporters are more productive, not as a result of exporting, but because only the most productive firms are able to overcome the costs of entering export markets. It is precisely this sort of microeconomic heterogeneity that grants firms the ability to influence macroeconomic outcomes. When trade policy barriers fall or transportation costs decline, high-productivity exporting firms survive and grow while lower-productivity non-exporting firms are more likely to fail. This reallocation of economic activity across firms raises aggregate productivity and provides a new source of welfare gains from trade. Confronting the challenges posed by the analysis of micro data has shifted the focus of the international trade field from countries and industries towards firms and products. We highlight these challenges with a detailed analysis of how trading firms differ from non-trading firms in the United States. We show how these differences serve as the foundation of a series of recent heterogeneous-firm models that offer new insights into the causes and consequences of international trade. We then introduce a new set of stylized facts that emerge from analysis of recently available U.S. customs data. These transaction-level trade data track all of the products imported and exported by the U.S. firms to all of its trading partners from 1992 to 2000. They show that the extensive margins of trade that is, the number of products firms trade as well as the number of countries they trade with are central to understanding the well-known role of distance in dampening aggregate trade flows. We conclude with suggestions for further theoretical and empirical research.
Length: 30 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-04
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101787
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-14
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: William Kerr
Author-Name: Edward Glaeser
Author-Name: Glenn Ellison
Title: What Causes Industry Agglomeration? Evidence from Coagglomeration Patterns
Abstract: Many industries are geographically concentrated. Many mechanisms that could account for such agglomeration have been proposed. We note that these theories make different predictions about which pairs of industries should be coagglomerated. We discuss the measurement of coagglomeration and use data from the Census Bureaus Longitudinal Research Database from 1972 to 1997 to compute pairwise coagglomeration measurements for U.S. manufacturing industries. Industry attributes are used to construct measures of the relevance of each of Marshalls three theories of industry agglomeration to each industry pair: (1) agglomeration saves transport costs by proximity to input suppliers or final consumers, (2) agglomeration allows for labor market pooling, and (3) agglomeration facilitates intellectual spillovers. We assess the importance of the theories via regressions of coagglomeration indices on these measures. Data on characteristics of corresponding industries in the United Kingdom are used as instruments. We find evidence to support each mechanism. Our results suggest that input-output dependencies are the most important factor, followed by labor pooling.
Length: 42 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-04
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101786
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-13
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Christine Eibner
Author-Name: Alice Zawacki
Author-Name: Elaine Zimmerman
Title: Older Workers' Access to Employer-Sponsored Retiree Health Insurance, 2000-2004
Abstract: Using a multivariate framework, we analyze recent trends in employer provision of retiree health insurance (RHI), eligibility for new retirees, and retiree contribution requirements. We also explore whether local labor market characteristics such as the unemployment rate influence RHI provision. Finally, we examine whether the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) was associated with diverging trends in RHI access for Medicare-eligible and early retirees. Data come for the Medical Expenditure Panel SurveyInsurance Component (MEPS-IC). We find that, while RHI provision to existing retirees remained stable, eligibility for new retirees declined, and contribution requirements increased between 2000 and 2004. The local labor market had no effect on RHI provision. While early retiree coverage was more common than coverage for Medicare-eligible retirees, we did not find a divergence subsequent to MMA. These results suggest growing financial instability for retirees, both because RHI contribution requirements increased, and because businesses dropped coverage for new retirees.
Length: 37 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-04
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101785
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords: retiree health insurance, employers, Medicare, aging
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-12
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: B.K. Atrostic
Title: Measuring U.S. Innovative Activity
Abstract: Innovation has long been credited as a leading source of economic strength and vitality in the United States because it leads to new goods and services and increases productivity, leading to better living standards. Better measures of innovative activitiesactivities including but not limited to innovation alonecould improve what we know about the sources of productivity and economic growth. The U.S. Census Bureau either currently collects, or has collected, data on some measures of innovative activities, such as the diffusion of innovations and technologies, human and organizational capital, entrepreneurship and other worker and firm characteristics, and the entry and exit of businesses, that research shows affect productivity and other measures of economic performance. But developing an understanding of how those effects work requires more than just measures of innovative activity. It also requires solid statistical information about core measures of the economy: that is, comprehensive coverage of all industries, including improved measures of output and sales and additional information on inputs and purchased materials at the micro (enterprise) level for the same economic unit over time (so the effects can be measured). Filling gaps in core data would allow us to rule out the possibility that a measure of innovative activity merely proxies for something that is omitted from or measured poorly in the core data, provide more information about innovative activities, and strengthen our ability to evaluate the performance of the entire economy. These gaps can be filled by better integrating existing data and by more structured collections of new data.
Length: 32 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-03
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101784
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords: innovation, productivity, economic measurement
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-11
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: John Hipp
Title: Resident Perceptions of Crime: How Similar are They to Official Crime Rates?
Abstract: This study compares the relationship between official crime rates and residents perceptions of crime in census tracts. Employing a unique dataset that links household level data from the American Housing Survey metro samples over a period of 25 years (1976-2000) with official crime rate data for census tracts in selected cities during selected years, this large sample provides considerable ability to generalize the findings. I find that residents perception of crime is most strongly related to official rates of tract violent crime. Models simultaneously taking into account both violent and property crime consistently found that property crime actually has a negative effect on perceived crime. Among types of violent crime, the robbery rate is consistently related to higher levels of perceived crime in the tract, whereas it appears a structural shift occurred in the mid-1980s in which aggravated assault and murder rates now impact perceptions of crime, even when taking into account the robbery rate.
Length: 38 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-03
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101783
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords: perceived crime, official rates of crime, violent crime, neighborhoods, longitudinal, census tract
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-10
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Qingfang Wang
Title: How Does Geography Matter in Ethnic Labor Market Segmentation Process? A Case Study of Chinese Immigrants in the San Francisco CMSA
Abstract: In the context of continuing influxes of large numbers of immigrants to the United States, urban labor market segmentation along the lines of race/ethnicity, gender, and class has drawn considerable growing attention. Using a confidential dataset extracted from the United States Decennial Long Form Data 2000 and a multilevel regression modeling strategy, this paper presents a case study of Chinese immigrants in the San Francisco metropolitan area. Correspondent with the highly segregated nature of the labor market as between Chinese immigrant men and women, different socioeconomic characteristics at the census tract level are significantly related to their occupational segregation. This suggests the social process of labor market segmentation is contingent on the immigrant geography of residence and workplace. With different direction and magnitude of the spatial contingency between men and women in the labor market, residency in Chinese immigrant concentrated areas is perpetuating the gender occupational segregation by skill level. Whereas abundant ethnic resources may exist in ethnic neighborhoods and enclaves for certain types of employment opportunities, these resources do not necessarily help Chinese immigrant workers, especially women, to move upward along the labor market hierarchy.
Length: 44 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-03
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101782
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords: Chinese immigrants, ethnic niches, gender, residence, workplace, San Francisco
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-09
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Ollinger
Author-Name: Sang Nguyen
Title: Mergers and Acquisitions, Employment, Wages and Plant Closures in the U.S. Meat Product Industries: Evidence from Micro Data
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on wages and employment and plant closures in the meat packing, prepared meat products, and poultry slaughter and processing industries over 1977-87 and 1982-92. The analysis relies on a balanced panel dataset of all plants owned by meat and poultry firms that existed over 1977-87 or 1982-92. We find that (1) M&As are positively associated with wages in the meat packing and prepared meat products industries over 1977-87, but not over 1982-92; (2) changes in employment are positively related to M&As in all three meat and poultry industries over 1977-87, but only in the poultry industry over 1982-92; and (3) M&As are negatively associated with plant closures.
Length: 25 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-03
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101781
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: J63
Keywords: mergers and acquisitions, wages, employment, meat industry, poultry industry
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-08
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Gale Boyd
Title: Estimating the Distribution of Plant-Level Manufacturing Energy Efficiency with Stochastic Frontier Regression
Abstract: A feature commonly used to distinguish between parametric/statistical models and engineering models is that engineering models explicitly represent best practice technologies while the parametric/statistical models are typically based on average practice. Measures of energy intensity based on average practice are less useful in the corporate management of energy or for public policy goal setting. In the context of company or plant level energy management, it is more useful to have a measure of energy intensity capable of representing where a company or plant lies within a distribution of performance. In other words, is the performance close (or far) from the industry best practice? This paper presents a parametric/statistical approach that can be used to measure best practice, thereby providing a measure of the difference, or efficiency gap at a plant, company or overall industry level. The approach requires plant level data and applies a stochastic frontier regression analysis to energy use. Stochastic frontier regression analysis separates the energy intensity into three components, systematic effects, inefficiency, and statistical (random) error. The stochastic frontier can be viewed as a sub-vector input distance function. One advantage of this approach is that physical product mix can be included in the distance function, avoiding the problem of aggregating output to define a single energy/output ratio to measure energy intensity. The paper outlines the methods and gives an example of the analysis conducted for a non-public micro-dataset of wet corn refining plants.
Length: 18 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-03
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101780
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-07
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Yoonsoo Lee
Title: Geographic Redistribution of the U.S. Manufacturing and The Role of State Development Policy
Abstract: Competition among state and local governments to lure businesses has attracted considerable interest from economists, as well as legislators and policy makers. This paper quantifies the role of plant relocations in the geographic redistribution of manufacturing employment and examines the effectiveness of state development policy. Only a few studies have looked at how manufacturing firms locate their production facilities geographically; they have used either small manufacturing samples or small geographic regions. This paper provides broader evidence of the impact of plant relocations using confidential establishment level data from the U.S. Census Longitudinal Research Database (LRD), covering the full population of manufacturing establishments in the United States over the period from 1972 to 1992. This paper finds a relatively small role for relocation in explaining the disparity of manufacturing employment growth rates across states. Moreover, it finds evidence of very weak effects of incentive programs on plant relocations.
Length: 41 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-03
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101779
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: J23, H25, H73, R58
Keywords: entry, exit, relocation, tax incentive
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-06
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Yoonsoo Lee
Title: The Importance of Reallocations in Cyclical Productivity and Returns to Scale: Evidence from Plant-Level Data
Abstract: This paper provides new evidence that estimates based on aggregate data will understate the true procyclicality of total factor productivity. I examine plant-level data and show that some industries experience countercyclical reallocations of output shares among firms at different points in the business cycle, so that during recessions, less productive firms produce less of the total output, but during expansions they produce more. These reallocations cause overall productivity to rise during recessions, and do not reflect the actual path of productivity of a representative firm over the course of the business cycle. Such an effect (sometimes called the cleansing effect of recessions) may also bias aggregate estimates of returns to scale and help explain why decreasing returns to scale are found at the industry-level data.
Length: 28 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-03
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101778
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: D24, E32, O47
Keywords: Entry, Exit, Productivity, Returns to Scale
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-05
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: William Kerr
Author-Name: Adriana Kugler
Author-Name: David Autor
Title: Do Employment Protections Reduce Productivity? Evidence from U.S. States
Abstract: Theory predicts that mandated employment protections may reduce productivity by distorting production choices. Firms facing (non-Coasean) worker dismissal costs will curtail hiring below efficient levels and retain unproductive workers, both of which should affect productivity. These theoretical predictions have rarely been tested. We use the adoption of wrongful discharge protections by U.S. state courts over the last three decades to evaluate the link between dismissal costs and productivity. Drawing on establishment-level data from the Annual Survey of Manufacturers and the Longitudinal Business Database, our estimates suggest that wrongful discharge protections reduce employment flows and firm entry rates. Moreover, analysis of plant-level data provides evidence of capital deepening and a decline in total factor productivity following the introduction of wrongful discharge protections. This last result is potentially quite important, suggesting that mandated employment protections reduce productive efficiency as theory would suggest. However, our analysis also presents some puzzles including, most significantly, evidence of strong employment growth following adoption of dismissal protections. In light of these puzzles, we read our findings as suggestive but tentative.
Length: 48 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-03
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101777
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL: J11, J21, J31, J61
Keywords: Dismissal Costs, Employment Fluctuations, Entry and Exit, Labor Productivity, TFP, Entrepreneurship
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-04
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Bayer
Author-Name: Stephen Ross
Title: Identifying Individual and Group Effects in the Presence of Sorting: A Neighborhood Effects Application
Abstract: Researchers have long recognized that the non-random sorting of individuals into groups generates correlation between individual and group attributes that is likely to bias naive estimates of both individual and group effects. This paper proposes a non-parametric strategy for identifying these effects in a model that allows for both individual and group unobservables, applying this strategy to the estimation of neighborhood effects on labor market outcomes. The first part of this strategy is guided by a robust feature of the equilibrium in the canonical vertical sorting model of Epple and Platt (1998), that there is a monotonic relationship between neighborhood housing prices and neighborhood quality. This implies that under certain conditions a non-parametric function of neighborhood housing prices serves as a suitable control function for the neighborhood unobservable in the labor market outcome regression. This control function converts the problem to a model with one unobservable so that traditional instrumental variables solutions may be applied. In our application, we instrument for each individual.s observed neighborhood attributes with the average neighborhood attributes of a set of observationally identical individuals. The neighborhood effects model is estimated using confidential microdata from the 1990 Decennial Census for the Boston MSA. The results imply that the direct effects of geographic proximity to jobs, neighborhood poverty rates, and average neighborhood education are substantially larger than the conditional correlations identified using OLS, although the net effect of neighborhood quality on labor market outcomes remains small. These findings are robust across a wide variety of specifications and robustness checks.
Length: 45 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-01
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101776
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-03
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Judith Hellerstein
Author-Name: David Neumark
Title: Workplace Segregation in the United States: Race, Ethnicity, and Skill
Abstract: We study workplace segregation in the United States using a unique matched employer employee data set that we have created. We present measures of workplace segregation by education and language, and by race and ethnicity, and . since skill is often correlated with race and ethnicity we assess the role of education- and language-related skill differentials in generating workplace segregation by race and ethnicity. We define segregation based on the extent to which workers are more or less likely to be in workplaces with members of the same group, and we measure segregation as the observed percentage relative to maximum segregation. Our results indicate that there is considerable segregation by education and language in the workplace. Among whites, for example, observed segregation by education is 17% (of the maximum), and for Hispanics, observed segregation by language ability is 29%. Racial (blackwhite) segregation in the workplace is of a similar magnitude to education segregation (14%), and ethnic (Hispanic-white) segregation is somewhat higher (20%). Only a tiny portion (3%) of racial segregation in the workplace is driven by education differences between blacks and whites, but a substantial fraction of ethnic segregation in the workplace (32%) can be attributed to differences in language proficiency. Finally, additional evidence suggests that segregation by language likely reflects complementarity among workers speaking the same language.
Length: 52 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-01
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101773
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-02
Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Hubbard
Author-Name: Luis Garicano
Title: The Return to Knowledge Hierarchies
Abstract: Hierarchies allow individuals to leverage their knowledge through others. time. This mechanism increases productivity and amplifies the impact of skill heterogeneity on earnings inequality. To quantify this effect, we analyze the earnings and organization of U.S. lawyers and use the equilibrium model of knowledge hierarchies in Garicano and Rossi-Hansberg (2006) to assess how much lawyers, productivity and the distribution of earnings across lawyers reflects lawyers. ability to organize problem-solving hierarchically. We analyze earnings, organizational, and assignment patterns and show that they are generally consistent with the main predictions of the model. We then use these data to estimate the model. Our estimates imply that hierarchical production leads to at least a 30% increase in production in this industry, relative to a situation where lawyers within the same office do not vertically specialize. We further find that it amplifies earnings inequality, increasing the ratio between the 95th and 50th percentiles from 3.7 to 4.8. We conclude that the impact of hierarchy on productivity and earnings distributions in this industry is substantial but not dramatic, reflecting the fact that the problems lawyers face are diverse and that the solutions tend to be customized.
Length: 65 pages
Creation-Date: 2007-01
Publication-Status:
File-URL: http://webserver01.ces.census.gov/index.php/ces/1.00/cespapers?down_key=101772
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First version, 2007
Classification-JEL:
Keywords:
Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:07-01
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# Presentation: 314275
## The Current Supply of Microfinance in China 中国小额信贷的供给状况
**By Prof. Du Xiaoshan**
** ****Rural Development Institute of CASS**
**中国社会科学院农村发展研究所 杜晓山**
## History of Microfinance Development 小额信贷发展历史
- The first phase is the experimental phase (the beginning of 1994 - October 1996);NGO-MFP started the pilots for the poor.
** ****第一,试点的初期阶段(****1994****年初****~1996****年****10****月)。非政府半政府组织试行扶贫小额信贷项目。**
- The second phase is the expansion phase (October 1996-2000);Agriculture Bank started the subsidized MFP for the poor.
** ****第二,项目的扩展阶段(****1996****年****10****月****—****2000****年)。农行开展扶贫小额信贷项目。**
- The third phase began when formal rural financial institutions became involved in microfinance and the national government showed interest in the regulatory environment (2000-2005);
** ****第三,农村正规金融机构全面介入和各类项目可能进入制度化建设阶段(****2000****年****—****2005****年)。作为正规金融机构的农村信用社,在央行****—****中国人民银行的推动下,全面试行并推广小额信贷活动。**
## History of Microfinance Development 小额信贷发展历史
- The forth phase started when central regulatory departments encouraged private and overseas funds to engage in experimental activities of commercial MFIs (2005-present). MCC, VB, Credit Coop, etc.
** ****第四,中央监管部门鼓励民营和海外资本进入,试行商业性小额信贷机构活动(****2005****年至今)。小额贷款公司、村镇银行、农村资金互助社等。邮储银行成立并开展小额信贷项目。农行“返农”开展小额信贷项目。**
## Types of Microfinance Providers 供给类型
- (1) NGO MFIs
- ** ****非政府(****NGO****)公益性小额信贷组织**** **
- launched in 1993, over 100 MFIs are still operating。Group lending is the main methodology. loan funds are about 1 billion yuan.
- **始于****1993****年。目前尚有****100****多个。贷款的运作方式以小组信贷为主,贷款年利率****3-18%****不等,多采用小组联保方式运营。几乎无吸收存款、汇款等其他产品。**
** ****这类组织的贷款规模没有权威的统计,估算约有十多亿元。**
## The portfolio quality and sustainability of these MFIs vary.
它们的资产质量和可持续性好坏不等。
Three major challenges, which are legal status, source of funding and capacity building.
三大主要挑战:法律地位、资金来源、能力建设。
- **它们的资产质量和可持续性好坏不等。**
- Three major challenges, which are legal status, source of funding and capacity building.
- **三大主要挑战:法律地位、资金来源、能力建设。**
## The funding comes from donations from multilateral and bilateral international aid institutions, international NGOs and the Chinese government. Other sources include private capital, wholesale loans from banks such as the CDB, soft loans from international organizations, such as World Bank, the Grameen Trust, Grameen Foundation USA, and client investment in village banking projects.
- **NGO ****国际多边和双边援助机构和****NGO****捐赠, 机构(世行、****GT****、****GF-USA****)软贷款等。国内政府和个人捐赠,农民入股,投资。**
- The challenges are as follows: insufficient funds and no normal financing channels.
- **挑战:资金来源不足,无正常融资渠道。专业素质和管理水平低。**
## launched in 1997, Group lending,total outstanding loan less 50000 yuan per loan is 28 billion yuan covered about 11.75 million clients by June, 2004,portfolio quality of the subsidized microcredit is poor as a whole.
**launched in 1997, Group lending****,****total outstanding loan less 50000 yuan per loan is 28 billion yuan covered about 11.75 million clients by June, 2004****,****portfolio quality of the subsidized microcredit is poor as a whole.**
**The main challenges faced by this type of project are as follows: no sufficient desire for relevant organizations or staff to implement this project; and unsustainable projects.**
- **比较大规模的开展从****1997****年起,贷款的运作方式多以小组借贷式。还款方式既有分期还贷,也有整还贷款的方法。贷款无需抵押担保。多采用小组联保方式运营。平均贷款为****1000—5000****元****/****笔不等。**
** ****客户贷款的年利率为****2.21%—3%****,甚至无息费,由中央和地方政府补贴。几乎无吸收存款、汇款等其他产品。每笔****5****万元以下的贷款余额为****281****亿。客户以穷人(户主)为主。资产质量,不同的时间、地区和机构好坏不等,但总体上看是比较差的,应该说财务上不可持续。相关组织和人员开展此项目的愿望不足;缺乏相关的业务知识和管理能力,人手网点不足。**
**2****)****Subsidized Microcredit Project for Poverty Alleviation Developed by State-owned Banks like the Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) and the Agricultural Development Bank of China (ADBC)**
**农行****/****农发行(国有银行)开展的扶贫贴息小额信贷 **
## The capital sources include on-lending loans from the PBOC and savings from their own depositors. The central and local governments also offer financial funds to subsidize interest and operational expenses.
** ****资金来源:国家央行再贷款、存款、财政(中央、地方)补贴,含利息和运营经费。**
** ****挑战:不持续供给(再贷款和政府补贴)**
## 3)Farmers Microcredit Project Undertaken by RCCs
**Since 2000****;****including credit loans, group guarantee loans; and collateral-based loans. the classification of loan size is different across regions. The sizes of group guarantee loans are generally bigger than those of credit loans. There are other financial products like savings and remittances etc. **
** ****始于****2000****年。有三类产品:小额信用贷款;联保贷款;抵押担保贷款。客户对象采用评定信用等级的方式分类,确定发放对象和数额。贷款额度一般按等级分。贷款年利率按央行的规定执行,即在基准利率的****0.9—2.3****倍间,要求最好低于一般贷款利率。**
**3****)****Farmers Microcredit Project Undertaken by RCCs**
**农信社开展的农户小额信贷项目**
- Now credit loans and group guarantee loans have reached the outstanding balance of over 300 billion yuan with 70 million farm clients. The repayment rate and sustainability are very different.
- The sources of funds and challenges are same as those of Type 2.
- **其他产品可以有存款、汇款等各类银行业务。目前的农户信用贷款和联保贷款余额规模为****3****千多亿元,据说有****7****千万农户。各个信用社的贷款还贷率与可持续性差别很大。好、中、差的都有。**
** ****资金来源同上。**
## Since 2002;micro guarantee loans to laid-off workers in urban area. various repayment methods, such as lump sum and installments.
- **2002****年起央行要求在城市开展下岗工人小额担保贷款。一般说,此项目城市商业银行和担保公司协作承担。担保公司或财政担保基金承担全部或****80%****的风险。有的要求借款人找反担保人。担保机构收取****1%****的管理费。银行以基准利率放贷,由财政贴补,借贷人不支付利息或利率很低。贷款额度平均****2****万元左右,最高****10—15****万元,低的在****5****千****—****1****万元。还贷方式多样化,可整贷整还,也可整贷零还。**
**4****)****Microcredit Project Implemented by Urban Commercial Banks and Guarantee Companies**
** ****城市商业银行****+****担保公司开展的小额信贷项目**
- At present, the amount of disbursed loan reaches over ten billion yuan. There are other financial products like savings and remittances etc. The portfolio quality of this project is fair in most of cases with a non-performing loan (NPL) ratio of 10%.
- The sustainability is poor due to high-dependency on financial subsidy.
- **该项目目前的贷款余额约****100****亿,资产质量多数还可以。据说不良率在****10%****左右。**
** ****可持续性差,因为依靠财政高度补贴。**
## The capital sources include savings from their own depositors, funds from social guarantee organizations and government guarantee foundations, and financial subsidies from local governments.
- The challenges are as follows: the banks are unwilling to undertake this project in sprite of enough funds offered by the governmental agencies; and whether this project can be sustainable.
**资金来源 :银行存款,政府担保资金,地方性财政资金。**
**挑战:政府资金规模小;银行不愿意做;项目持续性问题。**
## Since 2005, a new pilot project which encourages private capital to establish credit-only microcredit companies (MCC) in five counties out of five provinces located. The average loan size is around 100,000 yuan per loan, The annual loan interest rate averages out to over 20%. In general, the portfolio quality is good. According to the financial statements, most of MCCs are likely to achieve financial sustainability because only one MCC suffered a loss at the end of 2007.
- Since 2005, a new pilot project which encourages private capital to establish credit-only microcredit companies (MCC) in five counties out of five provinces located. The average loan size is around 100,000 yuan per loan, The annual loan interest rate averages out to over 20%. In general, the portfolio quality is good. According to the financial statements, most of MCCs are likely to achieve financial sustainability because only one MCC suffered a loss at the end of 2007.
- **自****2005****年起,央行又发起由民间资本筹集建立的只贷不存的小额贷款公司试点(****MCC****)。试点在中西部****5****省的****5****个县开展,总共建立了****7****个公司。贷款多数需要抵押或担保,平均贷款额约****10****万元****/****笔,贷款年利率平均****>20%****。****MCC****无其他金融产品,也不可以吸收存款。累放共几个亿。总的说,资产质量不错。从报表上看,****7****个****MCC****多数在财务上有可持续性,到****07****年底只还有一个****MCC****亏损。**
**5****)****Credit-only Microcredit Companies**
**(PBOC Pilot Project) ****只贷不存的小额贷款公司试点**
- The challenges for MCCs are as follows: no recognized legal status;no source of funding that would allow a growth in scale.
** ****MCC****面临的挑战是:机构的合法性未被正式认可(央行或银监会至今无任何正式文件)。融资无渠道,规模扩展有困难。**
## The capital sources include funds from individual and institutional investors and entrusted fund from financial institutions, which are used as registered capital and loan capital.
** ****资金来源:地方性注册资本金、股金、委托资金。资金用途:作为资本金、负债(委托资金),来自企业资本和自然人投入。**
- The main challenge is there is no source of funds for further expansion. So can or are the MCCs willing to cooperate with formal banks for funds and be transferred into village banks as small shareholders?
** ****挑战:无融资渠道或是否转变为村镇银行?条件是与正规银行合作作为小股东。**
## 6)Village Banks (CBRC Pilot Project) 村镇银行
- The village banks can only operate within the counties or towns. In terms of loan size, only the loans lower than 100,000 yuan can be named as microcredit. According to the relevant reports, the portfolio quality of most village banks is quite good. By the end of 2007, 2 village banks had earned a profit.
- **2006****年底,银监会公布了在****6****省区开展村镇银行、贷款公司和农村资金互助社三类新金融机构试点。****2008****年这三类新金融机构试点将扩大到****31****个省,每个省可先选择一两个点进行实验。**
** ****村镇银行建于****2007****年,由发起银行控股,由它独资或与自然人、企业法人合股组建而成的股份制银行。村镇银行只在县域或乡镇范围内经营。其客户目标和操作方式及经营业务范围基本与农信社相似。从贷款的角度看,只有一部分额度低于****10****万元的,才可称为小额信贷。从看到的报道,资产质量多数不错。到****2007****年末,有****2****家村镇银行已赢利。**
**6****)****Village Banks (CBRC Pilot Project) ****村镇银行 **
- The challenges and problems are as follows: controlled by large shareholders or traditional commercial banks; large loan size; loan disbursement beyond counties; difficulty in collecting deposits, etc.
- **挑战和问题是:产品陈旧;运营成本高;结算渠道不畅;内控制度需提高;存在大股东或原银行控制;放大额;贷款违规放出县域;公信度欠缺,吸收存款难;等。**
- The capital sources include funds from investors and savings from depositors, which are used as registered capital and loan capital. Theoretically, they can mobilize funds from the financial market.
- The challenges are as follows: the capital funds are limited for most of village banks except for those engaging CDB as controlling shareholders; and shortage in sources of savings.
** ****资金来源:注册资本金(地方性);各方股金;存款;等。**
** ****资金用途:作为资本金、负债(存款)。**
** ****挑战:资金量有限 ,但国开行为大股东的,资金应没问题。一般说,现在吸储较难。**
## 7) RMCCs (CBRC Pilot Project) 农村资金互助社
- regarded as financial cooperative or shareholding cooperative, being categorized into two levels such as village level and township level. In fact, it has existed since late 1990s. The local farmers, citizens and enterprises that buy shares are both owners and clients of the funds. People can apply for either group loans or individual loans, and lending and voluntary savings are allowed to be used among the shareholders.
**自****1999****年代中后期民间就已试点,是本文****MFI****类型****1****的一种形式。自****2007****年起****CBRC****发起在****6****个省试点,可视为合作或股份合作金融。分村级和乡镇级两类。所有者和服务对象是入股的当地农户、居民和企业。用个体或小组借贷方式操作,可在入股成员内存款和借贷。**
- The challenges and problems faced by RMCCs, as well as the unregistered MFIs adopting village banking methodology, are as follows: higher operational cost after registering; no preferred policy; strict requirement for prudential regulations; poor management capacity and staff quality; high possibility of being controlled by the advantaged people
- **农村资金互助社面临的问题和挑战是:注册和正规化后,经营成本提高;无配套的优惠政策;实施不必要的审慎监管要求;难以获得融资来源(虽然政策上允许);人员素质和管理水平的提升; 内部强势人控制的可能性;内部制衡机制;组织凝聚力问题;资金有效管理和周转(操作和财务管理的健全);大规模扩展后的质量;外部监管是否有效;等。**
- The capital sources include the investment and savings from members, entrusted funds (within the same villages or towns), and donations from other organizations.
- The challenges are as follows: small scale; limited sources of funds; the banks are unwilling to offer funds; and the policy support from the government is not in place.
**资金来源于农村资金互助社成员入股的股金、存款、委托资金(限本村、乡)和外部捐赠款。**
**面临的挑战:机构规模小,资金来源有限;银行不愿融资;政府政策支持不到位。**
## 8) Microcredit Pilot Project Conducted by Postal Savings Banks邮政储蓄银行的小额信贷试点
- In May of 2007, the CBRC authorized postal savings banks to offer microcredit without collateral and experiment in 7 provinces and cities。
- **2006****年中央政府批准成立邮储银行,过去只开展邮政和储蓄业务。同年开始开展小额信贷试点工作。银监会****2007****年****5****月批准邮储银行可开展小额无抵押贷款,在陕西、河南等****7****省市开展试点,单一借款人的最高授信额度不得超过****50****万元。 **
- The loan products are classified as group guarantee loans for business households with the highest loan amount of 50,000 yuan per household, and group guarantee loans for farming households with the highest loan amount of 30,000 yuan per household. By now, this microcredit pilot project has been expanded to over ten provinces with 0.11-billion-yuan disbursed loans, and it is good operation in general, with normal repayment performance. The loan interest is about 19%.
**产品分商户联保贷款(每个商户最高贷款额暂为****5****万元)和农户联保贷款(每个农户最高贷款额暂为****3****万元)。现在小额信用贷款已扩展到在十来个省试点,放贷****1.1****亿元。运行状况总体良好,还贷正常。**
- There are other financial products as savings and remittances etc.
**其他产品可以有存款、汇款等各类银行业务。**
- The challenges are as the below: lack of business knowledge and management capacity in terms of microcredit operation; and poor staff quality and lack of talented people at all levels.
**邮政储蓄银行小额信贷业务所面临的挑战是:业务知识和管理水平欠缺,人员素质有待进一步提高和各类各层次人才急需大量充实。**
- Postal savings banks are national first-grade corporate body, and the capital funding comes from their own depositors.
- The main challenge is how to guarantee the portfolio quality of loans.
**邮储银行是全国性一级法人机构,放贷的资金来源的自身吸收的存款。此资金作为负债用于贷款。**
**面临的挑战:资金主要来自自身的存款,没有问题。如何保证贷款的资产质量是个考验。**
**The new policy of China government about MFIs.**
**中国政府关于小额信贷组织的新政策**
** ****Thank You!**
** ****谢谢!**
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# Presentation: 790743
## Trends in Utility Green Pricing Programs
**Senior Energy Analyst**
***National Renewable Energy Lab***
*[email protected]*
- Trends in Utility Green Pricing Programs
**10****th**** National Green Power Marketing **
**Conference, October 26, 2005**
**Austin, Texas**
## Availability of Green Pricing Programs
- Moderate growth in number of utilities offering programs
- Adding about 15 to 25 programs annually in recent years
- More than 600 utilities in 34 states offer green pricing programs, including many small municipals and co-ops
- 20% of utilities offer programs, compared to 15% in 2003 and 10% in 2002
- About 125 distinct programs exist
- 6 states require utilities to offer green pricing programs – these have already been met (IA, MN, MT, NM, OR, WA)
## Customer Participation
- In 2004, participants increased by 25% to 330,000
- New customers represented nearly one-third of total
- Equivalent growth rates among residential and nonresidential sectors
- In contrast, nonresidential sector grew much faster in 2003
- Shift may show a return to residential emphasis or greater competition for nonresidential customers from REC marketers
- Improvement among greater number of programs
- Top 10 programs accounted for 63% of all customers, down from 75% in 2003
- Attrition rates increased to average of 10%, compared to 7% in 2003, and 4% in 2002
- May indicate need for more emphasis on retaining customers
## Customer Participants in Utility Green Pricing Programs
***Energy Analysis Office***
- Nearly fivefold increase in number of customer participants
- from 1999 to 2004; average annual growth of nearly 40%
## Participation Rates
- Average participation rates remained steady at 1.3%
- Most successful programs showed some improvement
- Range for top 10 programs was 4% to 15% in 2004, compared to 4% to 11% in 2003, and 3% to 6% in 2002
- Average for top 10 programs was 6.3% compared to 5.5% in 2003
- Possible explanations for steady rates among all programs:
- a continued lack of awareness among customers
- lack of sustained marketing efforts in some cases
- a discrepancy between what customers report in surveys and what they actually do when presented an option
- the addition of new programs each year
## Green Pricing Sales and Revenues
- Continued trend of strong growth in sales
- 43% increase in 2004, following 44% in 2003, and 56% in 2002
- Increase due to new participants and larger purchases by nonresidential customers
- Sales still represent very small fraction of total utility sales
- On average, green power sales were 0.4% of total utility sales
- Most successful programs had sales of 3% of total utility sales
- Improvement among greater number of programs
- Top 10 utilities accounted for 71% of sales, compared to 85% in 2003
- Estimated revenues of $32 million for all programs, compared to $20 million in 2003
- Similar to past years, residential customers spent an average of $5.30/month
## Sales of Green Power Through Utility Green Pricing Programs
***Energy Analysis Office***
- Total green pricing sales of 1.8 million MWh in 2004
- Fourfold increase in sales since 2000
## Renewable Energy Supplies
- Fewer utilities own renewable energy projects used to supply programs
- 25% of utilities owned generation used for at least 50% of program supplies, down from 40% in 2003
- More utilities are purchasing RECs
- 33% purchase RECs for at least 50% of program supplies, compared to 20% in 2003
- REC purchases represented 40% of green pricing sales in 2004, up from 33% in 2003, and 11% in 2002
- About 700 MW of new renewable energy capacity was supplying green pricing programs in 2004
- Another 225 MW was planned
## New Renewable Energy Capacity Serving Green Pricing Programs (MW)
***Energy Analysis Office***
- New Renewable Energy Capacity Serving Green Pricing Programs (MW)
- Tenfold increase in capacity supplying green pricing programs since 1999.
- Wind represents about 80% of capacity.
## Pricing
- Average price premiums continued decline to 2.45¢/kWh
- The lowest premium reached dropped to 0.33¢/kWh
- 0.3 ¢/kWh to 17.6¢/kWh, with solar products accounting for high end
- Top 10 programs had premiums ranging from 0.3¢/kWh to 1¢/kWh
- IOU prices slightly higher than munis and publics
- IOU’s averaged 3.1¢/kWh compared to 2.2¢/kWh for publics and 2.0¢/kWh cooperatives
- Most utilities that reduced their premiums exempt customers from fuel charges or renegotiated power purchase contracts
- Only 7 utilities protected customers from fossil fuel costs
- Relatively few utilities (half dozen) offer lower premiums or volume discounts to nonresidential customers
## Price Premiums for Green Power through Utility Programs
***Energy Analysis Office***
- Premiums have declined at annual average rate of 8% since 2000
## Marketing and Administrative Costs
- Utilities reported that slightly more of the green pricing premium is devoted to marketing and administration
- Median of 9% spent on M&A, up from 5% in 2003
- Top performers spent median of 25% on M&A
- Nearly two-thirds of utilities report that some costs are _**not**_ borne by program participants
- Most indicate that some marketing and administrative costs are shared by all ratepayers
- Median customer acquisition cost remained at $30
- Small utilities reported lower customer acquisition costs, perhaps because all costs not included
- Top performers report median customer acquisition cost of $40
## Marketing and Administrative Costs (continued)
- Utility expenditures on marketing and administration for green power programs vary by utility size
- Utilities with more than 500,000 customers reported a wide range of marketing expenditures, with 30% spending less than $50,000 and nearly 60% spending more than $100,000
- Only four utilities, all top performers, reported spending more than $250,000 on marketing
- A number of the top performers reported spending less on administration than marketing
## Marketing Strategies Used by Utilities
***Energy Analysis Office***
| Marketing Technique | 2003 | 2004 | Top 10 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Utility newsletter | 81% | 78% | 73% |
| Events | 24% | 74% | 73% |
| Bill inserts | 83% | 74% | 73% |
| Publicity | 64% | 56% | 69% |
| Web marketing | N/a | 56% | 73% |
| Direct sales | N/a | 38% | 50% |
| Newspaper ads | 53% | 36% | 46% |
| Direct mail | 48% | 35% | 62% |
| Radio ads | 45% | 22% | 19% |
| Television ads | 22% | 15% | 31% |
| Telemarketing | 14% | 6% | 12% |
- Marketing Strategies Used by Utilities
## Additional Program Benefits Provided
***Energy Analysis Office***
| Added Value for Customer | 2003 | 2004 | Top 10 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Newsletters (program updates) | 64% | 61% | 69% |
| Plaques or recognition | 49% | 51% | 65% |
| Window decals | 56% | 49% | 73% |
| Business recognition | 51% | 49% | 65% |
| Tours to project sites | 29% | 23% | 19% |
| School programs | 25% | 19% | 15% |
| Other | 12% | 16% | 19% |
| Efficiency products | 12% | 15% | 23% |
| Discounts/promotions | 12% | 12% | 35% |
| Fuel costs exemption | 10% | 9% | 23% |
## In Summary – Another Good Year
- Continued trend of strong growth in sales, driven by new customers and larger nonresidential purchases
- Good growth in participants, with slower growth among nonresidential sector than in past
- Participation rates remained flat, although top programs showed some improvement
- Steady but moderate growth in number of new programs
- Premiums continue to decline
- New renewable capacity serving green pricing programs increasing
## But Challenges Remain...
- Customer retention may require additional attention.
- Although more programs are showing improvement, still a relatively small number of programs dominate sales and customer numbers.
- Without additional green pricing requirements, will the industry continue to grow or will it languish?
- Can more programs achieve 10% penetration rates?
- Can utilities continue to attract large nonresidential customers, with increased competition from REC marketers? Lower premiums may be needed.
- In period of high fuel prices and volatility, should more utilities be offering fuel price stability benefits?
- **What can we learn from the leading programs....**
## Thanks!
- Thank you to all of the utilities that provided information for this study!
- Full report: Bird, L. and E. Brown, 2005. *Trends in Utility Green Pricing Programs (2004), *NREL/TP-620-38800 NREL.
- http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/resources/pdfs/38800.pdf
**http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/**
## Has your green pricing program struggled with customer retention? What are the most effective strategies you have used to retain customers?
What are the key challenges to offering a stable rate renewable energy product?
What changes to your program have had most impact on improving customer participation and sales?
What are the most effective strategies for getting nonresidential customers to enroll? Is your program feeling competition from REC marketers?
What has been your most effective marketing campaign?
What are the biggest opportunities and challenges to growing your program in the coming years? Can you get to 10% customer participation?
- What are the key challenges to offering a stable rate renewable energy product?
- What changes to your program have had most impact on improving customer participation and sales?
- What are the most effective strategies for getting nonresidential customers to enroll? Is your program feeling competition from REC marketers?
- What has been your most effective marketing campaign?
- What are the biggest opportunities and challenges to growing your program in the coming years? Can you get to 10% customer participation?
## What have you learned about targeting and marketing messages? Which messages are most effective? For residential and nonresidential customers?
Do you use RECs to supply your program? Are there any downsides to that strategy? What are the benefits?
What are the most important program benefits that you provide to your green power customers? What makes your program attractive to customers?
What do you think is the biggest barrier to customers enrolling in your program?
Have you achieved reductions in customer acquisition costs? If so, what has been the key to your success?
How important is internal support within the utility (upper management) to the success of the program?
What are the most effective means to raise customer awareness of renewables? Are statewide, regional, or multi-utility campaigns necessary to raise awareness?
- Do you use RECs to supply your program? Are there any downsides to that strategy? What are the benefits?
- What are the most important program benefits that you provide to your green power customers? What makes your program attractive to customers?
- What do you think is the biggest barrier to customers enrolling in your program?
- Have you achieved reductions in customer acquisition costs? If so, what has been the key to your success?
- How important is internal support within the utility (upper management) to the success of the program?
- What are the most effective means to raise customer awareness of renewables? Are statewide, regional, or multi-utility campaigns necessary to raise awareness?
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####018001632####
WWUS81 KRNK 131643
SPSRNK
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
1143 AM EST FRI FEB 13 2009
VAZ022>024-032>035-043>047-058-059-132300-
ROANOKE-BOTETOURT-ROCKBRIDGE-PATRICK-FRANKLIN-BEDFORD-AMHERST-
HENRY-PITTSYLVANIA-CAMPBELL-APPOMATTOX-BUCKINGHAM-HALIFAX-
CHARLOTTE-
INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...ROANOKE...SALEM...FINCASTLE...
LEXINGTON...STUART...ROCKY MOUNT...BEDFORD...AMHERST...
MARTINSVILLE...DANVILLE...LYNCHBURG...APPOMATTOX...SOUTH BOSTON...
KEYSVILLE
1143 AM EST FRI FEB 13 2009
...ENHANCED FIRE THREAT THIS AFTERNOON...
THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS EXPECTED TO FALL TO NEAR 20 PERCENT THIS
AFTERNOON ALONG AND EAST OF THE BLUE RIDGE. THE GRASS...LEAVES...
AND DEAD BRUSH HAVE BECOME QUITE DRY. WINDS WILL BE SUSTAINED
AROUND 15 MPH WITH OCCASIONAL GUSTS TO AROUND 30 MPH. THE
COMBINATION OF THE DRY FUELS...LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY...AND BREEZY
CONDITIONS WILL POSE AN INCREASED FIRE THREAT THIS AFTERNOON. IF
FIRES ARE STARTED...THEY COULD SPREAD RAPIDLY. WINDS WILL DIMINISH
TOWARDS SUNSET...BUT UNTIL THEN...THE FIRE THREAT WILL REMAIN
HIGH.
FOR YOUR SAFETY AND THE SAFETY OF OTHERS...PLEASE REFRAIN FROM
BURNING THIS AFTERNOON. REPORT ANY UNCONTROLLED FIRE TO YOU LOCAL
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY. A REMINDER...BEGINNING FEBRUARY 15TH...AND
CONTINUING THROUGH APRIL 30TH...THE COMMONWEALTH'S 4 PM BURNING
LAW WILL BE IN EFFECT. THE LAW PROHIBITS BURNING BEFORE 4 PM EACH
DAY IF THE FIRE IS IN...OR WITHIN 300 FEET OF...WOODLAND...BRUSHLAND
OR FIELDS CONTAINING DRY GRASS OR OTHER FLAMMABLE MATERIALS.
$$
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# Presentation: 867034
## Beam-beam compensation with electron lenses
- Vsevolod Kamerdzhiev
- for the beam-beam compensation team
## Hardware status
- Both TELs are operational, equipped with SEFT electron guns
- In pulsed mode up to 0.7 A of peak electron current for single bunch compensation
- up to 3A dc electron current
## Ongoing development
- Electron guns with Gaussian current density distribution
- E-guns with grids
- Generation of hollow electron beams
- Marx generator (Stangenes Industries)
- HV pulse generator based on summed pulse transformer scheme (G. Saewert, EE-support)
## Gridded e-gun
- Manufacturing of the first prototype complete
- Assembly complete
- Vacuum conditioning and testing in progress
## Gridded e-gun, conditioning
## Dynamics:
**1****st**** run: Gaussian profile**
**Dynamics:**
**Z0=50 mm**
_**Note:**_
**Contour lines for all**
**plots are for final**
**stationary regime! **
**L.G.Vorobiev**
## New Geometry:
- Control electrode 1 mm shift (left)
- Anode 20 mm shift (right)
- Anode Inner radius decrease (virtual cathode prevention)
- Cathode (-10kV), control electrode (-4kV), anode (0 kV)
**83% density drop at R=0 !**
_**New Geometry:**_
**L.G.Vorobiev**
## Conclusion (e-gun simulation)
- Transition from Gaussian beam to flat, and hollow beams
- (25% drop) without any geometry changes (initial design)
- only voltage.
- Control electrode shift by 1 mm allows 50% central
- density drop.
- Anode re-positioning allows 83% central density drop.
**L.G.Vorobiev**
- See Leonid’s presentation:
- http://indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=1514
## TEL2 on P11
- TEL2 studies after shutdown
## P13 tune shift
## Studies
- EoS #5835
- position scans
- old settings were found to be good
- DTM tune measurement with TEL2 on/off
- Mid store studies #5837
- angle scans, did not find better setting
- timing on P12, P11, P13
- single bunch tune measurement with 1.7 GHz schottky
## TEL beam study plan
- Carefully measure proton tunes bunch-by-bunch using 1.7 GHz Schottky and the DTM
- Come up with an optimal compensation scheme for the “Tev after shutdown”
- Continue studies (TEL2+TEL1) in the beginning of stores and during halo removal
- Prepare the Gaussian e-gun for head-on compensation studies
## Electron Lenses for LHC
- Electron Lenses are considered as an LHC upgrade construction project (CP)
- Cost estimate and possible construction schedule (3-4 lenses) submitted
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# Presentation: 716331
## The CEOS Constellation for Land Surface Imaging G. Bryan Bailey, Co-Chair CEOS Land Surface Imaging Constellation Study Team
## CEOS is an international organization charged with coordinating international civil spaceborne missions designed to observe and study the Earth.
CEOS Membership
28 Members, most of which are space agencies.
20 Associates, which primarily are national and international organizations with interests in the use of space acquired Earth observation data.
CEOS is recognized as the major international forum for the coordination of Earth observation satellite programs and for the interaction of these programs with users of satellite data worldwide.
CEOS is the “space arm” of Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).
- CEOS Membership
- 28 Members, most of which are space agencies.
- 20 Associates, which primarily are national and international organizations with interests in the use of space acquired Earth observation data.
- CEOS is recognized as the major international forum for the coordination of Earth observation satellite programs and for the interaction of these programs with users of satellite data worldwide.
- CEOS is the “space arm” of Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).
**Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS)**
## CEOS Constellations concept is new and still evolving.
It might best be described as a new CEOS process designed -
To enhance effective planning and development of future earth observing systems by maximizing advantages of international collaboration without eroding the independence of individual agencies.
To increase the effectiveness with which international assets, including both space and ground segments, can be brought to bear on scientific problems and to meet a wide range of societal needs.
Fundamental concept is to extract clear requirements from target user communities and translate those requirements into “standards,” which can serve as guidance in the development of future systems and against which future proposed Earth observing systems can be assessed.
- It might best be described as a new CEOS process designed -
- To enhance effective planning and development of future earth observing systems by maximizing advantages of international collaboration _without eroding the independence of individual agencies._
- To increase the effectiveness with which international assets, including both space and ground segments, can be brought to bear on scientific problems and to meet a wide range of societal needs.
- Fundamental concept is to _extract clear requirements from target user communities_ and translate those requirements into “standards,” which can serve as guidance in the development of future systems and against which future proposed Earth observing systems can be assessed.
**The CEOS Constellations Concept**
## Potentially, there are many conceivable constellations.
CEOS has proposed 4 initial prototype virtual constellations.
Ocean Surface Topography
Precipitation
Atmospheric Chemistry
Land Surface Imaging
The USGS has been assigned responsibility for leading the Land Surface Imaging Constellation Study.
A Study Team with members from many international space agencies, as well as the land remote sensing user community, has been established to conduct the LSI Constellation Study.
- CEOS has proposed 4 initial prototype virtual constellations.
- Ocean Surface Topography
- Precipitation
- Atmospheric Chemistry
- Land Surface Imaging
- The USGS has been assigned responsibility for leading the Land Surface Imaging Constellation Study.
- A Study Team with members from many international space agencies, as well as the land remote sensing user community, has been established to conduct the LSI Constellation Study.
**CEOS Constellations**
## LSI Constellation Study Team Members
- CEOS Agency Members
- G. Bryan Bailey - Co-Chair (USGS)
- V. Jayaraman - Co-Chair (ISRO)
- Herve JeanJean (CNES)
- João Vianei** **(INPE)
- Michael Berger (ESA)
- Daniel DeLisle (CSA)
- Anna Medico (CONAE)
- Takeo Tadona (JAXA)
- Kevin Gallo (NOAA)
- Chris Blackerby (NASA)
- Yonghong Zhang (NRSCC)
- User Community Members
- Alan Belward (JRC)
- Brad Reed (USGS)
- Mike Abrams (JPL)
- Yasuchi Yamaguchi (Nagoya U.)
- Stuart Marsh (BGS)
- CEOS WG Members
- Steve Ungar – WGCV (NASA)
- Greg Stensaas – WGCV (USGS)
- Jean-Pierre Antikidis – WGISS (CNES)
## Fundamental Goal or Mission
“The Land Surface Imaging Constellation seeks to promote the efficient, effective, and comprehensive collection, distribution, and application of space-acquired image data of the global land surface, especially to meet societal needs of the global population, such as those addressed by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) societal benefit areas.”
Primary Objectives
Define characteristics that describe optimal capabilities (and policies) that can become guidelines (or standards) in the development and operation of future LSI systems.
Address current and near-term problems and issues facing the land remote sensing community today.
working more cooperatively in the operation of existing systems.
realize tangible benefits to society through application of LSI data.
- “The Land Surface Imaging Constellation seeks to promote the efficient, effective, and comprehensive collection, distribution, and application of space-acquired image data of the global land surface, especially to meet societal needs of the global population, such as those addressed by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) societal benefit areas.”
- Primary Objectives
- Define characteristics that describe optimal capabilities (and policies) that can become _guidelines_ (or ***standards***) in the development and operation of ***future*** LSI systems.
- Address current and near-term problems and issues facing the land remote sensing community today.
- working more cooperatively in the operation of existing systems.
- realize tangible benefits to society through application of LSI data.
**Goal and Objectives of the LSI Constellation**
## Methodology focuses on definition and conduct of a series of Constellation studies and activities.
Carried out or directed by the LSI Constellation Study Team
Result in the definition of standards for optimal future systems
Also address shorter-term problems and issues
In terms of scope, studies leading to the definition of standards for a LSI Constellation will be based on a compilation of representative user requirements and will examine at least three fundamental areas.
Space Segments
Ground Systems
Policies and Plans
- Carried out or directed by the LSI Constellation Study Team
- Result in the definition of standards for optimal future systems
- Also address shorter-term problems and issues
- In terms of scope, studies leading to the definition of standards for a LSI Constellation will be based on a compilation of representative user requirements and will examine at least three fundamental areas.
- Space Segments
- Ground Systems
- Policies and Plans
**Methodology and Scope**
## 2007 LSI Constellation studies placed heavy emphasis on mid-resolution land surface imaging systems.
Three primary goals were identified for 2007.
Establish agreement(s), among space agencies currently operating mid-resolution land surfacing imaging satellite systems, to cooperate more closely together to operate those assets as a real prototype Land Surface Imaging Constellation.
Develop preliminary standards for a mid-resolution Land Surface Imaging Constellation.
Meaningfully contribute to the production of a fundamental climate data record (FCDR).
None of the three goals were fully accomplished, but important progress was made toward achieving each of them.
- _Three primary goals_ were identified for 2007.
- Establish agreement(s), among space agencies currently operating mid-resolution land surfacing imaging satellite systems, to cooperate more closely together to operate those assets as a real prototype Land Surface Imaging Constellation.
- Develop preliminary standards for a mid-resolution Land Surface Imaging Constellation.
- Meaningfully contribute to the production of a fundamental climate data record (FCDR).
- None of the three goals were fully accomplished, but important progress was made toward achieving each of them.
**2007 Goals, Objectives, and Accomplishments**
## A “Declaration of Intent for Cooperation on Mid-Resolution Satellite Systems” in which space agencies resolve to seek ways to cooperate more fully in the operation of their existing mid-resolution land surface imaging satellite systems was signed by seven of eight agencies that operate such systems.
Three additional agreements that add specificity and detail for cooperation in specified areas were drafted and currently are under review by the agencies.
Enhanced user access to data
Data acquisition
Ground segment operations
Detailed agreements are based on user recommendations for improved cooperation, and they seek a balance between what users may desire and what space agencies realistically can accommodate.
- Three additional agreements that add specificity and detail for cooperation in specified areas were drafted and currently ***are under review by the agencies.***
- Enhanced user access to data
- Data acquisition
- Ground segment operations
- Detailed agreements are based on user recommendations for improved cooperation, and they seek a balance between what users may desire and what space agencies realistically can accommodate.
**Agreement for a *****Real***** Prototype Constellation**
## Enhanced User Access to Data
Create and maintain a common website.
Information about all currently operating LSI mid-resolution satellite systems
Characteristics of the data they collect
Links to search & order tools for those systems
Establish a clearinghouse for free data offered by operators of mid-resolution systems and work to increase amount of free data available.
Develop, and provide free access to, “bundles” of mid-resolution LSI data collected over common sites by agency systems.
Data Acquisition
Establish coordinated and complementary data acquisition strategies.
Optimized regional coverage by national systems.
Maximize global coverage
Shorten repeat cycles
Increase cloud free data over cloudy areas
- Create and maintain a common website.
- Information about all currently operating LSI mid-resolution satellite systems
- Characteristics of the data they collect
- Links to search & order tools for those systems
- Establish a clearinghouse for free data offered by operators of mid-resolution systems and work to increase amount of free data available.
- Develop, and provide free access to, “bundles” of mid-resolution LSI data collected over common sites by agency systems.
- Data Acquisition
- Establish coordinated and complementary data acquisition strategies.
- Optimized regional coverage by national systems.
- Maximize global coverage
- Shorten repeat cycles
- Increase cloud free data over cloudy areas
**User Recommendations for Increased Cooperation**
## Data Acquisition (cont.)
Develop a joint “data gap” acquisition strategy to minimize impacts on global data coverage from loss of one or more mid-resolution systems.
Jointly define a suite of environmentally sensitive sites, geohazard sites, calibration sites, and other key sites, and then develop cooperative strategies to ensure regular collection by all mid-resolution systems.
Ground Segment Operations
Cooperate in the definition of common processing parameters to provide users with data in standard formats and projections, as well as standard metadata content.
Consider development of a common orthorectified image product for all mid-resolution LSI satellite systems.
- Develop a joint “data gap” acquisition strategy to minimize impacts on global data coverage from loss of one or more mid-resolution systems.
- Jointly define a suite of environmentally sensitive sites, geohazard sites, calibration sites, and other key sites, and then develop cooperative strategies to ensure regular collection by all mid-resolution systems.
- Ground Segment Operations
- Cooperate in the definition of common processing parameters to provide users with data in standard formats and projections, as well as standard metadata content.
- Consider development of a common orthorectified image product for all mid-resolution LSI satellite systems.
**User Recommendations **(cont.)
**Constellation Standards: Mid-Resolution Systems**
- The primary objective was to define a suite of initial standards (or guidelines) that describe optimal characteristics of a mid-resolution LSI Constellation.
- Space segments
- Ground systems
- Policies and operational considerations
- Standards were developed based on the compilation of a representative cross-section of user information and technical requirements.
- Work on this goal was accomplished largely via a contract let by the USGS with Noblis, a non-profit science, technology, and strategy organization.
## From User Information Requirements to System Requirements
| | Vegetation (Cultivated) Crops, Trees, Shrubs, Aquatic-Regularly Flooded | Vegetation (Natural) Forests, Shrubs, Grassland | Infrastructure (Man-made) Urban Areas, Roads, Other Structures | Solid Earth Rocks/Soils Topography | Water Availability Waterbodies, Snow, Ice | Geo-Hazards Forest Fires, Volcanoes, Floods |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Spectral Band Coverage | Mapping/ Characterization Visible, NIR, SWIR* (IGOL 4.6.1, par. 1) | Ecosystem Function Hyperspectral (Decadal, pg 7-11) | Urban Mapping / Growth Tracking Landsat, SPOT bands, SAR (IGOL 4.8.2) | Surface Composition Hyperspectral, TIR (Decadal, pg 8-21) | Snow Amount Estimation Optical, thermal, and microwave (IGOL 4.6.1, par. 2) | Rapid Post-Burn and Agricultural Flooding Assessment Visible, Infrared, and Microwave (IGOL 4.4.1.1, par 4 and 4.6.1, par. 2) |
| Radiometric Accuracy | 3% Goal/5% Threshold (Sentinel-2, par 3.11) <5% (NLIP, pg 33) (Landsat User Survey, pg 24) | 3% Goal/5% Threshold (Sentinel-2, par 3.11) <5% (NLIP, pg 33) (Landsat User Survey, pg 24) | <5% (NLIP, pg 33) (Landsat User Survey, pg 24) | <5% (NLIP, pg 33) (Landsat User Survey, pg 24) | <5% (NLIP, pg 33) (Landsat User Survey, pg 24) | <5% (NLIP, pg 33) (Landsat User Survey, pg 24) |
| Spatial Resolution | Mapping/Monitoring Regional scale: 10m - 30m Global scale: 100m - 500m (IGOL 4.6.1, par.2) | GSE Forest Monitoring 10 meter Europe/other continents (Sentinel-2, par. 2.3) | GSE Risk/EOS Assets Mapping 5-10m (Sentinel-2, par 2,3) | Surface Composition 50-75m (Decadal, pg 8-21) | Seasonality and Intensity of Irrigation 10m - 30m (IGOL 4.9.4) | Rapid Post-Burn and Flood Assessment 10m - 30m (IGOL 4.4.1.1, par. 4) <20m (IGOL 4.4.3.5) 5-10m (Sentinel-2, par 2.3) |
| Geolocation Accuracy | <65m uncertainty (NLIP, pag 33) | <65m uncertainty (NLIP, pag 33) | <65m uncertainty (NLIP, pag 33) | <65m uncertainty (NLIP, pag 33) | <65m uncertainty (NLIP, pag 33) | <65m uncertainty (NLIP, pag 33) |
| Desired Repeat Frequency | Mapping / Monitoring / Characterization 5-10 day return period, cloud-free coverage (10m - 20m) (IGOL 4.6.6) | Ecosystem Function 30-day, or pointable to daily (Decadal, pg 7-11) | Human Settlement "Footprints" Update at or near annual increment (IGOL 4.8.1, par.1) | Surface Composition 30-day, pointable to daily (Decadal, pg 8-21) | Irrigated Area Observation Biannual ("moderate" res.) - Decadal ("fine" res.) (IGOL 4.9.1.1, par. 2) | Rapid Post-Burn Assessment Within 48 hr. of fire (IGOL 4.4.1.1, par. 4) |
## Preliminary Guidelines for Mid-Res. LSI Satellite Systems (example)
| | | Minimum | Recommended |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Spectral Band Coverage | 3 VNIR, 1 SWIR | 4 VNIR, 2 SWIR, 2 TIR
2 Atm correction |
| | Radiometric Accuracy | <15 % | <5% |
| | Spatial Resolution | 10-100m | 10 to15m |
| | Geolocation Accuracy | 500m | 50 m |
| | Geographic Coverage (swath) | Not less than 60km | 100 to 200 km |
| | Desired Global Repeat | 4 Days (Constellation) | 2 days (Constellation) |
| | Processing Level Provided | L1B | L1B-Orthorectified, L0 with Metadata, and other derived information products TBD |
| | Plans to Archive Data | 3 months at local direct downlink station | Permanently by each participating satellite provider |
| | Search/Order Method | On-Line (Internet) | Through GEO Web Portal |
| | Metadata/Formatting Stds. | KML and JPEG2000 | KML, JPEG2000, GEOTIFF, HDF, NetCDF |
| | Product Delivery Method | Internet | Internet, DVD |
| | Data Use Restrictions | Minimal, consistent with pricing policy | None, consistent with national law |
| | Distribution Policies (includes pricing) | Tiered, with some free for education and research | Free (or nearly so) to virtually all |
| | Acquisition Strategy | Bilateral agreements between satellite operators and local downlink station holders | Global, based on an international LTAP strategy with some opportunities for user data acquisition requests |
| | General | Standard product and metadata availability | Standard products, metadata, algorithms |
- Space Segment
- Ground Segment
- Data & Ops
- Policies
- Preliminary Guidelines for Mid-Res. LSI Satellite Systems (example)
## The objective of this 2007 goal was to demonstrate the value and viability of the LSI constellation by making a tangible contribution that both advances science and benefits society.
The goal for 2007 was to provide the UN FAO Forest Resource Assessment 2010 (FRA2010) with the land surface image data needed to complete this assessment, or at least to establish the interagency agreements to do so.
However, the FRA2010 Project was not able to identify holes in the primary Landsat data set, and thus exact data requirements could not be defined.
Instead, estimates of the maximum number of image cells needed were made, and an agreement drafted calling for CEOS agencies to provide FRA2010 up to 1000 such image cells free of charge.
- The goal for 2007 was to provide the UN FAO Forest Resource Assessment 2010 (FRA2010) with the land surface image _**data**_ needed to complete this assessment, or at least to establish the interagency agreements to do so.
- However, the FRA2010 Project was not able to identify holes in the primary Landsat data set, and thus exact data requirements could not be defined.
- Instead, estimates of the maximum number of image cells needed were made, and an agreement drafted calling for CEOS agencies to provide FRA2010 up to 1000 such image cells free of charge.
**Data for a *****Fundamental Climate Data Record***
## LSI Constellation – Next Steps and Challenges
- Key Planned Activities
- Hold Study Team meeting in February.
- Assess 2007 accomplishments and shortcomings
- Engage in longer-term strategic planning
- Develop 2008 Work Plan
- Continue to work on unfinished tasks from 2007 Work Plan.
- Enhance relevancy to GEO/GEOSS goals and objectives.
- Key Challenges
- Dedicating sufficient personnel resources to accomplish the work.
- Securing agency concurrence on documents approved by Study Team.
- Fully engaging the land remote sensing user community.
- Balancing agency agendas with common goals.
- Managing expectations, such as what reasonably can be achieved and in what timeframe.
## LSI Constellation Connections to GEO
| SBA | Science and Measurements | GEO 2007-2009 Work Plan | GEOSS 2-year Targets | GEOSS 6-year Targets | GEOSS 10-year Targets |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Disaster | Fires: fuels mapping, thermal mapping, recovery monitoring
Volcanoes: deformation detection & monitoring; thermal monitoring
Floods: topography; inundation monitoring
General: pre-event conditions; post-event monitoring | DI-06-03: Integration of InSAR Technology
DI-06-07: Multi-hazard Zonation and Maps
DI-06-08: Multi-hazard Approach Definition and Progressive Implementation
DI-06-09: Use of Satellites for Risk Management
DI-06-13: Implementation of a Fire Warning System at Global Level
DI-07-01: Risk Management for Floods | Strengthen International Charter.
InSAR integration to disaster
warning & prediction systems. | CEOS-assured continuity of critical observations.
Explore Lidar/InSAR topography for low-relief & coastal zones.
More automated satellite data processing systems for rapid hazard detection (oil spill, fires). | Address unmet needs:
Significant increase in SAR (C/X/L); optimized L-band SAR for InSAR & forests; hyper-spectral for smoke & pollution plumes; passive microwave for soil moisture.
Develop methods to determine shallow bathymetry (tsunami applications). |
| Health | Infectious Disease: land cover; topography; drainage basin flows
Accidental Death & Injury: land cover; topography
Birth Defects: land cover; topography | HE-06-03: Forecast Health Hazards
HE-07-01: Strengthen Observation & Information Systems for Health
HE-07-02: Environment & Health Monitoring and Modeling
HE-07-03: Integrated Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring, Modeling & Forecasting | Define high-resolution sensors for health observations.
Improve access to historical remote sensing data for health applications.
Define observation & data requirements. | Derive wide-area health parameters from satellite.
Specifications for major new observation capabilities. | Facilitate early detection and control of environmental risks. |
| Energy | Oil & Gas Exploration, Refining & Transport Operations, Renewable Energy & Plant Siting Operations., Biomass Crop Optimization : DEMs; land use/cover; geologic maps; urban extent; subsidence maps | EN-06-04: Using New Observation Systems for Energy
EN-07-01: Management of Energy Sources
EN-07-02: Energy Environmental Impact Monitoring
EN-07-03: Energy Policy Planning | Develop strategic plan to use new generation systems.
Exchange and use of data & products. | Exchange and use of data & products.
| Implement operational observation system - reliable & timely data for energy sector.
Exchange and use of data & products.
|
| Climate | Understanding, Assessing and Predicting Climate Change: lake levels, snow cover, glaciers & ice caps, albedo, land cover, FAPAR, LAI, biomass, fire disturbance
Mitigating Climate Change: fire disturbance, albedo biomass, land cover, FAPAR | CL-06-01: Sustained Reprocessing/ Reanalysis Efforts
CL-06-02: Key Climate Data from Satellite Systems
CL-06-03: Key Terrestrial Observations for Climate
CL-06-05: GEOS IPY Contribution
CL-07-01: Seamless Weather and Climate Prediction System | Implement GCOS-IP and IGOS Theme Reports.
Emphasize importance of satellite observations for climate.
Establish strong international coordination mechanisms. | Implement GCOS-IP and IGOS Theme Reports.
Promote collaboration between observation and research organizations.
Develop and operate new instruments for essential climate variable (ECVs). | Implement GCOS-IP and IGOS Theme Reports.
Develop a long-term strategy for observation, data assimilation, and modeling. |
**LSI Constellation Connections to GEO **
## LSI Constellation Connections to GEO
| SBA | Science and Measurements | GEO 2007-2009 Work Plan | GEOSS 2-year Targets | GEOSS 6-year Targets | GEOSS 10-year Targets |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Water | Water Flux & Storage Information: evapotranspiration; lake & reservoir extent/level; snow cover, glaciers, ice cap
Radiation & Energy Budget: albedo; surface emissivity & temperature
Other Information: topography, vegetation type; land use/land change | WA-06-02: Forecast Models for Drought & Water Resource Management
WA-07-01: Global Water Quality Monitoring
WA-07-02: Satellite Water Quantity Measurements & Integration with In-situ Data | Collaborative mechanism between observations and research communities. | Collaborative mechanism between observations and research communities.
| |
| Ecosystems | Ecosystem Extent, Composition, Structure, & Function: habitat types; LAI; biomass; canopy
Human Drivers: harvest intensity; lake eutrophic zones
Disturbance: burned areas; pest & disease outbreaks; river discharge patterns | EC-06-01: Integrated Global Carbon Observation (IGCO)
EC-06-02: Ecosystem Classification
EC-06-07: Regional Networks for Ecosystems
EC-07-01: Global Ecosystem Observation & Monitoring Network | Implement IGOS Carbon observing system.
Continuity of moderate to
high-resolution EO satellites for land cover.
Study new sensors and platforms. | Global ecosystem mapping at 500m resolution.
Establish the role of satellite data in global farming systems database.
Continuity of high-resolution imagery for monitoring logging in key biologically diverse regions. | Monitoring of urban ecosystems. |
| Agriculture | Food Security: crop area; crop condition; crop yield
Timber, Fuel, & Fiber: burned area, topography, forest area
Grazing Systems: rangeland area; topography; land quality | AG-06-01: GEOSS Agriculture Strategic Plan
AG-06-02: Data Utilization in Aquaculture
AG-06-03: Forest Mapping & Monitoring
AG-07-01: Improving Measurements of Biomass
AG-07-02: Agriculture Risk Management
AG-07-03: Operational Agricultural Monitoring System | Land cover mapping of 1:1M.
Establish basis for continuity of high-resolution optical and radar satellites. | Global land cover product at 1:500,000.
| Global production capabilities: Land cover observations for 1:250,000;
Land use observations for 1:500,000.
Fully integrated observation system for on-time drought Early Warning System for food-insecure regions. |
| Biodiversity | Conservation: location and area of ecosystems
Invasive Species: vegetation type; vegetation stress; impact extent
Natural Resources: land cover; topography; vegetation stress | BI-06-03: Capturing Historical Biodiversity Data
BI-07-01: Biodiversity Observation Network
BI-07-02: Invasive Species Monitoring System | Develop observation strategies to support 2010 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) targets. | | |
## A Potential Real Prototype
**TERRA**
**LANDSAT**
**SPOT**
**ALOS**
**RESOURCESAT**
**IRS**
**CBERS**
**A Potential **_***Real***_** Prototype **
**Land Surface Imaging Constellation**
**SAC-C**
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**ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT**
**May 2007**
Streelow Creek Fish Passage
Redwood National and State Parks
Humboldt County, California
**Introduction**
The National Park Service is proposing to remove failing culverts and
replace them with a footbridge on an abandoned logging road that has
been converted to the Streelow Creek Trail used by hikers and bicyclists
in Redwood National Park. Replacing the culverts with a footbridge would
improve habitat for threatened fish species. Several other failing
drainage structures would be replaced and unstable road sections would
be removed to prevent future damage to fish habitat. This project has
been awarded a grant for \$43,950 under the California Department of
Fish and Game Fisheries (CDFG) Restoration Grant Program for restoration
of salmonid habitat in California streams.
Redwood National Park was established by Congress in 1968 to \"preserve
significant examples of the coastal redwood ... forests and the streams
and seashores with which they are associated for purposes of public
inspiration, enjoyment, and scientific study.\" The NPS was directed to
"minimize human-induced erosional threats and impacts to terrestrial and
aquatic resources within the park" that resulted from logging practices
allowed at that time. \[Public Law 90-245, Section 3(e)\]
In 1978, Congress expanded the national park by acquiring privately
owned timber lands that had already been logged and directed the NPS to
develop a watershed rehabilitation program to "minimize human-caused
sediment entering Redwood Creek and its tributaries." \[Public Law
95-250, Section 101(a)(6)\] Since 1978, the NPS has been conducting
watershed rehabilitation and restoration activities in accordance with
the legislative direction.
The 1999 Redwood National and State Parks *Final General Management
Plan/General Plan, Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact
Report* (RNSP GMP/EIS) included proposals to remove or treat abandoned
logging roads to reduce the potential for erosion at stream crossings
and from unstable road segments. The proposed action is intended to
implement the watershed restoration program described in the GMP; the
environmental assessment is tiered off the GMP/EIS.
# Purpose and Need for Action
The Streelow Creek Trail was a former logging road that was converted to
a hike/bike trail. The trail crosses the North Fork of Streelow Creek
just upstream of the confluence of the North Fork and the main stem of
the creek. Streelow Creek is a tributary of Prairie Creek, which has
some of the best remaining salmonid spawning habitat in the region.
The crossing on the North Fork of Streelow Creek is earthen fill
covering three 36-inch-diameter corrugated metal pipe culverts placed in
the original stream channel to allow the stream to flow beneath the
road. These culverts are currently above the grade of the streambed and
act as a barrier to fish passage up the North Fork of Streelow Creek.
The configuration of the inlets in relation to the stream channel has
caused ponding at the inlets and has led to aggradation of approximately
100 feet of channel upstream of the crossing. The outlets are perched 2½
feet above the downstream end of the culvert and the discharge from the
elevated outlet has scoured out the streambed. The configuration of the
culvert outlets and the elevated discharge (essentially a waterfall) are
obstacles to fish passage upstream of the culvert.
The culvert inlets are prone to plugging by woody debris and sediment
that wash into the stream from the hillslopes upstream and that are
carried down the stream channel at high stream flows. Because the area
was logged prior to becoming part of the park, logging debris upstream
and upslope can be carried into the stream and plug the culvert. A
plugged culvert can cause sediment from upstream to be deposited in the
streambed, artificially raising the level of the bed and causing
streamflow to exceed the capacity of the channel.
In addition to the culverts now above the grade of the streambed and the
inlets that are prone to plugging, the pipes have rusted. These pipes
are possibly the original pipes installed during construction of the
road and are in poor condition. Water leaks through holes in the rusted
pipes into the surrounding road fill, which saturates and weakens the
earthen fill and leads to collapse of adjacent stream banks, road fill
failure, and holes along the road surface.
A metal trash rack intended to catch debris and keep the upstream
culvert opening clear has accumulated debris that has plugged the main
channel of the North Fork of Streelow Creek a few feet upstream of the
culverts. The plugged channel has caused aggradation of approximately
500 cubic yards of sediment, causing the stream to divert around the
plugged trash rack and scour the left bank of the North Fork of Streelow
Creek.
Two additional stream crossings are located on the North Fork of
Streelow Creek approximately ½ mile upstream of the trail crossing. One
is a failing log stringer bridge across the North Fork and the second is
an earthen fill crossing of a side channel of the North Fork with a
plugged drainage structure. The type of drainage structure is unknown
because of the volume of debris plugging both the upstream and
downstream ends. It is possible that this crossing is a Humboldt
crossing because several stream crossings nearby incorporate woody
debris to create a Humboldt crossing (logs placed parallel to the
original stream channel and filled with sediment to create a level road
bed).
The potential for failure of drainage structures and roads increases as
the culverts continue to deteriorate and the channels fill with debris.
In a large storm, the crossings would not be able to convey the volume
of water and would act as dams, saturating the fill and increasing the
likelihood of failure. Failure of any of the three stream crossings is
likely to lead to failure of the adjacent road prisms, causing sediment
to be delivered into both Streelow Creek and Prairie Creek and damaging
aquatic habitat.
Complete failure of the North Fork crossing on the trail would destroy
portions of the Streelow Creek Trail. As the crossing gradually
deteriorates, holes and slumps on the trail surface are growing larger
and the uneven surface creates hazards on the trail for both hikers and
bicyclists.
The NPS proposes to replace the damaged undersized culverts at the trail
crossing on the North Fork of Streelow Creek with a footbridge to
improve fish passage for three species of salmonids listed as threatened
and to improve visitor safety on the Streelow Creek Trail. The NPS would
also remove the log stringer bridge and the earth-fill stream crossing
to prevent eventual failure, which would cause further damage to fish
habitat on the North Fork of Streelow Creek.
The purpose of this project is to remove culverts and a failing log
bridge to improve habitat for threatened fish species. This project is
needed to prevent additional damage to fish habitat from sediment
associated with failure of these drainage structures and stream
crossings. One set of culverts would be replaced with a footbridge to
ensure that the Streelow Creek Trail continues to provide a safe and
enjoyable experience for hikers and bicyclists.
**Background**
Redwood National Park was established by Congress in 1968 to \"preserve
significant examples of the coastal redwood ... forests and the streams
and seashores with which they are associated for purposes of public
inspiration, enjoyment, and scientific study.\" (Public Law 90-545)
In 1978, Congress expanded the national park, in part \"to establish a
more meaningful Redwood National Park for the use and enjoyment of
visitors.\" (Public Law 95-250) (see Figure 1: RNSP Location Map)
The expanded park area included approximately 50,000 acres that had been
privately owned timber lands. A road network had been constructed to
provide access to timber cutting areas and to haul the cut logs on
trucks to a mill. The expansion area included many miles of roads that
were abandoned when the timber companies vacated the land.
The old logging roads now in the park were constructed and maintained at
a lower standard than the current California Forest Practice Rules
require. In particular, drainage structures such as ditches and culverts
were not designed to modern standards intended to protect streams and
watersheds.
Stream crossings are places where roads cross streams or drainage
channels. Stream crossings are composed of road fill and a drainage
structure, although many smaller crossings in timber harvest areas were
built with no drainage structure at all. When streamflow exceeds the
capacity of the channel and drainage structure, the stream overtops the
fill and erodes it, causing failure of the road fill. Road failures also
occur when the fill becomes saturated which causes slumps and holes in
the roadbed. When crossings fail, either a significant proportion of the
road fill placed in the stream valley and the accumulated sediment will
erode, or the stream will divert out of its original channel and run
down the road or hillslopes, creating gullies or initiating landslides.
The majority of sediment eroded from failed roads and stream crossings
ends up in the stream system.
Although bridges are used to cross larger streams, they are expensive to
construct, so logging roads often used culverts to convey a stream
beneath a road and filled around the culvert with soil to create a level
roadway. Culverts channel water under a road to keep the road base and
surface dry and stable. Logging road stream crossings typically used a
zinc-plated corrugated metal pipe culvert as the drainage structure.
Zinc-plated pipes are prone to rusting as sediment, gravel, and rocks
transported through the pipe during higher flows abrade the surface of
the pipes and remove the protective zinc plating, exposing the
underlying iron and leading to rusting and corrosion. Corroded culverts
allow rainfall and runoff to leak which saturates and destabilizes road
fills.
Water flowing through a culvert can erode the stream channel at the
downstream end if the culvert is located on a steep area. With high
enough flows in soft road fill, water running from the culvert outflow
is essentially a waterfall that further erodes the soil at the
downstream culvert outlet.
Culverts do not function properly when they become plugged with debris,
when they deteriorate because of rust, or when they are crushed or bent.
In some crossings, two culverts are joined together with a metal band
that may break, causing the two culverts to separate and leak at the
separation.
The older culverts are smaller than current logging regulations require
and are too small to carry high flows. Current state Forest Practice
Rules require culverts with a 100-year-storm-event capacity to protect
the road fill and reduce road failure that deposits sediment into
streams.
Most permanent streams in RNSP are occupied by three species of
anadromous salmonid fishes that are listed as threatened under the
federal Endangered Species Act. Anadromous fish spend most of their
adult lives in the ocean and migrate from the ocean to spawn in the same
freshwater streams in which they spent the first part of their lives.
These fish require spawning gravels that are free of sediment to allow
the eggs and early life stages to obtain enough oxygen to survive.
Culverts that are too small, plugged by debris, collapsed, or placed
higher than the level of the streambed act as barriers to fish migration
and reduce the numbers of fish that are able to spawn. As old culverts
are replaced due to failure or as part of watershed restoration or
routine road maintenance, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS,
aka NOAA Fisheries) requires that NPS install culverts capable of
accommodating a 100-year storm event on its roads.
**Overview of the Project Area**
The Streelow Creek Trail is located on a logging road that was abandoned
when the area was acquired for the park (see Figure 2: Project
Location). The Arcata Redwood Company constructed the 240 Road in the
early 1960s to move logs from harvest sites to its Mill B south of
Davison Road via a major haul road that runs along Prairie Creek.
Davison Road turns west from US Highway 101 about three miles north of
Orick to Gold Bluffs Beach Road, which provides access along the coast
to Fern Canyon, one of the most visited attractions in Prairie Creek
Redwoods State Park.
In 1996, the NPS developed the Elk Meadow Trailhead on the site of the
former Arcata Redwood Company Mill B and converted the haul road along
Prairie Creek to the Davison Trail. The Davison Trail is a hike-bike
trail between Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park and the Elk Meadow
Trailhead.
As part of the trailhead and trail development project, the Streelow
Creek Trail was established on the 240 Road as a hike/bike trail to
connect the Davison Trail to Davison Road and the Coastal Trail. These
trails are very popular because they form a loop with the Ossagon and
Coastal Trails, and with portions of both the Davison Road and the
Newton B. Drury Scenic Parkway, a low speed paved road through old
growth redwood forest at Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park.
{width="6.338888888888889in" height="7.93125in"}
Figure 1. Redwood National and State Parks Location Map
{width="7.3284722222222225in"
height="3.915277777777778in"}
Map 2: Project Location. The proposed project is located along the
Streelow Creek Trail, approximately 1 mile west of the intersection of
the Streelow Creek Trail and the Davison Trail. Proposed project site is
outline by the red ellipse in the middle of the lower part of the
figure.
# Alternatives, Including the Proposed Action
Two alternatives are being considered for this project: removal of three
failing stream crossings, one of which would be replaced by a bridge on
the trail (the proposed action), and a no action alternative.
The no action alternative is required under NPS guidelines for
compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and is used
to compare the existing conditions with the proposed action. No action
means either a continuation of existing management practices or "no
project." In this case, no action (the current management action)
includes maintenance of the existing culverts and trail surface but no
removal or replacement of the two culverts or the log stringer bridge.
*Alternative 1: No Action--*Under this alternative, the NPS would
perform minimal maintenance of the existing culverts by periodically
removing debris that accumulates at the culvert inlets and wash rack.
Holes and slumps in the trail surface would be marked as trail hazards
to warn hikers and bicyclists. The log stringer bridge has never been
repaired or received any routine maintenance because of its location on
an unmaintained abandoned logging road.
*Alternative 2: Improve Fish Passage (Proposed Action, Environmentally
Preferred Alternative)--*Under this alternative, the NPS would remove
three stream crossings and unstable portions of associated road fill and
restore the stream channels to resemble their original configuration as
closely as possible. The three corrugated metal pipe culverts on the
Streelow Creek Trail stream crossing would be replaced by a footbridge.
The stream would be diverted around excavation sites if there is
sufficient flow to warrant diversion. If fish are present in the reaches
of stream that would be affected by dewatering, the protocols required
by NMFS for fish relocation and dewatering would be followed (Appendix
1).
Heavy equipment (excavator, bulldozer) would be used to excavate 4900
cubic yards of fill altogether from the three stream crossings, the
associated road segments and material that has aggraded above the lower
culverts. Of that total, 2400 cubic yards would be excavated from the
road segment adjacent to the three lower culverts that would be replaced
by the footbridge. Removal of the three culverts is estimated to require
excavation of 1000 cubic yards. An additional 1000 cubic yards of
material that has aggraded upstream of the three culverts would be
excavated. Removing the log stringer bridge and the earthen fill
crossing on the North Fork one-half mile upstream of the trail crossing
would entail the excavation of approximately 150 and 350 cubic yards of
material, respectively.
All excavated material would be moved to a stable location near the
excavation site where it would not erode into the stream and shaped to
blend in with the surrounding topography. Excavated fill placed along
the trail and finished slopes exposed during excavation would be covered
with vegetation removed during excavation or other locally obtained
mulch to reduce post-excavation erosion of newly disturbed soils.
Mulching with local native plant materials would avoid the need for
revegetation.
The metal trash rack and any culverts associated with the crossing
upstream of the trail would be removed and salvaged if possible for use
elsewhere in the park. If these structures are not salvageable, they
would be disposed off site in an approved disposal facility along with
the three damaged culverts that would be replaced with the bridge.
The three culverts on the Streelow Creek Trail would be replaced by a
footbridge delivered as a kit and assembled on site. The wooden bridge
would be 8 feet wide and 80 feet long, with laminated wooden stringers
("glulams") and pedestrian guard rails 54 inches in height.
Metal-reinforced concrete abutments would be poured on site.
Concrete bridge abutments covering approximately 18 square feet and
containing about 5 cubic yards would be constructed on each end of the
excavated crossing. The abutments would be located above the high water
mark on the North Fork of Streelow Creek. The new bridge would be hauled
in kit form along the Davison Hike-Bike Trail and the Streelow Creek
Trail on a truck and trailer. Heavy equipment and block and tackle would
be used to lay the stringers across the abutments. Bridge decking and
handrails would be constructed with hand tools.
An earthen fill stream crossing with a plugged drainage channel would be
removed by excavating road fill down to the level of the original stream
channel and the channel reshaped to resemble its original configuration.
The earthen fill crossing is estimated to contain 350 cubic yards of
material, including fill material and any woody debris that might be
part of a Humboldt crossing. If the earthen crossing contains a metal
pipe culvert or drainage structure other than woody material, the
structure would be removed and disposed offsite in an approved disposal
facility. If the crossing contains woody material, the wood would be
dispersed on the slopes after excavation to degrade and contribute to
the initial stabilization of the newly excavated slopes.
The old log stringer bridge upstream of the trail crossing is 40 feet
long and contains an estimated 150 cubic yards of material, including
the log stringers. Sediment associated with the bridge would be
excavated and placed on a stable location adjacent to the site, and the
log stringers placed on the finished slopes.
The proposed action would require excavation or disturbance of an
estimated total of 8080 square feet (0.23 acre) of soils for
construction of a pedestrian footbridge with an additional estimated
1200 square feet of disturbance associated with the excavation of the
two upstream stream crossings of North Fork of Streelow Creek.
Heavy equipment and other tools that create noise in excess of ambient
noise would be used for all work performed after September 15^th^ to
reduce adverse effects on noise-sensitive threatened bird species.
Instream channel excavation would occur after September 15^th^ and would
be completed prior to the onset of the rainy season to avoid erosion and
run-off of disturbed soils into the stream. Instream work generally must
be completed prior to October 15^th^. If work involves soil excavation
adjacent to the active stream channel after October 15^th^, work sites
would be "winterized" at the end of each work day to reduce the chance
of erosion and run-off in the event of an unexpected rain storm.
Winterizing, seasonal timing and other best management practices
(Appendix A) would be implemented to reduce short-term adverse effects
on listed salmonids from erosion. A complete list of required mitigation
measures to minimize adverse effects on listed fish species from
projects funded under the CDFG Fisheries Restoration Grant Program is
found in the CDFG California Salmonid Stream Habitat Restoration Manual,
Third Edition, Volume II with three new chapters added in 2003 and 2004
(Part IX: Fish Passage Evaluation at Stream Crossings, Part X: Upslope
Assessment and Restoration Practices, and Part XI: Riparian Habitat
Restoration) (Flosi *et al,* 1998).
The trail would be closed during equipment operations and bridge
construction. Information and trail closures related to the project
would be posted at the trailheads and visitor centers and announced
through news releases. The project is expected to require trail closure
for about four weeks. Wet soil conditions might require longer closures
for safety and resource protection.
**Environmentally Preferred Alternative**
The environmentally preferred alternative is the one that best meets the
criteria identified in Section 101 of the National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA) as outlined below.
- Fulfill the responsibilities of each generation as trustee of the
environment for succeeding generations.
- Attain the widest range of beneficial uses of the environment
without degradation, risk of health or safety, or other undesirable
and unintended consequences.
- Preserve important historic, cultural and natural aspects of our
national heritage.
- Enhance the quality of renewable resources.
The NPS has determined that Alternative 2: Improve Fish Passage (the
Proposed Action) is the environmentally preferred alternative. This
alternative would improve designated critical habitat for three species
of anadromous salmonids listed as threatened species by
- improving passage to upstream spawning areas by removing stream
crossings that completely or partially block the stream channel;
- restoring the stream channel through removal of aggraded sediment;
- reducing the threat of erosion from unstable road fill that reduces
water quality through input of fine sediment.
The Proposed Action would also improve visitor safety and enjoyment by
stabilizing the old logging road that has been converted to a hike-bike
trail. The existing trail has holes and slumps that form in the original
logging road fill due to improper drainage and unstable soils on which
the road was constructed.
The No Action alternative is not the environmentally preferred
alternative because it would not reduce the potential for eventual
failure of the culverts and the unstable road segments. The culverts,
other stream crossings, and the associated road segment would continue
to erode gradually or eventually fail massively in a storm. Sediment
would continue to be delivered into streams either slowly through
gradual erosion or from large-scale slope, culvert, and stream-crossing
failures. The sediment delivered into streams would move downstream and
further degrade the quality of spawning habitat for threatened coho and
chinook salmon and steelhead trout.
**Consultation with Other Agencies**
Removing the stream crossings, associated road segments and aggraded
material in the stream channel, and installing a pedestrian footbridge
on the trail at the North Fork of Streelow Creek would be conducted
under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) San Francisco District's
Regional General Permit No. 12 (RGP 12, Corps File No.: 27922N) in
compliance with Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. The RGP was issued
on September 9, 2004 and expires on December 1, 2009. RGP 12 covers all
projects funded by the CDFG Fisheries Restoration Grant Program for the
purpose of restoring salmonid fisheries habitat in non-tidal reaches of
rivers and streams, improving watershed conditions impacting salmonid
streams and improving the survival, growth, migration and reproduction
of native salmonids. Specific activities listed in the RGP that would
occur under the proposed action include improving fish passage at stream
crossings by replacing barrier culverts with bridges; fish passage
improvements such as the removal of obstructions such as landslides;
upslope restoration to reduce sediment delivery to streams through
activities such as road upgrading and removal of unstable sidecast and
fill materials from steep slopes; and watershed and stream bank
stability activities to reduce sediment from watershed and stream bank
erosion.
Effects on listed salmonids and their designated critical habitat from
activities authorized under RGP12 have been analyzed in NOAA Fisheries'
RGP 12 Biological Opinion, dated May 21, 2004
(151422SWR03AR8912:FRR/JTJ) in accordance with section 7 of the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16U.S.C.1521 *et
seq*.). The NOAA Fisheries RGP 12 Biological Opinion analyzed the
effects of the RGP 12 authorized activities on six populations of
threatened salmonids occupying coastal streams in northern and central
California. The NOAA Fisheries' RGP 12 Biological Opinion provides
section 7 consultation coverage for the potential effects to listed
salmonids from the North Fork of Streelow Creek fish passage improvement
project.
Three federally-listed threatened salmonids occupy the project
area----the Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast coho salmon
(*Oncorhynchus* *kisutch*), California Coastal Chinook salmon (*O.
tshawytscha*) and the Northern California steelhead (*O. mykiss*). NOAA
Fisheries determined that the location and proposed timing authorized
through the RGP would not affect the California Coastal Chinook salmon.
NOAA Fisheries also determined that the proposed RGP is not likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of the Southern Oregon/Northern
California Coast coho salmon or Northern California steelhead. NOAA
Fisheries anticipates that take of listed species as a result of
projects authorized under the RGP will be in the nature of temporary
displacement and/or reduction in feeding rates (with a possible minimal
level of mortality) and will have no long-term negative effects on the
survival and recovery of listed species.
NPS wildlife biologists have inspected the project area and determined
that no suitable habitat or designated critical habitat for spotted owl
or marbled murrelets would be affected by the proposed action. The
project would be conducted after September 15 and completed prior to
February 1, so there would no noise or disturbance effects on either
northern spotted owls or marbled murrelets. Therefore, there would be no
effects on northern spotted owls and marbled murrelets from this project
and the NPS did not consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act.
**Compliance with Floodplains and Wetlands Executive Orders**
The NPS carries out its responsibilities to manage floodplains and
wetlands in compliance with with Executive Orders 11988 "Floodplain
Management" and 11990 "Protection of Wetlands" under procedures
described in Director's Orders #77-1 Wetland Protection and #77-2
Floodplain Management and their associated implementation manuals. A
Statement of Findings (SOF) for effects to Floodplains and Wetlands will
not be prepared for this project. Actions designed specifically for the
purpose of restoring degraded natural wetland, stream, riparian, or
other aquatic habitats or ecological processes are exempt from the NPS
requirement to prepare a wetland SOF. Actions located in floodplains
that involve little physical development and do not involve overnight
occupation, including foot trails in non-high hazard areas, are exempt
from the NPS requirement to prepare a floodplain SOF. The purpose of the
proposed action is to remove structures that degrade the natural
floodplain and wetland values associated with Streelow Creek and its
tributaries, and to restore natural floodplain and wetlands functions
and values in a small area.
**Public Involvement**
This project is similar to the watershed restoration project that is
underway in the Lost Man Creek drainage although the Streelow Creek
project is on a much smaller scale. Public comment received on the
watershed restoration proposal in the 1999 GMP/EIS, the Lost Man Creek
restoration project, and other similar projects in and around the parks
and in the region directed at restoration of salmonid habitat indicates
broad public support for such projects. Therefore, no specific public
involvement was conducted for this project. The impact topics addressed
in this environmental assessment are the same for natural and cultural
resources as those addressed in the Lost Man Creek restoration project.
In addition to effects on resources, this environmental assessment
addresses effects on visitors from making improvements to an existing
trail that would be damaged by culvert and slope failure.
**Affected Environment**
*Climate and Air Quality*----The project area has a mild climate due to
its low elevation and proximity to the Pacific Ocean. The average
temperature range reported at Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park during
winter is 35-55°F and 40-75°F in summer. Mean daytime temperatures at
Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park are 47°F in January and 59°F in June.
Most precipitation falls as rain between November and April. Average
rainfall in the project area is about 60 inches annually. Snow is very
rare. High winds occur in the Prairie Creek valley during major winter
storms. Sustained wind speeds exceeding 35 mile per hours generally
cause trees and branches to fall, and result in road and trail closures
throughout the parks.
Air quality in the project area, as in all of RNSP, is excellent due to
lack of major pollutant sources from the direction of the prevailing
northwest winds across the Pacific Ocean. Primary pollutant sources are
vehicle emissions from roads and highways, dust created by vehicles
driving on dirt roads, smoke from woodstoves during cold months,
prescribed fires in the region, and wildfires. Only wildfires and
prescribed fires have the potential to reduce air quality below state or
federal air quality standards.
*Topography, Geology, and Soils*----Streelow Creek drains the east side
of Gold Bluffs, the first ridge of the Coast Range along the Pacific
Ocean. The ridgetop lies at about 640 feet above sea level. Streelow
Creek joins Prairie Creek at an elevation of 60 feet above sea level.
The project area lies in the inner gorge of the North Fork of Streelow
Creek, with relatively steep sides and unstable soils characteristic of
park streams.
The North Fork of Streelow Creek flows entirely through the Prairie
Creek Formation. Soil materials of the Prairie Creek Formation are
weakly consolidated and are highly unstable due to the low amounts of
clay and high amounts of sand, gravel, cobbles, and silts thought to
have been deposited in a river delta laid down by the Klamath River more
than two million years ago.
Downstream of the North Fork confluence with the main stem, Streelow
Creek is underlain by the Franciscan formation comprised of Mesozoic-age
(Jurassic to Cretaceous) rocks laid down on the ocean floor as deposits
of sand and mud about 150 to 100 million years ago. The Franciscan
formation underlies most of RNSP. These deposits were carried eastward
on the oceanic plate, accreted to the North American continent, and
eventually uplifted to form the Coast Range. Through time, folding and
faulting further complicated the Franciscan complex rocks. Bedrock
beneath the parks is mostly composed of sedimentary graywacke sandstone,
mudstone, metamorphic schist, and minor amounts of conglomerates and
mélange.
*Hydrology and Water Quality*----Streelow Creek is a tributary of
Prairie Creek, which is the largest tributary of Redwood Creek with a
drainage area of 40.6 square miles. The North Fork of Streelow Creek has
a drainage area of slightly more than 1 square mile and flows for 2.2
miles to its confluence with the main stem of Streelow Creek. Streelow
Creek (exclusive of its North Fork tributary) has a drainage area of
2.76 square miles and a length of 3.15 miles from its headwaters to its
confluence with Prairie Creek. At the project area, the streamflow for
Streelow Creek ranges from 1-2 cubic feet per second (cfs) at low flow
periods to an estimated 400 cfs in a 100-year flow event. The 100-year
flow event on Prairie Creek at Davison Road about 3 miles downstream of
the project site is estimated to be 16,200 cfs.
Temperature and turbidity are the two primary indicators of water
quality in park streams. There are essentially no other point-source or
non-point-source pollutants (pesticides, fertilizers, bacteria) that
affect park streams, which are mostly upstream of residential and
agricultural areas. Petrochemical runoff from roads and highways do not
cause major pollution problems. Water quality in Prairie Creek at the
confluence with Streelow Creek is very good, especially in comparison to
other park streams that have been affected by logging. Most of the
Prairie Creek watershed upstream of Streelow Creek was unlogged. As
soils stabilized and vegetation regrew (particularly overstory trees
that provide shade to cool a stream) since logging ceased in 1964, water
quality in Streelow Creek is assumed to have improved.
*Floodplains and Wetlands*--The floodplain of Streelow Creek is narrow
because of the stream gradient and narrow channel. Prior to logging and
road construction, the Streelow Creek floodplain was probably less
developed but aggradation of the stream channel from eroded sediment has
produced a wider floodplain. The Prairie Creek floodplain is seasonally
inundated by high flows on a yearly basis. The road that is now the
Streelow Creek Trail is located in the Prairie Creek floodplain. Based
on the size of the existing culverts to be removed, the road is assumed
to be subject to inundation by storms exceeding the 25-year event. If
culverts plug with debris during a storm, the road would likely be
flooded by lesser flows.
Wetlands in the project area consist of riparian zones that line both
Streelow and Prairie Creeks. The riparian zone is most extensive at the
confluence of the creeks and the downstream reaches. The narrow Streelow
Creek watershed is well-drained because of its gradient, precluding the
development of extensive riparian zones and wetlands. Red alder and
skunk cabbage in the riparian zones are the primary obligate wetland
plants in the project area.
*Vegetation*----The entire Streelow Creek watershed was logged between
1954 and 1964. The Prairie Creek corridor in the project area was also
logged but occasional old growth redwood trees remain along what is now
the trail. The original vegetation was redwood forest, which includes
coast redwood, Douglas-fir, and Sitka spruce as the dominant tree
species.
Following clear-cut logging, the forest regrew without forest management
practices typically employed in industrial timberlands (slash removal,
re-seeding, thinning.) The project area exhibits some multi-layered
canopy development, with understory vegetation and higher plant species
diversity than other unmanaged second growth redwood forest in the
parks.
The current vegetation away from the creeks is a dense stand of second
growth redwood, Douglas-fir, and Sitka spruce. The largest redwoods are
about 24 inches in diameter. Red alder have regrown along the riparian
zones. The understory vegetation consists of huckleberry, salal, ferns,
and other species typically found in second-growth forests in regrown
clear-cuts. The most common invasive exotic plants along the Streelow
Creek trail are foxglove and Himalaya berry, with some pampas grass in
areas with sufficient sunlight, but the project area itself is too
overgrown and shady for these unwanted plants.
*Fish and Wildlife*---- Sensitive or threatened fish that occupy
Streelow Creek are described below under *Sensitive, Threatened and
Endangered Species*. Other fish identified or reported in Streelow Creek
include resident rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*), prickly sculpin
(*Cottus asper*), coastrange sculpin (*Cottus aleuticus*), riffle
sculpin (*Cottus gulosus* Girard), threespine stickleback (*Gasterosteus
aculeatus*), and Pacific lamprey (*Lampetra tridentata*).
The project area is inhabited by amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
typically found in well-established second-growth redwood forest and
riparian zones in the parks. Pacific giant salamander larvae
(*Dicamptodon ensatus*) have been observed in the Streelow Creek and
probably occur throughout perennial streams in the watershed. Adult
Pacific giant salamanders have been observed on roads or under logs and
bark. The project area is also inhabited by northern red-legged frogs
(*Rana aurora)* and tailed frogs (*Ascaphus truei*). Larger mammals that
have been seen in the vicinity of the project area include black bears,
cougars, bobcats, Roosevelt elk, and blacktail deer.
*Sensitive, Threatened and Endangered Species*----Botanical surveys of
the project area were conducted under contracts issued by CDFG. No rare
or sensitive plants were discovered in the project area.
No suitable habitat or designated critical habitat for spotted owl or
marbled murrelets would be affected by the proposed action. The project
would be conducted after September 15 and completed prior to February 1,
so there would no noise or disturbance effects on either northern
spotted owls or marbled murrelets.
Four species of anadromous salmon and trout occupy the stream in the
project area. Anadromous fish spend most of their life cycle in the
ocean and return to freshwater to spawn. Anadromous salmonids identified
in Streelow Creek include steelhead (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*), coastal
cutthroat trout (*O. clarki*), coho salmon (*O. kisutch*), and Chinook
salmon (*O. tshawytscha*). Most spawning and rearing occurs along the
main stem of Streelow Creek.
Coastal cutthroat trout are native to northwestern California,
inhabiting most coastal streams north of the Eel River. Adult anadromous
cutthroat return to freshwater in late autumn and early winter and spawn
in small streams between February and May. Cutthroat trout are often
found in the summer in the Redwood Creek estuary. Anadromous coastal
cutthroat trout occupy the project area are anadromous but this species
is not currently listed or proposed, or a candidate species for listing,
as threatened or endangered. RNSP fisheries staff suspects that a few
resident, non-migratory populations of cutthroat trout inhabit Streelow
Creek. The project area also is inhabited by resident rainbow trout (*O.
mykiss*), the non-anadromous form of steelhead trout.
Streelow Creek contains designated critical habitat for Southern
Oregon/Northern California Coast coho salmon, Coastal California Chinook
salmon and Northern California steelhead. All three species are listed
as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act. Coho salmon are
listed as threatened by the State of California. Reaches of streams
accessible to coho and Chinook salmon in RNSP are designated critical
habitat. Critical habitat consists of the water, substrate and adjacent
riparian zones. Accessible reaches are those within their historical
range that can still be occupied by any life stage of salmon. The three
fish species and critical habitat would be adversely affected if excess
sediment were delivered into Streelow Creek.
*Cultural Resources*----RNSP contain a significant set of cultural
resources including archeological sites, historic structures, cultural
landscapes, ethnographic properties and objects.
*Archeological Resource*s*--*Archeological sites, the majority of which
are prehistoric, are recorded throughout the parks, along the coast,
inland and especially in the Bald Hills of the Redwood Creek basin.
These sites range from temporary and seasonal camps to trail use sites
to villages and sacred places, representing a 4,500-year continuous
record of habitation extending until after Euroamerican contact at about
1850 by at least three different Native American groups and their
ancestors. Fish, game, and acorns were particularly significant foods
for the local Native Americans. In addition to villages of wooden plank
houses and sweathouses, there were also numerous temporary summer camps
and specialized use areas throughout the region. An extensive trade and
travel network also existed. Today, the Tolowa, the Yurok, and the Hupa
have ancestral ties to the parks. At the time of contact with
Euroamericans, the Yurok lived along the coast and the Chilula along
Redwood Creek. The Chilula, whose territory included parklands in the
Redwood Creek basin, were almost decimated after contact; most of those
who remained were assimilated by the Hupa to the east of the parks.
The Streelow Creek project area lies within the ancestral lands of the
Yurok people. No prehistoric archeological sites are known within the
project area.
Historic archeological resources in RNSP consist of remains of
Euroamerican settlement and activities from the late 1800s. Evidence of
historic settlements, ranching, logging, mining, and recreation are all
types of resources that can be found. Logging was the primary historic
activity that occurred in the Prairie Creek watershed. No historic
archeological sites are known within the project area. However a log
stringer bridge was recorded and documented and is described below in
the Historic Resources Section.
*Ethnographic Properties*----The project area contains plant resources
traditionally important to the Yurok including alder, hazel,
huckleberry, iris, maidenhair fern, redwood, salmonberry, sword fern,
thimbleberry, wild ginger, and *Woodwardia* fern. No national
register-eligible gathering areas or specific resources were identified.
*Historic Resources*----The following historic resources summary was
derived from Burns (2006). Most of the northern part of the state of
California was not populated by Euroamerican settlers as early or as
quickly as other parts of the state south of San Francisco. The densely
timbered tracts of land bordering the bay and extending like a "great
belt" into the interior were a hindrance to early settlement by
Euro-Americans. With the exception of a Russian colony at Fort Ross
(Sonoma County, 200 hundred miles south of RNSP) established in 1812,
exploration and occupancy of the densely forested northern California
did not begin on a major scale until gold was discovered there in the
early 1850s. The Union Gold Bluffs mine was established at Major Creek
in what is now RNSP after gold was discovered there in 1850.
The dense forests of northern California provided the timber needed by
the rush of settlers arriving to stake out a claim. Mills sprang up and
large-scale logging was soon underway resulting in the diminishing of
the once immense stands of coastal redwood forest by the end of the
1800s.
Initially the only way of transporting lumber was by custom-built
schooners adept at carrying lumber through the steep and rocky coastal
terrain of the west coast. Transportation became less difficult with the
organization of the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad Company in
1869. The railroad became the fastest way to transport logs to mills and
timber harvesting rapidly became the largest industry in this region. In
the absence of motorized heavy equipment, land was cleared to construct
railroads and highways through the redwood forest by blasting with
explosives, which was also an efficient means of clearing stumps,
grading and excavating through rock masses. By the mid 1890s, the
northwest lumber industry had been infused with new industrial machinery
that exponentially increased production and drove down market prices.
The capitalization of the lumber industry caused smaller, local-run
mills to be consumed by larger corporations as early as 1910.
The demand for lumber across the U.S. was leading to the rapid depletion
of the ancient forests. Preservation of the dwindling redwood forests
along the coast and the giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada became a
concern as early as the 1860s. Save-the-Redwoods League, founded in
1918, succeeded in preserving intact stands of North Coast redwood
groves that became the nuclei of Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del
Norte Coast Redwoods State Park, and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park.
Logging continued in the redwoods most of which had become privately
owned by the 1890s. With the onset of WWII, the subsequent economic boom
of the 1950s and the use of gasoline powered chain saws and heavy trucks
and bulldozers, logging peaked so that by the 1960s nearly 90 percent of
the original redwood forests had been logged. In 1968, Redwood National
Park was established to secure some of the last stands of North Coast
redwoods. In 1978, the national park was expanded; the majority of the
expansion lands had already been logged. The project area was part of
the 1978 expansion.
A 1960s era log stringer bridge was identified and recorded in the
project area. This type of structure is common in Humboldt County and is
common to the northwest coast of California timber operations. The
bridge is estimated to have been constructed in the 1960s during the
time logging operations are known to have occurred in Streelow Creek.
The bridge is not yet 50 years old and therefore does not meet
eligibility criteria for the National Register of Historic Places.
*Visitor Use and Experience*----Streelow Creek Trail is a 2-mile-long
hike-bike trail that connects the Davison Trail to Davison Road. Davison
Road is a narrow, winding gravel road that runs about 4 miles from U.S.
Highway 101 to Gold Bluffs Beach; it is closed to trailers. Gold Bluffs
Beach Road is a gravel road that runs about 3.75 miles along the base of
the ocean bluffs to Fern Canyon, one of the major visitor attractions in
northern Humboldt County.
Bicyclists on the Streelow Creek Trail can ride along Davison Road to
Gold Bluffs Beach Road. It is possible by riding or walking a bike
across the sandy beach to reach Ossagon Trail, an unpaved trail which
climbs the steep bluffs and descends down to the Newton B. Drury Scenic
Parkway. By riding along the parkway towards Elk Prairie, a cyclist can
pick up the Davison Trail at the south end of the parkway and make a
loop back to Streelow Creek Trail. Cyclists generally do not use the
Ossagon Trail as part of a loop because the trail descends onto a broad
sandy beach on which riding a bike is very difficult. Trailheads at Elk
Meadow south of Davison Road, at the Elk Prairie Visitor Center in
Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, and along the parkway provide access
for hikers.
The parkway and Ossagon Trail pass through old growth redwood forest.
Davison and Streelow Creek trails traverse riparian zones through
advanced second growth forests with occasional remaining old growth
trees.
**Environmental Consequences**
This section describes the anticipated affects of the alternatives on
natural and cultural resources, and park operations and visitors, and is
followed by a discussion of the NPS legal and policy requirements for
non-impairment of park resources and values.
*Methodology for Assessing Impacts*----Impacts to resources were
assessed using several methods, including best professional judgment and
knowledge of the effects of similar actions undertaken by the NPS in
RNSP and other NPS units. Impacts to vegetation, wildlife, threatened
and endangered species and cultural resources were assessed through site
visits and discussions among RNSP botanists, biologists and the
archeologist. Impacts on threatened and endangered species were assessed
in consultation with US Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA Fisheries
personnel and review of the biological opinions issued by these
agencies. Impacts on water quality, hydrology and geomorphology were
determined through inspection of the project area and on-site analyses
by RNSP watershed restoration geologists.
General impact analyses on fish and aquatic habitat from removal of
migration barriers and associated watershed restoration are based on the
impacts described in the NOAA Fisheries RGP 12 Biological Opinion for
projects funded under CDFG Fisheries Restoration Grant Program.
Some of the short-term effects of culvert removal and restoration of
associated logging road segments such as erosion and vegetation removal
are considered to be adverse. However, these effects are unavoidable in
order to remove potential threats to water quality, stream and riparian
functions, and threatened fish species from the existing culverts and
road segment. The short-term adverse effects on the stream system can be
readily mitigated through accepted best management practices such as
erosion control and timing of the project. The potential long-term
adverse effects from not removing failing drainage structures or road
segments would be longer-lasting and more intense than the short-term
effects. These long-term adverse effects are considered unacceptable,
particularly in the context of the legislation establishing and
expanding Redwood National Park that directs the NPS to rehabilitate
areas within the park "contributing significant sedimentation because of
past logging disturbances and road conditions, and to the extent
feasible, to reduce the risk of damage to streamside areas...." (16 USC
79j)
*Effects on Air Quality*--Under the no action alternative, there would
be no effects on air quality from periodic removal of debris to clear
blocked culverts. Under the proposed action, there would be temporary
localized decreases in air quality from emissions on heavy equipment
working at the site and from dust during excavation. These effects would
be adverse but negligible.
*Cumulative Effects*----Cumulative effects on air quality in the parks
result from dust from soil disturbance and emissions from vehicles and
power tools associated with maintenance of park roads and trails, second
growth management, fire management including preparation of roads and
firelines and smoke from prescribed fires and wildfire suppression,
timber harvest on adjacent lands, vehicle emissions from public roads
and highways, and smoke from wood stoves in adjacent communities.
Adverse effects from smoke from prescribed fire and wildfires would have
the greatest potential for moderate adverse effects but smoke is
temporary for the duration of the fire. These effects are adverse,
localized to widespread, temporary but repeated, and negligible to
moderate. No long-term cumulative adverse effects on air quality or air
quality related values in the parks are anticipated for the foreseeable
future because the regional prevailing winds are from the northwest
across the Pacific Ocean where there are no sources of air pollution.
The cumulative effects on air quality under either alternative would be
negligible, because the primary sources of air pollution in the project
area are vehicle emissions on highways and smoke from fires, and state
air quality standards in the project area are rarely violated by either
source.
*Effects on Soils and Topography*----Under the no action alternative,
there would be no new changes to topography of the project area, which
was altered by previous road-building associated with logging. The no
action alternative would not have any project-related construction
effects to soils in the project area, all of which was previously
disturbed by logging and road building. The road fill and soils adjacent
to the stream crossings would continue to gradually erode in rain
storms. The erosion rate would increase as the culverts, stream
crossings and road fill degrade. Eventually, the culverts and stream
crossings would fail completely, causing erosion of an estimated 2500
cubic yards of road fill that could be delivered directly into the North
Fork of Streelow Creek.
Catastrophic failure of stream crossings and adjacent road segments
could also lead to stream bank failures as the stream channels adjust to
an influx of eroded sediment. Bank failures are a common source of slope
failures in steep inner gorges such as that along a portion of the North
Fork of Streelow Creek.
Gradual erosion at stream crossings under the no action alternative
would be a long-term adverse effect on soils adjacent to the road
corridor; this adverse effect would range from negligible in years of
low rainfall to moderate in wet years or intense storms. Catastrophic or
eventual complete failure of the stream crossings would be a moderate to
severe adverse effect on soils in the project area and could result in
moderate adverse effects to local topography if slope failures result.
The proposed action would require excavation or disturbance of an
estimated total of 8080 square feet (0.23 acre) of soils for
construction of a pedestrian footbridge with an additional estimated
1200 square feet of disturbance associated with the excavation of the
two upstream stream crossings of North Fork of Streelow Creek. These
soils were previously disturbed for original road construction and
timber harvest operations.
Under the proposed action, a total of 4900 cubic yards of soils would be
excavated for removal of all three stream crossings and the road segment
associated with the trail crossing. All these soils are either road fill
or sediment that has aggraded into the stream channel. Removal of the
North Fork crossing on the Streelow Creek Trail would require excavation
of 1000 cubic yards to remove the three culverts and an additional 1000
cubic yards of aggraded material in the stream channel. Excavation of
soils to remove the portion of the road adjacent to the crossing would
disturb an additional 2400 cubic yards and 500 cubic yards would be
disturbed to excavate the upstream crossing of the North Fork side
channel (350 cubic yards) and remove the log stringer bridge (150 cubic
yards). The stream channels would be excavated to the level and shape of
the original channel, which is determined by locating the rock armoring
of the original stream bed and matching the steepness of the adjacent
slopes. The excavated road fill would be moved to stable locations as
close as possible to the work site and where it would not erode into the
stream. Newly excavated soils would be covered with mulch obtained by
grubbing vegetation from the excavation areas on the slopes and adjacent
to the stream crossings.
There would be short-term effects of the proposed action on soils and
topography from excavation of 4900 cubic yards of road fill from the
stream crossings, stream channel, and associated road segments. The
effects on soil and topography are judged to be beneficial and minor
from restoration of topography in the Streelow Creek stream channel, and
beneficial and moderate for reduction of erosional threat to Streelow
Creek and Prairie Creek posed by failing culverts and road fill. The
benefit to Streelow Creek would be greater than the benefit to Prairie
Creek because the Streelow Creek channel would be directly blocked if
the North Fork crossing fails and because Streelow Creek is smaller than
Prairie Creek so that a given volume of soil has a proportionately
greater impact on the smaller stream.
*Cumulative Effects on Soils and Topography*--Under the proposed action,
removal of stream crossings and associated road segments in the North
Fork of Streelow Creek would have no direct effect on topography and
soils in other subbasins in the Redwood Creek watershed. Topography in
the other subbasins of Redwood Creek would remain altered by presence of
logging roads. Soils would continue to erode in unstable areas along
roads in the rest of the watershed. Landslides related to the presence
of untreated roads would occasionally alter topography, particularly
after major storms.
Around 1,400 miles of forest roads and over 5,000 miles of skid trails
are estimated to have been built within the Redwood Creek basin. About
445 miles of roads and 3,000 miles of skid trails were included within
the national park boundaries. Removal of a few hundred feet of abandoned
logging road under the proposed action would have negligible short-term
or long-term benefits to the watershed as a whole, and minor benefits to
soils and topography in the project area over the long-term. There would
be negligible benefits to the main stem of Redwood Creek and Redwood
Creek estuary and minor benefits to Prairie Creek from the proposed
action. Over the very long-term, if failing roads within the park are
removed and if roads upstream and outside the park are maintained and
effective erosion control implemented prior to major storms, there would
be a major benefit to soils and topography in the Redwood Creek basin
from preventing unnaturally high levels of erosion. The long-term
benefit to the Redwood Creek estuary from reducing the influx of
sediment would be a moderate benefit to estuary functioning because the
Redwood Creek levees would continue to alter the hydrology and
functioning of the estuary.
*Effects on Water Quality, Hydrology and the Adjacent
Watershed*----Under the no action alternative, there would be no
construction-related effects on water quality from excavation to remove
the culverts or the stream crossings. The culverts and stream-crossing
would gradually degrade as these drainage structures continue to age and
deteriorate. Gradual failure would release small quantities of sediment
into the streams during storms. Major storms would cause more sediment
to enter the streams. Eventually, the culverts and stream crossing would
fail completely, which would most likely occur during a major storm.
Complete failure would release at least 2500 cubic yards of road fill
directly into the North Fork of Streelow Creek. Because the largest
crossing is at the confluence of the North Fork and the main stem of
Streelow Creek, failure of the crossing and associated road segment
would deliver sediment almost directly into Streelow Creek. This eroded
material would in turn be delivered into Prairie Creek which is located
several hundred yards downstream. Gradual delivery of small volumes of
sediment into the streams would have a long-term adverse effect on water
quality from increased turbidity and sedimentation. This long-term
chronic turbidity would be a minor adverse effect most noticeable after
rainstorms. Complete failure of the stream crossings would have a
moderate to significant adverse effect on water quality in Streelow
Creek and Prairie Creek that could persist for decades, based on effects
on other park streams where stream crossings and roads have failed
catastrophically.
Under the proposed action, there would be short-term adverse effects on
water quality from erosion of sediment from excavation of 4900 cubic
yards of road fill to remove culverts, adjacent road segments, and the
stream crossings to expose the natural channel elements and side banks.
Erosion would be reduced by working during low flow periods in
September, use of silt fences and other standard best management
practices for erosion control, by mulching of newly exposed soils, and
by completing the project prior to the onset of the rainy season. The
mitigation measures to minimize degradation of water quality would
reduce the short-term effects on water quality from increased sediment
in the stream and higher turbidity to minor.
There would be long-term beneficial effects to water quality and
hydrology from removal of failing undersized culverts and from restoring
the stream channel to its original configuration. The benefit is judged
to be minor to moderate, depending on the intensity and duration of
rainfall events. In the event of minor flooding (10 year flood events),
the benefit from removal of the stream crossings would most likely be
minor. In large flood events (25 years flood events) or intense rainfall
over a period of weeks, there would be moderate benefit from removal of
road fill that could fail and be delivered into the creek.
The footbridge that would replace the culverts on the Streelow Creek
Trail would completely span the active channel and would not constrict
most flows. Removal of the log stringer bridge upstream would completely
remove the constriction to the channel. These actions would have a
moderate long-term benefit to the hydrology of the North Fork of
Streelow Creek and a minor benefit to Streelow Creek hydrology.
The proposed action would have temporary adverse effects on water
quality from erosion of newly excavated soils, primarily in the first
rainy season as small quantities of sediment are flushed from the stream
channel. This adverse effect on water quality would be minor for
Streelow Creek and negligible for Prairie Creek. There would be an
immediate benefit to Streelow Creek hydrology from removal of undersized
stream crossings and restoration of the channel morphology. This benefit
would be minor to moderate. The benefit to the hydrology of Prairie
Creek would be indirect, long-term, and minor.
*Cumulative Effects on Hydrology and Water Quality*---- The overall
cumulative effects on hydrology and water quality in the park relate to
past logging and road building, both within what is now the national
park and upstream of current park boundaries in the Redwood Creek basin.
The effect of stream crossing removal and associated minor watershed
restoration would be a benefit to the water quality of Prairie Creek and
Redwood Creek but the benefit would be negligible because of the adverse
effects of remaining abandoned roads and numerous unrestored stream
crossings. The removal of stream crossings on the North Fork of Streelow
Creek would not improve hydrological conditions or water quality in
Redwood Creek upstream of its confluence with Prairie Creek.
Damage to forest resources and fish in the Redwood Creek watershed
coincided with both intensive timber harvest and a series of large
storms between 1955 and 1983 that were accompanied by widespread
flooding and erosion. Land use activities significantly increased
erosion above naturally high levels associated with storms. The large
number of improperly designed and maintained roads, landings and skid
trails in the Redwood Creek watershed causes increased surface erosion
and fine sediment production and delivery, and an increased potential
for stream diversions, rill and gully erosion, and road related
landslides with corresponding increased in sediment production and
delivery. Past timber harvest in what is now the park and outside the
park on unstable slopes prior to the enactment of the state Forest
Practice Rules and removal of riparian vegetation also contributed to
increased erosion and sediment production. These factors led to the
designation of Redwood Creek as a sediment-impaired stream by the EPA
under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act.
Key changes in Redwood Creek mainstem channel structure over the past 40
years include increases in the volume of stored sediment; decreases in
pool numbers and depth; increases in stream width and decreases in
stream depth; reduced recruitment of large woody debris; deposition of
high levels of fine sediments on the stream bottom; and reduced volumes
of large woody debris.
NPS researchers estimate that approximately 55% of 1400 miles of roads
in the basin are not maintained and are therefore more likely to fail
during storms than maintained roads. There are several thousand
crossings associated with these roads and it is likely that hundreds if
not thousands of crossings continue to have diversion potential.
Long-term improvement to the mainstem of Redwood Creek from reducing
sediment associated with stream crossings on the North Fork of Streelow
Creek would be negligible because of the small amount of sediment
removed under the proposed action compared to the erosion potential
remaining in the Redwood Creek watershed. A major storm would cause
erosion in unrestored areas in the Redwood Creek basin and the
contribution of the North Fork of Streelow Creek to improved conditions
in Redwood Creek would be negligible in comparison to the magnitude of
adverse effects basinwide.
*Effects on Floodplains and Wetlands----*Under the no action
alternative, the floodplain of Streelow Creek near its confluence with
Prairie Creek would continue to be altered by undersized culverts and
road fill within the stream channel. When the culverts eventually fail,
approximately 1000 cubic yards of road fill would be delivered directly
into Streelow Creek. If the road segment fails, at least 1000 additional
cubic yards would be delivered directly into Prairie Creek. This volume
of sediment would move several hundred yards downstream and be delivered
to Prairie Creek, where it would fill in the channel and cause the
floodplain to widen (aggrade). Floodwaters would move into the
floodplain on Prairie Creek, and would probably cause loss of riparian
wetland vegetation, primarily red alder. Delivery of sediment to the
Prairie Creek floodplain following catastrophic failure of stream
crossings on Streelow Creek would be a long-term adverse effect that
would vary from minor to severe, depending on the intensity of the storm
and the volume of the flood flows. A storm of sufficient intensity to
cause catastrophic failure of old roads on Streelow Creek would cause
similar effects on other tributaries of Prairie Creek, which would cause
severe damage to the floodplain through scouring and aggradation of the
stream channel and loss of riparian vegetation.
Under the proposed action, there would be temporary adverse effects to
the riparian wetlands adjacent to excavation areas from removal of about
1500 square feet of riparian vegetation, primarily red alders and
understory plants. This adverse effect would be negligible because the
riparian vegetation would recover in one to two growing seasons, and all
the riparian vegetation present is regrowth following the original
disturbance from road construction and logging. There would be an
immediate benefit to the floodplain of Streelow Creek at its confluence
with Prairie Creek and a long-term benefit to riparian wetlands along
Streelow Creek from removal of undersized drainage structures and
restoration of the original stream channel. This benefit would be
negligible in the short-term but minor to moderate in the long-term from
prevention of future catastrophic failure of the drainage structures and
road fill that could bury riparian zones and fill in the floodplain.
*Cumulative Effects on Floodplains and Riparian Wetlands*----Restoration
within the project area would have negligible short-term adverse effects
and minor long-term benefits to the floodplain of Prairie Creek. As
watershed restoration projects are completed within and outside the
parks, and new logging roads upstream of the parks are constructed and
maintained to standards in the state Forest Practice Act, there would be
a long-term moderate benefits to the floodplain of Redwood Creek.
Removal of stream crossings and associated road removal would have a
negligible benefit to the Redwood Creek floodplain, because Prairie
Creek enter the Redwood Creek floodplain at a point where the floodplain
is confined by flood control levees.
Riparian wetlands in the project area, and along Redwood Creek and some
of the more heavily logged tributaries, have been destroyed or degraded
by the original logging and road construction, and the effects of road
failures. Riparian zones along the main stem of Prairie Creek were not
as damaged as some other tributaries of Redwood Creek because the upper
portion of the watershed within Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park was
not logged, so that the riparian zone retained most natural functions
and values. The greatest benefit to riparian wetlands outside the
project area relies on the effectiveness of watershed restoration at
preventing erosion that would lead to landslides that could bury
riparian areas and vegetation with sediment.
Road removal and landform restoration drain the isolated wetlands that
form behind blocked culverts, filled stream channels, ditches with no
outflow, and slumps in road fills. These ponds and puddles serve as
breeding habitat for some amphibians, which are adversely affected by
loss of this habitat. The overall effect on the forest ecosystem is
negligible because the wetlands are not an original component of the
ecosystem and have very limited values. The adverse effect from loss of
these wetlands is negligible compared to the potential adverse effects
of loss of stream functions, including riparian wetlands, in the event
of road and stream crossing failures.
*Effects on Vegetation----*The vegetation in the project area was
previously disturbed by clear-cut logging and road building. Under both
the no action alternative and the proposed action, vegetation growing
along the trail would be occasionally trimmed and downed trees and limbs
removed to maintain an open trail corridor. No other vegetation would be
removed under the no action alternative. Therefore, the no action
alternative would have a negligible effect on vegetation in the
short-term. In the long-term, catastrophic failure of the stream
crossings would cause loss of riparian vegetation along both Streelow
and Prairie Creeks. This effect would be adverse, and minor to moderate
depending on the intensity of the storm that causes the failure.
Under the proposed action, approximately 10,000 square feet of
vegetation that has regrown following the original disturbance from road
construction and logging would be cut or grubbed for excavation of
culverts, stream crossings, and adjacent road corridor. The largest
trees that would be cut would be red alders and Douglas-fir less than 18
inches in diameter at breast height. No old growth or mature conifers
would be removed. The vegetation that would be removed is common in the
project area. Vegetation along the trail corridor is routinely cut or
trimmed to maintain an open trail corridor. Understory vegetation would
regrow within several months depending on the severity of the following
winter and would be completely regrown within a few years.
Newly disturbed soils would be covered with mulch to reduce erosion. To
avoid importing unwanted exotic plants, vegetation removed along the
roadsides during excavation would be salvaged and replaced on the
excavation sites on the slope. Revegetation would occur naturally from
the seed bank in the mulch and from the adjacent areas. Natural
revegetation occurs quickly in the moist heavily vegetated project area.
Under the proposed action, the primary impact to vegetation is the
removal of trees that have regrown following clear-cut logging in the
1960s. Roadside understory vegetation would be removed in conjunction
with the culverts being removed and slope excavation, but most of the
disturbed area is road surface that does not support vegetation or that
has been routinely cleared. Road construction and maintenance have
continuously disturbed all vegetation adjacent to the road corridor for
many years and the entire area associated with the project site has been
previously logged.
*Cumulative Effects on Vegetation*----Cumulative effects on vegetation
outside the project area include removal of vegetation along roads
slated for removal in the Lost Man Creek watershed restoration project
that was initiated in 2006 and will continue through 2010 (NPS 2006a).
Restoration on about 1700 acres of second growth forests (thinning dense
Douglas-fir and tan oak) in the Lost Man Creek drainage is proposed.
Second growth forests along streams or in old-growth buffer zones would
not be thinned. The proposed second growth management would not occur in
same areas where soils and vegetation would be disturbed by watershed
restoration. Outside the watershed and forest restoration project areas,
logged areas of the parks would continue to recover although the
recovery in some dense second growth stands that were not thinned after
replanting would require centuries to reattain characteristics and
functions associated with old growth forest. Fire in the project area
would be managed with a full suppression strategy, which will require
preparation of several ridgetop roads to ensure access for fire engines
and crews NPS 2004). Fire road preparation includes brushing, culvert
and ditch cleaning, and grading.
*Effects on Wildlife----*Under both no action and the proposed action,
there would be long-term effects on wildlife from noise and disturbance
associated with routine maintenance and use of the trail. Noise from US
Highway 101 is audible at the confluence of Streelow Creek and Prairie
Creek. Typical wildlife that occupy the area such as winter wrens,
varied thrushes, ravens, Steller's jays, blacktail deer, Roosevelt elk,
black bear, raccoon, and mountain lions are accustomed to the occasional
presence of humans on the trail; other wildlife such as small mammals
are rarely seen during daylight hours when humans are likely to using
the trail. Overall visitation and trail use is light in comparison to
other areas and consists of temporary passage along the trail. The
adverse effect on wildlife from use and maintenance of the trail is
negligible.
Under the proposed action, there would be adverse effects on sedentary
wildlife that live within or immediately adjacent to the excavation
sites from noise during construction and any soil or ground-dwelling
organisms that live within the project site would be displaced or
destroyed. The effect on wildlife species that are not tolerant of human
presence and that can move out of the area would be adverse, short-term
and negligible to minor depending on the species and its tolerance of
humans. For those individuals that are permanently displaced from their
territories or are killed by equipment, the adverse effect is long-term
or permanent and major. There is sufficient habitat in the vicinity of
the project area for persistence of all wildlife species and there would
be no long-term adverse effect on park populations of any wildlife
species. Therefore, the overall adverse effect on wildlife from
project-related excavation or bridge installation would be negligible.
The long-term effect on wildlife in the project area would be a
negligible to minor benefit from reduction of the potential for
catastrophic slope failures from unstable road fill.
*Cumulative Effects on Wildlife*----The logging that occurred in the
project area prior to park establishment and expansion had significant
adverse effects on certain terrestrial and aquatic species of wildlife.
Small terrestrial species that are less mobile were directly affected by
logging. More mobile wildlife species were indirectly affected by
widespread loss of forest habitat and damage to streams. Aquatic species
were directly affected where stream channels were blocked with Humboldt
crossings and indirectly affected by loss of shade when the forest
canopy was removed and by sedimentation of streams from landslides and
erosion from bare slopes. The adverse effects of sedimentation continued
after forest vegetation regrew. Several species that suffered major
population declines from loss of forest habitat due to logging
throughout their range were listed as threatened under the federal or
California endangered species acts.
*Effects on Sensitive, Threatened or Endangered Species----* There are
no state- or federally listed plants in the project area that would be
affected by either the no action alternative or the proposed action.
There would be no adverse effects on northern spotted owls and marbled
murrelets because there is no suitable habitat or designated critical
habitat for spotted owl or marbled murrelets would be affected by the
proposed action. The project would have no adverse effects on northern
spotted owls or marbled murrelets from noise disturbance because the
project would be conducted after September 15 and completed prior to
February 1. Heavy equipment work would create noise and disturbance
within one-quarter mile of murrelet habitat but would occur outside the
noise restriction period.
*Cumulative Effects on Threatened Birds----*Timber harvest is on-going
on private timberlands adjacent to the parks. Spotted owls and/or
marbled murrelets that nest in habitat adjacent to private timberlands
would continue to be subject to increased noise disturbance from heavy
equipment being operated on private lands, from helicopter logging that
has occurred on private lands near the ridge top in the past few years,
or from increased predation threat.
Cumulative effects on northern spotted owls would result from continued
loss of suitable habitat and from increasing competition with barred
owls, which are expanding their range and are considered to constitute
the most imminent threat to the recovery and continued survival of
northern spotted owl populations.
The total allowable incidental take authorized by the USFWS for marbled
murrelets for all park projects for consultations completed by December
2005 is 5,671 acres of habitat potentially affected by noise
disturbance. The NPS reported potential incidental take of 3,687 acres
(64% of total allowed) in 2005. Projects for which take of murrelets due
to noise disturbance was reported in 2005 were annual maintenance of
facilities, roads and trails (2,110 acres in six locations under
authorization originally obtained in 1998); Skunk Cabbage Trail use (59
acres under 1998 authorization); and Howland Hill Road repair (1,577
acres under 1999 authorization). Projects for which take was authorized
but not reported in 2005 because no actions were taken under these
authorizations are two watershed restoration projects (take originally
authorized in 1998 and 2001); helicopter use for emergency access (2001
authorization); and culvert replacement on the Mill Creek and Lost Man
Creek trails (2005 authorization). The Lost Man Creek watershed
restoration project begun in 2006 has been authorized incidental take by
the USFWS for expected adverse effects on marbled murrelets in occupied
or potentially occupied nesting habitat due to degradation of 24 acres
of suitable nesting habitat due to habitat modification; harassment on 2
acres of suitable habitat from heavy equipment operation during the
breeding season; and harm from degradation of habitat due to the
increased risk of corvid predation on 73 acres (NPS 2006b). The NPS has
requested and the USFWS has authorized incidental take for operation,
use, maintenance and construction of visitor facilities including
campgrounds, picnic areas, trails and backcountry facilities from now
through 2017 due to harm from increased corvid predation threat in
occupied nesting habitat along existing and proposed trails on 11,539
acres and harassment from noise disturbance from facility operation,
construction and maintenance on 3,763 acres of occupied nesting habitat
(NPS 2006c, USFWS 2007).
The total allowable incidental take for northern spotted owls authorized
by the USFWS for all park projects under consultations completed by
December 2005 (other than the Lost Man Creek watershed restoration
project) is 5,167 acres of habitat potentially affected by noise
disturbance. The NPS reported potential incidental take of northern
spotted owls on 775 acres (15% of total allowed) in 2005. All reported
take of spotted owls in 2005 was due to noise disturbance for annual
maintenance of facilities, roads and trails due to downed tree removal
and brushing trails. Other sites and projects for which incidental take
of marbled murrelets was reported either do not affect northern spotted
owls (helicopter use, Lost Man Creek watershed restoration under the
2001 authorization) or surveys were completed to determine that no owls
would be affected in these areas. The 2006-2010 Lost Man Creek watershed
restoration project was determined to have negligible to minor adverse
effects on spotted owls through loss or modification of suitable habitat
(NPS 2006b). Approximately 118 acres (1.3%) of the total suitable owl
habitat in the Lost Man Creek restoration project area would be removed
by road rehabilitation activities in the home ranges of the three known
owl territories that overlap the action area. An additional 82 acres of
suitable owl habitat would be removed outside the known home ranges. The
NPS has requested and the USFWS has authorized incidental take of
northern spotted owls for operation, use, maintenance and construction
of visitor facilities including campgrounds, picnic areas, trails and
backcountry facilities from now through 2017 due to harassment from
noise disturbance from facility operation, construction and maintenance
on 2,475 acres of unsurveyed nesting and roosting habitat (NPS 2006c,
USFWS 2007).
On-going projects for which consultations with the USFWS have been
completed and which have been determined that the projects may affect
but are not likely to adversely affect northern spotted owls or marbled
murrelets are management of exotic plants throughout RNSP, fire
management throughout the parks, management of Port-Orford-cedar in the
northern part of the parks, and vehicle beach access (although beach
access does have adverse effects on western snowy plovers and the NPS
has been authorized direct take of one plover annually.) The NPS has
been authorized incidental take of up to six breeding adult western
snowy plovers and their broods and 15 wintering adults annually through
2017 from harassment due to disturbance from recreational facilities on
park beaches.
Projects for which consultations with the USFWS have been completed but
the project has not been implemented include rehabilitation of Alder
Camp Road in Del Norte County, and development of visitor facilities at
Freshwater Lagoon Spit. The USFWS has concurred with the NPS
determination that these projects may affect but are not likely to
adversely affect northern spotted owls or marbled murrelets and would
not affect western snowy plovers.
Proposed projects for which consultations are underway and for which
incidental take is expected to be requested in 2007 but the amount of
take has not been determined include tree-clearing from 2005-6 winter
storms and management of second growth forests in the South Fork of Lost
Man Creek.
*Effects on Threatened Fish*
Three federally-listed threatened salmonids, the Southern
Oregon/Northern California Coast coho salmon (*Oncorhynchus* *kisutch*),
California Coastal Chinook salmon (*O. tshawytscha*) and the Northern
California steelhead (*O. mykiss*), occupy the project area. The
proposed action has the potential to affect these listed threatened fish
species and their designated critical habitat. Effects on listed
salmonids and their designated critical habitat have been analyzed in
NOAA Fisheries' RGP 12 Biological Opinion under section 7 of the
Endangered Species Act. NOAA Fisheries determined that the location and
proposed timing authorized through the RGP would not affect the
California Coastal Chinook salmon. NOAA Fisheries also determined that
the proposed RGP is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of
the Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast coho salmon or Northern
California steelhead. NOAA Fisheries anticipates that take of listed
species as a result of projects authorized under the RGP will be in the
nature of temporary displacement and/or reduction in feeding rates (with
a possible minimal level of mortality) and will have no long-term
negative effects on the survival and recovery of listed species.
Multiple fish and habitat protection measures that would be applied as
conditions of the Corps' RGP would minimize the level and effect of take
associated with the restoration project. Best management practices
typically applied to park watershed restoration and road maintenance
projects would reduce the site-specific incidental take for listed fish.
Appendix A lists some of the mitigation measures typically used for park
watershed restoration projects. A complete list of required mitigation
measures to minimize adverse effects on listed fish species from
projects funded under the CDFG Fisheries Restoration Grant Program is
found in the CDFG *California Salmonid Stream Habitat Restoration
Manual* (Flosi *et al,* 1998).
Replacing culverts on Streelow Creek would have long-term benefits to
coho and Chinook salmon and steelhead trout and to designated critical
habitat for coho and Chinook salmon. Coho salmon are also listed as
threatened by the State of California. The existing three metal pipe
culverts would be replaced with a pedestrian footbridge beneath which
fish can pass more easily. Pedestrian footbridges are not prone to
culvert failures in which holes worn from rusting and abrasion allow the
stream to flow but up which fish cannot swim. Bridges also reduce the
potential for streams to scour the streambed at the downstream end of
the culvert which creates an abrupt drop between the streambed and
culvert bottom.
Removing the culverts that are currently a fish barrier and providing
fish access to the upper basin of the North Fork of Streelow Creek would
increase the amount of available habitat for several endangered
anadromous fish species, as well as reducing the immediate threat to the
fish from erosion of sediment if the culvert fails completely.
Short-term adverse effects on listed salmonids and their habitat from
instream work and increased turbidity in the first season following
restoration activities would be minimized by application of mitigation
measures required for projects funded through the DFG Fisheries
Restoration Grant Program. The short-term adverse effects would be
negligible to minor.
The long-term effects on listed salmonids from the project to improve
fish passage, restore portions of the watershed adjacent to the spawning
streams, and reduce the threat of erosion would be beneficial and
moderate.
*Cumulative Effects on Fish*----Anadromous fish stocks throughout the
Pacific Northwest region are threatened by the cumulative impacts of
livestock use, road construction, timber harvest, stream channelization,
water diversions, hydroelectric development, overfishing, and the
influence of hatchery fish on both disease resistance and genetic
fitness of native stocks (USDC 1997a and 1997b).
Though few scientific data are available for accurate estimates of past
salmonid populations in Redwood Creek, the limited data available
indicate that the anadromous fishery of Redwood Creek has experienced a
substantial reduction during the last 30 years. Present populations of
salmonid species are well below those reported in historical accounts.
The earliest accounts circa 1890 reported Redwood Creek as having
supported a substantial salmonid fishery (Van Kirk 1994).
Degraded stream habitat is a major contributor to the decline in numbers
of salmon and trout. The combined effects of timber harvest (i.e.,
removal of forest cover and construction of logging roads) and
significant storms have deposited large amounts of sediment in Redwood
Creek and degraded habitat. Erosion and hillslope mass wasting caused
sedimentation of the mainstem that filled deep pools, and major flood
events caused significant channel adjustments including channel
widening, aggradation, and bank erosion. The resultant widened streambed
and shallow riffles provide little or no cover for fish. Sedimentation
negatively affects egg survival and fry emergence, and fish food
organisms, i.e. benthic invertebrate production. The relatively unlogged
Prairie Creek drainage in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park was
negatively affected by a large influx of fine sediment in 1989 from a
slope failure during construction of the U.S. Highway 101 Redwood Park
Bypass. Other factors contributing to and exacerbating population
declines are natural events including severe floods, extended drought
and poor ocean conditions, overfishing, and the prolonged effects of
past hatchery practices.
The Redwood Creek TMDL describes fish populations in Redwood Creek as
"much reduced" compared to historic accounts. Habitat conditions are
still degraded relative to pristine conditions but are showing signs of
improvement. Although channel deepening and pool development have been
observed in all but the lower few miles of Redwood Creek, the mainstem
generally lacks an adequate pool-riffle structure and cover. Coarse
sediment deposited in the mainstem allows a large proportion of the
summer base flow to infiltrate and flow subsurface, thereby limiting the
surface water available to fish and increasing surface water
temperatures. Spawning habitat in Redwood Creek is slowly improving as
gravels are cleaned of fine sediment. Tributary water temperatures are
generally suitable for salmonids but suboptimal along much of the
mainstem.
Other on-going and reasonably foreseeable projects for which the NPS has
prepared biological assessments and completed consultations with NMFS
for potential effects to listed fish species throughout the parks
include annual and periodic road maintenance (NMFS biological opinion
and letter of concurrence 151422SWR02AR6347, March 2003); Lost Man Creek
Watershed Restoration projects (151422SRW01AR54:BW, July 2003); fire
management (NMFS biological opinion and letter of
concurrence151422SWR04AR99149:BW, January 2005); and relocation of the
RNSP maintenance facility (NMFS biological opinion
151422SWR2003AR8948:BAD, October 2005). The maintenance facility project
will be located outside the Redwood Creek watershed and will not have
any effects on fish in the project area or in Redwood Creek but will
have short-term adverse effects on juvenile coho salmon from minor
habitat disturbance to replace undersized culverts with a larger arch
culvert that will have long-term benefits by improving fish passage to
upstream reaches of a stream.
The NPS requested incidental take for California Coastal chinook salmon,
Southern Oregon/Northern California Coasts coho salmon, and Northern
California steelhead under the NPS biological assessment prepared in
2003 for the Annual and Periodic Road Maintenance program, and the 2006
addendum. NMFS authorized an unquantified amount of take based on miles
of stream affected under a biological opinion and letter of concurrence
151422SWR02AR66347 issued in March 2003.
Future actions anticipated within the project area include road and
trail maintenance downstream of the project area, fire suppression in
case of wildfire but no planned fire management actions (fuel reduction,
prescribed fire), and management of second growth forests on less than
400 acres outside riparian and old growth areas. Of these projects,
trail and road maintenance is likely to have negligible to minor
short-term adverse effects on listed fish if culverts are replaced.
Using the guidelines for project implementation outlined in the current
and previous biological assessments and terms and conditions specified
in associated biological opinions, cumulative adverse effects to
anadromous fish or their habitat throughout the parks are expected to be
minor and short-term. Long-term benefits to listed fish are expected
from the reduction of threats associated with erosion and sedimentation
of streams resulting from failure of untreated roads and stream
crossings, and from restoration of drainage patterns and geomorphic
processes.
Based on the size, nature and duration of the 2006-2010 Lost Man Creek
watershed restoration project and other planned watershed restoration
actions in the parks, the NPS has determined that the proposed projects
may affect and are likely to adversely affect California Coastal chinook
salmon, Southern Oregon/Northern California Coasts coho salmon, and
Northern California steelhead, their habitat, and Essential Fish Habitat
(NPS 2006b). However, the short term adverse affects will be outweighed
by the long-term benefits to the species and their habitats from the
long-term reduction in sedimentation of streams in the parks.
*Methodology to Assess Effects on Cultural Resources*
Cultural Resources are defined as archeological resources, prehistoric
or historic structures, cultural landscapes, and traditional cultural
properties. These resources are called "Historic Properties" when they
are either listed in or are determined eligible for listing on the
National Register of Historic Places under §106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act (36 CFR 800, *Protection of Historic Properties*).
Criteria for determining eligibility of listing such resources on the
National Register include the following:
Potential impacts to historic properties either listed in or eligible to
be listed in the National Register of Historic Places for this project
were identified and evaluated in accordance with the Advisory Council on
Historic Preservation's regulations implementing §106 of the National
Historic Preservation Act (36 CFR 800, *Protection of Historic
Properties*): by (1) determining the area of potential effects; (2)
identifying resources present in the area of potential effects that are
National Register listed or eligible; (3) applying the criteria of
adverse effect to affected resources; and (4) considering ways to avoid,
minimize or mitigate adverse effects.
Under the Advisory Council's regulations a determination of *no historic
properties affected*, *adverse effect,* or *no adverse effect* must be
made for historic properties. A determination of *no historic properties
affected* means that either there are no historic properties present or
there are historic properties present but the undertaking will have no
effect upon them \[36 CFR 800.4(d)(1)\]. An *adverse effect* occurs
whenever an impact alters, directly or indirectly, any characteristic of
a cultural resource that qualifies it for inclusion in the National
Register, e.g. diminishing the integrity (or the extent to which a
resource retains its historic appearance) of its location, design,
setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Adverse
effects also include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the
alternatives that would occur later in time, be farther removed in
distance or be cumulative \[36 CFR 800.5(a)(1)\]. A determination of *no
adverse effect* means there is an effect, but the effect would not meet
the criteria of an adverse effect, i.e. diminish the characteristics of
the cultural resource that qualify it for inclusion in the National
Register \[36 CFR 800.5(b)\].
Thus, the criteria for characterizing the severity or intensity of
impacts to National Register listed or eligible archeological resources,
prehistoric or historic structures, cultural landscapes, and traditional
cultural properties are the §106 determinations of effect: *no historic
properties affected*, *adverse effect,* or *no adverse effect*. A §106
determination of effect is included in the conclusion section for each
analysis of impacts to National Register listed or eligible cultural
resources.
*Effects on Cultural Resources*----No adverse effects to cultural
resources are anticipated from either no action (routine maintenance,
grading and culvert replacement) or the proposed action because the work
would be confined to areas of existing disturbance from recent logging
and road construction and no significant cultural resources were
identified in the project area.
Based on field knowledge of cultural resources throughout RNSP and the
vicinity, the project area is considered to have low sensitivity for
cultural resources because it was a densely forested area prior to being
logged. The project area was systematically inventoried for cultural
resources by contractors for CDFG. No surface evidence of cultural
resources was found and it was determined that the likelihood of
affecting previously unknown cultural resources would be extremely low.
Under regulations of the National Register of Historic Places (36 CFR
800) this means that no historic properties are expected to be affected
by the proposed project.
In the unlikely event that previously undocumented prehistoric or
historic archeological resources (e.g. flaked stone, bone, shellfish,
historic bottles and cans, old wooden structures) are encountered during
project implementation, work in that area will be suspended until an
archeologist qualified under the Secretary of the Interior Standards has
evaluated the find. Resources that should be evaluated by an
archeologist could include, but are not limited to concentrations of
historic bottles and cans, wood, metal or ceramic artifacts, bone,
flaked stone artifacts, and shellfish. In that event that such resources
are encountered, the NPS would then further consult with the SHPO under
standard 36 CFR 800 regulations.
*Cumulative Effects on Cultural Resources*
The proposed action would have no cumulative affect on cultural
resources. Although cultural resources that may occur in the vicinity of
the Streelow Creek watershed may be important cultural resources, no
known significant cultural resources are located within the project
area.
In addition, the proposed action (Alternative 2) would not change the
treatment and/or management of archeological resources in Redwood
National and State Parks. Cultural resources throughout the remainder of
the Redwood National and State Parks would be unaffected.
Under the terminology of the implementing regulations of Section 106 of
the National Historic Preservation Act (36 CR 800), no adverse affect to
historic properties determined eligible for or listed on the National
Register of Historic Places is expected from either the No Action or
proposed Action.
*Effects on Visitors and Visitor Experience----*This project would
provide an opportunity to educate and inform park visitors about the
history of the national park, the effects of roads on park resources,
and current efforts to remove roads and improve fish habitat in the
parks and the region.
Under the no action alternative, there would be no direct effects on
visitors or the visitor experience. If the Streelow Creek culvert fails
catastrophically, visitors would be unable use the Streelow Creek Trail
to reach Gold Bluffs Beach and Fern Canyon, two of the most visited
places in RNSP, until repairs can be made. The length of time that
visitors are inconvenienced would depend on when the culvert fails, but
major failure during wet periods could close the trail (old road) for
substantially longer than the few hours the trail would be closed under
the proposed action. Under the proposed action, there would be
short-term adverse effects on visitor use from the trail closure until
project is complete.
Removing the present crossing and constructing a pedestrian footbridge
would improve safety and visitor experience by providing an attractive
bridge with a good walking-riding surface and handrails. The visitor
experience would also be improved by removal of the damaged metal trash
rack immediately upstream of the stream crossing.
The project would have long-term benefits to public safety and the
quality of the experience of park visitors. Both the no action and the
proposed action would have minor to moderate short-term adverse effects
on the public from construction delays outside the primary visitor
season, depending on how fast the concrete sets at the Streelow Creek
site.
**Non-Impairment of Park Resources**
The NPS is prohibited by law and policy from taking an action that will
impair park resources or values. NPS *Management Policies 2006* (NPS
2006e) require the NPS to assess and disclose whether a proposal has the
potential to impair park resources or values. This section discusses the
effects on resources under the proposed action and why those effects
would not impair park resources or values.
The impairment that is prohibited by the Organic Act (16 USC 1) and the
General Authorities Act (16 USC 1a-1) is an impact that, in the
professional judgment of the responsible NPS manager, would harm the
integrity of park resources or values, including the opportunities that
otherwise would be present for the enjoyment of those resources or
values. Whether an impact meets this definition depends on the
particular resources and values that would be affected; the severity,
duration, and timing of the impact; the direct and indirect effects of
the impact; and the cumulative effects of the impact in question and
other impacts.
An impact to any park resource or value may, but does not necessarily,
constitute an impairment. An impact would be more likely to constitute
impairment to the extent that it
- affects a resource or value whose conservation is necessary to
> fulfill specific purposes identified in the establishing
> legislation or proclamation of the park, or
- is key to the natural or cultural integrity of the park or to
> opportunities for enjoyment of the park, or
- is identified in the park's general management plan or other
> relevant NPS planning documents as being of significance.
An impact would be less likely to constitute an impairment if it is an
unavoidable result of an action necessary to preserve or restore the
integrity of park resources or values and it cannot be further
mitigated.
*Non-Impairment of* *Air Quality*----Under the no action alternative,
there would be negligible adverse effects on air quality or air-quality
related values in the park from emissions from vehicles and equipment
used for maintenance of the Streelow Creek Trail. The no action
alternative would not impair air quality or air-quality related values
in the park.
Under the proposed action, there would be short-term localized adverse
effects on air quality from dust from excavation of culverts and the
stream crossing, and from emissions from construction vehicles and
motorized equipment. These effects would be negligible and therefore the
proposed action would not impair air quality or air quality related
values of the parks.
*Non-Impairment of* *Soils and Topography*----Under the no action
alternative, soils would continue to erode from logged slopes and
abandoned roads upstream of the trail crossing. The soil resources in
the project area were previously disturbed through logging and road
construction. Road construction altered the original topography but the
alteration within the small project area does not approach the level of
impairment. However, the widespread alteration of soils and topography
from road construction and logging throughout the parks, especially
tractor logging, and the resulting road-related landslides are
considered an impairment. The no action alternative would not reduce the
overall impairment to soils and topography throughout the parks that
resulted from logging and road construction prior to park establishment
and expansion.
Under the proposed action, 4900 cubic yards of soil would be excavated
from the stream crossings, the associated road segment, and what has
aggraded into the stream upstream of the trail crossing. These soils are
road fill, or aggraded material that has washed downstream from logged
slopes and abandoned logging roads. Therefore, excavation of soils under
the proposed action would not impair or derogate park values but would
reduce the overall impairment by a negligible amount.
*Water Quality, Hydrology, Floodplains, and Wetlands*----Under the no
action alternative, there would be continued adverse effects on water
quality and hydrology of the North Fork and main stem of Streelow Creek
during and following rain events large enough to cause erosion of stream
banks that have been altered by previous logging, the associated roads
and the earthen stream crossing. Water quality and hydrology in Streelow
Creek would be impaired in the event of a catastrophic failure of any of
the stream crossings or the road, and might be impaired for many years
by a road fill failure that is less than a complete catastrophic
failure.
Under the no action alternative, there would be adverse effects to the
floodplain of Streelow Creek and the riparian wetlands associated with
the Streelow Creek crossing in the event of catastrophic failure of any
of the three stream crossings or adjacent abandoned roads. If the
culverts fail catastrophically, wetlands and the floodplain would be
adversely affected from deposition of sediment into the riparian zones
and the floodplain would be blocked when the road fill is deposited
directly into the stream channel. The capacity and orientation of the
drainage system upslope of the creek would not be improved under the no
action alternative. In periods of heavy rainfall, drainage from the road
ditch would enter the creek directly and deposit sediments washed down
the ditch, which would increase the volume of sediment delivered into
the creek.
Therefore, the no action alternative could substantially impair water
quality, hydrology, the floodplain and riparian wetlands associated with
the North Fork and the main stem of Streelow Creek in the event of a
catastrophic failure of a stream crossing or the associated road
segments.
Under the proposed action, there would be unavoidable localized
short-term adverse effects on water quality of the creek and associated
riparian wetlands from removal of the stream crossings, the associated
road segment and aggraded sediment in the stream channel. There would be
a long-term benefit to water quality, hydrology, the floodplain and
riparian wetlands from removal of stream crossings, aggraded sediment
and the associated road segment that alter the original drainage
patterns and pose an erosional threat. Therefore, the proposed action
would not impair water quality, hydrology, the floodplain and riparian
wetlands in the North Fork and the main stem of Streelow Creek and would
reduce the potential for impairment to these resources related to the
stream crossings and the associated roads.
The overall impairment to hydrology, water quality, floodplains and
riparian wetlands in heavily logged areas in the Redwood Creek basin
outside of the Prairie Creek drainage would not be reduced by the
proposed action. The overall impairment is being gradually reduced
through watershed restoration projects in the Redwood Creek basin both
within and upstream of the park, and through application of regulations
for construction and maintenance of roads associated with timber harvest
outside the park.
*Vegetation*----Under the no action alternative, there would be no
effects on vegetation. The vegetation is considered to be impaired by
clear-cut logging prior to park establishment and expansion. The no
action alternative would have no effect toward reducing the impairment
to any vegetation resources. The impairment to old growth redwood forest
can only be reduced over centuries of regrowth.
Under the proposed action, there would be adverse effects on vegetation
from removal of small numbers of small trees and understory vegetation
for removal of the stream crossings and associated road segment. The
vegetation has regrown following original disturbance from clear-cut
logging and road construction. The vegetation is common in the park and
routinely cut for annual trail and road maintenance. The alders would
re-establish within five years and the understory vegetation by the next
growing season. No large mature conifers would be removed. Therefore,
vegetation in the project area would not be impaired under the proposed
action.
*Terrestrial Wildlife and Aquatic Biota*----Under the no action
alternative, there would be no direct effects on terrestrial wildlife or
aquatic biota. Aquatic biota would suffer indirect adverse effects in
the event of catastrophic failure of any of the stream crossings or
associated road segments. In the event of catastrophic failure, aquatic
biota in the downstream reaches of the North Fork or the main stem of
Streelow Creek could be impaired if the stream channel is completely
buried with sediment. Catastrophic failure of the Streelow Creek stream
crossings would likely be associated with widespread road and stream
crossing failures throughout the parks, leading to impairment of aquatic
biota over a larger area than the lower reaches of Streelow Creek. The
no action alternative has the potential for localized impairment of
aquatic resources in Streelow Creek.
Under the proposed action, soil-dwelling organisms and small sedentary
non-threatened or endangered animals would be affected by removal of
soils and vegetation. This is an unavoidable impact but the numbers of
individual animals affected is very small in comparison to the total
populations of these animals in the parks. Individuals of larger more
mobile wildlife would move away from the work area during project work
and would move back into the area when people and equipment are not
working at night and when the project is done. None of the affected
animals are considered sensitive by any agency. Therefore, the proposed
action would not impair wildlife resources.
*Sensitive, Threatened and Endangered Species*----Under the no action
alternative, there would be no direct effects on sensitive, threatened
or endangered plants or terrestrial animals. The no action alternative
has the potential for adverse effects on listed anadromous fish and
their designated critical habitat. Under the no action alternative,
designated critical habitat for the fish would continue to be adversely
affected by the stream crossings that block free movement upstream of
the crossings because the crossings constrict the stream channel. In the
event of failure of the stream crossings or the associated road
segments, there could be direct adverse effects on fish should failure
occur when fish are spawning or during early life stages that require
clean water for successful growth and development. Any fish, redds,
eggs, or early life stages that are present in the stream in the event
of stream crossing failure would be destroyed, which would be considered
an impairment of the fish resources of the North Fork of Streelow Creek
or the main stem below the North Fork crossing. Catastrophic failure of
the Streelow Creek stream crossings would likely be associated with
widespread road and stream crossing failures throughout the parks,
leading to impairment of designated critical habitat over a larger area
than the lower reaches of Streelow Creek. Depending on the timing of a
storm large enough to cause catastrophic failure of the stream
crossings, there could be direct effects on fish that might be present
in the stream. The no action alternative has the potential for localized
impairment of listed threatened fish resources and designated critical
habitat and associated impairment of listed threatened fish and
designated critical habitat in other streams in the park.
Under the proposed action, there would be no direct adverse impacts on
adult fish during construction because the work would be accomplished
when adult fish are not present. Should juvenile fish be observed in the
stream when work is planned, standard best management practices outlined
in the NOAA Fisheries Biological Opinion for RGP 12 as excerpted from
the CDFG *California Salmonid Stream Habitat Restoration Manual* would
be used to capture and move juveniles out of the immediate work area.
Excavation of sediment from the stream channel and excavation to remove
the culverts and log stringer bridge would directly affect designated
critical habitat in the short-term by increasing turbidity from
mobilization of sediment but would have a long-term benefit from
restoration of the stream channels to their original configuration and
removal of the erosional threat posed by the stream crossings, the
associated road segments and the aggraded fine sediments that reduce the
depth of the stream and cover spawning gravels. Standard erosion control
methods and best management practices would be used to minimize erosion
of soils outside the stream channel and thus minimize deposition of
excess sediment into Streelow Creek after the work is completed. For the
first rainy season following stream restoration, there would be adverse
effects on fish from increased sediment (reduced water quality) that
washes out of the newly excavated stream channel as it adjusts to its
original level and configuration. The overall benefit to fish from
restoration of the stream channel to allow passage for adult fish to
upstream spawning habitat, from reduction of the erosional threat posed
by the stream crossings and associated road segment, and from the
removal of 1000 cubic yards of aggraded sediment within designated
critical habitat has been determined by NOAA Fisheries and CDFG to
outweigh the short-term adverse effects of excavation within the stream
channel. Therefore, the proposed action would not constitute an
impairment to the fish themselves or to designated critical habitat for
listed fish species, and would reduce the level of impairment to
critical habitat that has led to the listing of the fish as threatened
species.
*Cultural Resources*----There are no significant cultural resources in
the project area. Therefore, cultural resources would not be impaired.
# Coordination and Consultation
*Preparers*
Karin Anderson, Cultural Resources Branch Chief, RNSP, Orick, CA
Baker Holden III, Fisheries Biologist, RNSP, Orick, CA
Aida Parkinson, Environmental Specialist, RNSP, Orick, CA
## RNSP Staff Consulted
Keith Bensen, Wildlife Biologist, Orick, CA
Dick Mayle, Roads and Trails Foreman, Requa, CA
Mike Sanders, Geologist, RNSP (project leader), Orick, CA
Kristin Schmidt, Acting Supervisory Fish and Wildlife Ecologist, RNSP,
Orick, CA
**References**
Burns, J. 2006. A Cultural Resources Investigation of the Streelow Creek
Fish Passage Project, Located in Humboldt County, California. California
Department of Fish and Game Project #122-R-1. Prepared for Javier
Gloria, California Department of Fish and Game, Yountville, California
by Cultural Resource Facility, Center for Indian Community Development,
Humboldt State University, Arcata, Ca.
Flosi, G., S. Downis, J. Hopelain, M. Bird, R. Coey, and B. Collins.
1998. California Salmonid Stream Restoration Manual. Third Edition. Plus
Part IX: Fish Passage Evaluation at Stream Crossings (April 2003), Part
X: Upslope Assessment and Restoration Practices (April 2006), and Part
XI: Riparian Habitat Restoration (May 2004). Inland Fisheries Division.
California Department of Fish and Game. Sacramento, CA.
McConnell, R. B., and J. P. Eidsness. 2000. Report on Ethnographic
Inventory/Contemporary concerns for Lost Man and Little Lost Man Creek
Watershed Restoration Project. Copy available from park archives in
Orick, CA.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2004. Fire
Management Plan Environmental Assessment. Redwood National and State
Parks. Copy available at park office in Orick, CA.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2005. Finding of
No Significant Impact. Fire Management Plan Environmental Assessment.
Redwood National and State Parks. Copy available at park office in
Orick, CA.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006a. Lost Man
Creek Erosion Control and Disturbed Land Restoration Plan Environmental
Assessment. Copy available at park office in Orick, CA.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006b. A
Biological Assessment of Impacts to Terrestrial Threatened and
Endangered Species from Lost Man Creek Erosion Control and Disturbed
Land Restoration Plan in Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP). On
file at park office in Orick, CA.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006c. A
Biological Assessment of Impacts to Terrestrial and Non-Anadromous
Aquatic Threatened, Endangered and Candidate Species from the Trail and
Backcountry Management Plan in Redwood National and State Parks. On file
at park office in Orick, CA.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006d. A
Biological Assessment of Impacts to Aquatic Threatened Species from Lost
Man Creek Erosion Control and Disturbed Land Restoration Plan in Redwood
National and State Parks (RNSP). On file at park office in Orick, CA.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006e Management
Policies 2006. 180 pp. Available on the internet at www.nps.gov/policy,
accessed May 7, 2007.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006f. Finding
of No Significant Impact. Lost Man Creek Erosion Control and Disturbed
Land Restoration Plan Environmental Assessment. Copy available at park
office in Orick, CA.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 1997. Endangered and
threatened species; threatened status for the southern Oregon/northern
California coast evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) coho salmon;
final rule. Fed. Reg. 62(117):33038-33039.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 1998. Biological Opinion
and Conference Opinion. Watershed Restoration Program: Routine and
Non-Routine Road Maintenance in Redwood National and State Parks. Copy
available at park office in Orick, CA.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 1999a. Designated critical
habitat; central California coast and southern Oregon/northern
California coasts coho salmon; final rule and correction. Fed. Reg.
64(86):24049-24062.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 1999b. Endangered and
threatened species; threatened status for two chinook salmon
evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) in California. Fed. Reg.
64(179):50394-50415.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 2000. Endangered and
Threatened Species: Threatened Status for One Steelhead Evolutionarily
Significant Unit (ESU) in California; Final Rule. Fed. Reg. 65(110):
36074-36094.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. Biological Opinion.
United States Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District, Regional
General Permit for California Department of Fish and Game *California
Salmonid Stream Habitat Restoration Manual*. File No.
151422SWR03AR8912:FRR/JTJ. May 21, 2004. Copy available at park office
in Orick, CA.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 2006. Endangered and
Threatened Species: Final Listing Determination for 10 Distinct
Population Segments of West Coast Steelhead; Final Rule. Fed. Reg.
71(3):834-862.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 2001. Water Drafting
Specifications. National Marine Fish\[eries\] Service Southwest Region.
August 2001. http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/hcd/WaterDrafting-02.htm, accessed
March 22, 2007.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2007.
Formal Consultation on the Trail and Backcountry Management Plan,
Redwood National and State Parks, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties,
California. Memo on file at park office in Orick, CA.
Van Kirk, S. 1994. Historical information on Redwood Creek. Unpub. Rep.
on file at Redwood National and State Parks, Arcata, CA.
**Appendix 1- Protocol for Fish Relocation and Dewatering**
The following steps shall be followed in the listed order for
coordinating timing of fish relocation and dewatering during stream
crossing removal within the known range of anadromous salmonids and/or
coastal cutthroat (NMFS 2001).
a\) When there is stream flow:
i. Fish exclusion fencing shall be installed on the upstream edge of
the work area, far enough from the construction area so as not to be
disturbed by the construction activities.
ii. A first attempt to capture fish stranded in the construction area
upstream of the crossing shall be made using seine nets and dip
nets, where possible, and, if necessary, electrofishing.
iii. Install fish exclusion fencing downstream of the crossing, far
enough downstream from the construction area so as not to be
disturbed by the construction activities.
iv. A first attempt to capture fish, stranded downstream of the
construction area, shall be made using seine nets and dip nets,
where possible, and, if necessary, electrofishing.
v. After all of the fish found have been relocated, install a water
diversion structure several feet downstream of the upstream
exclusion fence. Divert stream flow to the downstream end of the
culvert, ensuring stream flow through the lower pool while the upper
pool is dewatered.
vi. If necessary, begin dewatering the pool above the culvert. Siphon
water off the top of the pool to keep the water in the pool as cool
as possible and prevent sucking sediment off the bottom. The water
shall be pumped out of the channel and prevented from flowing back
into the channel. As the pool is lowered, fish shall continuously be
removed using seine nets and dip nets when possible before
electrofishing.
vii. After all of the fish found have been removed from the upstream
construction area, the diversion shall be extended to just upstream
of the lower fish exclusion fence, ensuring continuous stream flow
downstream of the construction area. The lower pool shall be
dewatered while continuously removing the stranded fish using seine
nets and dip nets when possible before electrofishing.
viii. Another attempt shall be made to capture any stranded fish the
following morning.
b\) If there is standing water but no stream flow, at the time of
construction:
i. Make the first attempt to remove fish both upstream and downstream
of crossing using seine nets and dip nets before electrofishing.
ii. If necessary, begin dewatering pools above and below the crossing.
Siphon water off the top of the pool to keep the water in the pool
as cool as possible and to prevent stirring up sediment from the
bottom. The water shall be pumped out of the channel and prevented
from flowing back into the channel. As the pool is lowered, fish
shall continuously be removed using seine nets and dip nets when
possible before electrofishing.
c\) For all dewatering, place pumps in flat areas well away from the
stream channel. Secure pumps by tying off to a tree or stake in place to
prevent movement by vibration. Refuel in an area outside of the active
channel and place fuel absorbent mats under the pump while refueling.
Pump intakes shall be covered with 2.38 mm (3/32 inch) mesh screen.
Water drafting from fish-bearing streams will be conducted only within
sites approved by a Park fishery biologist, and shall be done in
accordance with NOAA Fisheries's *Water Drafting Specfications* (NMFS
2001).
d\) The following procedures will be used for fish capture and
relocation:
i. Prior to capturing fish, determine the most appropriate release
location. Suitable areas shall be identified based on quality of
habitat, risk of predation, stranding, and water quality using the
following order of preference:
1. In the same stream, upstream of the work area
2. In the same stream, downstream of the work area
3. In an adjacent but similar tributary
4. In the mainstem stream
ii. Perform initial fish relocation efforts *3-5* days prior to the
start of construction. This provides the qualified fisheries
biologist an opportunity to return to the work area and perform
additional electrofishing passes prior to construction. A second
attempt, the morning following the initial endeavor, shall be made
to capture any stranded fish.
iii. Exclude fish from re-entering work area by blocking the stream
channel above and below the work area with fine-meshed net or
screens. Mesh should be no greater than 1/8". It is vital to
completely secure bottom edge of the net or screen to channel bed
to prevent fish form re-entering work area. Exclusion fencing
should be placed in areas of low water velocity to minimize
impingement of fish. Screens should be checked periodically and
cleaned of debris to permit free flow of water.
iv. Periodically measure air and stream temperatures. Cease activities
when water temperatures exceed 68 degrees Fahrenheit.
v. Minimize handling of salmonids. When handling is necessary, always
wet hands or nets prior to touching fish. Periodically measure air
and stream temperatures. Cease activities when water temperatures
exceed 68 degrees Fahrenheit.
vi. Place captured fish in cool, shaded, aerated, dark colored container
filled with cool, clear water. Provide aeration with a battery
powered external bubbler. Protect fish from jostling and noise and
do not remove fish from this container until time of release.
Release fish when the container reaches capacity or within one and a
half hours after capture.
vii. Place a thermometer in the holding container, and periodically
conduct partial water exchanges, if water temperature gets too warm
or there is more than an hour of delay between when the holding
container was brought to maximum capacity and the time of release.
viii. Avoid overcrowding in containers. Have at least two containers and
segregate young of the year fish from larger age classes to avoid
predation. Densities shall not exceed *5* fish per gallon of water
in each container. If found, place large amphibians, such as
Pacific Giant salamanders, in the container with the larger fish.
ix. Cease capture, and release listed salmonids when containers are
filled to capacity.
x. Visually identify species and estimate year classes of listed
salmonids at time of release. Do not anesthetize or measure listed
salmonids.
xi. If mortality during relocation exceeds *5%* of fish captured, stop
efforts and immediately contact NOAA Fisheries.
> **Appendix 2--Best Management Practices to Minimize Project Effects on
> Fish**
The following best management practices (BMPs) were developed for the
Lost Man Creek watershed restoration project which began in 2006 and is
expected to continue through 2010 (NPS 2006a, NPS 2006d.) These BMPs are
implemented for all NPS projects that have the potential to affect
listed salmonid species or their habitat within the park.
Riparian cover on fish-bearing streams and where non-fish bearing
streams lead immediately into fish-bearing waters will be protected
wherever reasonably feasible, balancing quality and benefits of the
riparian cover against risks of sediment delivery.
Effective erosion control measures shall be in place at all times during
restoration activities. Activities within the 5-year floodplain of
fish-bearing streams will not begin until all temporary erosion controls
(e.g., straw bales, silt fences that are effectively keyed in) are in
place, downslope of project activities within the riparian area. Erosion
control structures shall be maintained throughout, and possibly after,
activities. Erosion control devices such as check dams, silt fences, and
other acceptable techniques shall be used when the potential exists to
have sediment or other materials entering bodies of water.
- Any disturbed ground must receive appropriate erosion control
treatment prior to the beginning of the wet season.
- All non-emergency project work will be completed during the normal
operating season (NOS), that is, between June 15 and October 15 of
each year. If more than 0.5 inches of rain is forecast during the
dry season, project operations will temporarily cease and sites will
be winterized. If periods of dry weather are predicted outside of
the NOS, additional small work items may be done, if they can be
completed within the window of predicted dry weather. Only those
repairs needed to reduce risks from active erosion will be
undertaken outside of the NOS, in coordination with NOAA Fisheries.
- Work sites will be winterized at the end of each day when
significant rains are forecast that may cause unfinished excavations
to erode. Winterization procedures are supervised at all times by
RNSP geologists and involve taking measures necessary to minimize
erosion on unfinished work surfaces. Winterization includes the
following: smoothing unfinished surfaces to allow water to freely
drain across them without concentrating or ponding; compacting
unfinished surfaces where concentrated runoff may flow with an
excavator bucket or similar to minimize surface erosion and the
formation of rills; and installation of culverts, silt fences and
other erosion control devices where necessary to convey concentrated
water across unfinished surfaces, and trap eroded sediment before it
leaves the work site. Adequate erosion control supplies (gravel,
straw bales, shovels, etc.) shall be kept at all restoration sites
to ensure excavated material is kept out of water bodies.
- Equipment, both hand tools and heavy equipment, will be inspected
daily to check for leaks. Equipment that may leak lubricants or
fuels into drainage will not be used until leaks are repaired. All
equipment will be stored, serviced and fueled outside of riparian
areas and away from stream crossings. Heavy equipment will be
cleaned (e.g., power washed, steam cleaned) prior to use below the
ordinary high water mark.
- A spill plan and materials for spill containment will be available
to onsite personnel and all personnel shall know how to use them. In
the event of a spill, work shall be stopped immediately, clean up
shall begin and the appropriate authorities will be notified.
- Petroleum products, chemicals, fresh cement, deleterious materials,
or water contaminated by the aforementioned shall not be allowed to
enter flowing waters.
- Disruption of natural hydrologic flow paths, including diversion of
streamflow and interception of surface and subsurface flows, shall
be minimized during excavation.
- Streams with significant surface flow capable of sediment transport
off-site must be diverted around excavation areas. The diverted
flows shall be returned to their natural stream course as soon as
restoration is complete and prior to the rainy season. Any turbid
wastewater from project activities and de-watering is disposed of
off-site in a location that will not drain directly into a stream
channel or carry sediment-laden water into a stream channel.
|
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markdown
|
730361
|
# Presentation: 730361
## Emission Levels, Reference Case Projections for 2010
**and 2020, and Target Caps for Electricity Generators**
**1997**
**2010**
**2020**
**Target**
**0**
**2,000**
**4,000**
**6,000**
**8,000**
**Thousand Tons per Year**
**Nitrogen Oxides**
**6191**
**4340**
**4480**
**1548**
**1997**
**2010**
**2020**
**Target**
**0**
**4,000**
**8,000**
**12,000**
**16,000**
**Thousand Tons per Year**
**Sulfur Dioxide**
**13090**
**9700**
**8950**
**2240**
**1990**
**2010**
**2020**
**Target**
**0**
**200**
**400**
**600**
**800**
**Million MetricTons Carbon Equivalent per Year**
**Carbon**
**Dioxide**
**475**
**691**
**773**
**475**
**1999**
**2010**
**2020**
**Target**
**0**
**15**
**30**
**45**
**60**
**Tons per Year**
**Mercury**
**43**
**46**
**45**
**4.3**
## Electricity Prices With and Without Emissions Limits,
**Electricity Prices With and Without Emissions Limits,**
**1990-2020 (1999 cents per kilowatthour)**
**0**
**2**
**4**
**6**
**8**
**10**
**1990**
**1999**
**2005**
**2010**
**2015**
**2020**
**Without Emissions Limits**
**With Emissions Limits**
## Natural Gas Wellhead Prices With and Without Emissions
**1990**
**1999**
**2005**
**2010**
**2015**
**2020**
**0**
**1**
**2**
**3**
**4**
**Without Emissions Limits**
**With Emissions Limits**
**Natural Gas Wellhead Prices With and Without Emissions**
**Limits, 1990-2020 (1999 dollars per thousand cubic feet)**
## Emission Allowance Prices in the Reference Case
**With Emissions Limits, 2020**
**Mercury in 1999 dollars per pound**
**Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Carbon Dioxide in**
**1999 dollars per ton**
**Sulfur**
**Dioxide**
**Nitrogen**
**Oxides**
**Carbon**
**Dioxide**
**0**
**50,000**
**100,000**
**150,000**
**200,000**
**Mercury**
**153,000**
**0**
**200**
**400**
**221**
**122**
**0**
## Change in Coal vs. Natural Gas, Renewable, and Nuclear
**0**
**500**
**1,000**
**1,500**
**-500**
**-1,000**
**-1,500**
**Coal**
**Natural Gas**
**Renewable**
**Nuclear**
**Electricity Demand**
**Change in Coal vs. Natural Gas, Renewable, and Nuclear**
**Generation and Electricity Demand, 2020**
**(billion kilowatthours)**
## Impact of 2010 Allowance Prices on Coal Plant Operating
**Unscrubbed Coal Plant Without SCR**
**Scrubbed Coal Plant With SCR**
**0**
**0.5**
**1.0**
**1.5**
**2.0**
**2.5**
**3.0**
**3.5**
**4.0**
**Sulfur Dioxide**
**Carbon Dioxide**
**Mercury**
**Impact of 2010 Allowance Prices on Coal Plant Operating **
**Costs (1999 cents per kilowatthour)**
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
585868
|
**Top Findings**
**Forrester Q3 2008 Online Survey of U.S. individuals**
**9/29/08**
1. **Support for federal government print publications is high**. 64%
answered that they felt strongly or very strongly that information
on health, credit, benefits, and other consumer issues should be
available free in print, even if it is online. This held constant
across all age groups (18-28, 29-42, 43-52, 53-63, 64+) and income
levels. Forrester\'s Q2 2008 mail survey found that 55% were
strongly or very strongly in favor of print materials. It is
interesting that support for print was higher in the online survey.
2. **43% answered that 24 hours was an acceptable amount of time for
the government to reply to an email** inquiry. 34% answered 2 days,
11% answered same day, and 11% answered one week.
3. For a government information and referral hotline, 35% answered that
**live agents should be available for assistance evenings and
weekends, in addition to business hours during the week**. 33%
answered evenings and business hours during the week. 29% are
content with business hours on weekdays.
4. **15% answered that they would be likely or very likely to**
**access information about the Federal Government via a mobile
device** (PDA, mobile phone, Blackberry). Support was higher (21%)
among consumers 18-28 and 29-42. Only 10% of those aged 53-63
responded that they would be likely or very likely to access
information about the Federal Government via a mobile device.
Support for mobile government went up with income, but not
dramatically. Possession of a college degree was also not a big
driver in support for mobile government.
5. **What government services/information would you like to get on your
mobile/cell phone?** (select all that apply)
> **28% - Local weather forecast**
>
> **26% - Traffic conditions**
>
> 25% - Breaking news / press conferences
>
> 11% - Notice about government jobs that may be of interest to me
>
> 8% - **Notices about town hall meetings with government officials**
>
> 8% - Notices about updates on government websites I use most
>
> 52% - None of these
>
> **The number of people answering "none of these" went up with age**
> (33% of those 18-28 answered none of these, 62% of those in the 53-63
> category answered none of these.) Income and education were not
> significant drivers.
>
> **Other :**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Grants
Emergency alerts (severe weather, disaster awareness, evacuations)
I don\'t own a cell phone
Early school dismissal
I don't use my phone for these services
Information I don\'t have to pay for
Notices about things that affect me and my family
most wanted photos
Alert that ex spouse made a child support payment
New programs
Amber alerts
Access to tax information
Subscriptions
Background checks
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
6. **18% responded that they would be likely or very likely to use SMS
(text messaging) to ask a question about the Federal Government**.
Support for text messaging goes up to 27% among consumers 18-28.
Support goes down to 11% for consumers 53-63. Support for text
messaging with the government went up with income, but not
dramatically. Again, possession of a college degree was not a huge
driver.
7\. **Top Government Web improvements needed** (select three)
**62% - Write in plain language so it is easier to understand**
**59% - Make it easier to find contact information on the website so I
can email or phone someone**
44% - Allow me to complete more government business online without
having to go in person or use mail or the phone
**41% - Place most frequently requested information at the top of the
home page**
24% - Let government agencies share information so I can fill out
government applications/forms more quickly
24% - Make the websites more searchable
17% - Have a government ebay where I can bid on used and confiscated
items
**9% - Reduce the number of government websites**
2% - Provide more fun features such as videos, games, polls, quizzes
There was consistency across age groups with a couple exceptions. There
was more interest (19-21%) in a "government ebay" among the 18-28,
29-42, and 43-52 crowds. Among those 53-63, interest in a government
ebay is around 12%. Also, the "plain language problem" increases with
age - 76% of people in the 64+ category say lack of plain language is a
problem !
**Write ins**
**Add information about :**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Current topics
Grants
Healthcare
Provide telephone and emergency contact information
Illegal Aliens
Veterans
social Security/Retirement
Unclaimed monies
Wasteful spending (name and amount)
Rebates
Healthy living sites
Government auctions
IRS OIC information/other less common issues
One Directory or main portal
Only English
Tax refunds
mission Statement
Corrupt politicians
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
**Be more like \_ website :**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
mySpace
social Security
Google (i.e. search.gov)
mercksource.com
AOL
ask.com
benefits.com
USAA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
**Allow me to \_ online :**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Buy
Chat/ask a question
Search more easily (keywords)
Only have one ID for all sites
Print smaller amounts of postage
Get a replacement Social Security card
Complain
Apply for a grant
Complete forms
Have access to what government agencies are doing
File taxes
Download bulk files
Do business on weekends
Search for personal documents
Access previous history
Request services
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
**Other :**
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table of Contents/Directory |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Only English |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| More of a consumer focus, less bureaucratic |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Advertise the site more |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Keep information updated |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| medicare program information |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Add links to town websites |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Allow the gathering of total information requested without having to |
| access different webpages |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Eliminate FAQ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| make pages consistent (to minimize confusion)/more user friendly |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Illegal alien checking |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Other Continued :** |
| |
| Respond to inquiries in a timely fashion/quicker response |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Have a website database |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Have agencies communicate with each other |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Establish a government-only search engine |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lower taxes |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| make grants more accessible |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| stop the \"fake\" government sites |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Have pdfs of forms so they can be downloaded and printed |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Provide phone numbers to cut thru red tape |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Use Instant Messaging/Live Chat |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Provide more information |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Allow email for problems |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Provide fewer fun features |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Include text of original law |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| stick to legitimate functions of government |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
**Top Government Call Center improvements needed** (select two)
80% - Have a real person answer instead of a machine
61% - Stay open later so that I can call from home after I get home from
work
**29% - Give more thorough answers**
18% - Know where I am calling from so when I ask about something they
can tailor the answer for my state, city
**Other :**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
make sure they speak clear English
Be less rude
Give correct answers/be more knowledgeable
Online chat
more thorough training
Be able to contact the same person/less transfers
Get a live person
Less hold time
Open early, before business hours
make selection menus very clear
Offer more programs for lower income
Domestic call centers
Call reps should ID themselves
Let you speak to a supervisor when you request one
Available 24 hours
send follow up on action taken from call
Eliminate them
I\'m satisfied with the phone service
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
**Top Government Publication improvements needed** (select two)
93% - Make them cheaper or free
81% - Send them to me faster
**Add publications about** :
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Health/healthcare |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Sales |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| specific IRS forms (examples) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| New tax filing issues/Income tax information |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Anything educational |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Consumer issues |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Home loans |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| senior information (Benefits, Social Security, Medicare, Elder Care) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| making the IRS understandable |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Economic relief checks |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Disaster Contacts |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Housing (available, government owned for sale) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| New/current topics |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Government auctions |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Newspaper ads |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Environmental issues |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Employment (home-based, post graduate) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| services for grandparents raising children |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Bids/Contracts |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Directory |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Political Candidates and their stand on issues |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Local and State government organizations/programs |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Recent passed laws |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Immigration |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Investments |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Clinical trials |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Large print/paginated |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Downloadable for free |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| VA benefits |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Overspending |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Illegal spying |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Adoption |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Herbs and Supplements |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Email information/FAQ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alternative living resources |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Foreign policy, energy, potential threats |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Add publications about continued :** |
| |
| Positive aspects on world matters |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Financial recommendations |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Copyright Information |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rebates |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
**Other :**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Easier to search
Available on-line/Downloadable
On-line forms and samples
Only English
Plain language, clear, concise
Unbiased
Directory
Add publications
Free to read and print
Price them what they cost
Remove publications which have little public value
more common recipes
No publications
separate consumer publications from nonconsumer publications
What they do now is fine
Prices for location
Keep them current
Improve PDF formatting
Larger print
make paper environmentally friendly
Available in more locations (libraries, post office)
Limit them/fewer publications
Be able to request more information
more informative
Other languages
Only send to people that want them
Discontinue paper publications
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
8. **How should the government use videos online to deliver information
and services to you?** (select all that apply)
**52% - To explain how to fill out common forms (e.g., passport
applications, tax forms, medicare)**
47% - To show consumer tips (e.g., how to save energy, avoid scams)
30% - To broadcast key government agency proceedings (e.g., press
conferences regarding toy safety, food safety)
28% - To show government programs in action (e.g., NASA shuttle
launches)
25% - To have online town halls with government officials
23% - To learn about government jobs
20% - None of these
Among those answering "none of these," age, income, and education were
not significant drivers.
**Other :**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Emergency information
should not use video
To demonstrate or explain complicated information
Government meetings
Grants
Alerts about new bills being considered
self-defense (ways to protect oneself)
Rebates
Campaign contributions
Daily reports
Contact representatives
make services more well known
show government programs in action
Virtual tours
sex offender alerts
Amber alerts
make it available only when requested
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
9. **How do you prefer to provide feedback to government agencies and
share your ideas for better government?** (select all that apply)
**66% - Write to government officials by email**
**47% - Fill out online customer satisfaction surveys**
**27% - Call government officials**
**22% - Participate in online citizen panels or in person focus groups**
**21% - Write to government officials by mail**
19% - Attend online \"town hall\" meetings or \"live chats\" with
government officials
**10% - Comment on government blogs**
11% - None of these
7% - Publish your ideas on the web or via other media (e.g., newspaper,
magazine, etc.)
4% - Create your own advocacy group and invite government officials to
participate
No significant differences across education and income levels.
Consumer use of email to write to government officials INCREASES with
age:
18-28 55% \*
29-42 64%
43-52 70%
53-63 71%
64+ 70%
> \*People in this age group expressed the strongest interest in
> providing feedback via blogs and publishing their ideas on the web or
> in a newspaper or magazine.
For the people who answered "none of these," the age breakdown is as
follows:
14 % of those who answered "none of these" were Generation Y (age 18-28)
12% of those who answered "none of these" were Generation X (age 29-42)
10% of those who answered "none of these" were Younger Boomers (age
43-52)
9% of those who answered "none of these" were Older Boomers (age 53-63)
9% of those who answered none of these were Senior (age 64+).
10. **What search engine do you start with when trying to locate federal
government information on the Web?** (select one)
**59% - Google**
17% - Yahoo
7% - MSN
**6% - USA.gov**
5% - AOL
**Other :**
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alta Vista |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ask Jeeves |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AT&T |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| BenefitBar |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Blackle |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Blingo |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Canada.com |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ChaCha |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Comcast |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Copernic |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Other continued:** |
| |
| Cuil |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Dogpile |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Excite |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Foxfire |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Goodsearch |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Google |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Internet Explorer |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| IRS.gov |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ixquick |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Juno |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| mamma |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| mSN |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| my Points |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Optimum |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| search.com |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Verizon |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Webcrawler |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Windstream.net |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Name of agency |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Local by state |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| myWebSearch |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
11. **If you could add specific types of government updated information
to your personal home page (iGoogle, MyYahoo), what would you
choose?** (Select all that apply)
**44% - Local weather conditions**
**34% - National Weather Service warnings**
24% - Tax tips
23% - Government Auctions (real estate and surplus)
**22% - Government Contacts (elected officials)**
19% - Government Jobs
19% - Government Search
22% - None of these
12. **What would be the most useful feature of a search engine dedicated
only to government information?** (select one)
> **36% - Provides official government information**
>
> **23% - No advertising or not trying to sell me something**
>
> **17% - Provides most recent and up-to-date information**
>
> 5% - Provides relevant results
>
> 4% - Provides a clustering tool (grouping results) to help refine
>
> 3% - Provides an advanced search feature
>
> 2% - Remembers your search history
>
> 2% - Provides records of most popular searches
**Other :**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
No pop ups on web page
Names/E-mail addresses of elected officials
Only in English
market for Tbills and Municipal Bonds tickers
Truthfulness
Tax issues
All of the above
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Project cost - \$25,750
Benefit - 12 custom questions to 5,249 consumers
Age of consumers -- 18 to 88
> **Key Recommendations**
>
> **From Forrester's Q3 2008 Online Survey**
- Continue to consider 24 hour email turnaround time (Top Finding 2)
- Consider targeting mobile USA.gov information to those in
Generations X and Y (work / life balance, buying your first home,
getting your first job, pursuing additional education while you
work) (Top Finding 4)
- Make state and local government information more prominent on mobile
USA.gov (Top Finding 7)
- Pursue personalization, i.e MyUSA.gov. Only 22% expressed no
interest in this service, so we can assume that 78% have some
interest. (Top Finding 11)
- Continue our leadership in the government web community (top tasks,
plain language, easy to find contact information). Even though "easy
to find contact information" is an OMB requirement, 59% of consumers
report that it is still a problem. (Top Finding 6A)
- Consider giving more thorough answers to NCC callers, as opposed to
referrals (Top Finding 6B)
9/25/08
- Gen X, age 29-42
- Gen Y, age 18-28
|
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|
Headline News
Internal Communications Branch (P-2) NASA Headquarters
Tuesday, December 4, 1990 Audio Service: 202 / 755-1788
This is NASA Headline News for Tuesday, December 4, 1990
It was an on-again-off-again-on-again show with the Astro-1 automatic
pointing system during the past 24 hours, but it looks like the
astronomical space mission may now be gaining a full head of steam in
accomplishing its goals. Aboard the STS-35 Space Shuttle Columbia,
Payload Specialist Sam Durrance reported the first successful target
acquisition with the Astro-1 Instrument Pointing System Optical Sensor
Package at around 8:30 Monday evening Eastern Time. Three hours
earlier, another milestone was reached when the three ultraviolet
telescopes were brought into the observe mode simultaneously.
A subsystem computer crash in the late evening hours, however, caused
the science crew to revert to manually acquiring data as one of the
star trackers on the optical sensor package failed to return to
operating condition. Attempts to automatically lock on to target guide
stars failed, though targets were often in the fields of view. Using a
manual method incorporating data typed in on a keyboard and a joystick
"paddle" led Mission Specialist Bob Parker to declare, "Give me a
paddle and a telescope and I can move the universe!"
Intensive efforts to recycle the star tracker to bring it back to full
operating condition, have apparently borne fruit, as Astro-1 officials
reported this morning that the pointing team now termed the Image
Pointing System "steady as a rock".
Prior to the subsystem crash, excellent spectra data was
gathered and the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope has been operating well,
according to Mission Scientist Gene Urban. The Broad Band X-ray
Telescope demonstrated successful acquisition of X-ray photons while
aimed at the Crab Nebula.
The Space Shuttle Columbia continues to perform flawlessly supporting
the Astro-1 mission.
*************************************
Tomorrow, NASA employees may see a special screening of the
multimedia presentation which highlighted the 75th Anniversary
celebration of the NACA/NASA last week at the National Air and Space
Museum. Employees may attend one of three showings at 8:30, 9:00 and
9:30 am in the NASM Langley IMAX theatre. (Please enter through the
Independence Ave. side and show your NASA badge)
Here's the broadcast schedule for Public Affairs events on NASA Select
TV. All times are Eastern. **indicates a live program.
Tuesday, 12/4/90 Mission coverage of the STS-35/Astro-1 flight
will continue
live throughout the week...
2:00 pm Flight deck activities from Columbia
3:30 pm "Today In Space" with Dr. Frank Six from MSFC
4:51 pm Science TV from Astro-1
5:00 pm Change-of-shift Flight Director briefing from JSC
6:00 pm Change-of-shift Mission Manager brief from MSFC
7:21 pm Science TV from Astro-1
8:04 pm Science TV from Astro-1
10:19 pm Blue/Red crew handover
Wednesday, 12/5/90
1:00 am Change-of-shift Flight Director briefing from JSC
1:30 am Replay of flight deck activities
3:09 am Science TV from Astro-1
5:47 am Science TV from Astro-1
7:34 am Science TV from Astro-1
8:33 am Science TV from Astro-1
9:00 am Change-of-shift Flight Director briefing from JSC
10:19 am Red/Blue crew handover
10:30 am Mission Science Briefing - Ted Gull-- Mission Scientist
11:41 am Science TV from Astro-1
_________________________________________________________________
All events and times may change without notice. This report is filed
daily, Monday through Friday, at 12:00 pm, EST. It is a service of
Internal Communications Branch at NASA Headquarters. Contact:
CREDMOND on NASAmail or at 202/453-8425.
NASA Select TV: Satcom F2R, Transponder 13, C-Band, 72 degrees West
Longitude, Audio 6.8, Frequency 3960 MHz.
|
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CDS 369722..370741
CDS 370760..371995
CDS complement(372046..372588)
CDS complement(372991..373788)
CDS 373976..374860
CDS 375072..375659
CDS 375690..376619
CDS 376603..377388
CDS complement(377617..380274)
CDS 380584..381477
CDS 381839..382573
CDS 382714..383349
CDS 383353..383970
CDS 383999..389077
CDS 389194..390666
CDS 390726..391874
CDS complement(392283..392765)
CDS 393335..393715
CDS 393789..395315
CDS complement(395397..396164)
CDS 396303..396764
CDS complement(396880..397350)
CDS complement(397367..397834)
CDS 397973..398941
CDS 399388..400803
CDS 400816..402189
CDS 402180..402470
CDS 402471..403772
CDS 403961..405199
CDS complement(405488..406543)
CDS 408026..411496
CDS complement(411805..413256)
CDS complement(413241..414152)
CDS complement(414487..414876)
CDS 415517..416362
CDS 416452..417363
CDS complement(417341..417745)
CDS complement(417819..418718)
CDS complement(418781..420028)
CDS 420353..421324
CDS complement(421262..422335)
CDS complement(422343..423191)
CDS complement(423331..424683)
CDS complement(424643..425410)
CDS complement(425407..425589)
CDS complement(425592..426365)
CDS complement(426371..426541)
CDS complement(426538..426819)
CDS complement(426797..427393)
CDS complement(427436..428623)
CDS complement(428641..429306)
CDS 429550..430449
CDS 431332..432945
CDS 432951..434393
CDS 434390..434971
CDS 435010..436497
CDS 436631..437515
CDS 438256..439383
CDS 439394..440221
CDS 440230..441015
CDS 441012..442136
CDS 442133..442921
CDS complement(443297..444394)
CDS complement(444401..448135)
CDS complement(448202..449290)
CDS complement(449613..449759)
CDS 450381..450548
CDS 450545..450907
CDS 450900..451574
CDS 451645..452316
CDS complement(452426..452800)
CDS complement(452993..456571)
CDS complement(456562..457347)
CDS complement(457341..458408)
CDS complement(458428..459423)
CDS complement(459620..460606)
CDS complement(461220..462020)
CDS complement(462017..463039)
CDS complement(463036..464073)
CDS 464390..466399
CDS 466506..467420
CDS 467441..468214
CDS 468225..468947
CDS 469149..470111
CDS complement(470142..470981)
CDS 471040..472326
CDS 472773..473150
CDS 473227..474591
CDS complement(474588..474737)
CDS complement(474697..475911)
CDS 475970..476458
CDS 476466..477056
CDS 477053..477988
CDS 478003..479541
CDS 479642..480496
CDS 480493..481353
CDS complement(481344..482081)
CDS complement(482267..482845)
CDS complement(483198..484253)
CDS complement(484494..486080)
CDS complement(486086..486274)
CDS complement(486679..488082)
CDS complement(488087..488515)
CDS complement(488667..489650)
CDS complement(489672..491012)
CDS complement(491027..492100)
CDS complement(492102..492848)
CDS complement(492852..493817)
CDS complement(493825..494634)
CDS complement(494637..495257)
CDS complement(495267..495449)
CDS complement(495560..495745)
CDS complement(495752..496150)
CDS complement(496162..496572)
CDS complement(496578..496940)
CDS complement(497444..497794)
CDS 497882..498931
CDS complement(498940..499326)
CDS complement(499426..500229)
CDS 500286..501245
CDS 501285..502310
CDS 502418..502894
CDS 502891..504057
CDS 504262..505725
CDS complement(505802..506239)
CDS complement(506244..507167)
CDS complement(507160..507729)
CDS complement(507731..508957)
CDS complement(508954..509391)
CDS complement(509401..509826)
CDS complement(509823..511352)
CDS complement(511395..512996)
CDS complement(513124..513309)
CDS complement(513323..513913)
CDS complement(514240..515403)
CDS complement(515404..515637)
CDS complement(515674..516183)
CDS complement(516195..516536)
CDS 517428..517760
CDS complement(517925..518344)
CDS complement(518367..519608)
CDS 520069..521160
CDS 521350..522882
CDS 522903..523652
CDS 523742..524185
CDS complement(524198..525364)
CDS 526073..526972
CDS 528052..529308
CDS complement(529479..530468)
CDS 530915..531712
CDS complement(531715..533289)
CDS 534472..535341
CDS 535529..536500
CDS 536493..537281
CDS 537587..539290
CDS 539300..540415
CDS complement(540412..540747)
CDS complement(540971..541858)
CDS complement(542013..543104)
CDS complement(543140..544264)
CDS 544755..545840
CDS 546046..546897
CDS 546894..547649
CDS 548299..550458
CDS 550630..551427
CDS 552096..554708
CDS 554735..555412
CDS complement(555431..556642)
CDS complement(556630..557316)
CDS complement(557498..557851)
CDS complement(558131..558694)
CDS 559516..560604
CDS 560643..561323
CDS 562328..562798
CDS 562801..563907
CDS complement(564073..564615)
CDS complement(564637..565377)
CDS complement(565413..566591)
CDS complement(566598..567227)
CDS complement(567539..569503)
CDS complement(569493..570413)
CDS complement(570383..571678)
CDS 571799..572530
CDS 572517..573347
CDS 573332..573862
CDS 573922..574491
CDS complement(574419..574658)
CDS complement(574659..576728)
CDS complement(577377..577580)
CDS complement(577616..577819)
CDS complement(578133..578699)
CDS 578727..579572
CDS complement(579640..580932)
CDS complement(581110..581469)
CDS complement(581473..581898)
CDS 582200..583054
CDS 583015..583986
CDS complement(584008..584625)
CDS complement(584635..585495)
CDS complement(585492..586325)
CDS complement(586384..586635)
CDS complement(586810..588003)
CDS complement(588071..588829)
CDS complement(588882..590561)
CDS complement(590575..591342)
CDS complement(591344..591856)
CDS complement(591871..593175)
CDS complement(594162..595253)
CDS 595579..596388
CDS 596412..597392
CDS 597452..597829
CDS complement(598294..599481)
CDS complement(599478..600242)
CDS complement(600246..600530)
CDS complement(600527..601216)
CDS 601556..601780
CDS complement(602182..602850)
CDS complement(603004..603672)
CDS complement(603795..604790)
CDS complement(605138..606346)
CDS complement(606360..607220)
CDS complement(607217..607909)
CDS 608662..609105
CDS 609492..610286
CDS 610819..611142
CDS complement(611296..612009)
CDS 612150..613181
CDS complement(613324..613818)
CDS complement(613787..614572)
CDS 615381..617615
CDS complement(618261..619574)
CDS complement(619583..621487)
CDS 621894..622124
CDS 622124..623965
CDS 623958..625031
CDS complement(625094..625945)
CDS complement(625949..626392)
CDS complement(626397..627545)
CDS 627547..628215
CDS complement(628202..628900)
CDS 629227..629649
CDS complement(629887..630069)
CDS complement(630208..630786)
CDS 631003..631593
CDS 631714..632685
CDS complement(632748..634001)
CDS 634273..634887
CDS 634908..637073
CDS complement(637644..637937)
CDS 638463..638561
CDS complement(638638..638793)
CDS 639276..639680
CDS complement(639708..640493)
CDS complement(641559..642362)
CDS complement(642611..643309)
CDS 643396..645279
CDS complement(645378..646388)
CDS complement(646394..647074)
CDS complement(647071..647880)
CDS complement(648202..649506)
CDS complement(649568..650218)
CDS complement(650321..651355)
CDS complement(651591..652646)
CDS complement(652752..653057)
CDS 653758..654489
CDS 654592..655230
CDS complement(655244..657385)
CDS complement(657571..658140)
CDS 658440..658751
CDS complement(659032..660330)
CDS complement(660642..661976)
CDS 662154..663236
CDS 663202..663489
CDS 663526..664101
CDS 664105..665961
CDS 665958..666923
CDS 666933..667634
CDS 667609..670023
CDS 670030..670872
CDS complement(671342..671851)
CDS 675078..675569
CDS complement(675736..676239)
CDS complement(676323..676808)
CDS complement(676849..677472)
CDS complement(677572..677841)
CDS complement(677993..678262)
CDS complement(678262..679476)
CDS complement(679481..680506)
CDS complement(680509..680910)
CDS complement(680907..681710)
CDS complement(681722..682798)
CDS complement(682795..684711)
CDS complement(684695..685960)
CDS complement(685957..687648)
CDS complement(687822..688691)
CDS complement(688712..688921)
CDS complement(689126..689899)
CDS 690078..690557
CDS 690575..691171
CDS complement(691173..692036)
CDS complement(692180..694921)
CDS 694982..695251
CDS 695607..695726
CDS complement(695908..697371)
CDS 697412..698167
CDS complement(698160..698798)
CDS complement(698795..699217)
CDS 699363..700160
CDS 700230..700430
CDS complement(700433..701575)
CDS complement(701772..702860)
CDS complement(702890..703705)
CDS complement(703903..704634)
CDS 705680..706624
CDS 706627..707022
CDS complement(707012..708157)
CDS complement(708154..710055)
CDS 710196..711842
CDS 711839..712372
CDS 712476..713681
CDS complement(713688..714722)
CDS 715648..717810
CDS complement(717882..718481)
CDS complement(718460..719482)
CDS 719634..720881
CDS 720878..721639
CDS 721636..722334
CDS 722337..722948
CDS 723239..723790
CDS 723817..724443
CDS 724526..725476
CDS complement(725562..725978)
CDS complement(725983..727335)
CDS complement(727340..728215)
CDS complement(728936..729304)
CDS complement(729307..729540)
CDS complement(729558..730856)
CDS complement(730952..731800)
CDS complement(731784..732251)
CDS 732777..733130
CDS 733774..734841
CDS 735167..735613
CDS 735766..736863
CDS 736876..737379
CDS complement(737595..738650)
CDS complement(738653..739807)
CDS complement(739922..740662)
CDS 740732..742450
CDS complement(742847..744079)
CDS complement(744066..744998)
CDS 745283..745951
CDS complement(745948..746184)
CDS complement(746190..746522)
CDS complement(746657..747151)
CDS 747224..747376
CDS 747498..748145
CDS complement(748375..748791)
CDS complement(748784..749374)
CDS complement(749422..750396)
CDS 750451..751611
CDS complement(751807..754926)
CDS complement(754923..755135)
CDS complement(755139..755765)
CDS complement(756177..757625)
CDS complement(757622..757861)
CDS complement(757858..758253)
CDS complement(758253..758990)
CDS complement(759511..761931)
CDS complement(762390..763706)
CDS complement(764079..765113)
CDS complement(765110..765445)
CDS complement(765472..766374)
CDS complement(766384..767583)
CDS 767887..769506
CDS complement(769675..770193)
CDS complement(770186..770449)
CDS 770455..770637
CDS complement(770800..771960)
CDS complement(771975..773822)
CDS complement(773865..774401)
CDS complement(774433..776058)
CDS complement(776342..776509)
CDS 776896..778149
CDS 778121..779146
CDS complement(779225..779959)
CDS complement(779964..781283)
CDS complement(781280..781702)
CDS complement(782132..782542)
CDS complement(782597..782986)
CDS 783299..783583
CDS complement(783669..784169)
CDS complement(784210..784872)
CDS complement(785504..786826)
CDS 786874..787815
CDS complement(787865..788317)
CDS 788523..789302
CDS complement(789407..789991)
CDS complement(790053..790799)
CDS complement(790974..791249)
CDS complement(791321..792538)
CDS 793366..793611
CDS complement(793966..794286)
CDS 794840..795526
CDS complement(795504..796211)
CDS 796263..796919
CDS 797108..797593
CDS complement(797850..798014)
CDS complement(798324..799613)
CDS 800162..800464
CDS complement(800638..801435)
CDS complement(801445..802401)
CDS 802953..803525
CDS 803740..804945
CDS complement(804942..809816)
CDS 810426..811379
CDS 811422..812288
CDS 812301..812882
CDS complement(813296..814927)
CDS 815391..817130
CDS 817127..819481
CDS complement(819618..819851)
CDS complement(819925..821418)
CDS 821726..822193
CDS 822201..822926
CDS 822930..823745
CDS complement(823746..823886)
CDS complement(824034..824267)
CDS complement(824611..824814)
CDS 825265..826266
CDS 827406..830204
CDS 830366..831001
CDS 831025..832170
CDS 832359..832682
CDS complement(833013..833468)
CDS complement(833670..834044)
CDS complement(833989..834249)
CDS complement(834346..835884)
CDS complement(836144..836350)
CDS 836733..838676
CDS 839074..840222
CDS 840219..840869
CDS complement(841010..841474)
CDS complement(841528..841947)
CDS complement(841995..842369)
CDS complement(842356..843378)
CDS complement(843350..844849)
CDS 850521..851075
CDS complement(851437..851649)
CDS complement(852226..853437)
CDS complement(853430..854074)
CDS complement(854071..856272)
CDS complement(856494..858575)
CDS 858657..859811
CDS 859823..862675
CDS complement(862814..863362)
CDS complement(863816..864139)
CDS 864474..865061
CDS complement(865315..865803)
CDS 865894..868461
CDS 868458..869039
CDS 869210..870037
CDS complement(870211..870669)
CDS 870999..871577
CDS complement(871638..872297)
CDS 872579..873859
CDS complement(873978..874862)
CDS 875242..878667
CDS 878676..879590
CDS 880397..881611
CDS complement(881736..882683)
CDS 882796..884109
CDS 884358..886550
CDS 886618..887892
CDS 887908..888216
CDS 888343..888915
CDS complement(889184..889630)
CDS complement(889627..890400)
CDS complement(890397..891293)
CDS complement(891277..891495)
CDS complement(891621..892979)
CDS complement(892989..893534)
CDS complement(893594..894028)
CDS complement(894060..894917)
CDS complement(894936..895361)
CDS complement(895433..896695)
CDS 896844..900452
CDS complement(900532..904260)
CDS complement(904278..905471)
CDS complement(905710..905979)
CDS complement(905990..906157)
CDS complement(906413..907033)
CDS complement(907108..907923)
CDS complement(907910..908728)
CDS 909021..909500
CDS complement(909585..910865)
CDS complement(910878..912536)
CDS complement(912536..913543)
CDS complement(913540..914043)
CDS 914122..914640
CDS 914979..915434
CDS 915620..916312
CDS 916309..916587
CDS complement(916584..917156)
CDS complement(917156..918019)
CDS 918631..918741
CDS 919687..920373
CDS 920370..921200
CDS 921197..922168
CDS 922636..925584
CDS complement(925652..927328)
CDS complement(927328..928161)
CDS complement(928151..929170)
CDS complement(929756..930625)
CDS 930709..931404
CDS complement(931411..933066)
CDS complement(933073..933840)
CDS complement(933887..934075)
CDS complement(934275..934619)
CDS complement(934628..935662)
CDS complement(935662..937998)
CDS 938014..938592
CDS complement(938674..938931)
CDS complement(939315..939926)
CDS 940136..940498
CDS complement(941262..941654)
CDS 941769..942938
CDS 943146..943985
CDS 943958..945154
CDS complement(945656..946342)
CDS complement(946344..946610)
CDS 947211..949580
CDS 949555..955032
CDS 955292..955936
CDS 955933..957123
CDS 957135..957755
CDS 957872..958273
CDS 958236..958877
CDS complement(959013..959681)
CDS complement(959678..960646)
CDS complement(960680..961795)
CDS complement(961826..963529)
CDS complement(963549..965558)
CDS 965715..966113
CDS 966091..966306
CDS 966380..967486
CDS 967507..967821
CDS complement(968073..969080)
CDS complement(969208..969402)
CDS 969631..970056
CDS complement(970057..971019)
CDS complement(971180..972856)
CDS complement(972853..973743)
CDS 973967..974545
CDS 974555..976093
CDS 976313..976771
CDS 976782..978518
CDS 978518..978622
CDS 978636..979847
CDS 981365..981616
CDS complement(981817..983205)
CDS complement(983389..983532)
CDS complement(983548..985956)
CDS complement(985953..986315)
CDS complement(986376..986867)
CDS complement(986868..987149)
CDS 987723..988505
CDS 988759..989115
CDS 989220..989879
CDS complement(990219..991208)
CDS complement(991205..993211)
CDS complement(993264..994145)
CDS complement(994129..996891)
CDS complement(997221..998903)
CDS 999868..1000935
CDS 1000941..1002101
CDS 1002340..1003233
CDS 1003268..1003828
CDS 1003830..1004186
CDS 1004421..1005431
CDS 1005754..1006614
CDS complement(1006926..1007198)
CDS 1007265..1007609
CDS complement(1007980..1008645)
CDS complement(1008810..1009727)
CDS complement(1009743..1010228)
CDS complement(1010275..1013424)
CDS complement(1013565..1016105)
CDS complement(1016233..1016502)
CDS complement(1016505..1016717)
CDS 1016729..1018141
CDS complement(1018275..1019324)
CDS complement(1019339..1020868)
CDS 1020941..1022197
CDS 1022194..1023012
CDS complement(1023590..1024297)
CDS complement(1024616..1026760)
CDS 1026993..1028246
CDS complement(1028352..1028915)
CDS complement(1029022..1029429)
CDS complement(1029390..1029563)
CDS complement(1029721..1030113)
CDS 1030280..1030408
CDS 1030556..1031539
CDS 1031551..1032393
CDS 1032482..1032613
CDS 1032921..1033016
CDS 1033289..1033852
CDS 1034254..1034859
CDS 1034914..1035603
CDS 1035658..1036305
CDS 1036360..1036986
CDS 1037151..1038356
CDS 1038344..1039189
CDS 1039186..1040250
CDS 1040250..1040813
CDS 1040813..1041844
CDS 1041880..1042098
CDS 1042095..1042286
CDS 1042374..1043927
CDS 1043924..1045285
CDS 1045289..1046545
CDS 1046645..1047553
CDS 1048033..1048305
CDS 1048266..1049456
CDS 1049449..1050342
CDS 1050339..1051166
CDS 1051353..1051832
CDS 1051858..1052481
CDS 1052595..1053137
CDS complement(1053193..1054062)
CDS 1054451..1054858
CDS 1054855..1055271
CDS 1056232..1056636
CDS 1056692..1056811
CDS 1056766..1057146
CDS 1057487..1058776
CDS complement(1059548..1059946)
CDS complement(1059952..1060425)
CDS complement(1060609..1061547)
CDS complement(1061544..1061921)
CDS complement(1061922..1063142)
CDS complement(1063152..1063610)
CDS complement(1063945..1064412)
CDS complement(1064607..1065977)
CDS complement(1065979..1066731)
CDS 1067035..1067451
CDS complement(1067426..1067635)
CDS complement(1067641..1067766)
CDS 1068440..1069267
CDS complement(1069371..1070528)
CDS complement(1070597..1071883)
CDS complement(1071883..1073076)
CDS complement(1073240..1074043)
CDS complement(1074144..1075415)
CDS complement(1075697..1076938)
CDS 1077130..1078488
CDS 1078463..1078753
CDS 1078757..1079104
CDS 1079112..1079717
CDS 1079779..1080540
CDS complement(1080644..1081891)
CDS complement(1081891..1082406)
CDS 1082754..1083374
CDS 1083464..1084273
CDS 1084463..1085785
CDS complement(1085939..1087171)
CDS complement(1087182..1087910)
CDS 1087996..1089264
CDS 1089267..1090352
CDS 1090356..1091393
CDS 1091457..1092266
CDS complement(1092350..1093273)
CDS 1094190..1096685
CDS complement(1096830..1097756)
CDS 1098048..1098791
CDS 1098788..1099336
CDS 1099489..1099647
CDS 1099644..1100096
CDS 1100093..1100629
CDS 1100902..1101360
CDS 1101378..1102118
CDS 1102118..1102720
CDS 1102717..1103079
CDS 1103250..1104017
CDS 1104036..1104806
CDS complement(1104824..1105972)
CDS 1106194..1106547
CDS 1106581..1107450
CDS complement(1107908..1108021)
CDS complement(1108026..1109144)
CDS complement(1109200..1109880)
CDS 1110217..1110474
CDS 1110537..1111271
CDS 1111268..1112260
CDS complement(1112343..1113608)
CDS complement(1113723..1115255)
CDS complement(1115209..1116126)
CDS 1116265..1116657
CDS complement(1116678..1117424)
CDS complement(1117415..1118344)
CDS complement(1118331..1119161)
CDS complement(1119158..1120084)
CDS complement(1120142..1120912)
CDS complement(1120909..1122483)
CDS complement(1123043..1124647)
CDS complement(1124812..1125813)
CDS complement(1125816..1126919)
CDS complement(1127023..1128087)
CDS complement(1128421..1128957)
CDS complement(1129423..1130019)
CDS complement(1130224..1130628)
CDS complement(1130872..1132971)
CDS 1132972..1133868
CDS 1133924..1134034
CDS complement(1134019..1134996)
CDS complement(1135253..1135540)
CDS 1135734..1136138
CDS 1136129..1136701
CDS 1136734..1138422
CDS 1138435..1139487
CDS 1139499..1140041
CDS 1140041..1140454
CDS 1140447..1140716
CDS 1140773..1141051
CDS 1141054..1143012
CDS 1143009..1144517
CDS 1144519..1145991
CDS 1146698..1147021
CDS 1147046..1147957
CDS 1147957..1149192
CDS 1149189..1150280
CDS 1150288..1151073
CDS 1151073..1152272
CDS complement(1152345..1153049)
CDS complement(1153051..1154304)
CDS 1154521..1156248
CDS 1156285..1157805
CDS 1157841..1158677
CDS 1158723..1159631
CDS complement(1159577..1163362)
CDS complement(1163367..1164677)
CDS complement(1164658..1166892)
CDS complement(1166903..1167250)
CDS complement(1167272..1168168)
CDS complement(1168184..1169005)
CDS complement(1169002..1170018)
CDS complement(1170052..1170927)
CDS complement(1170941..1172218)
CDS complement(1172264..1173178)
CDS complement(1173184..1173942)
CDS complement(1173914..1175719)
CDS complement(1175789..1176250)
CDS complement(1176255..1177373)
CDS complement(1177348..1177635)
CDS 1177902..1178858
CDS 1178860..1179714
CDS complement(1179855..1180130)
CDS 1180769..1182157
CDS 1182207..1182656
CDS complement(1182771..1183697)
CDS complement(1183767..1183979)
CDS 1184301..1184660
CDS 1184663..1185955
CDS 1185945..1187645
CDS 1187647..1188420
CDS 1188458..1189597
CDS 1189606..1190097
CDS 1190058..1190507
CDS 1190470..1191435
CDS 1191435..1192187
CDS 1192188..1193006
CDS 1193063..1194034
CDS complement(1194909..1196009)
CDS complement(1196047..1197099)
CDS complement(1197100..1197417)
CDS complement(1197643..1198386)
CDS complement(1198609..1199235)
CDS 1199596..1200168
CDS 1200165..1200482
CDS complement(1200479..1201777)
CDS complement(1201857..1202339)
CDS complement(1202394..1202642)
CDS complement(1202620..1203507)
CDS complement(1203554..1204741)
CDS 1204898..1205050
CDS complement(1205056..1205934)
CDS complement(1205974..1206489)
CDS complement(1206499..1207296)
CDS 1207400..1208260
CDS 1208261..1208698
CDS complement(1209011..1210039)
CDS complement(1210192..1211667)
CDS complement(1211657..1212469)
CDS complement(1212559..1213818)
CDS complement(1213841..1215019)
CDS 1215574..1216086
CDS complement(1216083..1216616)
CDS 1216688..1217002
CDS 1217283..1217804
CDS complement(1217934..1218920)
CDS complement(1218939..1219235)
CDS complement(1219222..1219671)
CDS complement(1219664..1220641)
CDS complement(1220642..1221670)
CDS 1221873..1222028
CDS 1222333..1223832
CDS 1223841..1224050
CDS 1224054..1224791
CDS complement(1224806..1225624)
CDS 1225965..1226282
CDS 1226279..1227082
CDS complement(1227168..1227935)
CDS complement(1227940..1228965)
CDS 1228980..1229135
CDS complement(1229084..1229191)
CDS complement(1229214..1230104)
CDS complement(1230182..1230907)
CDS 1231142..1231837
CDS complement(1232076..1232972)
CDS complement(1233115..1233507)
CDS 1233909..1234808
CDS 1234813..1235754
CDS 1235879..1236550
CDS complement(1236551..1237417)
CDS complement(1237442..1238575)
CDS complement(1238556..1239029)
CDS 1239134..1239814
CDS 1239811..1240455
CDS 1240430..1240777
CDS 1240863..1241681
CDS complement(1241782..1242447)
CDS complement(1242435..1245950)
CDS complement(1246070..1246540)
CDS 1246680..1248218
CDS complement(1248183..1250327)
CDS complement(1250765..1251586)
CDS complement(1251684..1252418)
CDS 1252514..1252894
CDS complement(1252875..1253459)
CDS 1253791..1254039
CDS 1254096..1254290
CDS complement(1254200..1254652)
CDS complement(1254667..1255254)
CDS complement(1255251..1257035)
CDS complement(1257208..1258491)
CDS complement(1258880..1259083)
CDS complement(1259592..1260395)
CDS 1260707..1262566
CDS complement(1262553..1265177)
CDS 1265217..1266032
CDS 1266086..1267480
CDS 1267601..1268599
CDS 1268953..1269693
CDS complement(1269699..1269941)
CDS 1270188..1272185
CDS 1272657..1273526
CDS 1273621..1274685
CDS 1274785..1275894
CDS 1275914..1276897
CDS 1277239..1277718
CDS complement(1278035..1279639)
CDS 1280692..1282089
CDS 1282220..1282414
CDS 1282418..1282726
CDS complement(1282931..1283440)
CDS complement(1284457..1286436)
CDS complement(1286814..1288826)
CDS complement(1289152..1291134)
CDS 1291560..1292831
CDS 1292921..1293739
CDS 1293741..1295198
CDS 1295394..1296320
CDS complement(1296425..1296865)
CDS complement(1296840..1297607)
CDS complement(1297604..1298290)
CDS complement(1298283..1299164)
CDS 1299529..1300671
CDS 1301280..1303313
CDS complement(1303435..1303875)
CDS complement(1304300..1304758)
CDS complement(1304813..1306159)
CDS complement(1306176..1307744)
CDS complement(1308177..1308767)
CDS complement(1308928..1310190)
CDS complement(1310156..1311262)
CDS complement(1311786..1313687)
CDS complement(1313808..1314827)
CDS 1315109..1316446
CDS complement(1316267..1316761)
CDS 1316946..1317584
CDS 1317604..1317951
CDS 1317961..1318380
CDS complement(1318384..1318536)
CDS complement(1318586..1318987)
CDS 1319124..1320695
CDS complement(1321256..1321393)
CDS 1321619..1322356
CDS 1322730..1323419
CDS complement(1323849..1324598)
CDS complement(1324599..1325528)
CDS complement(1325672..1325878)
CDS complement(1325879..1326202)
CDS 1326626..1327390
CDS complement(1327526..1329994)
CDS complement(1329991..1330785)
CDS complement(1330828..1331472)
CDS 1331492..1332595
CDS 1332621..1333457
CDS 1333884..1334030
CDS 1334039..1334806
CDS 1334799..1335950
CDS 1336076..1337134
CDS 1337611..1338867
CDS 1338879..1339721
CDS 1339718..1340296
CDS 1340293..1340925
CDS 1341467..1342618
CDS complement(1342661..1343269)
CDS complement(1343426..1344289)
CDS complement(1344348..1344821)
CDS complement(1344955..1346334)
CDS complement(1346439..1349768)
CDS complement(1349765..1350172)
CDS complement(1350293..1351291)
CDS complement(1351288..1352685)
CDS complement(1353279..1356503)
CDS complement(1356505..1357590)
CDS 1357977..1358891
CDS 1358895..1359359
CDS 1359981..1361300
CDS 1361297..1362208
CDS 1362218..1363588
CDS 1363945..1364427
CDS 1364585..1365505
CDS 1365644..1366690
CDS 1366963..1369239
CDS 1369424..1369687
CDS complement(1369966..1371198)
CDS 1371786..1372646
CDS 1372899..1373774
CDS complement(1373898..1374521)
CDS complement(1374942..1375304)
CDS complement(1375383..1376714)
CDS complement(1376791..1377588)
CDS 1378027..1379559
CDS 1379556..1381025
CDS 1381046..1382983
CDS complement(1383086..1384234)
CDS complement(1384212..1385564)
CDS 1386224..1386319
CDS 1386312..1387733
CDS complement(1387781..1388446)
CDS 1388616..1390052
CDS 1390072..1390938
CDS 1391056..1391802
CDS complement(1392110..1392427)
CDS 1393109..1393675
CDS complement(1393880..1394152)
CDS complement(1394189..1394512)
CDS complement(1394517..1394882)
CDS complement(1394923..1395711)
CDS complement(1395720..1396784)
CDS complement(1396789..1397784)
CDS complement(1397798..1398193)
CDS complement(1398364..1399359)
CDS complement(1399750..1400133)
CDS complement(1400267..1400863)
CDS complement(1400937..1401515)
CDS complement(1402142..1402360)
CDS 1402674..1403387
CDS 1403673..1405175
CDS 1405204..1405959
CDS 1406446..1406934
CDS 1406984..1407586
CDS 1407856..1409664
CDS complement(1409898..1410359)
CDS 1410599..1411864
CDS complement(1411852..1412415)
CDS complement(1412454..1413347)
CDS 1413460..1413870
CDS 1413872..1415011
CDS 1415284..1416480
CDS 1416482..1416778
CDS complement(1416879..1417484)
CDS 1417592..1418398
CDS complement(1418733..1419374)
CDS 1419536..1421602
CDS complement(1421548..1421706)
CDS complement(1421703..1423469)
CDS complement(1423587..1424048)
CDS complement(1424070..1424489)
CDS complement(1425654..1425875)
CDS 1425959..1426738
CDS 1426809..1428038
CDS 1428052..1428435
CDS 1428435..1429055
CDS 1429052..1429237
CDS 1429239..1429775
CDS 1429802..1430101
CDS 1430102..1430251
CDS 1430477..1430623
CDS complement(1430716..1431003)
CDS complement(1431115..1433634)
CDS complement(1433612..1434424)
CDS 1434535..1435296
CDS 1435293..1435880
CDS 1435877..1436518
CDS 1436497..1436823
CDS 1437038..1438153
CDS 1438208..1438816
CDS complement(1439074..1440984)
CDS complement(1441491..1441871)
CDS complement(1441868..1442311)
CDS complement(1442311..1444299)
CDS complement(1444304..1444810)
CDS complement(1444813..1446684)
CDS 1447267..1447650
CDS 1447655..1448083
CDS 1448080..1448616
CDS 1448769..1449461
CDS 1449576..1449803
CDS complement(1449823..1451067)
CDS 1451254..1451463
CDS 1451470..1451898
CDS complement(1451911..1452531)
CDS complement(1452696..1453247)
CDS complement(1453348..1453872)
CDS complement(1453902..1454618)
CDS complement(1454886..1455173)
CDS complement(1455170..1456066)
CDS complement(1456086..1456610)
CDS complement(1457018..1457203)
CDS complement(1457307..1457669)
CDS complement(1457666..1457893)
CDS complement(1457898..1458035)
CDS complement(1458036..1458320)
CDS complement(1458327..1459100)
CDS complement(1459097..1459834)
CDS complement(1459839..1460504)
CDS complement(1460515..1461213)
CDS complement(1461215..1461955)
CDS complement(1461927..1462409)
CDS complement(1462452..1463153)
CDS complement(1463165..1463581)
CDS complement(1463578..1464189)
CDS complement(1464261..1464941)
CDS complement(1464938..1466452)
CDS 1466643..1467548
CDS 1467610..1468035
CDS 1468047..1469468
CDS 1469506..1470237
CDS complement(1470297..1474103)
CDS complement(1474340..1474972)
CDS complement(1475019..1475954)
CDS complement(1475955..1476209)
CDS complement(1476213..1476440)
CDS complement(1476442..1477173)
CDS complement(1477176..1477526)
CDS complement(1477539..1478366)
CDS complement(1478368..1479057)
CDS complement(1479054..1479959)
CDS complement(1480575..1480727)
CDS complement(1481019..1481555)
CDS complement(1481866..1482378)
CDS 1482399..1483769
CDS 1484099..1484818
CDS 1484815..1485867
CDS 1485864..1487027
CDS 1487167..1487439
CDS 1487598..1489472
CDS 1489476..1491866
CDS 1492233..1492955
CDS 1492959..1493552
CDS 1493787..1496612
CDS 1496716..1497729
CDS complement(1497864..1500017)
CDS 1500562..1501572
CDS 1501574..1502785
CDS 1502742..1503401
CDS complement(1503542..1504636)
CDS 1504912..1506594
CDS 1506584..1508020
CDS 1508052..1508579
CDS 1509179..1510549
CDS 1510773..1511225
CDS complement(1511307..1511954)
CDS complement(1512174..1512869)
CDS 1513083..1514447
CDS 1514537..1514974
CDS complement(1514971..1516941)
CDS complement(1517633..1518040)
CDS complement(1518871..1519152)
CDS complement(1520003..1520665)
CDS complement(1521203..1521511)
CDS 1521800..1522702
CDS complement(1522768..1523085)
CDS complement(1523101..1524066)
CDS complement(1524066..1524704)
CDS complement(1524760..1525239)
CDS complement(1525246..1525764)
CDS 1525956..1526225
CDS 1526222..1527334
CDS 1527350..1528402
CDS 1528669..1528998
CDS 1529120..1529782
CDS complement(1529884..1530672)
CDS 1530766..1531635
CDS 1531784..1532191
CDS 1532674..1533912
CDS 1533890..1534807
CDS 1534800..1535585
CDS 1535784..1535975
CDS 1536012..1536371
CDS 1536368..1536943
CDS 1536946..1537833
CDS 1537960..1538901
CDS 1538864..1539130
CDS complement(1539174..1539281)
CDS 1539824..1541233
CDS complement(1541325..1541765)
CDS 1542346..1543563
CDS 1543560..1544558
CDS complement(1544731..1545915)
CDS 1546442..1547446
CDS 1547494..1548471
CDS complement(1548513..1549025)
CDS complement(1549044..1549286)
CDS 1550456..1551016
CDS complement(1551324..1552133)
CDS complement(1552204..1553448)
CDS complement(1553861..1554280)
CDS 1555008..1555346
CDS 1556469..1557230
CDS complement(1558233..1559003)
CDS complement(1559258..1560430)
CDS complement(1560442..1561011)
CDS complement(1561097..1562008)
CDS complement(1562013..1563104)
CDS 1563154..1563285
CDS 1563320..1564525
CDS 1564901..1566067
CDS complement(1566764..1567492)
CDS 1567742..1569193
CDS 1570001..1571809
CDS complement(1572314..1574008)
CDS complement(1574064..1574471)
CDS 1574756..1576012
CDS 1576014..1577180
CDS 1577370..1578104
CDS complement(1578478..1580994)
CDS complement(1581000..1581956)
CDS 1582315..1583094
CDS 1583127..1583615
CDS complement(1583939..1584733)
CDS 1585039..1586295
CDS 1586299..1588143
CDS complement(1588140..1588373)
CDS 1588768..1591338
CDS 1591316..1592989
CDS 1593215..1593769
CDS complement(1593926..1594750)
CDS complement(1594931..1595377)
CDS complement(1595388..1595600)
CDS 1596641..1598281
CDS 1598291..1599418
CDS 1599405..1602590
CDS 1602775..1603206
CDS complement(1603221..1603514)
CDS 1604198..1604791
CDS 1604878..1607046
CDS complement(1607125..1608192)
CDS 1608476..1609060
CDS complement(1609210..1610481)
CDS 1610742..1613105
CDS 1613126..1613482
CDS complement(1618722..1618952)
CDS complement(1618969..1620588)
CDS complement(1620590..1622071)
CDS complement(1622275..1622973)
CDS complement(1622970..1625639)
CDS complement(1625679..1625936)
CDS complement(1625933..1626535)
CDS 1626672..1627847
CDS 1627844..1628653
CDS 1628775..1629650
CDS 1629712..1631661
CDS 1631847..1632494
CDS complement(1632643..1632882)
CDS complement(1633110..1633928)
CDS complement(1633922..1634521)
CDS 1634682..1636280
CDS 1636483..1637400
CDS complement(1637544..1639055)
CDS complement(1639009..1640364)
CDS 1640534..1640902
CDS 1640907..1641350
CDS 1641808..1642176
CDS 1642346..1642828
CDS complement(1642994..1643896)
CDS 1644275..1646098
CDS complement(1646154..1646282)
CDS 1646512..1646874
CDS 1647419..1647787
CDS 1647792..1648235
CDS 1648693..1649061
CDS 1649231..1649713
CDS complement(1649879..1650781)
CDS 1651160..1652983
CDS complement(1653039..1653167)
CDS 1653397..1653759
CDS 1654304..1654672
CDS 1654677..1655120
CDS 1655578..1655946
CDS 1656116..1656598
CDS complement(1656764..1657666)
CDS 1658045..1659868
CDS complement(1659924..1660052)
CDS 1660269..1661450
CDS 1661695..1663620
CDS 1664006..1664590
CDS complement(1664923..1666854)
CDS complement(1666841..1666960)
CDS 1667269..1668174
CDS complement(1668164..1669960)
CDS 1670499..1671527
CDS 1671559..1672185
CDS 1672182..1673618
CDS 1673615..1674262
CDS 1674237..1674938
CDS 1675129..1676205
CDS 1676434..1677129
CDS complement(1677165..1677587)
CDS 1677719..1678147
CDS 1678184..1680298
CDS complement(1680362..1681525)
CDS complement(1681781..1682647)
CDS complement(1682731..1683954)
CDS complement(1683954..1685738)
CDS complement(1685747..1686604)
CDS 1687294..1689816
CDS 1689822..1690259
CDS 1690256..1691245
CDS 1691251..1692012
CDS 1692023..1694113
CDS 1694100..1694672
CDS 1694669..1695661
CDS 1695658..1695924
CDS complement(1696029..1696256)
CDS complement(1696679..1697521)
CDS complement(1697806..1698036)
CDS complement(1699153..1699743)
CDS complement(1699740..1700396)
CDS complement(1700482..1701111)
CDS 1701139..1702116
CDS 1702307..1702666
CDS complement(1702859..1704046)
CDS complement(1703988..1704449)
CDS complement(1704439..1704630)
CDS complement(1704636..1705328)
CDS complement(1705291..1705554)
CDS complement(1705561..1705710)
CDS complement(1705707..1706306)
CDS complement(1706309..1706647)
CDS complement(1706651..1707100)
CDS complement(1707366..1708211)
CDS complement(1708204..1708728)
CDS complement(1708728..1710017)
CDS complement(1710020..1712380)
CDS complement(1712469..1712969)
CDS complement(1713115..1713366)
CDS 1713465..1713716
CDS complement(1713757..1714320)
CDS 1714338..1715054
CDS complement(1715221..1716087)
CDS complement(1716111..1716821)
CDS 1717043..1717705
CDS 1717736..1718299
CDS complement(1718399..1719367)
CDS complement(1719364..1720710)
CDS 1721060..1721179
CDS 1721456..1721986
CDS 1722112..1722468
CDS complement(1722705..1722866)
CDS complement(1723077..1724291)
CDS complement(1724924..1726042)
CDS complement(1726355..1727224)
CDS complement(1727250..1728269)
CDS complement(1728270..1729499)
CDS complement(1729500..1729694)
CDS complement(1729809..1733609)
CDS 1733687..1733824
CDS 1733914..1734453
CDS 1734928..1736532
CDS complement(1737075..1737977)
CDS complement(1738035..1746005)
CDS complement(1746370..1746627)
CDS complement(1747019..1747168)
CDS 1747337..1748458
CDS complement(1748539..1749384)
CDS complement(1749381..1750079)
CDS complement(1750278..1750466)
CDS complement(1750469..1751167)
CDS complement(1751172..1752563)
CDS complement(1752575..1754305)
CDS complement(1754296..1754595)
CDS complement(1754595..1755644)
CDS complement(1755650..1756198)
CDS complement(1756228..1756485)
CDS complement(1756541..1758565)
CDS complement(1758558..1759019)
CDS complement(1759007..1760176)
CDS complement(1760365..1761663)
CDS 1762054..1762539
CDS 1762555..1763106
CDS 1763103..1763492
CDS 1763506..1764300
CDS 1764855..1765532
CDS 1765619..1766197
CDS 1766244..1766807
CDS complement(1766770..1768026)
CDS complement(1768010..1768111)
CDS complement(1768252..1770906)
CDS complement(1771621..1772361)
CDS complement(1772883..1773653)
CDS complement(1773707..1773877)
CDS 1773915..1775417
CDS 1775692..1776153
CDS complement(1776303..1777511)
CDS 1777698..1778216
CDS 1778221..1779231
CDS 1779231..1780235
CDS complement(1780258..1781412)
CDS complement(1781409..1783673)
CDS 1783783..1784466
CDS 1784463..1785044
CDS 1785047..1786513
CDS 1786620..1787519
CDS complement(1787516..1787689)
CDS complement(1788136..1789026)
CDS complement(1789032..1789631)
CDS complement(1789613..1790515)
CDS complement(1790526..1791752)
CDS complement(1791749..1792006)
CDS complement(1792003..1792542)
CDS complement(1792673..1793158)
CDS complement(1793197..1793700)
CDS 1793806..1794261
CDS 1794261..1795619
CDS 1795629..1796696
CDS 1796938..1797639
CDS complement(1797793..1798701)
CDS complement(1798671..1799315)
CDS 1799720..1799989
CDS 1799979..1800644
CDS 1800710..1801204
CDS complement(1801434..1801922)
CDS 1802005..1803435
CDS 1803422..1805122
CDS complement(1805245..1805826)
CDS 1805856..1807043
CDS complement(1807343..1807588)
CDS complement(1807757..1808299)
CDS complement(1808598..1809665)
CDS complement(1809780..1810304)
CDS 1810425..1810586
CDS 1810595..1810771
CDS 1811605..1812054
CDS complement(1812267..1813310)
CDS complement(1813307..1814167)
CDS complement(1814197..1815240)
CDS complement(1815362..1817446)
CDS 1817622..1817768
CDS 1818223..1819686
CDS 1819708..1820493
CDS complement(1820506..1821597)
CDS complement(1821616..1821738)
CDS complement(1821743..1822711)
CDS complement(1822756..1823733)
CDS complement(1823786..1824907)
CDS 1825053..1826177
CDS 1826178..1827995
CDS 1828172..1828534
CDS 1829006..1829803
CDS complement(1830003..1831205)
CDS complement(1831449..1832270)
CDS 1832306..1833829
CDS 1834056..1835039
CDS complement(1835060..1835443)
CDS complement(1835742..1836293)
CDS complement(1836407..1836634)
CDS 1836668..1838341
CDS 1838502..1846643
CDS complement(1846719..1847363)
CDS complement(1847522..1848580)
CDS complement(1848709..1849809)
CDS complement(1849790..1850287)
CDS complement(1850298..1851305)
CDS complement(1851302..1851946)
CDS complement(1852108..1854117)
CDS 1854177..1855013
CDS 1855010..1855642
CDS complement(1855807..1856760)
CDS complement(1856943..1858340)
CDS complement(1858558..1859595)
CDS complement(1859600..1860118)
CDS complement(1860115..1860720)
CDS complement(1860717..1862330)
CDS complement(1862327..1862701)
CDS complement(1862706..1863161)
CDS complement(1863164..1863826)
CDS complement(1863780..1864289)
CDS complement(1864296..1864754)
CDS complement(1864756..1865142)
CDS complement(1865149..1865655)
CDS complement(1865689..1866078)
CDS complement(1866088..1866231)
CDS complement(1866228..1866737)
CDS complement(1866734..1867444)
CDS complement(1867441..1867797)
CDS complement(1867797..1868195)
CDS complement(1868192..1868512)
CDS complement(1868509..1868799)
CDS complement(1868799..1869002)
CDS complement(1868980..1869810)
CDS complement(1869812..1870270)
CDS complement(1870280..1870690)
CDS complement(1870703..1871413)
CDS complement(1871424..1871672)
CDS complement(1871669..1872424)
CDS complement(1872437..1873444)
CDS complement(1873445..1874278)
CDS 1874440..1875237
CDS 1875250..1876515
CDS complement(1876508..1877377)
CDS complement(1877509..1879212)
|
en
|
markdown
|
840186
|
# Presentation: 840186
## Biomarkers and Subparts Rules and Exceptions
- James Witter MD, PhD
*Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Ophthalmologic Drug Products*
*HFD-550/ODEV/CDER/FDA*
## FDA and Medical Care
- The FDA approves drug and biologic therapeutics for interstate commerce
- The FDA does not regulate medical care
- Thus FDA-approved therapies may be used in ways that are deemed “standard-of-care” by any specific community
- “off label” use
## Drug Development & Regulations
- Pre-1938
- FDA existed (established 1906)
- Only responded to problems
- No requirement for testing or approval
- Public Health Disasters
- DNP for weight loss
- 1 % cataracts (women), deaths (1930’s)
- Elixir sulfanilamide for “all conditions in which the hemolytic streptococci appear” (1937)
- Killed 107 (many children)
- From diethylene glycol poisoning
- Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938)
## Food Drug & Cosmetic Act -1938-
- Established _***requirement for safe therapies***_
- Marketing required “NDA” but passive approval i.e. only if FDA did not object
- Application refused if:
- Investigations did not establish safety under proposed label
- Tests show unsafe, or not safe
- Insufficient information to establish safety
- Label false or misleading
## 1962 Amendments to FD&C
- Requirement for _***efficacy***_
- Mechanism to conduct clinical studies
- Goal to predict safety and efficacy when the product is marketed
- Accomplished through carrying out _***adequate and well controlled trials***_
## FD& C Act: Section 505 -2003-
- Requires substantial evidence of safety and efficacy as the basis of approval
- FDA must give positive approval
- Permits the FDA to grant exemptions from the FD&C Act to study new drug products
- IND for drugs and biologics
## Application to Market a New Drug, Biologic, or an Antibiotic Drug for Human Use (Form FDA 356H)
- Section 505 (b) (1): application has _***full reports***_ of investigations to show whether drug is safe and effective and has details about components, composition, methods and controls
## CFR Code of Federal Regulations
- Codification of rules published in Federal Register by Executive department of the Federal Government
- Divided into 50 titles
- Represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation
- Titles divided into chapters
- Often bears name of issuing agency
- Chapters divided into parts and _***subparts***_
## Title 21: Food and Drug Laws
- Composed of 9 volumes with parts
- Parts 1-1299 (first 8 volumes = Chapter 1)
- Comprises Food and Drug Administration
- Part 1300-end (single volume) includes:
- Chapter 2 (Drug Enforcement Agency-Justice)
- Chapter 3 (Office of National Drug Policy)
## Part 314 (Subparts) Application to Market New Drug
- A-General Provisions
- B-Applications
- C-Abbreviated Applications
- D-FDA action on B or C above
- E-Hearing Procedures
- F-Administrative Procedures for Antibiotics
- G-Miscellaneous
*H-Accelerated Approval of New Drugs for Serious or Life-Threatening Illnesses*
## 21 CFR-Subparts H and E
- Subpart H: 314.500
***Accelerated Approval of New Drugs for Serious or Life-Threatening Illnesses***
**21 CFR 314: NDA regulations**
- Subpart E:* *312.80*** ***
***Drugs Intended to Treat Life-threatening and Severely-debilitating Illnesses***
**21 CFR 312: IND regulations**
## CFR definitions
**Life-threatening**: 314.81(a)
- (1) *Diseases or conditions where the likelihood of death is high unless the course of the disease is interrupted: and*
- (2) *Diseases or conditions with potentially fatal outcomes, where the end point of clinical trial analysis is survival. *
**Severely Debilitating: **314.81(b)
*Diseases or conditions that cause major irreversible morbidity*
## “Surrogate” Approval Subpart H 21 CFR 314.510
- FDA may grant marketing approval for a new drug product on the basis of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the drug product has an effect on a _***surrogate endpoint***_* that* is reasonably likely, based on epidemiologic, therapeutic, pathophysiologic, or other evidence, to predict clinical benefit _**or**_ on the basis of an effect on a clinical endpoint other than ***survival or irreversible mortality***.
## Subpart H Approval Caveats 314.510
- Requirement that applicant study the drug further to verify and describe its clinical benefit where there is uncertainty
*of the surrogate to clinical benefit*
*of observed clinical benefit ultimate outcome*
- Post-marketing studies usually underway
*must be adequate and well controlled*
*must be carried out with due diligence*
## Subpart H Withdrawal Caveats 314.530
- FDA may withdraw approval, following a hearing if:
- Postmarketing clinical study fails to verify clinical benefit
- Applicant fails to perform the required postmarketing study with due diligence
- The promotional materials are false or misleading
- Other evidence demonstrates that the drug product is not shown to be safe or effective under its conditions of use
## Subpart E Caveats 312.80
*FDA can exercise flexibility in applying standards while preserving safety and effectiveness*
*Procedures reflect recognition that physicians and patients are generally willing to accept greater risks of side effects from products that treat life-threatening and severely-debilitating illnesses, than they would accept from products to treat less serious illnesses*
## Subpart E Caveats
**312.84** *Risk-benefit analysis in review of marketing applications for drugs to treat life-threatening and severely-debilitating illnesses*
- not approvable (drug) or deficiency (biologic) letter may be issued after review of data
**312.85** *Phase** 4 studies*
*FDA may seek agreement from the sponsor to conduct certain phase 4 studies to delineate additional information about the drug’s risks, benefits,and optimal use*
## Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints NIH/FDA sponsored meeting April 15-16, 1999 definitions conceptual model possible relationships
## Conceptual model Biomarker and Surrogate Endpoints - 1999
**Biomarkers include the measurements considered directly related to clinical outcomes, but are not the outcomes themselves**
**Biomarkers can evaluate the safety or efficacy (or both) of therapeutic intervention**
**Some biomarkers may achieve the status of a surrogate endpoint in a clinical trial**
- difficult due to disease complexity and single marker limitations
## Possible relationships Biomarker and Surrogate Endpoints - 1999
- Biomarker of no value as surrogate endpoint
- intervention affects disease, not marker
- Biomarker measures unfavorable outcome
- intervention worsens clinical outcome
- Biomarker has partial value
- intervention’s positives and negatives not fully measured (most current surrogate endpoints)
- Biomarker is ideal surrogate endpoint
- full effect of intervention measured
## Biomarkers in SLE may:
- be useful in exploratory studies
- help identify or prioritize new therapies
- help assess safety
- help identify “at risk” or “resistant” patients
- help compare therapies
- help patients and doctors to select and monitor therapies
- help assess efficacy (? surrogate endpoint)
## Surrogate Endpoint: Definition
- A surrogate endpoint of a clinical trial is a laboratory measurement or a physical sign used as a substitute for a _***clinically meaningful endpoint that measures directly how a patient feels, functions, or survives***_
- Changes induced by a therapy on a surrogate endpoint are expected to reflect changes in a clinically meaningful endpoint
- Only valid if the effect on the surrogate leads to a clinical benefit
## Surrogates vs. Biomarkers
- Surrogate endpoints are candidates for drug approval
- Biomarkers do not have the same regulatory implication
- Surrogates may be biomarkers, but not all biomarkers are surrogates.
## Clinically Meaningful Outcome
- Biomarker
- Surrogate marker
## Current State: Surrogates
- Blood pressure
- Lipid lowering agents
- Blood sugar/HBA1c
- Bone mineral density
- HIV load
## Surrogates: Problems
- Do not always account for adverse effect which may cancel out part or all of the apparent treatment benefit:
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST)
- NEJM 324: 781-788 (1991)
- Anti-arrhythmics with worse survival
- Deaths and cardiac arrests
- Encainide/Flecainide: 63/755 (8.3%)
- Placebo: 26/743 (3.5%)
## Subparts H and E
- Potential advantage
- accelerated approval
- Potential disadvantage
- accelerated withdrawal
## Uric acid: Biomarker or Surrogate
- Serum uric acid is a laboratory measure
- Elevated levels can correlate with gout attacks, tophaceous disease or renal disease in the right patient
- Does lowering in serum uric acid
- Decrease incidence of ESRD or stone formation?
- Decrease gouty arthritis or size of tophi?
- How much is enough?
- Lower uric acid to < 6.0 mg/dl or more than placebo?
- In all patients or only a proportion?
## Surrogate Approval-Example?
- DS-DNA _*hypothetically *_proposed as surrogate for trial in SLE (renal disease?)
- Responder approach to analysis
- Endpoints in phase 2/3 trials to address short-term benefit
- renal
- ? quality of life outcome
- Post-marketing commitment to verify long-term clinical benefit
- ? preservation of renal function
## Slide 30
|
en
|
converted_docs
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503816
|
16S/18S rRNA PCR Library Creation
> Version Number: 1.1
>
> Production Start Date: 4/24/07
>
> Version 1.1 Date: 03/17/08
>
> Author(s): Tanja Woyke, Doug Smith
>
> Reviewed/Revised by: Julianna Chow, Karla Ikeda, Eileen Dalin
# Summary
This protocol is to (i) check the purity of DNA used for genome shotgun
sequencing of single organisms and (ii) evaluate the diversity of an
environmental DNA sample.
# EH&S
JGI employees performing this procedure must wear a lab coat, safety
glasses, and gloves at all times.
# Materials & Reagents -- PCR amplification and Cloning
------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- -----------------------
**[Materials/Reagents/Equipment]{.underline}** **[Vendor]{.underline}** **[Stock
Number]{.underline}**
*[Disposables]{.underline}*
384-well PCR Microplate, Blue Abgene TF-0384/B
Clear Adhesive Plate Sealers Edge BioSystems 48461
*[Reagents]{.underline}*
Milli-Q Water Millipore Milli-Q System \-
27F primer (AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG) IDT or Operon or your \-
favorite
4aF primer (TCCGGTTGATCCTGCCRG) IDT or Operon or your \-
favorite
1391R primer (GACGGGCRGTGWGTRCA) IDT or Operon or your \-
favorite
515F (GTGCCAAGCAGCCGCGGTAA) IDT or Operon or your \-
favorite
1209R (GGGCATCACAGACCTG) IDT or Operon or your \-
favorite
*Escherichia coli* *K-12* genomic DNA ATCC 10798D-5
*Archaeoglobus fulgidis* genomic DNA ATCC 49558D
***Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic DNA*** Isolated In house []{.mark}
Easy-A High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix Stratagene 600640
6X loading dye See reagent/stock \-
preparation
Agarose, for routine use Sigma A9539-250G
50X TAE Buffer Invitrogen 24710-030
Ultra Pure Ethidium Bromide (10mg/ml) Invitrogen 15585011
1 Kb DNA ladder Invitrogen 15615-016
TOPO TA Cloning Kit for Sequencing Invitrogen K4580-40
*[Equipment]{.underline}*
CLP Agarose gel box (12cm x 14cm) and two 25 CLP 75.1214-MT-25D
teeth combs
------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- -----------------------
# Procedure -- PCR amplification and Cloning
> ***NOTE:** All reagents/stock solutions should be prepared prior to
> the start of the procedure.*
>
> ***NOTE:** Cloning should be performed on the same day as PCR
> amplification.*
1. **[16S & 18S rRNA Gene PCR Amplification]{.underline}**
1. Add **\~100 ng** of DNA template to the bottom of a clean,
well-labeled 96-well plate and per primer set required. Less DNA
can be used and still produces amplified product.
> ***NOTE:** There are three primer sets for rRNA gene amplification as
> follows:*
>
> *27F/1391R for bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification (BAC 16S)*
>
> *4aF/1391R for archaeal 16S rRNA gene amplification (ARCH 16S)*
>
> *515F/1209R for eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene amplification (EUK 18S)*
>
> ***NOTE:** draw out which samples require amplification with which
> primer set and use different plates or plate sections for each primer
> set required.*
>
> ***NOTE:** For environmental samples: leave 2 blank rows per row
> used!*
2. Add a positive control and a negative control per primer set used:
Add **\~10 ng** of control DNA to the bottom of the 96-well plate:
> *E. coli* DNA for BAC 16S, *A. fulgidis* genomic DNA for ARCH 16S,
> ***Saccharomyces cerevisiae*** genomic DNA for EUK 18S
3. Bring each sample volume up to **18.9 µl** with nuclease free H~2~O.
4. Set-up the following PCR master mix for each primer combination for
the amount of samples plus positive and negative controls. Keep
plate on ice.
------------------------------------ ---------------------- -----------------------
**[1X]{.underline}** **[12X]{.underline}**
F primer (10 µM) 1.8 µl 21.6 µl
R primer (10 µM) 1.8 µl 21.6 µl
Easy-A Master Mix 22.5 µl 270 µl
Total Volume: **26.1 µl** **313.2 µl**
------------------------------------ ---------------------- -----------------------
5. Dispense **26.1 µl** of the PCR mix into each PCR plate well with
template DNA. Keep plate on ice.
6. Spin down the plate.
7. Make a visual check to make sure all of the wells have mix in them
(**45 µl**/ well).
8. Using the multi-channel pipettor, mix the samples by pipetting up
and down gently. Be careful of your well location and of
contamination.
9. **[For environmental samples only:]{.underline}** using the
multi-channel pipettor transfer 2 times 15 µl/ sample into the rows
below.
> ***NOTE:** You will end up with **3x 15 µl**/ environmental sample.*
10. Quick spin plate.
11. Set up a PE 9700 with the following PCR program (This is a 1.5 h
protocol):
> 94 ^o^C -- 3 min.
>
> **94 ^o^C -- 30 sec.**
>
> **55 ^o^C -- 30 sec. 20 cycles**
>
> **68 ^o^C -- 90 sec.**
>
> 72^o^C -- 10 min.
>
> 4 ^o^C -- ∞
12. **[For environmental samples only:]{.underline}** after the PCR
reaction, pool the samples back into one **45 µl** aliquot/ sample
and mix the samples by pipetting up and down gently. Be careful of
your well location and of contamination.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
2. **[Amplification QC using an Agarose Gel]{.underline}**
1. Transfer a **10 µl** aliquot per sample to a fresh PCR plate (or
tubes).
2. Add **5 µl** of 1X loading dye per sample.
3. Vortex and spin quickly to collect the sample.
4. Load **15 µl** of sample onto 1% agarose gel containing Ethidium
Bromide and save the remaining sample for cloning (on ice). Load
**10 µl** of 1 Kb DNA ladder between the samples.
> ***NOTE:** use smallest comb size for the agarose gel (i.e. 25 teeth
> combs for 12cm x 14cm agarose gel box).*
>
> {width="0.375in"
> height="0.3020833333333333in"}***CAUTION!** Use proper safety
> precautions while handling Ethidium Bromide. This is a
> carcinogen/irritant.*
5. Run gel for \~ 40 min at 120V.
6. Image gel and check for proper inserts at **\~1.4 kb** (BAC16S),
**\~1.4 kb** and/or **\~2.1 kb** (ARCH16S) and **\~0.7 kb** (EUK
18S). Make sure there is no non-specific amplification.
> ***NOTE:** you should see a single discrete band (exceptions are
> possible; i.e. archaeal 16S rRNA genes with introns; some variations
> in rRNA gene size).*
>
> *If you see more than a discrete band of the expected size or smearing
> from your PCR, you either (i) optimize your PCR to eliminate
> non-specific amplification or (ii) gel-purify your fragment prior to
> cloning (avoid nuclease contamination when gel purifying!)*
>
> ***NOTE:** make sure your positive control is positive and your
> negative controlis negative.*
7. Discard the gel in the appropriately labeled waste.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
3. **[Ligation of Amplified Product]{.underline}**
1. Add **1-4 µl** of fresh PCR product to the bottom of a clean,
well-labeled 96-well plate (do not include negative controls).
> *NOTE: use PCR product volumes based on the intensity of the PCR
> product on the gel (i.e. use 4 µl, if very faint).*
2. Add **1 µl** of dilute salt solution. (1:4 dilution of stock salt
solution)
3. Bring the sample volume up to **5 µl** with nuclease free H~2~O.
4. Add **1 µl** of TOPO vector.
5. Mix gently and quick spin.
6. Incubate for 20 min at room temperature.
# Materials & Reagents -- Transformation
------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- -----------------------
**[Materials/Reagents/Equipment]{.underline}** **[Vendor]{.underline}** **[Stock
Number]{.underline}**
*[Disposables]{.underline}*
Gene Pulse Cuvette 0.1 cm electrode gap BioRad 165-2089
Falcon 14 ml Polypropylene Tube Becton Dickinson 352059
Cryogenic Vial Corning 430289
LB Carb 150 X-gal Plates Teknova L4940
*[Reagents]{.underline}*
ElectroMAX DH10B Cells Invitrogen 18290015
SOC Medium Teknova S1640
SOC Medium Invitrogen Supplied with comp
cells
Glycerol Sigma G-6279
*[Equipment]{.underline}*
Gene Pulser II BioRad \-
Pulse Controller Plus BioRad \-
------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- -----------------------
# Procedure -- Transformation
> ***NOTE:** All reagents/stock solutions should be prepared prior to
> the start of the procedure.*
1. **[Equipment Settings (BioRad Pulse Controller):]{.underline}**
- Low range: 200
- High range: ∞ (not used)
- Capacitance: 25
- Voltage: 1.8 kV
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
2. **[Transformation]{.underline}**
1. Place on ice: one well-labeled Eppendorf tube and cuvette for
each sample being transformed.
2. Thaw ElectroMax DH10B competent cells on ice (each tube contains
100µl, enough for 2 reactions). Discard unused cells-DO NOT
refreeze!
3. To the appropriately well-labeled, cold Eppendorf tube; add **1
µl** of ligation product.
4. Once thawed, mix competent cells by swirling with pipette tip a
few times.
5. Add **50 µl** eDH10B competent cells to the Eppendorf tube.
6. Mix by swirling the ligation and competent cells together with
pipette tip a few times.
7. Transfer solution to the bottom groove of COLD cuvette and tap
on tabletop a few times to settle solution to the bottom (must
see even levels of cells on each side of the cuvette without
bubbles).
8. Electroporate at 1.8 kV.
9. Transfer cell solution immediately to **950 µl** of SOC in a
14ml falcon tube at room temperature (make sure SOC is clear,
i.e. no growth).
> ***Important!** Transfer electroporation within 10 seconds to SOC.*
> Rinse cuvette with **50 µl** of the same SOC mixture to which you just
> added the cells.
10. Incubate within rotating wheel at 37^o^C for 1 hour.
11. After incubation, place on ice (no more than one hour) until ready
to plate on agar plates.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
3. **[Plating with Beads:]{.underline}**
1. Before transforming, prepare one well-labeled
LB/CARB150/IPTG/X-gal agar plate per library by letting them
warm to 37˚C in an incubator to dry agar down and open (\~ 90
min).
2. After 60 minute transformation incubation, make a 10% glycerol
transformation stock (**143 µl** 80% glycerol + full
transformation = **\~ 1143 µl** glycerol transformation stock).
3. Cap, then mix transformation glycerol stock by inverting several
times. \[Can store tube at -80˚C if not plating within 10 min.\]
4. Prepare a tube with **1.5 ml** of SOC (plating tube).
5. Add **10 μl** of the transformation glycerol stock to 1.5ml of
SOC (plating tube).
6. Transfer remaining transformation glycerol stock into cryotube
and store immediately at --80˚C for long term storage.
7. Mix tube by inverting several times (plating tube).
8. Place 10-15 beads onto bioassay.
9. Pipet entire volume of plating tube onto bioassay with beads
(**\~1510 μl**). Pipet stock over the entire plate.
10. Shake beads around on the bioassay until the stock has been
evenly spread (Be Gentle!).
11. Place bioassay on benchtop allowing stock to soak in completely.
12. When bioassay is dry, pour beads off of bioassay into autoclave
waste.
13. Incubate the bioassays agar down in 37˚C incubator for 16-18
hrs.
# Materials & Reagents -- QC PCR
------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- -----------------------
**[Materials/Reagents/Equipment]{.underline}** **[Vendor]{.underline}** **[Stock
Number]{.underline}**
*[Disposables]{.underline}*
96-well PCR plate USA Scientific 1402-9708
*[Reagents]{.underline}*
Taq DNA Polymerase Amersham Biosciences 27-0799-63
10X PCR Buffer Amersham Biosciences \-
10mM dNTP mix MBI Fermentas R0192
pUC-F primer (CTTTACACTTTATGCTTCC) IDT or Operon or your \-
favorite
pUC-R primer (GCAAGGCGATTAAGTTGG) IDT or Operon or your \-
favorite
1 Kb DNA ladder Invitrogen 15615-016
*[Equipment]{.underline}*
GeneAmp PCR System 9700 Perkin Elmer (Applied \-
Biosystems)
------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- -----------------------
# Procedure -- QC PCR
# Materials and Reagents -- PCR QC
------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- -----------------------
**[Materials/Reagents/Equipment]{.underline}** **[Vendor]{.underline}** **[Stock
Number]{.underline}**
*[Disposables]{.underline}*
96-well PCR plate USA Scientific 1402-9708
*[Reagents]{.underline}*
Taq DNA Polymerase (10KU) Amersham Biosciences 27-0799-63
10X PCR Buffer Amersham Biosciences \-
10mM dNTP mix MBI Fermentas R0192
pUC-F primer (CTTTACACTTTATGCTTCC) IDT or Operon or your \-
favorite
pUC-R primer (GCAAGGCGATTAAGTTGG) IDT or Operon or your \-
favorite
FailSafe PCR System (Enzyme mix for high GC) Epicentre FS99250
(choose 2x Buffer K) Epicentre FSP995K
*[Equipment]{.underline}*
GeneAmp PCR System 9700 Perkin Elmer (Applied \-
Biosystems)
------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- -----------------------
# Procedure -- PCR for QC of Library Insert Size
1. **[PCR QC]{.underline}**
1. Make up the following PCR master mix for each sample (x120 for a
96-well plate). Keep plate on ice.
------------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------
**[1X]{.underline}** **[120X]{.underline}**
Nuclease free H~2~O 16.85 µl 2022.00 µl
10X PCR Buffer 2.00 µl 240.00 µl
10mM dNTP (MBI) 0.40 µl 48.00 µl
pUC-F primer (10 pmol/µl) 0.28 µl 33.60 µl
pUC-R primer (10 pmol/µl) 0.28 µl 33.60 µl
Taq (Amersham) 0.28 µl 33.60 µl
Total Volume: **20.09 µl** **2410.8 µl**
------------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------
2. Dispense **20µl** of the PCR mix into each well needed of the PCR
plate. Keep plate on ice.
3. Spin down the plate.
4. Make a visual check to make sure all of the wells have mix in them.
5. Using pipette tips only, pick 16-24 colonies per library into their
own well. Be careful of your well location and of contamination. Mix
tips in cocktail well.
6. Quickly spin down plate.
7. Set up a PE 9700 with the following colony PCR program (This is a 3
hr 15 min protocol):
> 94 ^o^C -- 4 min.
>
> **94 ^o^C -- 30 sec.**
>
> **55 ^o^C -- 30 sec. 35 cycles**
>
> **68 ^o^C -- \*2 min.**
>
> 4^o^C -- Hold
>
> (\*modify with 5 sec. added on to each cycle for the 68 ^o^C
> elongation step.)
8. Add **10µl** of 1X loading dye (must be faint so the PCR bands are
not hidden) to PCR plate.
9. Vortex & spin down plate to collect.
10. Load **15µl** of sample onto 1% agarose gel containing Ethidium
Bromide (Carcinogen/Irritant) and save the remaining sample for
later use if gel fails. Leave a well empty between libraries for
loading **5µl** of marker 2.
11. Run for \~ 30 min at 120V.
12. Image gel and check for inserts at the appropriate size depending
upon primer set used. **\~1.4 kb** (BAC16S), **\~1.4 kb** and/or
**\~2.1 kb** (ARCH16S) and **\~0.7 kb** (EUK 18S).
13. Discard the gel in the appropriately labeled waste.
# Reagent/Stock Preparation
**[80% Glycerol Stock Solution]{.underline}**
40ml 100% Glycerol (pipette slowly)
10ml Nuclease-free H~2~0
Autoclave
Store at room temperature
**[6X Loading Dye]{.underline}**
75ml 100% glycerol
125ml Nuclease free H~2~0
0.05g Bromphenol Blue
0.05g Xylene Cyanole FF
Store at 4˚C
**[1X TAE Buffer]{.underline}**
To make 20 liters:
400ml 50X TAE Buffer
19.6L Milli-Q H~2~O
Store at room temperature
# Troubleshooting
**[(1) Only the positive control is visible.]{.underline}**
> This may indicate that the wrong concentration of the sample DNA was
> used for the reaction. The concentration may be too low or too high.
> Low DNA concentration may produce poor amplification, while too much
> template DNA may inhibit the amplification reaction due to the
> presence of PCR inhibitors in the sample. Amplification inhibition
> will be most commonly be the case.
>
> **[SUGGESTION:]{.underline}**
>
> Run template DNA serial dilutions as follows.
**[Dilutions:]{.underline}**
> 1/10 dilution: **1 µl** of stock DNA to **9 µl** of nuclease free
> H~2~O
>
> 1/100 dilution: **1 µl** of (1/10 dilution) to **9 µl** of nuclease
> free H~2~O
>
> 1/1000 dilution: **1 µl** of (1/100 dilution) to **9 µl** of nuclease
> free H~2~O
>
> Use **1 µl** from the above dilutions for amplification reaction.
**1 µl** of each dilution for bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification
**1 µl** of each dilution for archaeal 16S rRNA gene amplification
**1 µl** of each dilution for eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene amplification
Bring volume up to **18.9 µl** with nuclease free H~2~O
Dispense **26.1 µl** of the appropriate PCR master mix for each primer
combination.
> **NOTE:** *For environmental samples, using multi-channel pipettor
> transfer 2 times **15 µl** / sample into rows below.*
>
> **NOTE:** *When the above method still fails to amplify, the given
> gene of interest and thus superkingdom may not be present in the
> sample.*
**[(2) Both negative and positive controls are visible.]{.underline}**
This indicates contamination.
> **[SUGGESTION:]{.underline}**
Toss all amplified products and repeat 16S/18S rRNA gene PCR
amplification.
> **NOTE:** *Be careful when dispensing samples to ensure no cross
> contamination.*
**[(3) Multiple bands of different sizes are visible.]{.underline}**
> This may indicate that the (environmental) sample contains organisms
> with rRNA genes of different lengths. Archaeal 16S rRNA genes as well
> as eukaryotic 18S rRNA genes may contain introns of varying size.
>
> Moreover, unspecific amplification may occur.
>
> **[SUGGESTIONS:]{.underline}**
>
> Repeat amplification, run a positive, negative control, and run 1ul of
> undiluted DNA. In addition to adding positive and negative controls,
> **1 µl** of DNA will be added as a DNA quality control. If multiple
> bands do not appear in the 1ul DNA sample, then the library should be
> cloned and handed off for sequencing.
>
> **NOTE:** *This will help determine if the DNA was affected by the
> heating and cooling in the thermocycler, causing multiple band
> patterns.*
Add **1 µl** of DNA sample to a clean well
Bring volume up to **45 µl** with of nuclease free H~2~O
Do not add any PCR master mix to the sample.
The rRNA Gene library PCR QC show different band sizes.
> It is perfectly normal for ARCH 16S and EUK 18S libraries to have
> different size PCR product.
# SOP Approval
----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
**DEPARTMENT** **APPROVED BY** **DATE**
**Lab Supervisor**
**Research &
Development**
**Instrumentation**
**QC**
**Purchasing**
**EH & S**
**Informatics**
**Seq Assessment &
Analysis**
**Dept Head of Prod
Seq**
----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
# Appendix
**[AUDIT TRACKING]{.underline}**
**[PROCEDURAL CHANGES]{.underline}**
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# Presentation: 563444
## DOE Office of High Energy Physics Report to the Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee
**Dennis Kovar**
**Acting Associate Director for the**
**Office of High Energy Physics,**
**Office of Science, DOE**
**February 11, 2008**
## DOE Office of High Energy Physics (HEP)
**The mission of the High Energy Physics (HEP) program is to understand how our universe works at its most fundamental level. **
- We do this by discovering the most elementary constituents of matter and energy, probing the interactions between them, and exploring the basic nature of space and time itself.
- To enable these discoveries, HEP supports theoretical and experimental research in both elementary particle physics and fundamental accelerator science and other supporting technology.
- Includes the* *understanding of the connections between the physics of elementary particles and the physics that determines the structure of the universe, leading to the investigation of very high energy cosmic acceleration mechanisms
***DOE HEP Office provides 90% of the federal support for High Energy Physics research and coordinates with NSF, NASA and international efforts***
## The Scientific Opportunities of HEP
**The [National Academy EPP 2010] committee arrived at three strong conclusions regarding**
**Both particle physics and the U.S. role in this global scientific and technological enterprise:**
**“****Particle physics plays an essential role in the broader enterprise of the physical sciences. **
- It inspires U.S. students, attracts talent from around the world, and drives critical intellectual and technological advances in other fields.”
**“****Although setting priorities is essential, it also is critical to maintain a diverse portfolio **of activities in particle physics, from theory to accelerator R&D to the construction and support of new experimental facilities.
- The committee believes that accelerators will remain an essential component of the program, since some critical scientific questions cannot be explored in any other manner.”
**“****The field of elementary particle physics is entering an era of unprecedented potential. **New experimental facilities, including accelerators, space-based experiments, underground laboratories, and critical precision measurements of various kinds, offer a variety of ways to explore the hidden nature of matter, energy, space, and time.
- The availability of technologies that can explore directly an energy regime known as the Terascale is especially exciting.” ......
**The results of the committee’s analysis have led to its chief recommendation:**
**“****The United States should remain globally competitive in elementary particle physics by playing a leading role in the worldwide effort to aggressively study Terascale physics.”**
## The Status of HEP
**HEP is at an extraordinary productive and exciting period **
- with significant discoveries anticipated at the energy frontier and in particle astrophysics and neutrino science.
**The FY 2008 Omnibus Bill funding has resulted in significant loss of**
- HEP scientific productivity and workforce, and;
- U.S. credibility as an interagency/international partner
**Planning is addressing the EPP 2010 priorities:**
- exploration of the Terascale at the LHC;
- investment in R&D for an international linear collider, and;
- expansion of the program in astrophysics and internationalization of a staged program in neutrino physics.
**Current circumstances are challenging for the U.S. program:**
- the imminent closing of U.S. HEP facilities;
- the recognition that the earliest possible start for the ILC will be in the middle of the next decade, and;
- the budget uncertainties for HEP (all of Science).
## DOE Office of High Energy Physics (HEP)
**DOE HEP supports:**** **
- Operations of User Facilities (Tevatron, NuMi, B-Factory)
- Fabrication and operations of experiments
- Researchers and students (6 National Laboratories and >100 universities)
- R&D for next generation accelerators and instrumentation
**DOE HEP Program**
_**Accelerator-based physics **_
- Proton based: _**Fermilab Tevatron**_ (energy frontier) **– planned to end operations in FY 2009**
- -- Currently reviewing possibility of running in FY 2010
- Future: **CERN LHC** (energy frontier) **– to start in FY 2009**
- _**Fermilab NuMi**_ (neutrino studies)
- Electron based: _**SLAC B-Factory**_ (test of standard model) **– terminates in FY 2008**
_**Non-accelerator physics**_
- Atmospheric, solar, reactor neutrinos (SuperK, KamLAND, SNO, Daya Bay, etc.)
- Particle Astrophysics/Cosmology (GLAST, Auger, VERITAS, SDSS, CDMS-II, AMS, etc.)
_**Theory**_
- Elementary Particle Theory
- Major Computing efforts: (simulations, data management, etc.)
_**Technology R&D**_
- R&D for accelerator & detector technologies
- R&D for International Linear Collider (ILC)
## Today’s Major Tools: U.S. HEP Accelerator Experiments
**B-factory at SLAC**
**Neutrinos @ MINOS**
**Tevatron at Fermilab**
## Tomorrow’s Major Tools at the Energy Frontier
**Tomorrow’s Major Tools****at the Energy Frontier**
**ATLAS@CERN**
**CMS@CERN**
**Large Hadron Collider (LHC)@CERN**
## FY 2008 Appropriations
- This included “earmarks” so funding going to peer-review SC program +2.5%
- There were winners and losers
- Computing/biological/environmental – increased from request
- High energy/nuclear physics/basic energy science – decreased from request
- Funding was reduced for the ITER project (fusion energy sciences (FES))
- High Energy was only one (except for FES/ITER) that decreased from FY 2007
**Overall DOE SC funding was reduced by $503M (-11%) from FY 2008 President’s Request**
- Does not support President’s American Competitive Initiative (ACI) - amount
- Is at great variance with President’s FY 2009 Request that support ACI - priorities
**DOE SC HEP funding is last few years has fluctuated**
- FY 2008 funding is a -8.4% (-$63M) reduction from FY 2007
- FY 2008 funding is a 12.5% (-93M) reduction from FY 2008 Request
- Looking back to FY 2005 – HEP program has lost the operating funds of the B-Factory
**FY 2008 Appropriations**
## Office of Science
## The DOE HEP Budget in FY 2008
- Language specifies:
- no funding for NOvA
- ILC R&D and SRF infrastructure funding capped at ~1/4 requested
- Large fraction of this reduction supported people
- Fermilab and SLAC (because of ILC/SRF funding) impacted most severely
**Magnitude of reduction and occurring 1⁄4 through the Fiscal Year limited options**
- One cannot layoff people immediately (takes time and there are severance costs)
- Layoffs alone could not meet the bottomline (nor does it make sense)
- Needed to look at large non-salary costs (i.e.; facility operations)
- But even with significant layoffs – each facilities could run<1/2 planned weeks
**Decision had to be made quickly – delay in layoffs – decreases running weeks**
**Came to choice of running the Fermilab or B-Factory**
**Operation of the Tevatron in FY 2008 was judged more important**
- Scientific priority
- Preserves options for the future U.S. program
**The DOE HEP Budget in FY 2008**
## The DOE HEP Program in FY 2008
**HEP Plan for FY 2008:**
- Core Research at approximately FY2007 level of effort
- Tevatron and LHC programs supported
- Projects (except NOvA) go forward on planned profiles
- Other (non-ILC and SRF) technology R&D continues as planned
## FY 2009 Budget Request
## DOE HEP Request for FY 2009
**President’s Request for FY2009:**
**HEP Budget is $805.0M**
**This is an ****+17% increase**** from FY2008 appropriation**
**Puts HEP program back ****on track**** of American Competitiveness Initiative that ****doubles physical sciences funding over 10 years**
**There are a number of significant program shifts:**
**Some are driven by FY2008 reductions**
- Reduced and re-focused ILC R&D program
- NOvA profile delayed one year
**Others reflect the evolution of HEP strategic plan in the LHC era**
- B-Factory run completed
- begin ramp-down and D&D. Data analysis will continue for a few years
- Tevatron running full-out
- either discovery or significant limits on New Physics in advance of LHC
- U.S. researchers in leading roles at LHC
- Joint Dark Energy Mission R&D ramping up
- to complete conceptual design and select a mission concept
## DOE HEP Strategic Plan
**A central challenge for the U.S. and international HEP community is defining and executing a robust and balanced scientific program that includes a collider at the energy frontier.**
**The ILC is widely viewed as that collider, but:**
- It is a complex, challenging, multi-billion $ investment
- It requires international commitments
- The ILC physics case and some design parameters will depend on results from the LHC that will probably not be available for at least a few years
**Therefore in FY 2009, we propose to:**
- Continue support for a U.S. role in the global ILC R&D effort, but focused on areas where the U.S. is the acknowledged leader
- Maintain a balanced scientific program that will preserve options for U.S. leadership in targeted areas, both in the LHC era and whatever comes next
## DOE HEP Technology R&D Plan
**The overall strategy for accelerator technology R&D has both near- and long-term components to provide options for the U.S. program over the next decade:**
- Short-term R&D focused on development of a high intensity proton source for an enhanced scientific program in neutrinos and rare decays at Fermilab
- Mid-term R&D directed at developing superconducting RF (SRF) technology and infrastructure, for both the HEP program and wider scientific applications of SRF accelerators
- The focused ILC R&D program (as discussed above)
- Long-term R&D directed at advanced accelerator technologies that hold the promise of transformational change. A new test facility for Advanced Accelerator R&D concepts is included in the FY2009 President’s Request.
## FY 2009
- There is support for research and development – but there is a debate about how much should go for short-term, mid-term and long-term (basic) research
- The Administration is strongly supporting long-term basic research
- The FY 2009 Budget Request provides funding for doubling funding for physical sciences
- SC Budget increases by +21 % (HEP increases by +16.8%)
- There is the expectation that Congress will not pass a funding bill until President leaves
- So expectation of a Continuing Resolution (funding at previous year level) for 6 months
- For HEP in the U.S. - it can go in a couple of directions
- The US community has to develop a compelling realistic vision for the a U.S. program - then they need to support it
- I believe that this is essential if we are to change the direction of the U.S. program that was implied in the FY 2008 Omnibus Bill.
- This will not be possible unless it is part of a coordinated international plan
**FY 2009**
## Scientific Directions – HEPAP (P5)
**To obtain input to develop this plan, DOE and NSF have asked the HEP advisory committee (HEPAP) for prioritized scientific recommendations that are consistent with current budgetary guidance.**
**HEPAP has been engaged to develop a 10-plan consistent with four budget scenarios:**
- Constant effort at the FY 2008 (Omnibus) funding level
- Constant effort at the FY 2007 funding level
- Doubling of funding starting in FY 2007
- Additional funding above the previous level, in priority order, associated with specific activities needed to mount a leadership program that addresses the scientific opportunities identified in the National Academy (“EPP2010”) report.
**Preliminary Comments – March 15, 2008**
**Final Report – May, 2008**
## The Plan for HEP
**The goal must be a world-class, vigorous, and productive program, which **
- recognizes the internationalization of particle physics,
- incorporates recent and likely budget realities, and
- ensures the vitality of the field for the next 10-20 years
**A plan for U.S. HEP must be developed that is supported by**
- the scientific community, the Administration, Congress and the public.
**The scientific community’s role is critically important:**
- The community, through HEPAP and P5, is developing the science-driven plan.
- To assist with the realization of this plan, the just released FY2009 Budget Request maintains future options for HEP. The plan will be used to articulate the case for the FY 2010 Budget Request.
- The community needs to make the case of the science and benefits to the nation to Congress and the public.
## FY 2009 HEP Budget
| (Dollars in Thousands) | FY 2007 Actual | FY 2008 Appropriation | FY 2009 Request | vs FY 2008 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High Energy Physics | | | | |
| Proton Accelerator-Based Physics | 343,633 | 368, 825 | 419,577 | + 14 % |
| Electron Accelerator-Based Physics | 101,284 | 65,594 | 48,772 | - 25 % |
| Non-Accelerator Physics | 60,655 | 74,199 | 86,482 | + 17 % |
| Theoretical Physics | 59,955 | 60,234 | 63,036 | + 5 % |
| Advanced Technology R&D | 186,259a | 120,479 | 187,093 | + 0 % |
| Total, High Energy Physics | 751,786a | 689,331b | 804,960 | +17 % |
| Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Linac Operations (non-add) | (51,300) | (19,817) | (--) | |
- The SLAC linear accelerator (linac) supports operations of the B-factory (funded by HEP) and will also support operations of the Linac Coherent Light Source (currently under construction and funded by Basic Energy Sciences (BES)). With the completion of B-factory operations in FY 2008, SC has been transitioning funding of the SLAC linac from HEP to BES, with FY 2008 representing the third and final year of joint funding with BES.
- aTotal includes $19,352,000 transferred to SBIR and STTR programs.
- b includes an approved reprogramming of prior year balances of $1,014,000
## FY 2009 HEP Budget Cross-Cut
| (Dollars in Thousands) | FY 2007 Actual | FY 2008 Appropriation (January AFP) | FY 2009 Request | vs FY 2008 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High Energy Physics | | | | |
| Core Research (incl. Accel. Science) | 280,768 | 282,075 | 294,497 | +4 % |
| Technology R&D (non-ILC) | 88,602 | 50,784 | 84,476 | +66 % |
| Facility Operations | 290,958 | 283,602 | 286,115 | +1 % |
| Completed and Planned Projects | 13,550 | 17,440 | 66,700 | +382 % |
| R&D Initiatives (ILC, JDEM) | 48,082 | 24,431 | 45,030 | +84 % |
| Infrastructure | 10,474 | 12,532 | 7,754 | - 38 % |
| SBIR/STTR | 19,352a | 17,653 | 20,388 | + 15 % |
| Total, High Energy Physics | 751,786a | 689,331b | 804,960 | + 17 % |
- aTotal includes $19,352,000 transferred to SBIR and STTR programs.
- b includes an approved reprogramming of prior year balances of $1,014,000
## Current MIE Projects (EQU costs ONLY; Dollars in Thousands)
| | | Total Project Cost (TPC) | Total Estimated Cost (TEC) | Prior Year Appro-priations | FY 2007 | FY 2008 | FY 2009 | Completion Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Large Hadron Collider–CMS Detector, CERN | 147,050 | 71,789 | 70,539 | 1,250 | — | — | FY 2007 |
| | NuMI Off-axis Neutrino Appearance (NOvA) Detector, Fermilab | 270,000 | TBD | — | 500 | — | 7,000 | FY 2014 |
| | Main Injector Experiment v-A (MINERvA), Fermilab | 16,800 | 10,700 | — | — | 5,000 | 4,900 | FY 2010 |
| | Reactor Neutrino Detector, Daya Bay, China | 32,000 - 34,000 | TBD | — | 500 | 3,960 | 13,000 | FY 2012 |
| | Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K) Near Detector, Tokai, Japan | 4,680 | 2,980 | — | — | 1,980 | 1,000 | FY 2009 |
| | Cryogenic Dark Matter Survey, 25kg Detector, SNOLab, Canada | 5,000-7,000 | TBD | — | — | — | 500 | FY 2012 |
| | Dark Energy Survey, Cerro-Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Chile | 24,100 - 26,700 | TBD | — | — | 3,610 | 7,500 | FY 2011 |
| | Advanced Accelerator R&D Test Facility, TBD | 15,000-19,000 | TBD | — | — | — | 8,000 | FY 2013 |
**Current MIE Projects****(EQU costs ONLY; Dollars in Thousands)**** **
- NOTE: Except for CMS, MINERvA, and T2K, all TPCs are preliminary estimates (projects have not yet been baselined)
## Dark Matter Searches
**Dark Matter Searches**
**Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS-II)**
- Direct detection of dark matter with ultracold Ge in Soudan Mine in Minnesota
- Data-taking: Full ops with 5 towers (~5kg active mass) started in 2006 & continuing in 2008.
- New results on exclusion limits on dark matter cross section will be out soon.
**Axion Dark Matter Search (ADMX) experiment **
- at Lawrence Livermore Lab in CA
- Data taking planned in 2008
**CDMS-25kg upgrade **
- R&D in FY2008; fabrication starts in FY2009
- Deploy in SNOLab by 2012
**Evaluating technologies for future as recommended by**
**DMSAG**
- .
**CDMS detector**
## Dark Energy
_**Experiments**_
**Operating experiments (Stage II): **
- Supernova Cosmology Project, Nearby Supernova Factory, SDSS-II
**Providing R&D funds for large-scale experiments (Stage IV):**
- Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)
- Collaboration proposing that DOE fund the camera construction, led by SLAC
- JDEM – next generation space-based experiment
- Continue R&D for SNAP concept, led by LBNL
- FY07 R&D funding for DESTINY and ADEPT
_**Grants Program**_
**In 2007, DOE/HEP supported R&D in key areas identified by the “Dark Energy Task Force report”**
- Received 32 Dark Energy R&D proposals
- Partially funded 21 – projects include theory, ground and space ($3M total)
**In 2008, DOE/HEP again plans to provide “generic” dark energy support**
- Deadline for proposals was 12/18/07
- Received 70 proposals requesting ~ $15.2M involving 198 researchers
## Dark Energy - JDEM
**Both BEPAC and the FY 2008 Omnibus Bill gave guidance that DOE and NASA should work together on JDEM.**
**DOE, NASA and OSTP have been meeting regularly to lay out the plan for a mission **
**Our target is:**
**Announcement of Opportunity in 2008**
**Selection in 2009**
**Launch in the middle of the next decade**
## Dark Energy Survey (DES)
**DES is a Stage III experiment that will provide multiple methods to study dark energy**
- DOE is fabricating the DECam camera to be installed on the Blanco 4m telescope in Chile
- Collaboration with NSF, UK, Spain, Brazil
- Joint DOE/NSF review held January 2008: DECam ready for baselining.
- Long-lead procurements beginning in 2008; operations in 2012.
- DECam Camera
## Gamma-ray Astrophysics - Space
**Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)**
- High-energy (~20-200 GeV) gamma rays using HEP detector technology
- Collaboration on the primary instrument, the Large Area Telescope (LAT), between NASA, DOE, France, Italy, Japan, Sweden
- Jan 2006 – LAT instrument fabrication complete
- Currently undergoing final environmental testing at NRL & will ship to Kennedy Space Center in March
- Renaming contest on the www
_**May 16, 2008 - GLAST launch scheduled**_
**LAT Detector during assembly**
## Cosmic Ray Astrophysics
_**Pierre Auger Observatory – Argentina**_
- Scientific goal is to observe, understand and characterize the very highest energy cosmic rays.
- Collaboration with NSF and 17 other countries
- Installed over 3000 km2 site
- All fluorescence telescopes are operating
- 1570 (out of 1600) surface Cherenkov detectors deployed
- Collaboration is working on R&D for Auger-South upgrades & an Auger-North design report
**Nov. 2007 results: **
**Sources of highest energy cosmic rays are most likely active galactic nuclei !**
- Fluorescence telescope
## Future Prospects
**Proposals for next-generation tools are starting to come in, or are expected soon:**
- AGIS
- Auger North
- HAWC
- BOSS/SDSS-III
- + more
**An important part of DOE/HEP P5 process and evaluation will be asking how various proposals and directions impact our mission:**
- “understand how our universe works at its most fundamental level”
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[Federal Register: October 17, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 201)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 52657-52668]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr17oc01-1]
========================================================================
Rules and Regulations
Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________
This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains regulatory documents
having general applicability and legal effect, most of which are keyed
to and codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, which is published
under 50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510.
The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by the Superintendent of Documents.
Prices of new books are listed in the first FEDERAL REGISTER issue of each
week.
========================================================================
[[Page 52657]]
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
10 CFR Part 55
RIN 3150-AG40
Operator License Eligibility and Use of Simulation Facilities in
Operator Licensing
AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is amending its
regulations to permit applicants for operator and senior operator
licenses to fulfill a portion of the required experience prerequisites
by manipulating a plant-referenced simulator as an alternative to
manipulation of the controls of the actual nuclear power plant. This
change, along with other amendments contained in this rule, takes
advantage of improvements in simulator technology and reduces
unnecessary regulatory burden on licensees.
EFFECTIVE DATE: The final rule is effective November 16, 2001.
ADDRESSES: The final rule and any related documents are available on
the NRC's rulemaking Website at http://ruleforum.llnl.gov. For
information about the interactive rulemaking Web site, contact Carol
Gallagher, 301-415-5905 (electronic mail: [email protected])
Copies of certain documents related to this rulemaking may be
examined at the NRC Public Document Room, 11555 Rockville Pike,
Rockville, MD. These same documents may be viewed and downloaded
electronically via the rulemaking Web site. Documents created or
received at the NRC after April 1, 2000, are also available
electronically at the NRC's Public Electronic Reading Room on the
Internet at http://www.nrc.gov/NRC/ADAMS/index.html. From this site,
the public can gain entry into the NRC's Agency Document Access and
Management System (ADAMS) that provides text and image files of NRC's
public documents. For more information, contact the NRC Public Document
Room (PDR) Reference staff at 301-415-4737 or toll-free at 1-800-397-
4209, or by e-mail at [email protected].
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: David Trimble, Office of Nuclear
Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC
20555-0001, telephone 301-415-2942, or by electronic mail to
[email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is
amending the regulations that govern operators' licenses to allow
applicants for operator and senior operator licenses to fulfill a
portion of the required experience prerequisites by manipulating a
plant-referenced simulator as an alternative to manipulation of the
controls of the actual nuclear power plant. This final rule also
removes requirements for facility licensee certification of their
simulation facilities and routine submittal of reports to the NRC for
review that identify any uncorrected performance test failures and a
related schedule for correction. Continued assurance of simulator
fidelity is provided because a facility licensee must: (1) Conduct
performance testing and retain results for four years; (2) correct
modeling and hardware discrepancies and discrepancies identified from
scenario validation and from performance testing; (3) make the results
of any uncorrected performance test failures available onsite; and (4)
maintain the provisions for license application, examination, and test
integrity consistent with Section 55.49. The final rule also revises
two definitions and adds clarity to the regulations by relocating
language relating to the use of a simulation facility to a new section
dedicated to ``Simulation Facilities.'' Lastly, the final rule
facilitates voluntary licensee transition to an improved approach to
simulator testing as described in an American National Standards
Institute/American Nuclear Society (ANSI/ANS) standard, ANSI/ANS-3.5-
1998, ``Nuclear Power Plant Simulators for Use in Operator Training and
Examination.'' Revision 3 to Regulatory Guide 1.149, ``Nuclear Power
Plant Simulation Facilities for Use in Operator Training and License
Examinations,'' (RG 1.149) endorses this standard and is being
published in conjunction with this final rule.
Background
Prior to 1987, the Commission's regulatory position was that
simulator experience was not necessarily equivalent to actual nuclear
power plant operating experience. The industry and the public supported
this position, citing inherent problems and uncertainties in simulator
technology, and the few plant-specific simulators in existence at the
time.
The Commission became increasingly aware of the need to update its
operator licensing requirements, in particular the need to clarify the
extent to which simulators may be used in the operator licensing
process. In 1987, the Commission amended substantial portions of 10 CFR
part 55 to (1) formalize the requirement for license applicants to
perform five significant manipulations to control reactivity or power
level on the actual plant as a prerequisite for license eligibility;
(2) require that every operating test be administered in a plant walk-
through and a simulation facility that was either approved by the
Commission or certified by the facility licensee as a plant-referenced
simulator; and (3) require submittal of periodic performance tests on
the simulation facility, and maintenance of records pertaining to the
conduct of these tests and the results obtained. (See 52 FR 9453; March
25, 1987). Consequently, facility licensees began to develop simulators
for operator licensing and training which were certified by licensees
to be in accordance with national standard ANSI/ANS-3.5-1985, ``Nuclear
Power Plant Simulators for Use in Operator Training.'' Eventually,
every facility with a current Part 50 license procured a plant-
referenced simulator and submitted a certification for its use to the
Commission.
Since 1987, technology has allowed advances in the simulators'
computing capability, model complexity, and fidelity. Consequently, the
Commission has fewer concerns regarding the equivalence of experience
gained on simulation facilities and that obtained
[[Page 52658]]
on the actual plant. Additionally, simulator testing has changed
considerably since the current rule was published in 1987.
Specifically, the ANS 3.5 Standard Committee Working Group (WG)
initiated a new, improved approach to simulator testing with the
issuance of ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998, ``Nuclear Power Plant Simulators for Use
in Operator Training and Examination,'' which employs a scenario-based
testing philosophy that is inconsistent with the testing assumptions
and requirements of the current rule. The Commission has reviewed this
new industry standard, found it acceptable, and determined that the
existing regulatory requirements contain prescriptive aspects that are
impediments to industry adoption of the 1998 standard and are no longer
necessary to support required training and examination programs. The
Commission has also determined that the current requirements for
facility licensee certification of plant referenced simulators and
routine submittal of simulation facility performance test failures,
with a schedule for corrections, are unnecessarily burdensome for
licensees. As an alternate approach, the NRC can review plant-
referenced simulators for acceptability and performance test results of
simulation facilities before the simulator facility is used for
operating tests.
Discussion
With this final rule, the Commission is updating its positions
regarding the use, certification, and reporting requirements for
performance testing of simulation facilities. The final rule amends 10
CFR part 55 to take advantage of improvements in simulator technology
and to reduce unnecessary regulatory burden on licensees by:
(1) Allowing applicants for operator and senior operator licenses
to fulfill a portion of the required experience prerequisites by
manipulating a plant-referenced simulator as an alternative to
manipulation of the controls of the actual nuclear power plant,
(2) Removing current requirements for facility licensee
certification of their simulation facilities, and
(3) Eliminating the necessity for routine submittal of reports to
the NRC for review that identify any uncorrected performance test
failures and a schedule for correction.
Finally, the final rule facilitates voluntary licensee transition
to an improved approach to simulator testing as described in industry
standard ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998, ``Nuclear Power Plant Simulators for Use in
Operator Training and Examination.'' Revision 3 to Regulatory Guide
1.149, ``Nuclear Power Plant Simulation Facilities for Use in Operator
Training and License Examinations,'' endorses this standard and is
being published in conjunction with this final rule.
Performance of Control Manipulations on the Plant-Referenced Simulator
The current rule requires that applicants for operator and senior
operator licenses perform five significant control manipulations that
affect reactivity or power level on the actual plant. This final rule
will allow applicants to perform the manipulations either on a plant-
referenced simulator or on the actual plant at the facility licensee's
discretion. When simulators are used to provide for performance of
control manipulations, the final rule requires that: (1) Simulator
models replicate the nuclear and thermal-hydraulic characteristics of
the most recent core load in the nuclear power reference plant for
which a license is being sought; and (2) significant control
manipulations are completed without procedural exceptions, simulator
performance exceptions, or deviation from the approved training
scenario sequence. These requirements ensure that simulator experience
replicates evolutions on the plant and that license applicants receive
the same overall experience in safe plant operation as they would on
the plant itself.
The use of a plant-referenced simulator of appropriate fidelity for
these manipulations is acceptable because of improvements in simulator
technology and 14 years of successful experience in using simulators
after the 1987 revision of part 55. Plant-referenced simulators provide
operator training and realistic examination scenarios on reactivity
manipulations, other normal and abnormal procedure operations, complex
plant operations, and emergency operating procedure evolutions,
including the management of simultaneous tasks and faulted conditions.
This final rule will allow license applicants to fulfill a portion of
the required experience requirements in the facility's plant-referenced
simulator without disrupting the operation of the actual plant.
During the public comment period, the Nuclear Energy Institute
(NEI) and several additional commenters recommended changing proposed
Sec. 55.45(b)(3)(i)(A), which would have required that the simulator
model replicate the plant ``at the time of the applicant's operating
test.'' The commenters stated that the words ``at the time of the
applicant's operating test'' could unnecessarily restrict the
candidate's opportunities to conduct reactivity manipulations. The
commenters also stated that the proposed language would create a
problem if a refueling outage occurs near the time the applicant was
scheduled for the operating test or if the date of the operating test
changed. The Commission acknowledges the concern that the proposed
wording of Sec. 55.45(b)(3)(i)(A) (Sec. 55.46(c)(2)(i) of the final
rule) would have restricted the candidates' opportunities to conduct
the reactivity manipulations. The Commission does not intend to be
unduly restrictive with regard to the timing for conduct of the five
significant control manipulations on a plant-referenced simulator.
Therefore, the Commission has revised Sec. 55.46(c)(2)(i) of the final
rule to require the plant-referenced simulator to ``replicate the most
recent core load in the nuclear power reference plant for which a
license is being sought,'' while deleting the words ``at the time of
the applicant's operating test.'' It is the Commission's intent that
the phrase ``most recent'' means the current core or if the plant is in
a refueling outage, the core just previous to the outage.
Simulator Certification and Routine Submittal of Performance Test
Reports
The current rule requires licensees who use plant-referenced
simulators to certify on NRC Form 474, ``Simulation Facility
Certification,'' that their simulator meets Commission regulations. The
current regulations also require that test documentation and test
schedules be submitted quadrennially. Currently licensed power reactor
facilities have licensee-certified, plant-referenced simulators and the
NRC staff's experience has shown that the submitted quadrennial reports
are of minimal value.
The final rule eliminates current requirements in Sec. 55.45(b)
for: (1) Facility licensee certification of their simulation
facilities, and (2) routine submittal of reports to the NRC for review
which identify any uncorrected performance test failures and a schedule
for correction. Continued assurance of simulator fidelity is provided,
in the final rule in new Sec. 55.46(d), by requiring licensees to: (1)
Conduct performance testing and retain results for four years, (2)
correct modeling and hardware discrepancies and discrepancies
identified from scenario validation and from performance testing, (3)
make the results of any uncorrected performance test failures available
for NRC review, and (4) maintain the provisions for license
application, examination, and test integrity consistent with Section
[[Page 52659]]
55.49. In addition, NRC reviews or inspections to ensure compliance
with final rule requirements at simulation facilities will maintain
safety without the unnecessary burden of certification and submittal of
simulator performance test reports. If NRC reviews associated with
operating tests for operator license applicants or inspections
completed using the Requalification Inspection Procedure as part of the
oversight process find that a plant-referenced simulator is unsuitable
because it does not demonstrate expected plant performance or meet the
requirement specified in items (1) and (4) above, then the simulator
may not be used to conduct operating tests for operator license
applicants, requalification training, or control manipulations until
the simulator is made suitable. In any case, simulation facilities,
including plant-referenced simulators, must additionally meet (2) and
(3) of the requirements of Sec. 55.46(d) for continued assurance of
simulator fidelity. Further, NUREG-1021, Revision 8, ``Operator
Licensing Examination Standards for Power Reactors,'' provides detailed
policies, procedures, and practices for examining applicants for
reactor operator and senior reactor operator licenses. NUREG-1021
essentially ensures that simulator scenarios for examinations are
completed without procedure exceptions or simulator performance
exceptions.
Facility licensees have trained licensed operators and applicants
for operator and senior operator licenses on plant-referenced
simulators that were certified in accordance with the 1985 edition of
ANSI/ANS-3.5, ``Nuclear Power Plant Simulators for Use in Operator
Training and Examination.'' This national industry standard specifies
full-scope, stand-alone testing of system models and simulator training
capabilities as part of initial simulator acceptance testing. Facility
licensees have continued to test their plant-referenced simulators
during initial development and to submit test schedules and reports on
a quadrennial basis. The industry's approach to computer software
development and simulator testing has changed considerably since 1987
through the issuance of the 1998 version of ANSI/ANS-3.5. The standard
has moved away from continued full-scope, stand-alone testing of system
models and simulator training capabilities toward a scenario-based
testing and quality-control philosophy.
For facility licensees that adopt the 1998 revised national
standard, the final rule revision allows for a change in the type of
performance testing from a prescriptive simulator testing program in
the context of initial simulator procurement to a scenario-based and
operability performance testing program. The final rule does not
require facility licensees to adopt the 1998 version of ANSI/ANS-3.5 or
to modify existing simulator support programs or practices. Because the
final rule continues to require performance testing, facility licensees
that do not adopt the 1998 revised national standard will perform the
same type of performance testing as before. The final rule will allow
facility licensees to adjust their performance test programs to their
end-user needs, as defined by their accredited systems-approach-to-
training (SAT) programs, or to conform their existing simulator
programs to the new revision of ANSI/ANS-3.5.
This rule and the associated Revision 3 of Regulatory Guide 1.149,
``Nuclear Power Simulation Facilities for Use in Operator Training and
License Examinations,'' that endorses ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998 without
exceptions, reduces inconsistencies between the operational needs of
facility licensee programs and the simulator testing requirements.
Clarification of Part 55 Definitions
In 10 CFR 55.4, ``Definitions,'' the proposed rule would have
defined performance testing as follows: ``Performance testing means
validation, scenario-based, or operability testing conducted to verify
a simulation facility's performance as compared to actual or predicted
reference plant performance.'' During the public comment period, the
ANS 3.5 Standards Committee WG recommended that the proposed definition
be changed to eliminate the word ``validation.'' The Commission agrees
with that suggestion and, further, the Commission has reconsidered the
inclusion of the phrase ``* * * scenario-based, or operability * * *''
because it could be interpreted as limiting a facility licensee to the
use of the ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998 standard. Therefore, the Commission has
retained the original definition of performance testing in the final
rule as ``Performance testing means testing conducted to verify a
simulation facility's performance as compared to actual or predicted
reference plant performance.''
The definition of ``plant-referenced simulator'' is revised to
remove the last sentence and to relocate the substance of that
sentence--a ``plant-referenced simulator demonstrates expected plant
response to operator input, and to normal, transient, and accident
conditions to which the simulator has been designed to respond''--to
new Sec. 55.46(c)(1). This is a conforming change that provides clarity
to the regulation. The first sentence of the definition remains the
same.
The term ``reference plant'' is defined in Sec. 55.4 as ``the
specific nuclear power plant from which a simulation facility's control
room configuration, system control arrangement, and design data are
derived.'' This definition remains the same in the final rule and
continues to provide clarification that for a simulation facility, a
specific plant (unit) at a multi-plant (unit) site is the ``reference
plant.'' The Commission realizes that the use of inconsistent
terminology can be confusing and has made clarifications where
appropriate in preparing the final rule. However, the Commission
intends to re-evaluate the use of the term ``reference plant'' in the
future.
The term ``simulation facility'' is revised to include part-task
and limited-scope simulator devices so that these devices can be used
if a request were received and approved by the Commission for their
use. The definition of ``simulation facility'' is also revised to
remove ``the plant'' as a potential ``simulation facility.'' Use of
``the plant'' is now addressed in the new Sec. 55.46(b). This is a
conforming change that provides clarity to the regulation. The intent
remains to allow facility licensees to use the plant, if approved, for
the administration of the operating test and to meet experience
requirements for applicants for operator and senior operator licenses.
This conforming change is intended to continue to provide the
regulatory flexibility that facility licensees have had since 1987.
New Section 55.46
The final rule includes administrative changes to move the
requirements for the use of simulation facilities from Sec. 55.45 to a
new Sec. 55.46, ``Simulation Facilities.'' Former Secs. 55.45(b) (4)
and (5) dealing with simulators have been separated from Sec. 55.45 and
consolidated in the new Sec. 55.46. This is simply an administrative
change to clarify the existing rule by separating requirements
concerning simulation facilities from requirements in Sec. 55.45
concerning operating tests.
Related Activities
To implement this rule the NRC staff is also developing revisions
to the process for initial licensing, requalification, and examination
of reactor and senior operators, including updating NUREG-1021,
Revision 8, and the ``Licensed Operator Requalification Program
Inspection Procedure,'' (IP-
[[Page 52660]]
71111.11) of the reactor oversight process. Training of examiners will
be conducted as appropriate. The NRC staff expects that these revisions
will be completed one year from the date the final rule is published.
Since the proposed rulemaking notice, the staff has determined that it
is not necessary to revise and update NUREG-1262, ``Answers to
Questions at Public Meetings Regarding Implementation of Title 10, Code
of Federal Regulations, part 55 on Operator's Licenses'' and NUREG-
1258, ``Evaluation Procedure for Simulation Facilities Certified Under
10 CFR 55.'' Instead of revising the NUREG's listed above, answers to
questions from a public meeting/workshop concerning this final
rulemaking will be posted on the NRC's homepage at www.nrc.gov in the
Nuclear Reactors icon under ``Principal Reactor Regulatory Programs''
under ``Operator Licensing Program.'' Additionally, the answers to any
questions will be available and may be viewed as discussed above under
the heading ADDRESSES.
Revisions to Regulatory Guide REG 1.149, Revision 3
A draft version of the associated regulatory guide (DG-1080,
Proposed Revision 3 of Regulatory Guide 1.149) that proposed endorsing
ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998 was made available for public comment (64 FR 45985).
The final Regulatory Guide 1.149 is being made available concurrently
with this final amendment. The regulatory guide is available for
inspection in the NRC Public Document Room or it may be viewed and
downloaded electronically through the interactive rulemaking web site
established by the NRC for this rulemaking, as discussed above under
the heading ADDRESSES. Single copies may be obtained from David
Trimble, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001, telephone 301-415-2942, or by
electronic mail to [email protected].
Analysis of Public Comments
The proposed rule was published in the Federal Register on July 3,
2000 (65 FR 41021), and the public comment period ended on September
18, 2000. The Commission received 15 comment letters on the proposed
rule: 3 comments from individuals, 9 from nuclear power plant licensees
(utilities), 1 from a utility organization (Nuclear Energy Institute),
1 from a licensed operator organization (the Professional Reactor
Operators Society (PROS)), and 1 from a national consensus standard
working group (Standards Committee WG ANS-3.5). One letter with a
request for an extension to the comment deadline was also received. No
public comments were received from any State agency. No public meetings
were held to discuss the proposed rule nor were any requested. However,
the general status of the proposed rule was discussed at NEI Initial
Operator Licensing Focus Group Meetings open to the public. The comment
letters may be viewed on the NRC's Web site, http://www.nrc.gov/NRC/
rule.html, under ``NRC Rulemaking Web Site,'' at ``News, Information
and Contacts for Current Rulemaking.''
Twelve of the 15 commenters expressed support for amending the
rule. Several of the commenters provided specific recommendations for
changes to the proposed rule. The comments and responses were grouped
into five categories: (1) General support of the proposed rule, (2)
general opposition to the proposed rule, (3) reactivity manipulations,
(4) simulator issues, including certification of simulation facilities,
and (5) definitions and wording.
General Support of the Proposed Rule
Comment 1-1: The majority of commenters supported the proposed
changes to 10 CFR part 55, ``Operator's licenses'' to allow licensed
operator candidate reactivity manipulations on a plant-referenced
simulator as an alternative to use of the actual plant.
Response: No response necessary.
Comment 1-2: The Professional Reactor Operator Society (PROS)
commented that the proposed rule would allow initial license candidates
to perform required reactivity changes on a plant-referenced simulator
is a welcome and acceptable change. PROS stated that the rule does not
specify that license candidates cannot or should not perform
manipulations on the actual plant. The amended rule will simply allow
the requirement for performing five significant control manipulations
that affect reactivity to be performed on either the actual plant or on
the simulation facility.
Response: No response necessary.
Comment 1-3: One commenter stated that hands-on individual
demonstrations of a reactivity manipulation on a simulator would seem
to be a significant benefit of the rule change.
Response: The Commission agrees.
General Opposition to the Proposed Rule
Comment 2-1: One commenter stated that plant owners should not be
able to shirk their responsibility for adequately training new
operators. The commenter noted that there may be an enormous cost
involved with the current rule and although it may be inconvenient, it
does not justify diluting the licensing requirements to the point where
a licensed operator does not even have to operate the real plant. The
current cold license exceptions should not be used as justification
because there are many extra controls and safeguards in place on a new
startup. Another commenter stated that the industry needs clear
guidelines, minimum deviations, and appropriate penalties for any
noncompliance. The commenter also stated that safety dictates that
initial license candidates are given the opportunity to move the plant
without regard to real or perceived costs and that it has always been
hard to put a dollar value on training until past mistakes are
examined. The opportunity for actual reactivity manipulations reduces
the stress-induced error rate, notably during transient conditions when
clear decision-making counts.
Response: The Commission believes that the level of reactor safety
established under the regulations is adequate and that the rule does
not need to be strengthened. The Commission believes that the proposed
changes are justified based not on an extension of the cold license
exceptions (cold license examinations are those administered before the
unit completes pre-operational testing and the initial start up test
program) in the existing regulation, but rather on significant
improvements in simulation technology, including increases in computing
capability, model complexity, and fidelity. In addition, the NRC staff
has conducted and observed operator licensing and requalification
examinations on plant-referenced simulators for approximately 15 years
and has found that scenarios are performed on simulators in a very
realistic manner.
Further, this final rule does not change any of the training
requirements of Sec. 50.120 or the specific licensed operator training
and requalification requirements in Sec. 55.45(a) or Sec. 55.59. The
candidates are still required to spend a substantial amount of time
actually performing the duties of their particular positions in an on-
the-job training environment. In response to the concern that the
industry needs clear guidelines, minimum deviations, and appropriate
penalties for any noncompliance, the Commission believes that the final
rule in conjunction with the regulatory guide endorsing the ANSI/ANS
standard provides clear guidance to the industry.
[[Page 52661]]
Penalties for noncompliance are addressed by the Commission's
enforcement program.
Although the NRC's primary mission is to maintain adequate levels
of reactor safety, it must also give due consideration to the principle
of regulatory efficiency. Because the Commission has concluded that the
proposed regulatory change will not affect the existing level of
reactor safety, it would be inappropriate not to take advantage of this
opportunity to adopt a regulatory alternative that will minimize the
burden on facility licensees. The Commission concludes that there is no
measurable net benefit in requiring facility licensees to have license
candidates perform reactivity control manipulations on the plant for
experience purposes when doing so can entail significant expense for
the facility licensee and a measure of risk to plant operations and
safety. Therefore, no changes are warranted in response to this
comment.
Reactivity Manipulations
Comment 3-1: The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) and several
additional commenters recommended changing proposed
Sec. 55.45(b)(3)(i)(A), which requires that the simulator model
replicate the plant ``at the time of the applicant's operating test.''
The commenters recommended that the words ``at the time of the
applicant's operating test'' be deleted because this could
unnecessarily restrict the candidate's opportunities to conduct
reactivity manipulations to a short time just before the operating
test. The commenters also stated that this would be a problem if a
refueling outage occurs near the time the applicant was scheduled for
the operating test or if the date of the operating test changed.
Response: The Commission agrees with this comment as discussed
above in the ``Discussion'' section under ``Performance of Control
Manipulations on the Plant-Referenced Simulator.'' This change has been
incorporated in the final rule.
Comment 3-2: The NEI and several additional commenters recommended
that because plant-referenced simulators are modeled to one plant, the
reference plant, the regulatory text should be clarified to indicate
that the simulator modeling is for the referenced plant.
Response: The Commission agrees with NEI's recommendation that the
regulatory text be clarified to indicate that the simulator core model
will replicate the reference plant for the simulation facility. This
change has been incorporated in the final rule.
Comment 3-3: The NEI and several additional commenters recommended
that training objectives could be met if the models reasonably
represent the reference plant at the time of the manipulations.
Therefore, they recommend that Sec. 55.45(b)(3)(i)(A) be changed to
read: ``The plant-referenced simulator uses models relating to nuclear
and thermal-hydraulic characteristics that reasonably represent the
core load that exists in the nuclear power reference plant for the
facility at which a license is being sought; and ...'' Another
commenter stated that ``replicate'' could be misleading in a more legal
application. Another commenter stated that in discussing the
requirements of the simulator that will be used for control
manipulations, the terms ``replicate,'' ``represent,'' and ``reasonably
represent'' are used interchangeably.
Response: The Commission does not agree with NEI's recommendation
that the simulator core model ``reasonably represent'' rather than
``replicate'' the core load that exists in the reference plant. The
Commission believes that the terminology in the proposed rule is
appropriate and consistent with ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998, ``Nuclear Power
Plant Simulators for Use in Operator Training and Examination,'' the
current industry consensus standard. It means that the plant-referenced
simulator's nuclear and thermal-hydraulics models operate within the
tolerances specified in section 4.1.3, ``Steady-State and Normal
Evolutions'' of the industry standard. The commenter did not explain
and the Commission does not understand why ``replicate could be
misleading in a more legal application.'' On the contrary, the NRC
staff believes that using different terminology in the regulation than
in the industry standard would be more confusing and misleading.
Comment 3-4: One commenter thought that the five reactivity
manipulations should be ``evaluated'' manipulations. The commenter also
stated that perhaps three of the five reactivity manipulations should
be required to be evaluated by senior management.
Response: The Commission agrees with the commenter's suggestion
that the five reactivity manipulations should be ``evaluated''
manipulations and believes that this expectation is already addressed
in the Commission's regulations and guidance documents. Section 55.4,
``Definitions'' describes the five elements of a systems approach to
training, including the requirement to evaluate the trainees' mastery
of the objectives during training, that apply to all licensed operator
training programs. Section 4.6 of NUREG-1220, ``Training Review
Criteria and Procedures,'' that provides direction to NRC staff for
reviewing training programs to verify compliance with the regulations,
clarifies the Commission's expectations regarding the evaluation of
tasks performed to ensure that the trainees master the actual job
performance requirements. The Commission believes that requiring senior
management to evaluate the reactivity manipulations would be overly
prescriptive while adding little value. In practice, whenever license
applicants are engaged in on-the-job training (OJT) in the actual
control room, they have to be closely supervised and evaluated by the
on-shift licensed operators. Generally, the more safety-significant
activities, including reactivity and power changes, are more closely
supervised and evaluated than others, regardless of whether they are
performed in the actual control room or the simulator.
The Commission encourages communication and cooperation between
plant operations and training management when making determinations
regarding the license applicants' mastery of the training objectives
and job requirements and, ultimately, their readiness for the licensing
examination. Under Sec. 55.31(a)(4), an authorized representative of
the facility licensee, usually the plant manager or higher, must
certify on the license application that the applicant has successfully
completed the facility licensee's requirements to be licensed as an
operator or senior operator. Based on the foregoing, no changes are
warranted in response to this comment.
Comment 3-5: One commenter indicated that it would appear that
there are so many required reactivity manipulations for each operator
that the time constraint alone would preclude all manipulations from
being currently performed on the reactor. The commenter stated that the
simulator must already be used extensively in meeting reactivity
manipulations requirements.
Response: Although it is true that simulators are already being
used extensively for operator training and to practice reactivity
manipulations, the control manipulations that are required by the
regulations cannot be performed on the simulator, though, a few
exceptions to this rule have recently been granted. These five required
significant control manipulations, which affect reactivity or power
level, must be performed by applicants, as trainees at the controls of
the facility for
[[Page 52662]]
which a license is sought. The Commission believes that the proposed
changes to the regulation will promote the original intent of the
control manipulation requirement.
Comment 3-6: One commenter stated that ``as a minimum, one 10
percent power change should be mandatory prior to an unconditional
license. If plant conditions warrant, a conditional license is issued.
The condition is that an observed manipulation is performed. For those
plants not in compliance with 100 percent of the fidelity issues as
delineated by the guideline, the candidates must perform three 10
percent changes, that would include startups and responses to reactor
trips.'' The commenter also stated that they believed strictly
requiring compliance with fidelity issues will ensure the identified
fidelity issues are addressed.
Response: The commenter appears to address two different issues:
(1) The need for an explicit requirement that the control manipulations
involve at least a 10 percent change and (2) where the simulator is not
``100 percent'' compliant with fidelity requirements, then three 10
percent changes must be accomplished by the operator applicant.
However, no basis was provided for these two proposals. The Commission
does not believe that either proposal is necessary. With regard to the
first issue, neither the current nor the final rule address how much of
a percentage power change is required for the control manipulations.
The first proposal indicates that the commenter believes that the
magnitude of a power level change must be at least 10 percent if it is
to be a meaningful experience for an operator. The Commission believes
that the magnitude of a power level change is a secondary issue. It is
more important that a license candidate understand the operation of the
systems involved and that the experience reinforce that knowledge and
be conducted in an atmosphere as conducive to training as possible. A
simulator setting in many ways is a more optimum setting for gaining
this experience. To address the commenters' apparent concern, it is
more likely that larger magnitude changes can be performed on the
simulator than on the plant. The final rule does not alter the
requirement for every license applicant to complete the control
manipulations on the facility for which a license is sought, it simply
gives facility licensees the flexibility to conduct some or all of the
required manipulations on a plant-referenced simulator, but only if the
simulator satisfies the NRC's core modeling and fidelity requirements.
With regard to the second issue, the final rule does address the
continued assurance of simulator fidelity issues in Sec. 55.46(d) and
also requires simulator fidelity to be demonstrated so that significant
control manipulations can be completed without procedural exceptions,
simulator performance exceptions, or deviation from the approved
training scenario sequence.
Comment 3-7: One commenter thought that in the past the Commission
has allowed utilities to deviate from the intent of the reactivity
manipulation requirements. This allowed the utilities to use a wide
range of interpretations for the required reactivity manipulations. The
commenter also thought that deviations had become the norm rather than
the rule. The commenter stated that wholesale deviations from this rule
cannot be made.
Response: NRC expects that the rule is uniformly applied to all
facility licensees. The Commission agrees that deviations cannot be
made. Contrary to the commenters belief, the Commission does not allow
anyone to deviate from the requirements without an exemption.
Therefore, no changes are warranted in response to this comment.
Simulator Issues
Comment 4-1: A few commenters stated that an operator's license
should not be issued based on only operating a simulator.
Response: The Commission acknowledges that operating a plant-
referenced simulator is not identical to operating the actual plant
despite all efforts to maximize realism and fidelity. However, today's
plant-referenced simulators are of sufficient quality and fidelity that
significant control manipulations can be completed without procedural
exceptions, simulator performance exceptions, or deviation from the
approved scenario sequence. The Commission does not believe that the
rule will dilute the operators' licensing requirements. The rule will
not change the requirement for every initial license applicant to
complete five significant (power or reactivity) control manipulations,
nor will it allow all of an applicant's training to be ``simulated''
because it does not change the requirement for every applicant to
complete an on-the-job-training (OJT) program. OJT programs include
hands-on experience in shift operations under the direct supervision of
a licensed operator. Therefore, no changes are warranted in response to
this comment.
Comment 4-2: One commenter stated that the difference between
operating a real plant and a simulator is ``stress'' and further noted
that the Commission did not mention the difference in operator stress
while operating the real plant versus a simulator. Another commenter
stated that the fidelity of the simulator is not proportional to the
induced stressed from real plant operations.
Response: The level of stress experienced by licensed operators
while performing the required significant control manipulations and
other routine, controlled, and supervised evolutions are, in the
Commission's opinion, insignificant when compared with the level of
stress that they experience while responding to major plant transients
(real or simulated as part of an examination scenario) that require the
implementation of emergency operating procedures and response plans.
Consequently, the Commission believes that there is little value in
trying to distinguish between the levels of stress associated with
routine control manipulations performed on a plant-referenced simulator
and the actual plant. While undergoing OJT, the license applicants will
still be given many opportunities to operate the real plant and
experience ``the stress of knowing that the impact of a mistake may be
much more dramatic than a call to `reset the simulator.' '' The NRC
staff has conducted and observed operator licensing and requalification
examinations on plant-referenced simulators for approximately 15 years
and has detected no discernible difference in the operators' and
applicants' demeanor while performing control manipulations in
simulators versus actual control rooms.
Comment 4-3: One commenter stated that the Commission should give
very high priority to comments submitted by qualified operators and
further stated that ``if qualified operators do not believe that plant-
referenced simulators are an adequate replication for this purpose, or
indicate that this proposal is a step toward degrading operator
training, or judge that safety in reactor operation is compromised,
then the rule should not go forward without modifications that can gain
the operators' support.''
Response: The Commission agrees completely and has given high
priority and serious consideration to comments submitted by qualified
operators and to any concerns they have about this amendment. Only one
formerly licensed senior operator and one instructor of licensed
operators submitted comments in general opposition to the rule. PROS,
who submitted comments on behalf of its members, portrayed the change
to the rule as welcome and acceptable.
[[Page 52663]]
Comment 4-4: One commenter thought that with more reliance being
placed on the plant-referenced simulator for operator qualification, it
would seem logical that greater attention is paid to ensure that the
simulator is the best possible replication of the plant. If removal of
current requirements for certification of simulation facilities and
routine submittal of simulator performance test reports to the
Commission is not consistent with greater attention, then the proposal
seems self-contradictory.
Response: The Commission agrees that, when a plant-referenced
simulator is used for operator qualification, there must be assurance
that the simulator is the best possible replication of the plant. The
fact that this rule removes the current regulatory requirements for
facility licensees to certify their simulator facilities and submit
periodic performance test results to the Commission does not mean that
the Commission is reducing the technical requirements for simulator
fidelity. When simulators are used to provide control manipulation
experience, the final rule requires the simulator to utilize models
relating to nuclear and thermal-hydraulic characteristics that
replicate the most recent core load in the nuclear power reference
plant for which a license is being sought. It also requires simulator
fidelity to be demonstrated so that significant control manipulations
can be completed without procedure exceptions, simulator performance
exceptions, or deviation from the approved training scenario sequence.
These requirements should ensure that experience gained on the
simulator essentially replicates that obtained from actual control
manipulations on the plant. The final rule simply changes the nature of
the reporting requirements for the performance test reports but does
not eliminate the requirement for performance testing. No changes are
warranted in response to this comment.
Comment 4-5: One commenter noted that there are licensed operators
and senior licensed operators who have never seen or responded to an
actual reactor trip. They should not experience an actual trip for the
first time during real plant operations. The stress-induced error rate
would be unacceptable.
Response: The Commission acknowledges that there may be licensed
operators and senior operators who have never seen or responded to an
actual reactor trip because many plants are experiencing record runs
with unplanned reactor trip rates far below the levels seen several
years ago. This simply highlights the importance of having high-
quality, high-fidelity, plant-referenced simulators that enable
operators to practice normal, abnormal, and emergency evolutions (most
of which would never be possible to perform on the plant) without
procedural or simulator performance exceptions. Although there is no
regulatory requirement to do so, the Commission believes that facility
licensees assign most new and inexperienced operators to crews
containing other operators having greater levels of experience.
Moreover, the Commission has encouraged teamwork between control room
operators and, therefore, in 1987, significantly revised its
requalification examination process to focus primarily on the crews'
ability to successfully accomplish those activities deemed critical to
safe plant operation.
Definitions and Other Rule Wording
Comment 5-1: The Standards Committee WG ANS-3.5 stated that the
ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998 Standard defines performance testing as, ``testing
characterized by a comparison of the results of integrated operation of
the simulation facility to actual or predicted reference plant data.
Performance testing encompasses testing other than software development
testing.'' Also Section 4.4.3 states, ``Simulator performance testing
comprises operability and scenario-based testing.'' In Sec. 55.4,
``Definitions,'' the proposed rule would define performance testing as
follows: ``Performance testing means validation, scenario-based, or
operability testing conducted to verify a simulation facility's
performance as compared to actual or predicted reference plant
performance.'' The Standards Committee WG ANS-3.5 recommends that the
proposed definition be changed to read as follows: ``Performance
testing means scenario-based and operability testing conducted to
verify a simulation facility's performance as compared to actual or
predicted reference plant performance.''
Response: The Commission agrees that the proposed wording of the
definition of ``performance testing'' (i.e., ``validation, scenario-
based, or operability testing'') may have caused some confusion.
Further, the Commission has reconsidered the inclusion of the phrase ``
* * * scenario-based, or operability * * * '' because it could be
interpreted as limiting a facility licensee to the use of the ANSI/ANS-
3.5-1998 standard. Therefore, the Commission has retained the original
definition of performance testing in the final rule as ``Performance
testing means testing conducted to verify a simulation facility's
performance as compared to actual or predicted reference plant
performance.''
Comment 5-2: One commenter stated that the terms ``plant
facility,'' ``plant,'' and ``nuclear power unit'' are used
interchangeably when discussing the requirement for control
manipulations. For a multi-unit facility, the three phrases can have
distinctly different meanings and ramifications on the actual number of
manipulations that would be required. The use of ``nuclear power unit''
could be slightly different on each unit at the time of an operator
license application due to staggered outages and design upgrade
implementation schedules. The use of ``plant'' could be interpreted as
one of the units of a multi-unit facility or as a ``facility.'' A more
appropriate term would be ``reference unit.''
Response: The Commission acknowledges the commenter's observation
that the terms ``plant facility,'' ``plant,'' and ``nuclear power
unit'' were used interchangeably when discussing the requirement for
control manipulations. The Commission does not require that a plant-
referenced simulator reflect multiple unit configurations or that the
control manipulations would have to be completed on each configuration
separately. The term ``reference plant'' is defined in Sec. 55.4 as
``the specific nuclear power plant from which a simulation facility's
control room configuration, system control arrangement, and design data
are derived.'' This definition remains the same in the final rule and
continues to clarify that for a simulation facility, a specific plant
(unit) at a multi-plant (unit) site is the ``reference plant.'' The
Commission realizes that the use of inconsistent terminology can be
confusing and has made clarifications where appropriate in preparing
the final rule. However, the Commission intends to re-evaluate the use
of the term ``reference plant'' in the future.
Comment 5-3: One commenter stated that in discussing the testing
that would be required by the Commission to take credit for a
manipulation performed as a plant-reference simulator in the Statements
of Consideration, the scope of testing is described as (1) to encompass
verification, validation, and documentation and (2) developmental and
verification testing. On the other hand, the proposed wording in
Sec. 55.45(b)(3)(i)(B) of the proposed rulemaking (65 FR 41021)
describes the specific performance testing requirements as follows:
``Simulator fidelity has been demonstrated so that
[[Page 52664]]
significant control manipulations are completed without procedural
exceptions, simulator performance exceptions, or deviation from
approved training scenarios sequence.'' It is important to note that
certain words with specific definitions in ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998 (i.e.,
verification and validation) are not used in the rule itself. The
commenter recommends that the Statements of Consideration use the same
language as the rule itself.
Response: The Commission acknowledges the commenter's observation
that certain words with specific definitions in ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998
(i.e., verification and validation) were not used in the proposed rule
and the recommendation that the Statements of Consideration use the
same language as the rule itself. The intent of Sec. 55.45(b)(3)(i)(B)
of the proposed rule was not to establish specific performance testing
requirements but to ensure that the significant control manipulations
that are performed on the simulator are completed without procedural
exceptions, simulator performance exceptions, or deviation from the
approved training scenario sequence. It is important to remember that
while the Commission has endorsed ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998, it is not
requiring facility licensees to upgrade their commitments and
requirements with respect to simulator testing. Therefore, no changes
are warranted in response to this comment.
Comment 5-4: One commenter noted that Sec. 55.45(b)(3)(i)(A) states
in part that ``the plant-referenced simulator uses models related to
nuclear and thermal-hydraulic characteristics that replicate the core
load that exists in the nuclear power unit.'' Engineering and real-time
numerical models contain approximations. Generally, neither reproduces
physical processes exactly. Therefore, guidance identifying the level
of modeling detail required and a definition for the term ``replicate''
need to be developed. The level of modeling detail required has to
coincide with actual plant's response as seen by the operators.
Paragraphs 4.1.3.1.3 and 4.1.3.1.4 of the 1998 ANSI/ANS-3.5 Standard do
not provide any assistance. Additionally, no guidance is provided on
rod worth, notch worth, SRM-IRM range performance, axial power
distribution, radial power distribution, stored energy, fuel time
constant, core coupling, etc., that are the actual plant responses that
the operator sees. Also, older, coarser mesh models are less refined
than the more recent wheel-up engineering look-alike models. Therefore,
the commenter believes that guidance as to what level of modeling
detail is acceptable to the Commission needs to be developed.
Response: When the Commission developed the proposed rule, it
purposely excluded prescriptive guidance on the level of modeling
detail for a plant-referenced simulator because the NRC staff believes
that section 4.1, ``Simulator Capabilities Criteria'' of ANSI/ANS-3.5-
1998, the latest industry consensus standard, provides adequate
guidance in that area. The NRC staff believes that the concerns
regarding paragraphs 4.1.3.1.3 and 4.1.3.1.4 of the standard and the
specific parameters identified in the comment are unrelated to the
proposed rule. Technical issues such as these should be brought to the
attention of the Standards Committee WG ANS-3.5 for resolution.
Therefore, no changes are warranted in response to this comment.
Comment 5-5: One commenter stated that clear guidance should be
provided for multi-unit sites training on one simulator. In addition,
the commenter stated that provisions have to be made that allow for
training on a simulator that may not exactly replicate the reactor core
in each reactor unit.
Response: The Commission acknowledges the commenter's concerns
regarding training at multi-unit sites and has clarified the final rule
language to indicate that the simulator core model will replicate the
reference plant for the facility. The NRC does not expect that a plant-
referenced simulator would reflect multiple unit configurations or that
the control manipulations would have to be completed on each
configuration separately. If a facility licensee wishes to use a
simulation facility to simulate more than one nuclear power plant, it
must be able to demonstrate to the NRC that the differences between the
plants are not so significant that they have an impact on the ability
of the simulation facility to meet the requirements and guidance of
ANSI/ANS-3.5. Therefore, no additional changes are warranted in
response to this comment.
Comment 5-6: One commenter noted that under the ``Discussion of
Proposed Rule Change,'' the statement is made that ``absent
certification, assurance of simulator suitability would be provided
through Commission reviews and validation of operating test scenarios,
with review of performance test results, and uncorrected modeling or
hardware discrepancies, if needed.'' Objective guidance should be
developed for Commission's review of ``uncorrected modeling or hardware
discrepancies'' because such a review could render the simulator
unsuitable for examination.
Response: As discussed in the proposed regulatory analysis attached
to SECY-00-0083, the Commission is planning to revise and develop
additional implementation guidance for use by the NRC staff in
evaluating whether a plant-referenced simulator is suitable for use in
conducting the required control manipulations and operating
examinations. This effort is expected to include revisions of the
appropriate sections of NUREG-1021, Revision 8, ``Operator Licensing
Examination Standards for Power Reactors,'' and the Licensed Operator
Requalification Inspection Procedure (IP-71111.11) of the reactor
oversight process.
Comment 5-7: One commenter notes that, as stated in SECY-00-0083,
dated April 12, 2000, the current revision of the national standard,
ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998, ``Nuclear Power Plant Simulators for Use in Operator
Training and Examination,'' employs a scenario-based testing and
quality control philosophy that is inconsistent with the testing
assumptions and requirements of the rule. With the elimination of the
certification process and NRC Form 474, the commenter did not
understand where the linkage between the proposed regulatory change,
Regulatory Guide 1.149, ``Nuclear Power Plant Simulation Facilities for
Use in Operator Training and License Examinations,'' and the ANSI/ANS-
3.5-1998 Standard is maintained.
Response: The Commission believes that the rule will facilitate the
voluntary implementation of ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998 because it deletes the
prescriptive requirements for simulator test performance and scheduling
that were implemented in connection with the industry standard that was
in effect at the time of the 1987 rule change. If those requirements
had not been deleted, facility licensees would have had little
incentive to revise their programs to be compatible with the current
industry standard. As with most other NRC regulations, the linkage
between 10 CFR Part 55 and ANSI/ANS-3.5, the industry consensus
standard for nuclear power plant simulation facilities, is established
by the associated regulatory guide, in this case RG 1.149. Eliminating
NRC Form 474 does not affect that linkage.
Section-by-Section Summary of Final Amendments
Part 55--Operator's Licenses, Table of Contents
In 10 CFR part 55, ``Operators's Licenses,'' the Table of Contents
regarding subpart E-Written
[[Page 52665]]
Examinations and Operating Tests, is amended by reference to new
Sec. 55.46.
Section 55.4 Definitions
The term ``plant-referenced simulator'' is revised to remove the
provision that ``a plant-referenced simulator demonstrates expected
plant response to operator input, and to normal, transient, and
accident conditions to which the simulator has been designed to
respond'' from the definition and move it to new Sec. 55.46(c)(1).
The term ``simulation facility'' is revised to include part-task
and limited-scope simulator devices so that such devices can be used if
a request were received and approved by the Commission for their use.
The definition of ``simulation facility'' is also revised to relocate
the ``the plant'' as a potential ``simulation facility'' to new
Sec. 55.46 (b).
Section 55.8 Information Collection Requirements: OMB Approval
NRC Form 474, ``Simulation Facility Certification'' no longer needs
to be filed. Accordingly Sec. 55.8(c)(3) is deleted.
Section 55.31 How to Apply
Section 55.31(a)(5) is revised to allow that the required five
significant control manipulations that affect reactivity or power level
to be performed either on a plant-referenced simulator or on the plant
itself, at the facility licensee's discretion.
By providing an option for facility licensees to use plant-
referenced simulators for control manipulations, the final rule makes
unnecessary the need for current provisions in Sec. 55.31(a)(5)
addressing the use of simulators for performance of control
manipulations for facilities that have not yet completed pre-
operational testing and initial startup test programs and provisions
addressing plants in extended shutdowns. Thus those provisions are
removed.
Additionally, acceptable simulator training scenarios involving
control manipulations that affect reactivity are identified in
Sec. 55.31(a)(5) for clarity by reference to current control
manipulations and training scenarios described in Sec. 55.59.
Consistent with previously issued regulatory guidance, the list
provides examples of acceptable control manipulations, which are a
subset of evolutions in Sec. 55.59 (c)(3)(i), and affect reactivity in
a controlled manner and exclude those items on the list that are major
transients and accidents.
Section 55.45 Operating Tests (b) Implementation--Administration
Former Secs. 55.45(b)(4) and (5) dealing with simulators have been
separated from the requirements for operating tests in Sec. 55.45 and
consolidated in a new Sec. 55.46, ``Simulation Facilities.''
Section 55.45(b) requires that the operating test for an operators
license be administered on either a Commission-approved simulation
facility, a plant-referenced simulator, or on the actual plant, if
approved by the Commission.
Facility licensees proposing to use a plant-referenced simulator
meeting the definition in Sec. 55.4 are not required to submit a
request for Commission approval of that simulator. For cases when
facility licensees propose to use a simulation facility not meeting the
definition of a plant-referenced simulator, the Commission will
continue to require additional information to determine the
acceptability of the simulator and thus, will require an application
for Commission approval.
Section 55.46 Simulation Facilities
The final rule implements administrative changes to former
Sec. 55.45(b) to move the requirements to a new Sec. 55.46,
``Simulation Facilities.'' The new section has one general and three
implementation criteria as discussed below.
(a) General.
Section 55.46(a) explains that the purpose of this section is to
set forth the requirements for the use of a simulation facility for the
administration of the operating licensing operator test, and for the
use of a plant-referenced simulator for fulfilling a portion of the
experience requirements for applicants for operator and senior
licenses.
(b) Commission-approved simulation facilities and Commission
approval of use of the plant in the administration of the operating
test.
Section 55.46(b)(1) provides that facility licensees who propose to
use a simulation facility, other than a plant-referenced simulator, or
the plant in the administration of the operating test under
Sec. 55.45(b)(1) or Sec. 55.45(b)(3) shall request approval of the
simulation facility from the Commission and that this request must
include certain criteria as described below.
Section 55.46(b)(1)(i) provides that the request for approval of
the simulation facility, other than solely a plant-referenced
simulator, must describe the components of the simulation facility or
the plant intended to be used for each part of the operating test,
unless previously approved. Section 55.46(b)(1)(ii) provides that the
request for approval of the simulation facility, other than solely a
plant-referenced simulator, must describe the performance tests and the
results of the tests. Section 55.46(b)(1)(iii) provides that the
request for approval of the simulation facility, other than solely a
plant-referenced simulator, must describe the procedures for
maintaining examination and test integrity consistent with the
requirements of Sec. 55.49. Section 55.46(b)(2) provides that the
Commission will approve a simulation facility or use of the plant for
administration of operating tests if it finds that the simulation
facility or the plant and their proposed use are suitable for the
conduct of operating tests for the facility licensee's reference plant
under Sec. 55.45(a).
(c) Plant-referenced simulators.
Section 55.46(c) requires that a plant-referenced simulator used
for the administration of the operator licensing operator test or to
meet the experience requirements of Sec. 55.31(a)(5) to demonstrate
expected plant response to operator input and to normal, transient, and
accident conditions to which the simulator has been designed to
respond. Sections 55.46(c)(1)(i) and (ii) are revised to include the
provision that a plant-referenced simulator is designed and implemented
so that it: (1) Is sufficient in scope and fidelity to allow conduct of
the evolutions listed in Secs. 55.45(a)(1) through (13) and
Secs. 55.59(c)(3)(i)(A) through (AA), as applicable to the design of
the reference plant; and, (2) allow for the completion of control
manipulations for licensed operator applicant eligibility consistent
with Sec. 55.46(c)(2).
Section 55.46(c)(2)(i) provides that the plant-referenced simulator
utilizes models relating to nuclear and thermal-hydraulic
characteristics that replicate the most recent core load in the nuclear
power reference plant for which a license is being sought. Section
55.46(c)(2)(ii) provides that simulator fidelity has been demonstrated
so that significant control manipulations are completed without
procedural exceptions, simulator performance exceptions, or deviation
from the approved training scenario sequence. It is the Commission's
intent that the phrase ``most recent'' means the current core or if the
plant is in a refueling outage, the core just previous to the outage.
(d) Continued assurance of simulator fidelity.
Section 55.46(d) requires that facility licensees which maintain a
simulation facility shall: (1) Conduct performance testing throughout
the life of the
[[Page 52666]]
simulation facility in a manner sufficient to ensure that the criteria
of Sec. 55.46(c)(1)(ii), as applicable, and Sec. 55.46(d)(3) are met,
and retain the test results for four years after the completion of each
performance test or until superseded by updated test results; (2)
correct modeling and hardware discrepancies and discrepancies
identified from scenario validation and from performance testing; (3)
make the results of any uncorrected performance test failures that may
exist at the time of the operating test or requalification program
inspection available for NRC review, prior to or concurrent with
preparations for each operating test or requalification program
inspection; and, (4) maintain the provisions for license application,
examination, and test integrity consistent with Sec. 55.49.
Section 55.59 Requalification
As a result of the changes to Sec. 55.45(b) that eliminate the
simulator certification requirement, a conforming change to
Sec. 55.59(c)(4)(iv) deletes the terms ``certified'' when referring to
a simulation facility in this section.
Electronic Reporting
The Commission is currently in the process of implementing an
electronic document management and reporting program, known as the
Agency Wide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS) that will
provide for electronic access of many types of reports. Accordingly,
there is no separate rulemaking effort to provide for electronic access
or submittal of reports.
State Input
Many States (Agreement States and Non-Agreement States) have
agreements with power reactors to inform the States of plant issues.
State reporting requirements are frequently triggered by Commission
reporting requirements. Accordingly, the Commission sought State
comment on issues related to the proposed amendment by letters to State
Liaison Officers as well as by a specific request in the proposed rule.
No comments on the proposed rule were received from any State agency.
Voluntary Consensus Standards
The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995, Pub.
L. 104-113, requires that Federal agencies use technical standards
developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies unless the
use of such a standard is inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise
impractical. This final rule sets forth requirements with respect to
training of operators, and removing current certification requirements
for simulators. The Commission has determined that the industry
consensus standard in this area, American National Standards Institute/
American Nuclear Society (ANSI/ANS) 3.5, ``Nuclear Power Plant
Simulators for Use in Operator Training and Examination'' is one
acceptable means for complying with specific parts of the requirements
of the final rule. Accordingly, Regulatory Guide 1.149, Revision 3,
endorses the ANSI/ANS-3.5-1998 as an acceptable method by which
facility licensees might implement specific parts of this rule.
Finding of No Significant Environmental Impact and Categorical
Exclusion
The Commission has determined under the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, as amended, and the Commission's regulations
in subpart A of 10 CFR part 51 that this rule falls within the
categorical exclusions of Secs. 51.22(c)(1), (2), and (3)(i) and (iii).
Therefore, neither an environmental impact statement nor an
environmental assessment is required.
Paperwork Reduction Act Statement
This final rule eliminates all the information collection
requirements for Office of Management and Budget approval number 3150-
0138. Because the rule will reduce information collection requirements,
the public burden for these information collections is expected to be
decreased by 120 hours per response. This reduction includes the time
required for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,
gathering and maintaining the data needed and completing and reviewing
the information collection. Send comments on any aspect of these
information collections, including suggestions for further reducing the
burden, to the Records Management Branch (T-6E6), U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001, or by Internet
electronic mail at [email protected]. and to the Desk Officer, Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs, NEOB-10202, (3150-0138), Office of
Management and Budget, Washington, DC 20503.
Public Protection Notification
If a means used to impose an information collection does not
display a currently valid OMB control number, the NRC may not conduct
or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, the information
collection.
Regulatory Analysis
The Commission prepared a draft regulatory analysis for the
proposed rule to examine the costs and benefits of the alternatives
considered by the Commission. Public comments on this analysis were
requested in connection with the proposed rule. No significant comments
were received. Minor changes have been made to the draft regulatory
analysis to prorate the cost and benefit of the final rule over the
average remaining years of operating life of the facility. The final
regulatory analysis is available for inspection in the Commission
Public Document Room or it may be viewed and downloaded electronically
via the interactive rulemaking web site established by NRC for this
rulemaking, as discussed above under the heading ADDRESSES. Single
copies may be obtained from the contact listed above under the heading,
``For Further Information Contact.''
Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification
In accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C.
605(b)), the Commission certifies that this rule does not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
This final rule affects only the licensing and operation of nuclear
power plants. The companies that own these plants do not fall within
the scope of the definition of ``small entities'' set forth in the
Regulatory Flexibility Act or the size standards established by the
Commission (10 CFR 2.810).
Backfit Analysis
The Commission has determined that the backfit rule, 10 CFR 50.109,
does not apply to this final rule because it does not impose new
requirements as defined in 10 CFR 50.109(a)(1). The final rule changes
constitute either permissible relaxations from current requirements or
provide an alternative regulatory approach without changing substantive
existing requirements. Therefore, a backfit analysis has not been
prepared. Facility licensees would not be required by this final rule
to change existing programs. The final rule permits the five
significant control manipulations to be conducted at either the actual
facility or a plant-referenced simulator. The final rule clarifies
criteria on simulator fidelity assurance. The final rule also
eliminates certification of simulation facilities and submittal of
quadrennial test reports and schedule information.
The final rule entails costs on the part of both the NRC and the
industry for one-time revision of existing programs. However, the
regulatory analysis suggests that industry could recover these costs
and the final rule would be an overall burden reduction.
As discussed above, the Commission has prepared a regulatory
analysis for
[[Page 52667]]
the proposed rule that examines the costs and benefits of the proposed
requirements in this rule. The Commission regards the regulatory
analysis as a disciplined process for assessing information collection
and reporting requirements to determine that the burden imposed is
justified in light of the potential safety significance of the
information to be collected.
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
In accordance with the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement
Fairness Act of 1996, the Commission has determined that this action
will have no adverse impact on small businesses and has verified this
determination with the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs of
OMB.
List of Subjects in 10 CFR Part 55
Criminal penalties, Manpower training programs, Nuclear power
plants and reactors, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
For the reasons set out in the preamble and under the authority of
the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended; the Energy Reorganization
Act of 1974, as amended; and 5 U.S.C. 552 and 553; the NRC is adopting
the following amendments to 10 CFR part 55.
PART 55--OPERATORS' LICENSES
1. The authority citation for part 55 continues to read as follows:
Authority: Secs. 107, 161, 182, 68 Stat. 939, 948, 953, as
amended, sec. 234, 83 Stat. 444, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2137, 2201,
2232, 2282); secs. 201, as amended, 202, 88 Stat. 1242, as amended,
1244 (42 U.S.C. 5841, 5842).
Sections 55.41, 55.43, 55.45, and 55.59 also issued under Pub. L.
97-425, 96 Stat. 2262 (42 U.S.C. 10226). Section 55.61 also issued
under secs. 186, 187, 68 Stat. 955 (42 U.S.C. 2236, 2237).
2. In Sec. 55.4, Definitions, the terms Plant-referenced simulator,
and Simulation facility are revised to read as follows:
Sec. 55.4 Definitions.
* * * * *
Plant-referenced simulator means a simulator modeling the systems
of the reference plant with which the operator interfaces in the
control room, including operating consoles, and which permits use of
the reference plant's procedures.
* * * * *
Simulation facility means one or more of the following components,
alone or in combination: used for either the partial conduct of
operating tests for operators, senior operators, and license
applicants, or to establish on-the-job training and experience
prerequisites for operator license eligibility:
(1) A plant-referenced simulator;
(2) A Commission-approved simulator under Sec. 55.46(b); or
(3) Another simulation device, including part-task and limited
scope simulation devices, approved under Sec. 55.46(b).
* * * * *
3. In Sec. 55.8, paragraphs (c)(3) and (4) are removed and (b) is
revised to read as follows:
Sec. 55.8 Information collection requirements: OMB approval.
* * * * *
(b) The approved information collection requirements contained in
this part appear in Secs. 55.11, 55.25, 55.27, 55.31, 55.40, 55.41,
55.43, 55.45, 55.46. 55.47, 55.53, 55.57, and 55.59.
4. In Sec. 55.31, paragraph(a)(5) is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 55.31 How to apply.
(a) * * *
(5) Provide evidence that the applicant, as a trainee, has
successfully manipulated the controls of either the facility for which
a license is sought or a plant-referenced simulator that meets the
requirements of Sec. 55.46(c). At a minimum, five significant control
manipulations must be performed that affect reactivity or power level.
Control manipulations performed on the plant-referenced simulator may
be chosen from a representative sampling of the control manipulations
and plant evolutions described in Sec. 55.59(c)(3)(i)(A-F), (R), (T),
(W), and (X) of this part, as applicable to the design of the plant for
which the license application is submitted. For licensed operators
applying for a senior operator license, certification that the operator
has successfully operated the controls of the facility as a licensed
operator shall be accepted; and
* * * * *
5. In Sec. 55.45, paragraph (b) is revised to read as follows.
Sec. 55.45 Operating tests.
* * * * *
(b) Implementation--Administration. The operating test will be
administered in a plant walkthrough and in either--
(1) A simulation facility that the Commission has approved for use
after application has been made by the facility licensee under
Sec. 55.46(b);
(2) A plant-referenced simulator (Sec. 55.46(c)); or
(3) The plant, if approved for use in the administration of the
operating test by the Commission under Sec. 55.46(b).
6. Section 55.46 is added to read as follows:
Sec. 55.46 Simulation facilities.
(a) General. This section addresses the use of a simulation
facility for the administration of the operating test and plant-
referenced simulators to meet experience requirements for applicants
for operator and senior operator licenses.
(b) Commission-approved simulation facilities and Commission
approval of use of the plant in the administration of the operating
test.
(1) Facility licensees that propose to use a simulation facility,
other than a plant-referenced simulator, or the plant in the
administration of the operating test under Secs. 55.45(b)(1) or
55.45(b)(3), shall request approval from the Commission. This request
must include:
(i) A description of the components of the simulation facility
intended to be used, or the way the plant would be used for each part
of the operating test, unless previously approved; and
(ii) A description of the performance tests for the simulation
facility as part of the request, and the results of these tests; and
(iii) A description of the procedures for maintaining examination
and test integrity consistent with the requirements of Sec. 55.49.
(2) The Commission will approve a simulation facility or use of the
plant for administration of operating tests if it finds that the
simulation facility and its proposed use, or the proposed use of the
plant, are suitable for the conduct of operating tests for the facility
licensee's reference plant under Sec. 55.45(a).
(c) Plant-referenced simulators.
(1) A plant-referenced simulator used for the administration of the
operating test or to meet experience requirements in Sec. 55.31(a)(5)
must demonstrate expected plant response to operator input and to
normal, transient, and accident conditions to which the simulator has
been designed to respond. The plant-referenced simulator must be
designed and implemented so that it:
(i) Is sufficient in scope and fidelity to allow conduct of the
evolutions listed in Secs. 55.45(a)(1) through (13), and
55.59(c)(3)(i)(A) through (AA), as applicable to the design of the
reference plant.
(ii) Allows for the completion of control manipulations for
operator license applicants.
(2) Facility licensees that propose to use a plant-referenced
simulator to meet
[[Page 52668]]
the control manipulation requirements in Sec. 55.31(a)(5) must ensure
that:
(i) The plant-referenced simulator utilizes models relating to
nuclear and thermal-hydraulic characteristics that replicate the most
recent core load in the nuclear power reference plant for which a
license is being sought; and
(ii) Simulator fidelity has been demonstrated so that significant
control manipulations are completed without procedural exceptions,
simulator performance exceptions, or deviation from the approved
training scenario sequence.
(3) A simulation facility consisting solely of a plant-referenced
simulator must meet the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this
section and the criteria in paragraphs (d)(1) and (4) of this section
for the Commission to accept the plant-referenced simulator for
conducting operating tests as described in Sec. 55.45(a) of this part,
requalification training as described in Sec. 55.59(c)(3) of this part,
or for performing control manipulations that affect reactivity to
establish eligibility for an operator's license as described in
Sec. 55.31(a)(5).
(d) Continued assurance of simulator fidelity. Facility licensees
that maintain a simulation facility shall:
(1) Conduct performance testing throughout the life of the
simulation facility in a manner sufficient to ensure that paragraphs
(c)(2)(ii), as applicable, and (d)(3) of this section are met. The
results of performance tests must be retained for four years after the
completion of each performance test or until superseded by updated test
results;
(2) Correct modeling and hardware discrepancies and discrepancies
identified from scenario validation and from performance testing;
(3) Make results of any uncorrected performance test failures that
may exist at the time of the operating test or requalification program
inspection available for NRC review, prior to or concurrent with
preparations for each operating test or requalification program
inspection; and
(4) Maintain the provisions for license application, examination,
and test integrity consistent with Sec. 55.49.
7. In Sec. 55.59, paragraph (c)(4)(iv) is revised to read as
follows:
Sec. 55.59 Requalification.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(4) * * *
(iv) Simulation of emergency or abnormal conditions that may be
accomplished by using the control panel of the facility involved or by
using a simulator. When the control panel of the facility is used for
simulation, the actions taken or to be taken for the emergency or
abnormal condition shall be discussed; actual manipulation of the plant
controls is not required. If a simulator is used in meeting the
requirements of paragraph (c)(4)(iii) of this section, it must
accurately reproduce the operating characteristics of the facility
involved and the arrangement of the instrumentation and controls of the
simulator must closely parallel that of the facility involved. After
the provisions of Sec. 55.46 have been implemented at a facility, the
Commission approved or plant-referenced simulator must be used to
comply with this paragraph.
* * * * *
Dated at Rockville, Maryland, this 10th day of October, 2001.
For the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
J. Samuel Walker,
Acting Secretary of the Commission.
[FR Doc. 01-26108 Filed 10-16-01; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 7590-01-P
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415375
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**[CUHK]{.underline}[']{.underline}[[S]{.underline}]{.smallcaps}[ LINK
DETECTION SYSTEM FOR THE TDT2001 EVALUATION]{.underline}**
*[Wai Lam, Chong-Ki Tsang, Tak-Lam Wong and Helen M. Meng ]{.underline}*
*[Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering
Management]{.underline}*
*[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]{.underline}*
*[Shatin]{.underline}*
*[Hong Kong ]{.underline}*
*[{]{.underline}[wlam,cktsang,wongtl,hmmeng]{.underline}[}]{.underline}[\@se.cuhk.edu.hk]{.underline}*
1. **[SYSTEM OVERVIEW]{.underline}**
[Our group participated in the topic detection task and link detection
task this year. The topic detection approach is similar to last year.
The link detection system is a new development for our group this year.
Both detection approaches employ the same story representation scheme
and term translation technique. The story representation involves named
entities and content terms components. Named entities including person
names, geographical location names, and organization names are extracted
by transformation-based linguistic taggers, one for English and one for
Chinese. This representation is able to capture important terms
conveying useful context for topic and link detection purposes. Gloss
translation using a parallel corpus is performed on the Chinese story
representation so that both detections can be conducted under a uniform
representation scheme.]{.underline}
[Link detection uses the cosine similarity formula to measure the
similarity between two stories. To control the influence of different
language pairs during the similarity calculation, a Language
Normalization scheme is introduced in the link detection to adjust the
similarity. In this report, we summarize the story representation scheme
and term translation technique. Then we describe our link detection
approach.]{.underline}
**[2. STORY REPRESENTATION AND GLOSS TRANSLATION]{.underline}**
[Each raw story only comes in a sequence of tokens. We first need to
identify sentence boundaries for named entity recognition in the later
phase. Lexical clues, such as punctuation marks, are used to locate the
sentence boundaries for newswire stories. The length of silence period
is used to locate the sentence boundaries for broadcast news. For
Chinese stories, word segmentation is performed using the tool provided
by Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) to locate word
boundaries.]{.underline}
[The next step is to automatically extract named entities from the news.
In particular, we extract three kinds of entities, namely, people names,
geographical location names and organization names. We utilize a
transformation-based linguistic tagger which tags a sentence according
to a set of transformation rules, one set for English and one set for
Chinese. Each set of rules is learned from a training corpus, also one
for English \[1\] and one for Chinese \[2\]. Each training corpus
contains sample annotations of named entities. We apply the
transformation-based error-driven learning algorithm on the training
corpus.]{.underline}
[Traditionally, a story is represented by a set of weighted terms. In
our approach, we adopt a semantic representation, which comprises named
entity feature representation and content term representation. Named
entity feature representation is composed of three components: people
name component, geographical location name component and organization
name component. Each component is represented by a set of terms with
corresponding weights.]{.underline}
[There are several factors determining the weight of the terms. The
first factor is the relative location of the terms in the story. Those
terms appearing in the first few sentences will get a higher weight. The
other factors are traditional term frequency and incremental document
frequency. The top ranked terms are selected as the basis for the named
entity feature representation and content term
representation.]{.underline}
[One requirement of the multilingual topic or link detection problem is
to determine whether stories, regardless of the language, are topically
related. To tackle this problem, we conduct translation on the story
representation of Chinese stories to English so that we can perform
unsupervised learning on a uniform data representation. Gloss
translation will be performed on the Chinese story terms to allow
for]{.underline}**[ ]{.underline}**[direct comparison between
stories.]{.underline}
[In order to obtain the English translation of the Chinese terms, a
bilingual dictionary and a pin-yin file provided by Linguistic Data
Consortium (LDC) are used. We first look up the Chinese term in the
bilingual dictionary and retrieve the corresponding set of English
translation terms. If there is no dictionary entry for a term in the
people name component or the geographical location name component, we
obtain the translation by means of the pin-yin of the Chinese terms. In
general, a set of English terms is obtained when looking up the
bilingual dictionary for a Chinese term. The translated English terms
will then replace the original Chinese terms to represent the story. The
weights of translated English terms are adjusted using a term
disambiguation technique which makes use of a parallel corpus. A typical
parallel corpus is usually aligned by stories. We currently make use of
the parallel corpus collection on Chinese and English news items
collected by LDC. This corpus contains news from the Information
Services Department of Hong Kong Special Administration Region (HKSAR)
of the People\'s Republic of China. The current collection contains news
items, which are story-aligned, released by HKSAR from July 1, 1997 to
April 30, 2000.]{.underline}
[We propose to transform a typical story-aligned parallel corpus into a
passage-aligned corpus via an automated procedure. A statistical
length-based approach is employed to identify matching passages between
English and Chinese stories. A passage is basically a sentence or a
sequence of related sentences. The details of the alignment process are
described in \[3\]. ]{.underline}
**[3. LINK DETECTION]{.underline}**
[Our system uses the cosine similarity formula and adopts language
normalization to measure the similarity between two stories. At the
beginning of the link detection task, the system reads a story pair. The
next step is to calculate the similarity of this story pair. We consider
two factors in our similarity formulation. The first factor is the named
entity relevance score,
]{.underline}*[s]{.underline}~[n]{.underline}~*[, computed by processing
the weights in the named entity feature representation. The second
factor is the content term relevance score,
]{.underline}*[s]{.underline}~[s]{.underline}~*~[,\ ]{.underline}~[computed
by processing the weights in the content term representation. The final
similarity score, ]{.underline}*[s]{.underline}~[f]{.underline}~*[, is a
weighted sum of these two scores controlled by a parameters,
]{.underline}*[w]{.underline}~[n]{.underline}~*[, as shown
below:]{.underline}
[where ]{.underline}*[w]{.underline}~[n\ ]{.underline}~*[is a
user-defined parameter, in the range of \[0,1\], controlling the
relative degree of contribution for the named entity component and the
content term component. After similarities are calculated, each story
pair has a similarity value.]{.underline}
[Language normalization is then applied to adjust the similarity. The
normalization is based on the variation of different language
combination of story pairs. We design three types of normalization
factors in handling Chinese and English stories. They are Chinese
Normalization Factor, English Normalization Factor and Multilingual
Normalization Factor. According to the language combination of the story
pair, the system applies the corresponding normalization factors on the
similarity. Let ]{.underline}*[s]{.underline}~[f]{.underline}~*[ be the
similarity score calculated on the story pair as described above. Then
the final similarity, ]{.underline}*[s]{.underline}~[F]{.underline}~*[ ,
is:]{.underline}
*[s]{.underline}~[F]{.underline}~[ = s]{.underline}~[f]{.underline}~[ \*
]{.underline}[á]{.underline}*
[where ]{.underline}*[á]{.underline}*[ is the corresponding language
Normalization Factor. If the final similarity is larger than a
user-defined threshold,
]{.underline}*[q]{.underline}~[F]{.underline}~*[, the story pair is
assumed to discuss the same topic and to be linked. By changing this
threshold, we can adjust the sensitivity of our link detection system.
After the system makes the decision on whether the story pair is linked
or not, the system processes the next story pair.]{.underline}
**[4. LINK DETECTION EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ]{.underline}**
## [4.1 Results for TDT2 Corpus]{.underline}
[Five sets of experiments have been conducted on the TDT2 corpus
(Jan--June, 1998) to investigate the performance of our link detection
approach. Reference story boundaries and native languages were used in
all experiments. We have carried out the experiment on the multilingual
stories. In the first set of experiments, we ran our link detection
system under different similarity thresholds. In Fig.4.1, we summarize
the results on detecting multilingual stories by varying the similarity
threshold,]{.underline}*[ q]{.underline}~[F,]{.underline}~*[ from 0.01
to 0.05. From the graph, it shows that our approach has a lower
detection cost of 0.3744 when
]{.underline}*[q]{.underline}~[F]{.underline}~*[ is set as 0.03.
]{.underline}
*[Fig. 4.1 Performance on Multilingual Link Detection Under Different
Similarity Thresholds]{.underline}*
[In the second set of experiments, we ran our link detection system
under different number of content terms. In Fig.4.2, we summarize the
results by varying the number of content terms from 50 to 250. From the
graph, it shows that our approach has a lower detection cost of 0.3749
when the number of content terms is set to 150.]{.underline}
*[Fig. 4.2 Performance on Multilingual Link Detection Under Different
Numbers of Content Terms]{.underline}*
[In the third set of experiments, we ran our link detection system under
different values of the English Normalization Factor. In Fig.4.3, we
summarize the results on detecting multilingual stories by varying the
values of the English Normalization Factor from 0.1 to 0.5. By comparing
their detection cost, it shows that our approach with the English
Normalization Factor of 0.3 has a lower detection cost of 0.3744.
Similarly, by varying the values of the Chinese Normalization Factor
from 0.4 to 0.8 as illustrated in Fig. 4.4, we found that the Chinese
Normalization Factor of 0.6 has a relatively lower detection
cost.]{.underline}
*[Fig. 4.3 Performance on Multilingual Link Detection Under Different
Values of English Normalization Factor]{.underline}*
*[Fig. 4.4 Performance on Multilingual Link Detection Under Different
Values of Chinese Normalization Factor]{.underline}*
[Finally, we ran our system under different values of the Multilingual
Normalization Factor from 0.6 to 1.0. The results are summarized in Fig.
4.5. We found that the approach with the value of 0.9 has a lower
detection cost.]{.underline}
*[Fig. 4.5 Performance on Multilingual Link Detection Under Different
Values of Multilingual Normalization Factor]{.underline}*
[The best detection cost from our experiment is 0.3744, which is
obtained with the following parameter sets: the similarity threshold is
set to 0.3; the number of content terms is set to 150; the Language
Normalization Factors are set to 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 for English, Chinese,
and Multilingual stories respectively.]{.underline}
## [4.2 Results for TDT3 Evaluation Corpus]{.underline}
[We have also conducted link detection experiments on the TDT3 corpus
(Jul-Dec, 1998). We submitted an experiment run under the conditions of
reference story boundaries and native languages as requested. The
detection cost for multilingual stories is 0.4263.]{.underline}
# [REFERENCES]{.underline}
[1. E. Brill. Transformation-Based Error-Driven Learning and Natural
Language Processing: A Case Study in Part of Speech Tagging. In 1995
Association for Computational Linguistics, Volume 21, Number 4, pages
543 - 565, 1995.]{.underline}
[2. H. Meng and C. W. Ip. An Analytical Study of Transformational
Tagging for Chinese Text. In ]{.underline}*[Proceedings of Research on
Computational Linguistics Conference (ROCLING XII),]{.underline}*[
Taipei, Taiwan, ROC., pages 101 - 122, 1999.]{.underline}
[3. W. Lam and H. Meng and K. Hui. Multilingual Topic Detection Using a
Parallel Corpus. In ]{.underline}*[Proceedings of the DARPA TDT 2000
Workshop]{.underline}*[, November 2000.]{.underline}
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341786
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CA2276
1. CONTEXTUAL VIEW. CAMERA FACING SOUTHEAST.
2. CONTEXTUAL VIEW. CAMERA FACING NORTHEAST.
3. TOP OF THE SPILLWAY AND CONCRETE FILL. CAMERA FACING SOUTH.
4. LEFT (EAST) BUTTRESS. CAMERA FACING SOUTH.
5. RIGHT (WEST) BUTTRESS. CAMERA FACING EAST.
6. SPILLWAY AT THE RIGHT OF THE DAM, TIED STRUCTURALLY TO THE RIGHT (WEST) BUTTRESS. CAMERA FACING SOUTH.
7. SPILLWAY CHUTE. CAMERA FACING NORTH.
8. ROCK FACE TREATED WITH GUNITE TO PREVENT EROSION. CAMERA FACING SOUTHEAST.
9. CATWALK. CAMERA FACING NORTHEAST.
10. DIAGONAL STAIRWAY AND DOORWAY. CAMERA FACING NORTH.
11. DIAGONAL STAIRWAY. CAMERA FACING SOUTH.
12. CONCRETE STAIRWAY LEADING TO A LANDING BUILT TO HOUSE THE MACHINERY AND COUNTERWEIGHT FOR THE DRUM GATE WHICH WAS NEVER INSTALLED, INSIDE THE RIGHT (WEST) BUTTRESS. CAMERA FACING NORTH.
13. MASS OF POURED CONCRETE IN IRREGULAR STEPPED LAYERS AT THE BASE OF THE LEFT (EAST) BUTTRESS. CAMERA FACING SOUTHWEST.
14. LONG LADDER EMBEDDED IN THE DAM FACE ON THE LEFT (EAST) SIDE OF THE DAM. CAMERA FACING SOUTH.
15. LARGE CONCRETE STRUTS LOCATED IN THE RIVER BED BELOW THE RIGHT BUTTRESS AND SLIGHTLY UPSTREAM FROM THE SPILLWAY. CAMERA FACING EAST.
16. LOWER LEVEL EMERGENCY SPILLWAY. CAMERA FACING SOUTH.
17. INTAKE PIPES ON THE RIGHT BUTTRESS USED TO SPILL WATER INTO THE SALINAS RIVER. CAMERA FACING NORTH.
18. INTAKE PIPES ON THE RIGHT BUTTRESS USED TO SPILL WATER INTO THE SALINAS RIVER. CAMERA FACING NORTHEAST.
19. BOOMS AND WINCHES TO CONTROL FLEXIBLE TUBES. CAMERA FACING NORTH.
20. STILING WELL. CAMERA FACING NORTH.
21. Photocopy of original photo from Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District, "Report on Salinas Dam, Salinas River, California," June 15, 1943. (Photographer unknown; report located at City of San Luis Obispo.) SALINAS DAM UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN 1941.
22. Photocopy of original photo from Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District, "Report on Salinas Dam, Salinas River, California," June 15, 1943. (Photographer unknown; report located at City of San Luis Obispo.) CONSTRUCTION PHOTO SHOWING THE STRUTS, POURED TO ALIGN WITH THE RIGHT (WEST) BUTTRESS.
23. Photocopy of original photo from Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District, "Report on Salinas Dam, Salinas River, California," June 15, 1943. (Photographer unknown; report located at City of San Luis Obispo.) CONSTRUCTION PHOTO SHOWING CURVED CONCRETE CHUTE SPILLWAY.
24. Photocopy of original photo from Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District, "Report on Salinas Dam, Salinas River, California," June 15, 1943. (Photographer unknown, report located at City of San Luis Obispo.) SALINAS DAM COMPLETION PHOTO.
25. Photocopy of engineering drawing by Leeds, Hill, Barnard, and Jewitt, Architect-Engineer (original drawing located at County of San Luis Obispo). SALINAS DAM PLAN AND SECTIONS.
26. Photocopy of engineering drawing by Leeds, Hill, Barnard, and Jewitt, Architect-Engineer (original drawing located at County of San Luis Obispo) SALINAS DAM ROOFING PLAN.
27. Photocopy of engineering drawing by Leeds, Hill, Barnard, and Jewitt, Architect-Engineer (original drawing located at County of San Luis Obispo). STRUT LAYOUT -- RIGHT ABUTMENT.
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**HQ** 966525
September 17, 2004
**CLA-2 RR:CR:GC** 966525 DSS
**CATEGORY**: Classification
**TARIFF NO**.: 7307.92.3010; 7307.99.5045; 7318.15.20: 7318.15.60;
7318.15.80; 8547.90.0030-0040
Port Director
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
# 610 South Canal Street
Chicago, IL 60173
**RE**: Protest No. 3901-02-101793; Steel Pipe Fittings; Insulated Steel
Pipe Fittings;
19 U.S.C. 1625(c)(1); Delayed effective date
Dear Port Director:
This is our decision on Protest No. 3901-02-101793 filed by KMZ Rosenman
on behalf of EMCO Electronics International (EMCO or protestant),
against your decision regarding the classification, under the Harmonized
Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated (HTSUSA), of certain
steel pipe fittings. Consideration was given to supplemental arguments
and information submitted by the protestant, which was received July 10,
2003.
**FACTS**:
The merchandise under protest consists of certain steel fittings for
electrical conduits imported by EMCO and produced in China and India.
These fittings are used to connect electrical conduit pipe together or
to connect conduit pipe to a junction box. These goods operate/connect
by either a set screw mechanism or by compression fitting. The set screw
connectors and set screw couplings are fitted with fastening devices
such as a Tri-combo, Phillips, or slotted screw or hex bolt. The
compression connectors and compression couplings have gland rings or
spacers and a compression-type lock nut. These screws, bolts, and nuts
come in various sizes, according to the size of the coupling or
connector. The protestant claims some of the instant fittings are lined
internally with a plastic insulating material.
The protestant advocates classification of the unlined articles in
subheading 7326.90.85, HTSUS, which provides for "Other articles of iron
or steel: Other: Other: Other: Other." It also contends that
classification for the insulated articles is under subheading
8547.90.00, HTSUS, as "Insulating fittings for electrical machines,
appliances or equipment, being fittings wholly of insulating material
apart from any minor components of metal (for example, threaded sockets)
incorporated during molding solely for the purposes of assembly, other
than insulators of heading 8546; electrical conduit tubing and joints
therefor, of base metal lined with insulating material: Other."
The subject entries were liquidated on July 19, 2002. The protest was
filed on October 2, 2002.
**ISSUES**:
Whether the instant steel connectors and couplings are classified under
heading 7307, HTSUSA, as tube or pipe fittings; heading 7326, HTSUSA, as
other articles of iron or steel; or heading 8547, HTSUSA, as insulated
electrical conduit tubing or joints.
Whether HQ 966958, which revoked NY I81109, affects the subject entries.
**LAW AND ANALYSIS**:
[Classification Issues]{.underline}:
Classification under the HTSUSA is made in accordance with the General
Rules of Interpretation (GRIs). GRI 1 provides that the classification
of goods shall be determined according to the terms of the headings of
the tariff schedule and any relative Section or Chapter Notes. In the
event that the goods cannot be classified solely on the basis of GRI 1,
and if the headings and legal notes do not otherwise require, the
remaining GRIs may then be applied.
The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System Explanatory Notes
(ENs) constitute the official interpretation of the Harmonized System at
the international level. While not legally binding, the ENs provide a
commentary on the scope of each heading of the HTSUSA and are thus
useful in ascertaining the classification of merchandise under the
System. The Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (Customs) believes
the ENs should always be consulted. *See* T.D. 89-90, 54 Fed. Reg.
35127, 35128 (August 23, 1989).
The HTSUSA provisions (2002) under consideration are as follows:
7307. Tube or pipe fittings (for example, couplings, elbows, sleeves) of
iron or steel:
Other:
92. Threaded elbows, bends and sleeves:
30. Sleeves (couplings):
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
3010. Of iron or nonalloy steel
\* \*
7307.99 Other:
7307.99.50 Other:
Of iron or nonalloy steel:
5045. Other
\* \* \*
7318 Screws, bolts, nuts, coach screws, screw hooks, rivets, cotters,
cotter pins, washers (including spring washers) and similar articles, of
iron and steel:
Threaded articles:
15. Other screws and bolts, whether or not with their nuts or washers:
7318.15.20 Bolts and bolts and their nuts or washers entered or exported
in the same shipment
\* \*
Other:
7318.15.60 Having shanks or threads with a diameter of less than 6 mm
7318.15.80 Having shanks or threads with a diameter of 6 mm or more
\* \* \*
7326. Other articles of iron or steel:
90. Other:
> Other:
>
> Other:
85. Other:
7326.90.8586 Other
\* \* \*
8547. Insulating fittings for electrical machines, appliances or
equipment, being fittings wholly of insulating material apart from
any minor components of metal (for example, threaded sockets)
incorporated during molding solely for the purposes of assembly,
other than insulators of heading 8546; electrical conduit tubing
and joints therefor, of base metal lined with insulating material:
0. Other:
> Electrical conduit tubing and joints therefor, of base metal lined
> with insulating material:
>
> Joints:
8547.90.0030 Threaded
8547.90.0040 Other
EN 73.07 provides in pertinent part as follows:
> This heading covers fittings of iron or steel, mainly used for
> connecting the bores of two tubes together, or for connecting a tube
> to some other apparatus, or for closing the tube aperture. This
> heading **does not** however **cover** articles used for installing
> pipes and tubes but which do not form an integral part of the bore
> (e.g., hangers, stays and similar supports which merely fix or support
> the tubes and pipes on walls, clamping or tightening bands or collars
> (hose clips) used for clamping flexible tubing or hose to rigid
> piping, taps, connecting pieces, etc.) (heading **73.25** or
> **73.26**)\[emphasis in original\].
>
> The connection is obtained:
>
> ‑ by screwing, when using cast iron or steel threaded fittings;
>
> ‑ or by welding, when using butt‑welding or socket‑welding steel
> fittings. In the case of butt‑welding, the ends of the fittings and of
> the tubes are square cut or chamfered;
>
> ‑ or by contact, when using removable steel fittings.
>
> This heading therefore includes flat flanges and flanges with forged
> collars, elbows and bends and return bends, reducers, tees, crosses,
> caps and plugs, lap joint stub‑ends, fittings for tubular railings and
> structural elements, off sets, multi‑branch pieces, **couplings or
> sleeves**, clean out traps, nipples, unions, clamps and collars
> \[emphasis added\].
In support of its position, the protestant cites New York Ruling Letter
(NY) I81109, dated April 26, 2002, where, the protestant contends,
Customs issued a ruling for the same products as the instant products,
produced by the same manufacturer, and imported by another importer, and
which were classified under subheading 7326.90.8586, HTSUSA.
Additionally, the protestant claims that some of the couplings that are
insulated with plastic are classified in subheading 8547.90.00, HTSUS.
Classification in heading 7307, HTSUSA has also been considered. Because
heading 7326 covers all articles of iron or steel not elsewhere
specified or included (see EN 73.26), the goods will be provided for in
heading 7326 only if they are described in that heading and if they are
not provided for in heading 7307 or heading 8547.
Documentation in the file, including illustrations, indicates that the
couplings serve to connect the bores of two tubes, usually electrical
conduits, together. They have indentations in the center or stops to
center the bores of the tubes in the coupling. Connectors attach a tube
to some other apparatus (*i.e*., a junction box). One end secures the
tube, as the coupling does, by threading or compression set screw; the
other end slides into the apparatus and is usually tightened with a lock
nut or other fastener. We find that the instant articles without
insulating material are within the scope of the description provided in
EN 73.07, above. Accordingly, we find that the instant articles without
insulating material are provided for in heading 7307, HTSUSA.
It is unclear from the documents in the file whether or not all of the
instant articles are threaded. We find that the unlined, threaded
couplings and connectors are classified under subheading 7307.92.3010,
HTSUSA, as: "Tube or pipe fittings (for example, couplings, elbows,
sleeves) of iron or steel: Other: Threaded elbows, bends and sleeves:
Sleeves (couplings): Of iron or nonalloy steel." We find that the
unlined, unthreaded couplings and connectors are classified under
subheading 7307.99.5045, HTSUSA, as: "Tube or pipe fittings (for
example, couplings, elbows, sleeves), of iron or steel: Other: Other:
Other: Of iron or nonalloy steel: Other." EN 73.07 also states in
relevant part that the heading excludes "Bolts, nuts, screws, etc.
suitable for use in the assembly of tube or pipe fittings (**heading
73.18**)," which would include the above-mentioned screws, lock nuts and
other fasteners.
The information in the file indicates that screws and bolts of various
sizes and types were imported in the entries under protest. The threaded
bolts used on the fittings are classified under subheading 7318.15.20,
HTSUS, with further delineation depending on the diameter and type. The
threaded screws used to connect the fittings to the pipes are classified
either under subheading 7318.15.60, HTSUS, or subheading 7318.15.80,
HTSUS, with further delineation depending on the diameter and type.
[Heading 7326]{.underline}
Based upon our determination that the pipe fittings without insulating
material are classified under heading 7307, HTSUSA, they are not
described or classified in subheading 7326.90.8586, HTSUSA. Upon further
review of the information submitted and the classification in NY I81109,
we concluded that the classification of the articles in I81109 was
incorrect. That ruling was revoked by HQ 966958, dated April 20, 2004.
*See* CUSTOMS BULLETIN of May 4, 2004, vol. 38, no. 19 (containing HQ
966958).
[Heading 8547]{.underline}
Electrical conduits coated or lined with insulating material such as
special electrically insulating varnish, paper or paperboard, rubber,
plastics, etc. are classified under heading 8547, HTSUSA. EN 85.47
states in relevant part:
\(B\) ELECTRICAL CONDUIT TUBING AND JOINTS THEREFOR, OF BASE METAL LINED
WITH INSULATING MATERIAL
This group covers the metal tubing used in permanent electrical
installations (e.g., house wiring) as insulation and protection for the
wires, provided it has an interior lining of insulating material.
Uninsulated metal tubing, often used for the same purpose, is excluded
(Section XV).
The tubing of this group consists of spiralled metal strip wound on to
an interior tube of insulating material, or of rigid metal tubing
(usually iron or steel) coated or lined with insulating material. The
insulating material may be special electrically insulating varnish,
paper or paperboard, rubber, plastics, etc. Metal tubing simply coated
with varnish to prevent corrosion is excluded (Section XV).
This group also covers joints used for connecting tubing of this heading
provided they are also of base metal and coated or lined with insulating
material (e.g., straight joints, elbows, tee joints and cross-overs).
Uninsulated steel joints are not covered under this heading, and are
classified under heading 7307, HTSUSA. In fact, the EN to heading 7307
states that this heading excludes, "(f) Insulated joints for electrical
conduit tubing (heading 85.47).\" Certain of the entries contain
fittings that are coated or plated with plastic insulating material.
Those couplings fall under heading 8547, HTSUSA. *See* NY I84073, dated
August 22, 2002.
[19 U.S.C. 1625 Issue]{.underline}:
The basic chronology at issue is as follows. The subject entries were
filed between March 25, 2002 and July 4, 2002; the goods were entered
under subheading 7307.92.3010, HTSUSA. On April 26, 2002, the National
Commodity Specialist Division issued NY I81109, which classified similar
if not identical couplings and connectors in subheading 7326.90.8586,
HTSUSA. On July 19, 2002, the Port of Chicago liquidated the entries
under subheading 7307.92.3010, HTSUSA. Based on classification under
subheading 7307.92.30, the port also imposed additional duties on the
pipe fittings under subheading 9903.73.93, HTSUSA, in accordance with
the Section 201 Relief for Certain Steel Products, the subject of
Presidential Proclamation 7529, issued on March 5, 2002. On October 2,
2002, the protestant sought to protest the liquidation and assessment of
additional duties, citing NY I81109 as justification. On April 21, 2004,
Customs issued HQ 966958, which revoked NY I81109 and classified similar
couplings and connectors in subheading 7307.99.5045, HTSUSA. HQ 966958
was published in the CUSTOMS BULLETIN on May 5, 2004 (vol. 38, no. 19),
and was stated to be effective for merchandise entered or withdrawn from
warehouse for consumption on or after July 3, 2004.
19 U.S.C. 1625(c)(1) provides as follows:
**(c) Modification and revocation**
A proposed interpretive ruling or decision which would-
> \(1\) modify (other than to correct a clerical error) or revoke a
> prior interpretive ruling or decision which has been in effect for at
> least 60 days; or
>
> \(2\) have the effect of modifying the treatment previously accorded
> by the Customs Service to substantially identical transactions;
>
> shall be published in the Customs Bulletin. The Secretary shall give
> interested parties an opportunity to submit, during not less than the
> 30-day period after the date of such publication, comments on the
> correctness of the proposed ruling or decision. After consideration of
> any comments received, the Secretary shall publish a final ruling or
> decision in the Customs Bulletin within 30 days after the closing of
> the comment period. The final ruling or
>
> decision shall become effective 60 days after the date of its
> publication.
19 CFR 177.12(e)(2) provides in pertinent part as follows:
**177.12 Modification or revocation of interpretive rulings \...**
\(e\) *Effective date and application to transactions* --
. . .
> \(2\) *Rulings or decisions in effect for 60 or more days.* If an
> interpretive ruling or holding or principle covered by a protest
> review decision that is modified or revoked under this section had
> been in effect for 60 or more calendar days, the modifying or revoking
> notice will, provided that liquidation of the entry in question has
> not become final, apply to merchandise entered, or withdrawn from
> warehouse for consumption:
>
> \(i\) Sixty calendar days after the date of publication of the final
> modifying or revoking notice in the *Customs Bulletin* under paragraph
> (b)(2) of this section; . . .
19 CFR 177.9(a) provides in pertinent part as follows:
**177.9 Effect of ruling letters.**
> \(a\) *Effect of ruling letters generally.* . . . Generally, a ruling
> letter is effective on the date it is issued and may be applied to all
> entries which are unliquidated, or other transactions with respect to
> which the Customs Service has not taken final action on that date. . .
> .
As indicated above, the entries which are the subject of this protest
were filed between March 25, 2002 and July 4, 2002. HQ 966958 is
effective for merchandise entered or withdrawn from warehouse for
consumption on or after July 3, 2004.
We therefore find that HQ 966958 is not effective with respect to the
subject entries. Additionally, we find that 19 CFR 177.9(a) is support
for the proposition that NY I81109 controls with respect to the entries
at issue. Any Steel 201 duties assessed should be refunded.
**HOLDINGS**:
At GRI 1, the instant steel fittings not lined with a plastic insulating
material fall under heading 7307, HTSUSA. The unlined, threaded
couplings and connectors are classified under subheading 7307.92.3010,
HTSUSA, as: "Tube or pipe fittings (for example, couplings, elbows,
sleeves) of iron or steel: Other: Threaded elbows, bends and sleeves:
Sleeves (couplings): Of iron or nonalloy steel."
The unlined, unthreaded couplings and connectors are classified under
subheading 7307.99.5045, HTSUSA, as: "Tube or pipe fittings (for
example, couplings, elbows, sleeves), of iron or steel: Other: Other:
Other: Of iron or nonalloy steel: Other."
The instant steel fittings lined with a plastic insulating material fall
under heading 8547, HTSUSA. Those plastic-lined fittings that are
threaded are classified under subheading 8547.90.0030, HTSUSA, which
provides for: "Insulating fittings for electrical machines, appliances
or equipment, being fittings wholly of insulating material apart from
any minor components of metal (for example, threaded sockets)
incorporated during molding solely for the purposes of assembly, other
than insulators of heading 8546; electrical conduit tubing and joints
therefor, of base metal lined with insulating material: Other:
Electrical conduit tubing and joints therefor, of base metal lined with
insulating material: Joints: Threaded. " Those plastic-lined fittings
that are not threaded are classified under subheading 8547.90.0040,
HTSUSA, which provides for: "Insulating fittings for electrical
machines, . . . : Other: Electrical conduit tubing and joints therefor,
of base metal lined with insulating material: Joints: Other."
The threaded bolts fall under heading 7318, HTSUS. They are classified
under subheading 7318.15.20, HTSUS, with further delineation depending
on the diameter and type. Subheading 7318.15.20, HTSUS, provides for
"Screws, bolts, nuts, coach screws, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter
pins, washers (including spring washers) and similar articles, of iron
and steel: Threaded articles: Other screws and bolts, whether or not
with their nuts or washers: Bolts and bolts and their nuts or washers
entered or exported in the same shipment."
The threaded screws also fall under heading 7318, HTSUS. They are
classified either under subheading 7318.15.60, HTSUS, or subheading
7318.15.80, HTSUS, with further delineation depending on the diameter
and type. Subheading 7318.15.20, HTSUS, provides for, "Screws, bolts,
nuts, coach screws, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter pins, washers
(including spring washers) and similar articles, of iron and steel:
Threaded articles: Other screws and bolts, whether or not with their
nuts or washers: Other: Having shanks or threads with a diameter of less
than 6 mm." Subheading 7318.15.80, HTSUS, provides for "Screws, bolts,
nuts, coach screws, screw hooks, rivets, cotters, cotter pins, washers
(including spring washers) and similar articles, of iron and steel:
Threaded articles: Other screws and bolts, whether or not with their
nuts or washers: Other: Having shanks or threads with a diameter of 6 mm
or more."
However, based upon our determination with respect to the effective date
of HQ 966958, and based upon 19 CFR 177.9(a), the entries at issue
should be liquidated under subheading 7326.90.8586, HTSUSA. The 2002
general rate of duty for this subheading is 2.9 percent. Accordingly,
you are instructed to ALLOW the protest.
In accordance with the Protest/Petition Processing Handbook (CIS HB,
January 2002, pp. 18 and 21), you are to mail this decision, together
with the Customs Form 19, to the protestant no later than 60 days from
the date of this letter. Any reliquidation of the entry in accordance
with the decision must be accomplished prior to mailing of the decision.
Sixty days from the date of the decision the Office of Regulations and
Rulings will make the decision available to CBP personnel, and to the
public on the CBP Home Page on the World Wide Web at www.cbp.gov, by
means of the Freedom of Information Act, and other methods of public
distribution. Duty rates are provided for your convenience and are
subject to change. The text of the most recent HTSUS and the
accompanying duty rates are provided on the World Wide Web at
[www.usitc.gov]{.underline}.
> Sincerely,
Myles B. Harmon
Director,
> Commercial Rulings Division
|
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419742
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**NRC INSPECTION MANUAL** IOLB
INSPECTION PROCEDURE 79702
CONTROL AND MONITORING OF RADIOLOGICAL SOURCE TERM
PROGRAM APPLICABILITY: 2515
79702‑01 INSPECTION OBJECTIVES
01.01 To determine whether the licensee is adequately controlling the
quality of plant primary and secondary systems and process water to
minimize out-of-core radiation buildup.
01.02 To evaluate ALARA planning and controls, and provide additional
guidance on evaluating licensee source term control programs.
79702‑02 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS
This procedure is implemented to independently assess licensee
conclusions regarding extent of condition of issues, when selected as a
part of supplemental inspections using IP 95002, ASupplemental
Inspection For One Degraded Cornerstone or Any Three White Inputs in a
Strategic Performance Area.@
02.01 [Implementation of the Source Term Control Program]{.underline}
a. Section 02.03 of the baseline inspection procedure for ALARA
Planning and Controls, contains general guidance for assessing the
status of the licensee=s overall source term.
b. Determine if the licensee has developed an understanding of the
plant source-term and whether there is a source-term control
strategy. This strategy should consider:
1. The reduction of cobalt containing components.
2. An operating and shutdown chemistry control plan to minimize
cobalt transport and crud bursts. This includes such activities
as zinc injection (BWRs) or early boration (PWRs).
3. Industry technologies such as Zinc Injection (BWRs),Noble Metal
Chemistry (BWR), Hydrogen Water Chemistry (BWRs), use of
chromium coatings (PWRs) or Chemical Decontamination
(PWRs/BWRs).
4. Preconditioning or electropolishing of reactor component
surfaces to minimize the deposition of corrosion products.
5. System flushes to remove or reduce source term (e.g., hot
spots).
c. Interview selected individuals (e.g., Operations Manager,
Maintenance Supervisor) to verify that responsible staff are aware
of this strategy and that is supported by plant management.
1. Determine if the licensee has established reasonable criteria to
evaluate if the strategy is effective and is being implemented
in a timely manner.
2. Review several significant source term reduction actions taken
by the licensee (such as chemical decontaminations, replacement
of cobalt containing valves, etc) and determine:
a. If the action was performed in accordance with the overall
strategy; and
b. Its effect (if any) on the radiological source term.
d. Additionally, examine those actions proposed, but subsequently not
approved by licensee management. Determine if these decisions were
made within the strategy guidelines.
02.02 [Implementation of the Water Chemistry Control
Program]{.underline}
a. Determine whether the water chemistry control program is being
implemented in accordance with existing policies and procedures.
This review may include the following:
1. Reviews and discussions of the trends of recorded water quality
data and reviews of these data by plant chemistry personnel.
2. Reviews of investigative (diagnostic) and corrective actions
taken when chemical variables have exceeded the established
levels or limits, including consideration of the timeliness of
these actions.
3. Review and discussion of the effectiveness of measures taken to
prevent the introduction of chemical contaminants into primary
and secondary coolant water and to detect the presence of these
contaminants.
4. Discussions with individuals at all levels (including plant
operating and maintenance personnel) who are involved with water
chemistry controls to determine whether they understand the need
for, and importance of these controls and whether individuals
understand their roles in maintaining water quality. Corporate
and plant management support and involvement are essential for
success of the water chemistry control program.
5. Reviews and discussions of plant collective occupational dose
(person‑rem) as it relates to plant water chemistry control.
b. Determine if the licensee has established effective measures to
control the potential increase of radiation fields from corrosion
transport (i.e., crud bursts) occurring during plant shutdown and
startup.
c. For BWRs utilizing Hydrogen Water Chemistry (HWC) determine if the
plant has evaluated the optimal hydrogen injection rate and has
developed a policy for minimizing cycling.
79702‑03 INSPECTION GUIDANCE
[General Guidance]{.underline}
This procedure includes inspection of both regulatory requirements and
industry good practices, but emphasis is on the good practices that can
result in large reductions in occupational radiation exposure. EPRI and
industry research and infield trial/demonstrations is ongoing, and NRR
and the Regions will continue to monitor and keep abreast of the latest,
pertinent publications.
[Specific Guidance]{.underline}
03.01 [Implementation of the Source Term Control Program]{.underline}
The primary source of radiation fields in BWR and PWR nuclear power
plants is Co-60. In PWRs, Co-58 can also be a significant radiation
source early in plant life. However, after 10 effective full power
years, Co-60 accounts for the majority of the radiation fields in PWRs
due to its longer half-life.
Co-60 is formed as a result of neutron absorption by Co-59, the only
cobalt isotope present in naturally occurring cobalt. Co-59 constitutes
the major portion of many hardfacing materials (such as Stellite) used
in nuclear plants. Co-58 is formed by neutron bombardment of nickel-58.
Nickel is a major alloying constituent in many reactor coolant pressure
boundary materials, such as PWR steam generator tubing.
Reducing the amount of cobalt available for irradiation is the soundest
and most cost-effective means of controlling radiation fields. This is
typically accomplished by:
a. Minimizing the amount of cobalt in system components, such as system
valves, that can potentially reach the core. Typically, this is
accomplished by identifying those components having the highest
cobalt contribution potential and prioritizing them for replacement.
For example, industry studies have shown that a significant
reduction in BWR cobalt inventory can be achieved by replacing the
control rod pins and rollers (typically containing high cobalt
alloys) with low cobalt replacements.
b. Minimizing the amount of cobalt escaping to plant piping systems in
the course of in-situ maintenance (e.g., valve maintenance), which
some industry studies concluded accounts for about 10-30 percent of
the cobalt entering the reactor system annually.
c. For BWRs, minimizing the amount of feedwater corrosion products by
improving condensate polisher efficiencies, installing condensate
filters, improving plant lay-up requirements, and/or eliminating
corrosion product input into the condensate system.
> The industry has developed several alloys (such as EPRI=s NOREM) that
> are suitable replacements for hardfacing alloys such as Stellite.
d. Use of sub-micron filtration of the reactor coolant system at power
is a proven, effective way to minimize corrosion product deposition
on primary plant component and piping surfaces.
03.02 [Implementation of the Water Chemistry Control
Program]{.underline}
Standard LWR Technical Specifications include limits and associated
surveillance requirements on certain chemical variables in the primary
coolant. The standard administrative controls section also contains a
requirement that written procedures be established as recommended in
Appendix A of Regulatory Guide 1.33, \"Quality Assurance Program
Requirements (Operation).\" Regulatory Guide 1.33 includes \"Chemical
and Radiochemical Control Procedures\" among the typical safety‑related
activities that should be covered by written procedures.
Compliance with NRC requirements will not ensure that water chemistry is
adequately controlled (from an ALARA perspective) to reduce out‑of‑core
radiation field buildup that may result in high occupational radiation
exposures. The nuclear power industry, through its BWR and PWR owners
groups and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), has recognized
the need for improved LWR water chemistry controls and has developed
consensus guidelines for PWR and BWR primary and secondary water
chemistry.
Control of PWR primary coolant water chemistry is essential if crud
formation on the fuel and subsequent redeposition of radioactive oxides
outside the core are to be minimized. The formation and stability of
colloidal corrosion products are strongly affected by pH, and adsorption
of cobalt on colloidal iron oxides is greatly increased at high pH.
Cobalt solubility is greatest at low pH values (high boron, low lithium)
and increases above the minimum at very high pH values (low boron, high
lithium).
Industry experience has shown that for PWRs, the release of radioactive
corrosion products during plant shutdown has been a significant
contributor to radiation field buildup. The negative effects of these
releases can be diminished by controlling the coolant chemistry to
maximize the decomposition and solubilization of corrosion products. The
[PWR Primary Shutdown and Startup Chemistry Guidelines]{.underline} were
developed by EPRI to provide an optimal strategy to minimize the
radiological consequences, from the release of corrosion products.
Examples of some effective measures to reduce post-shutdown dose rates
at PWRs are:
- Early boration at shutdown to promote corrosion product solubility
and aid in the release of corrosion products.
- Slow plant cooldown rates with specific temperature hold points to
maintain solubility of corrosion products, thus aiding in their
removal via filtration and ion exchange.
- Use of hydrogen peroxide to create an oxygenation crud burst,
liberating corrosion products early on it the shutdown clean up
process.
- Use maximum primary clean-up purification flow to enhance corrosion
product removal.
Radiation buildup in the BWR primary system occurs as the result of both
soluble phase and particulate phase transport and deposition of
activated species. Several industry initiatives have been developed,
such as HWC, depleted zinc injection, noble metal chemistry, and control
of feedwater iron, to reduce the transport of radioactive corrosion
products. Guidelines for each of these topics can be found in the BWR
Water Chemistry Guidelines and other related EPRI documents.
Frequently identified problems that resulted in poor water chemistry in
operating BWRs include:
a. Improper operation of the condensate treatment system.
b. Improper operation of the reactor water cleanup system.
c. Leakage of condenser cooling water or air.
d. Inadequate design or maintenance of equipment.
e. Insufficient training or experience of plant personnel.
IonBexchange resin ingress and condenser tube leaks have been found to
be the principal recurring causes of off‑standard water chemistry in
BWRs. Ingress of resins into the reactor coolant system has caused more
severe water chemistry transients than any other source. Transients
resulting from ingress of resins or other organic materials been
attributed, erroneously, to ingress of air (see memorandum from J.
Wigginton to Regional Branch Chiefs, 04‑15‑83).
79702-04 RESOURCE ESTIMATE
It is estimated that 25-30 on-site inspector hours will be needed to
complete this instruction. Multi-unit sites require the same amount of
time.
79702 REFERENCES
EPRI TR-107991,ARadiation-Field Control Manual - 1997 Revision
EPRI TR-105714, APWR Primary Water Chemistry Guidelines, Revision 3\"
1995
EPRI RS-103515-R1, ABWR Water Chemistry Guidelines- 1996 Revision,@ 1996
NCRP report no. 120, ADose Control at Nuclear Power Plants,@ (issued
December 30, 1994).
END
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287001
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# Presentation: 287001
## Avoiding Diagnostic Dilemmas in Routine
- Rabies Testing
- Lillian A. Orciari
## Introduction
- Since the development of the first rabies vaccine _accurate and timely_ diagnosis of rabies infections in animals has been _essential_ to prompt and successful post-exposure treatment of humans.
## Diagnostic Tests
- Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test
- Rapid Immunohistochemistry
- Virus Isolation in Cell Cultures
- Virus Isolation in Mice
- ReverseTranscription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
## +
- Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test
- Antigen
- Antibody to Antigen
- Labeled with Fluorochrome
- Antigen-Antibody Complex labeled with Fluorochrome
- Specific Fluorescence
## Avoiding Diagnostic Dilemmas
- Avoiding Diagnostic Dilemmas
- in Routine Rabies Testing
- Sample
- Reagents
- Technical Expertise
- Interpretation of Results
- Involves factors such as :
## Sample Collection Step 1 - Avoiding Cross-Contamination
- NLTN/CDC Video- Removal of Brains for Rabies Diagnosis
- Wear appropriate PPE and maintain safety precautions
- as described in CDC/NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 4 th edition
- Store clean instruments, containers, lab mats and slides in a clean area.
- Work with one specimen at a time.
- Use a clean set of instruments for each specimen.
- Label each sample immediately with a unique number
- Change gloves between samples
- Store all samples and animal carcasses until tests have been reported.
- Decontaminate the necropsy table after processing each specimen
- Decontaminate all instruments by autoclaving 121o C for 60 minutes, and clean before re-using.
## Sample Collection
- Extreme care must be taken:
- To insure appropriate numbering and labeling of the sample
- To avoid cross-contamination
- Mistakes made at necropsy can not be easily resolved by repeat testing and performance of confirmatory tests.
- Methods such as isolation (e.g. cell culture and mouse inoculation) and RT-PCR may amplify a rabies virus contaminant.
## Rabies Pathogenesis –Rationale for Sample Collection
- Site of rabies infection
- Spinal cord
- Brain
- Viral antigen is widespread in most animals, but may also be unilateral
- especially in large animals (livestock).
- Thorough examination of the brain stem and cerebellum is necessary
- to make a diagnosis. A cross-section through the brain stem will sample
- maximum ascending and desending nerve tracts.
- Transneuronal
- movement toward CNS
## Sampling Tissues for Preparation of Impressions
- Brain stem
- Cerebellum
- Medulla
- Pons
- Vermis
- Brain stem
- Hind brain Mid brain
- Medulla Pons
- Cerebellum
- Pons
- Midbrain
## Inclusion of cerebellum or hippocampus samples gives additional confidence in making a rabies diagnosis
- Hippocampus
- Hippocampus
- Cross Section
- Brain Stem
- Cerebellum
- Folia
- Gray Matter
- Inclusion of cerebellum or hippocampus samples gives additional confidence in making a rabies diagnosis
## Unacceptable Samples
- Deteriorated or decomposed samples are samples which have lost distinguishing structural characteristics, display substantial green coloration, liquefaction, desiccation. (Loss of tissue during staining and presence of bacteria may indicate decomposition.)
- Negative results should not be reported on deteriorated samples. The test report should state that rabies can not be ruled out due to the condition of the sample.
- Formalin-fixed tissues can not be tested by the standard DFA. Chemical cross-linking of proteins interferes with antigen binding. Other tests, FFDX DFA and IHC protocols, can be used.
## Slide Preparation
- Touch Impressions or Smears (duplicates of each cross section are stained with 2 different conjugates)
- Cross section of brain stem
- Cross section through cerebellum (vermis, right and left lateral lobes)
- stem
- stem
- stem
- cblm
- cblm
- cblm
- Air dry slides completely before placing acetone may take 15-30 minutes
- Smears
- Touch Impression Slides
## Touch Impressions or Smears
- Touch impressions or smears should be thin.
- Blotting of slides on paper towels can remove excess brain tissue.
- Thick impressions or smears may trap rabies conjugates and make interpretation difficult due to nonspecific fluorescence.
- Thick smears are more likely to be washed
- off in the Rinse
## Acetone Fixation
- Place each set of slides from a specimen in a separate container
- Fix in fresh acetone at –20 C for 1 hour to overnight in an explosion proof freezer
- Fix a set of positive and negative control slide at the same time in separate containers
## Immunofluorescent Staining
- Samples must be tested with 2 different conjugates.
- Conjugates are prefiltered through low protein binding 0.45 um filters attached to syringes and added directly to the slides (discard the first 3 drops of conjugate).
- Add to the positive control first, test slides, and then last the negative control slides to insure that specific antibodies are not adsorbed by the filter in the initial drops.
## Conjugate 1
- Conjugate 2
- Must use 2 different conjugate preparations.
- Commercial conjugates are listed below.
- Incubate 37 ̊C 30 min in moist chamber
- Commercially Available Conjugates
- Fujirubio Diagnostics Inc, Centocor Anti-rabies Monoclonal Globulin #800-090 (Mixture 2 IgG2a Mabs, FITC labeled)
- Chemicon International Inc, Light Diagnostics Rabies DFA Reagent II #5500 (Contains the same two IgG2a Mabs as Centocor 800-090, FITC labeled)
- Chemicon, Light Diagnostics Rabies DFA Reagent #5100 (Mixture of 2 IgG1 Mabs and 1 IgG2 Mab, FITC labeled)
- Chemicon, Light Diagnostics Rabies Polyclonal DFA Reagent#5199 (Goat hyperimmune serum, FITC labeled)
## Why 2 different conjugates?
- Commercial hyper-immune (polyclonal) conjugates are broadly reactive, but may have some non-specific reactions to agents other than rabies.
- Monoclonal antibody conjugates contain 2 or 3 monoclonal antibodies to highly conserved rabies virus N-protein epitopes.
- If used at the optimal working dilution, the commercial conjugates should detect all rabies variants found in the USA.
- If there is lack of reactivity of one of the MAbs in a conjugate a reduction in reactivity will be observed.
## Wash PBS
- 1
- 2
- 3
- Wash PBS
- Place each set of samples in separate container for washes (coplin jars, centrifuge tubes or staining dishes)
- Immerse and soak in PBS for 3-5 min
- PBS is discarded and replaced for additional 3-5 min
- No water rinse is necessary, blot and mount coverslips.
## Mount Coverslips with 20 % Glycerol Tris Buffered Mounting Medium pH 9.0
- Mount Coverslips with 20 % Glycerol Tris Buffered Mounting Medium pH 9.0
- Examine slides with a Fluorescence Microscope
## Criteria for Evaluation
- Staining intensity is graded +4 to +1
- Antigen Distribution:
- + 4 Massive infiltration of small and large antigen in almost every area of slide
- +3 inclusions of varying size and shape in every field, number of inclusions vary, but are numerous
- +2 inclusions of varying size and shape in 10-50% of fields and most field contain only a few inclusions
- +1 inclusion of various size and shape are present in <10% of the microscopic fields and only a few inclusions are found per field
## Positive Sample 4+ Antigen Distribution
## Negative Sample No Specific Rabies Antigen Detected
- Negative Sample No Specific Rabies Antigen Detected
## Interpretation of Results
- Complete Tests
- If the positive and negative control slides give the appropriate results, the sample tissues were in satisfactory condition, and adequate amounts of tissue were tested, then tests can be considered complete or incomplete based on observed patterns of staining.
- Negative – No specific staining in the test slides with 2 different anti-rabies conjugates
- Positive- Clearly positive with both anti-rabies conjugates (+3-4 staining and +2-+4 antigen distribution)
## Interpretation of Results
- Incomplete Tests
- < 10% of examined fields.
- Typical Inclusions > 10% with sparse distribution 1-2 per field.
- weak intensity < +3
- inclusion morphology but with +4 intensity, regularly sized uniformed texture
- Atypical Fluorescing bacteria; might mask small amounts of rabies specific staining
- Particulate or free fluorescein; might mask small amounts of rabies specific staining
- Discordant results with 2 reagents or 2 readers
## Sample Requires Repeat Testing
## Atypical Inclusions color and staining intensity
- No Apple-Green Fluorescence
- No Rabies Virus Antigen Detected
- 150 people received rabies PEP
## Atypical Morphology- Bacteria-like
## Atypical Staining Intensity Atypical Morphology
- Atypical Staining IntensityAtypical Morphology
## Repeat Testing/Confirmatory Test
- All incomplete DFA tests must be repeated with 2 conjugates and at least one specificity control reagent (negative control conjugate).
- Slides are remade from the original brain tissues in the same manner as previously described. (At least 3 impressions or smears from each tissue are required.)
## Specificity Controls Principle
- Antigen-Antibody Complex - Fluorescence
- +
- Rabies DFA
- Rabies Ag (RNP)
- +
- No Antigen-Antibody Complex
- No Fluorescence
- Diagnostic Conjugate Anti-rabies RNP
- Specificity Control Conjugate
- Non rabies Ab (isotype same)
- Positive Test
- No Inclusions
- Specificity
- (Negative) Conjugate
- Fab Binding
- RNP
- Inclusions
- Typical
- Diagnostic Conjugate
- Free Antibody
## Specificity Controls Principle
- Rabies DFA
- Specificity
- (Negative) Conjugate
- Diagnostic Conjugate
- No Rabies Inclusions
- No Rabies Inclusions
- Free
- Free
## +
- Diagnostic Conjugate Anti-rabies RNP
- Specificity Control Conjugate
- Non rabies Ab Same isotype as the Diagnostic
- Non specific Antigen-Antibody Complex - Fluorescence
- Nonspecific Fluorescence
- Non rabies Ag
- Bacteria
- Non specific Antigen-Antibody Complex - Fluorescence
- Fc Binding
- Atypical Inclusions
## +
- Diagnostic Conjugate Anti-rabies RNP
- Specificity Control Conjugate
- Non rabies Ab Same isotype as the Diagnostic
- Non specific Antigen-Antibody Complex - Fluorescence
- Nonspecific Fluorescence
- Non specific Antigen-Antibody Complex - Fluorescence
- No binding
- Poor washing or
- Disassociated
- Fluorescein
- Atypical Staining
## Repeat DFA
- -
- -
- C2-
- Cblm
- 1
- D1
- D2
- Stem
- 1
- -
- -
- D1
- D2
- C2-
- Conj 1
- Conj 2
- Control Conj2
- Neg
- +
- +
- C2-
- Cblm
- 2
- D1
- D2
- Stem
- 2
- +
- +
- D1
- D2
- C2-
- Conj 1
- Conj 2
- Control Conj2
- Pos
- D=Diagnostic C=Control conjugate
## Repeat DFA
- -
- C2
- Cblm
- 3
- D1
- D2
- Stem
- 3
- -
- D1
- D2
- C2
- Conj 1
- Conj 2
- Control Conj2
- Neg
- (Negative
- 1 conjugate)
- -
- +
- C2-
- Cblm
- 4
- D1
- D2
- Stem
- 4
- -
- +
- D1
- D2
- C2-
- Conj 1
- Conj 2
- Control Conj2
- Consider Pos
- send to ref lab
- for confirmation
- NS
- Bact
- NS
- Bact
- NS
- Bact
- NS
- Bact
- Adequate sampling of brain tissues from the brain stem (cross section through pons or medulla) and from cerebellum (vermis, right and left lobes)
- Acetone fixation at –20 C for 1 hour to overnight in a separate container for each sample’s set of slides
- Use of 2 anti-rabies conjugates in every test
- Rinse slides in 2 changes of PBS for 3-5 minutes; separate containers are required for each set of slides
- Use of 20 % glycerol Tris buffered mountant
- Two readers to evaluate the test slides
- 7. Repeat testing of weakly positive and inconclusive tests using a rabies conjugate and specificity (negative) control conjugate
## Conclusions
- The Protocol for Post-mortem Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals- Minimum Standard for the United States includes: steps to avoid cross-contamination, maintain sensitivity and specificity, criteria for evaluation of test results, confirmatory testing repeat DFA testing and submission to a reference laboratory.
- Compliance of US laboratories to these standards is essential.
- Pre-testing procedures to avoid cross-contamination during brain removal and preparation of impression smears are not specifically addressed in the protocol. Although these issues were addressed in the CDC videotape: *Removal of Animal Brains for Rabies Diagnosis*
- Additional training materials (slides or atlas) need to be developed to familiarize the laboratorian with color, intensity and morphology of specific rabies inclusions.
## Alternate confirmatory tests need to be investigated. Direct rabies immunohistochemical test (DRIT) seems to be a highly sensitive test for rabies virus antigen detection and a possible confirmatory test.
RT-PCR is a sensitive method, however, limitations include condition of sample and RNA, primer match, protocol used. Until true universal primers are developed to amplify all rabies virus variants the usefulness of RT-PCR as a diagnostic tool will be limited.
The National Working Group on Rabies Diagnosis should meet to address some of these issues as well as discuss problems associated with compliance.
- RT-PCR is a sensitive method, however, limitations include condition of sample and RNA, primer match, protocol used. Until true universal primers are developed to amplify all rabies virus variants the usefulness of RT-PCR as a diagnostic tool will be limited.
- The National Working Group on Rabies Diagnosis should meet to address some of these issues as well as discuss problems associated with compliance.
- Conclusions
## Compliance
- Although 115 of the 121 laboratories performing rabies diagnosis surveyed in 2003 were familiar with the standard protocol only 45/115 (39%) performed the minimum standard protocol as written.
- NLTN/CDC Rabies training courses were held in Jan and March 2004 and Jan 2006 to acquaint laboratorians with the standardized protocol
## Use of trade names and commercial sources are for identification and product availability information, and do not imply endorsement by the US Department of Health and Human Services
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Archived Information
Interim Evaluation of the Southeastern Regional Vision for Education
I. Brief Overview of Laboratory
The site visit for the interim evaluation of the Southeast Regional
Vision for Education (SERVE) Laboratory was held May 10-14, 1999 at the
SERVE headquarters on the campus of the University of North Carolina
Greensboro. Some staff members from SERVE offices in Florida and Georgia
joined the headquarters staff for the site visit. Panel members were
sent many documents to review prior to the site visit. I reviewed these
documents prior to conducting the site visit, and reviewed some of them
again during the site visit. In addition to the group interviews
scheduled for all members of the Panel, I also participated in a brief
conversation with the Director of the Technology in Learning Program and
another panel member. I also was involved in a conversation around the
topic of quality and evaluation with SERVE staff and a couple of other
panel members. Despite four very intensive days and the review of the
comprehensive set of materials provided, I still feel there are areas of
Lab activities about which I should know more in order to evaluate them.
Many of the areas that go unmentioned in this report are not here
because I think they are just fine or because I did not feel informed
enough to comment. Lack of discussion should not be construed as lack of
support.
II\. Implementation and Management
A. To what extent is the REL doing what they were approved to do during
the first three contract years?
SERVE, now in its second 5-year contract, has undergone substantial
changes since it was created in 1990. Approximately 1.5 years ago, there
was a change in leadership in the Lab. With the approval of the Board of
Directors and the Lab monitor in the Office of Educational Research and
Improvement of the U.S. Department of Education, major changes were made
in the structure and organization of the Lab. The new structure has
program areas reflecting key content areas of interest to the Lab,
selected based on the needs of the region. This new organization seems
to make it easier for Lab clients to identify where in the organization
to go for assistance. In addition, it allows for newly funded activities
to be organized with existing activities for better coordination. The
changes included in the Fiscal Year 99 Annual Plan reflect what appear
to be appropriate changes in the activities from those stated in the Lab
Proposal written in 1995. Some of the activities proposed were vague and
were eventually found to be of little interest to the educators in the
region. Other activities evolved over the course of the contract, and
the Annual Plan describes these changes. As a result, comparing the
performance of SERVE to the original proposal is not only difficult but
also inappropriate. My comments about the quality of the work, thus,
will reflect the scope of work as it is now being carried out for the
most part.
The restructuring of SERVE also included some changes in staffing. What
was previously a flat organizational structure at SERVE, now has an
administrative layer that has the potential to promote coordination and
quality in programming. Staff in the two new Deputy Director positions
are new to their positions (one has not even started yet), so it is
difficult to evaluate how well the new structure will work. However, it
is clear that the new Executive Director brings strong organizational
skills to the position. For instance, in the brief time he has been at
the Lab, he has improved the quality and timeliness of quarterly
reports. Key staff members who have been with the Lab for a number of
years are to be commended for continuing to do excellent work despite
leadership problems at the beginning of this contract. It is time,
however, for the Lab to move ahead to bring more cohesiveness to its
activities under the new leadership.
1\. Strengths
Despite its youth, SERVE appears to be well-established and functioning
efficiently. SERVE benefits from the support of the University of North
Carolina Greensboro, and especially the Provost, who was one of the
original founders of SERVE. Many of SERVE's policies for salaries,
hiring practices, and other general organizational policies are in place
because they are required by the University. SERVE also has a very
supportive Executive Board. The Executive Board seems to represent the
many types of users in the region, and their comments were very helpful
to the Panel.
SERVE is clearly a client-oriented organization, responding to all
requests, apparently. One particular area where this client-orientation
can be seen is in the placement of Senior Policy Analysts in the state
education agencies in SERVE states. Hired with the assistance of the
chief state school officer, the state's policy analyst assists the chief
and other state officials in doing research, developing policy briefs,
and advising on cross-state issues, often with the assistance of the
other policy analysts. Many positive statements have been heard
concerning the importance of the role of these policy analysts, such as
that they are neutral and objective. While the diffusion of staff can
present many problems with communications, this unique way of
distributing personnel appears to offer many advantages such as having
the policy analysts working within the context from which the issues
arise and having staff close to conduct training.
SERVE obviously has shown its worth and the support of the U.S.
Department of Education (USED) as it has received numerous additional
grants and contracts from USED, including the SouthEast and Islands
Regional Technology in Education Consortium (SEIR\*TEC), the National
Center for Homeless Education, the Eisenhower Consortium for Mathematics
and Science Education, the Comprehensive School Reform Development
project and other activities. Arranged as they are under the seven SERVE
program areas, there is much opportunity for the Lab to benefit from
joint or supportive activities.
SERVE has also developed useful relationships with other organizations
in the region, primarily for conducting special projects of interest to
individual states. Among the groups with which SERVE has worked are the
Public School Forum of North Carolina, Delta State University, the
Georgia Partnership for Early Childhood Education, the South Carolina
School Boards Association, and the National Dropout Prevention Center.
SERVE has also begun work with the National Association for the
Education of Young Children and the National Center for Early
Development and Learning on its specialty area of Early Childhood
Education.
2\. Areas of Needed Improvement
One of the major concerns I have about the functioning of SERVE is the
lack of substantive communication and collaboration between projects
within programs and across programs. The distribution of personnel in
several offices does not appear to be a major cause of this lack of
communication, although it must surely contribute. Discussions with
program and project staff have shown that obvious content connections
are not made, nor are staff encouraged to discuss their activities in
such depth as to promote collaboration and coordination.
For instance, there is an obvious content connection between the
Alternative Assessment project and the Senior Project activity. I sensed
a lack of coordination among the two projects which may be, in part,
because SERVE uses consultants who have developed the activity and
provide the training, while SERVE is primarily a convener and
facilitator. The Senior Project is an example of an alternative
assessment, and could be discussed (and in fact may be) as such in the
training on alternative assessment. Likewise, there are things that can
be learned from the Alternative Assessment project that could feed into
the training on the Senior Project, particularly as a district or school
looks to infuse Senior Project type of activities into the overall
curriculum.
Similarly, the Assessment, Accountability, and Standards Program seems
to work in isolation of the School Development and Reform Program,
except for the joint planning of a conference for low performing
schools. Clients of the School Development and Reform Program who were
asked if they had heard of SERVE's Alternative Assessment project
indicated they had not heard about it. Assessment, accountability and
standards are essential components of the school reform movement, as is
Math and Science Education. Still, the linkages do not seem to be
acknowledged in program activities, and the activities do not benefit
from the collaboration around the most important issue -- student
achievement. Other linkages seem to be missing between REL and non-REL
funded activities, such as between the Technology in Learning and the
SEIR\*TEC activities. One logical linkage came up during our discussions
that had not been previously identified. Thus, an opportunity is lost to
show the linkages to educators in the region so that they could see
other ways they could benefit from SERVE activities.
SERVE appears to be behind in the efforts to build its specialty area
into a national
powerhouse. It is difficult to tell exactly why problems arose in moving
the activities along on time. It could be that the focus on completing a
seminal work for policy makers was secondary to providing training in
areas where SERVE had expertise. In any case, SERVE is hard at work
moving along the revision of the Framework related to early childhood
education.
3\. Recommendations for Improvement
Schools and districts are bombarded with programs and professional
development activities, and they often do not have the where-with-all to
determine how they fit together. The same may be true for educators who
see the vast array of disparate offerings from SERVE. I recommend that
SERVE staff set aside time to step back and look at the overall area of
School Development and Reform (which is the overarching idea of all
activities within SERVE) and discuss the content of their activities and
programs in depth so that they could determine where logical linkages
occur and where projects can benefit from collaboration. Such an
activity would assist in determining collaboration activities possible
in current Lab activities, evaluating how well the Lab is serving its
clients, as well as for long term planning.
B. To what extent is the REL using a self-monitoring process to plan
and adapt activities in response to feedback and customer needs?
1\. Strengths
SERVE described a Quality Assurance (QA) process that is supposed to be
used for publications and activities of the Lab. From what I can see,
the publications seem to go through the rigorous QA process before being
published. There were several instances of where publications were
supposed to be out, but were withheld for revisions due to the QA
process.
A major component of the QA process is feedback from the field, and
there was evidence provided of studies and surveys done to assess the
satisfaction of clients with regard to SERVE
publications and activities.
With regard to the School Development and Reform Program there was
mention of a staff debriefing focused on how well the clients were
served and what could be done to improve the services provided.
2\. Areas of Needed Improvement
The SERVE program areas could benefit from more scrutiny from outside of
the states in the region. Sometimes the focus seemed to be
state-specific. By using more outside reviewers SERVE might be better
able to identify areas of their research that are repetitive of other
research already done or areas where the research does not clearly show
effects.
3\. Recommendations for Improvement
SERVE should continue to use outside reviewers of documents and bring in
folks to provide evaluative information about seminars and training
sessions. In particular, publications which purport to have the best
research on a particular topic should have an outside review by someone
who is knowledgeable about the research and who could offer more
informed suggestions for improvement. Division H of the American
Educational Research Association does evaluations of its sessions at the
annual meeting. Such an evaluation process could be implemented to
promote high quality sessions at SERVE meetings.
III\. Quality
To what extent is the REL developing high quality products and services?
1\. Strengths
SERVE has a number of interesting and high quality activities. For
instance, the Senior Project is a very exciting activity that SERVE is
sponsoring. This is a good example of SERVE brokering the assistance of
the program developers. In addition, it is nice to see SERVE take the
very interesting Toolkit on Alternative Assessment and provide training
to the field. This is an area of much interest in the instructional
improvement area, and SERVE seems to be filling a critical need in this
area. Helping the client to exploit these materials for the benefit of
preservice education is a particularly enticing area.
SERVE staff obviously benefit from a skilled publications office capable
of putting out slick, easy to read documents. This is important because
educators are reluctant to pick up dreary looking documents. In addition
to being colorful and nicely formatted, they are interesting to read and
informative. We learned that two of SERVE documents have received
national recognition, namely *Achieving Your Vision of Professional
Development*, honored by the National Council on Staff Development, and
*Study Guide for Classroom Assessment: Linking Instruction and
Assessment*, honored by Division H of AERA. Staff are to be commended
for these honors.
It is clear from the presentations we have observed that SERVE staff
conduct well-organized and interesting seminars, workshops and training
sessions. Participants are given many opportunities to interact during
the sessions, something they rate highly in their evaluations. Materials
are attractive and nicely put together. There is some evidence of
attempts to make information more widely available and in an attractive
format on the SERVE web site.
2\. Areas of Needed Improvement
A major concern of mine is the lack of complete and current research
documentation of the products and services provided to help the clients.
Many of the products reviewed for the site visit contained few if any
research citations, and many of the citations were dated or from
questionable resources. For instance, the Assessment HotSpots document
had no listing of references that I could find, although one reference
was cited. We were not provided copies of the "researches" provided by
DISC to clients. It is highly possible that these documents are simply
listings of research citations, but not carefully reviewed lists that
sift through what is available for the clients.
I feel that many of the ideas "researched" by SERVE staff are "good
ideas" that a school or district is trying, and that SERVE thinks would
be valuable to watch, rather than field-based implementation of proven
models. Often these studies rely on observations of a very few schools.
Based on these activities, the idea is written up and shared with other
schools. Doing work with a few schools would be okay if carefully
designed research components were included that could be linked to other
studies. For instance, surveys and other documents based on research on
the change process could be used to help evaluate the implementation of
a program by a school. This baseline data is important in looking at how
the program is implemented and what types of student outcomes could be
expected. While there was some mention of such a research-type activity,
a commitment to careful collection of data was not very apparent. Some
mention was made of looking at student achievement next. A better plan
would be to incorporate these types of outcomes into the activity from
the beginning rather than identify these needs at the end. The
activities associated with Alternative Assessment and Senior Project
need to be linked more closely with student achievement. State
assessments are available in all of the states in the region (although
some are new). Most districts also do testing. These testing programs
could also be used. A useful focus would be determine why programs are
not successful in some places or with some types of teachers or
students.
SERVE does not yet have the national reputation on its specialty area
that it is seeking. In part, this is due to problems seen in the Lab
over the past few years. On the other hand, I think SERVE and its
partners in the LNP have had a difficult time determining what products
make the most sense to provide. Some of the originally planned
activities appear to have been abandoned.
3\. Recommendations for Improvement
At the beginning of each contract year, training materials, in
particular, should be reviewed for the relevance of the contents and the
quality of the references. Periodic reviews of the literature should be
done to see newer references or references that suggest some materials
should be removed from training materials.
It would be useful if SERVE staff would provide carefully put together
annotated bibliographies for their clients on a set of topics closely
related to school improvement and reform. SERVE should be careful to
include only references to programs that have been shown by research to
be effective.
SERVE could take it further, however, by working with early implementers
to identify ways that the project has had a positive effect on other
facets of schools' curriculum and instruction. For instance, one client
we saw talked about how the skills required for Senior Project are now
being promoted in earlier grades so that students are better prepared to
succeed by the time they reach 12^th^ grade. Many of the issues in the
Senior Project and Alternative Assessment project are related and more
connections could be established between them.
IV\. Utility
A. To what extent are the products and services provided by the
Laboratory useful to and used by customers?
1\. Strengths
Testimony by the clients over the course of the site visit and documents
we received indicated that the products and services provided by SERVE
are extremely well-received and used often. Reviews from training
sessions complimented SERVE on the quality and usefulness of the
information presented, and the thanks felt for SERVE providing the
opportunity for school and district folks to come together for training
and collegiality.
SERVE has been strategic in its commitment to the "train the trainers"
concept, since it builds both capacity at the local level and leverages
the ability of the SERVE staff to meet the needs of their many clients.
SERVE has obtained training for its staff in areas of interest to the
region, such as Conflict Resolution. Building this capability in staff
is an excellent way to serve the community. Using outside resources
where internal resources are not available is also a strength of SERVE
in some areas.
There is some evidence that SERVE customizes training for various
clients. Adjustments in training sessions are made based on the
suggestions of the site. For instance, one client mentioned that SERVE
was asked to do the beginning and ending sessions of a training series
but the district folks provided the middle part. It appears from client
testimony that SERVE staff and very responsive to requests for
assistance, and provide follow-up as requested.
Showcases were designed and presented according to the wishes of the
state education agencies. Other projects were done for entire states
rather than a cross-section of states.
SERVE also seems to provide some services to the needy areas in rural
locations and
those with high numbers of low performing students.
2\. Areas of Needed Improvement
SERVE clients, at least the ones we have seen, read about, or heard
from, indicate complete faith in the materials provided by SERVE. This
means that the products must be of the highest quality possible. It also
means that the viability of the research presented in the documents is
essential, as a program described in a SERVE publication may be adopted
wholesale as it is presented.
Another critical area where SERVE products and services could use some
improvement is in the area of evaluation. While it would be impossible
for SERVE to follow all of its clients to the end of program
implementation to see what is the impact, it is essential that SERVE
work with clients to establish benchmarks for appropriate implementation
and concrete outcomes that schools and districts can use to see if the
innovation is successful. This is particularly true with Title I and
CSRD projects, as evaluation is an essential component. Many SERVE
documents and training modules have customer satisfaction as a desired
outcome. I think this is shortsighted. The major outcome should be
student achievement, and some mention of this goal should be present in
all of the SERVE materials.
I do not feel I have a good sense of how promising programs are scaled
up from one location to another, other than by spreading the word
through seminars. In some instances SERVE has done some excellent work
in conjunction with a state (e.g., North Carolina and, to some extent,
with Alabama). It was not clear if the development work done for these
sites was then offered to other states within the region.
3\. Recommendations for Improvement
As mentioned in question one, SERVE should look at each activity from
the standpoint
of what it offers to achieving school reform in the service of student
achievement. Since SERVE projects are not formal research activities,
the link to student achievement may not be direct. However, clients
should be encouraged to look at both how the process of educating
students is changed through input of SERVE and how student achievement
may be affected for the better. For SERVE applied research activities,
student achievement or other student outcomes (e.g., increased
attendance, continued attendance for potential dropouts, satisfactory
completion of projects) should be evaluated to the extent possible. This
may include reviewing the unacceptable performance of some students and
looking at what pieces might be missing from the training or the
implementation of the project. This type of thing was discussed in the
session with regard to the Senior Project.
One issue that came up was the development of a database containing
information about participants in SERVE activities. The plan is to link
participants to information about their sites so that SERVE can analyze
the types of clients being served. When asked if this type of thing was
being coordinated with other Labs, the answer was no, not at this time.
I recommend that SERVE take the leadership in bringing together the Labs
around the issue of developing commonalties among their databases so
that data from the Labs can be analyzed together in a more meaningful
way than if all Labs "do their own thing." This is not a complicated
process. It requires identifying the information needs that are common
to the Labs (most especially the data needed for reporting indicators),
specifying what data elements and definitions should be used, and
discussing logical formats for collecting and reporting the data. Lab
staff charged with the responsibility for analyzing data (probably folks
in the evaluation unit) could use this activity to ensure that their
data systems contain the common data elements and other elements unique
to the Lab. I recommend that this activity be conducted with the
assistance of a person knowledgeable about Labs and information systems
from outside the Lab who can help Lab staff identify potential
connections in areas which they might otherwise miss.
B. To what extent is the REL focused on customer needs?
1\. Strengths
With the assistance of the Evaluation Program, SERVE conducts DELPHI
needs assessments, customer satisfaction surveys, and other activities
focused on learning how pleased the clients are with SERVE services and
activities. These activities are done both in general at the beginning
of each contract year, as well as for specific projects and activities.
SERVE staff indicated that changes are made in their activities based on
this feedback. For instance, some originally planned activities, such as
the pilot approach to high school self-assessment, were dropped "due to
lack of school interest."[^1] Others were refined in response to
suggestions from the field.
Many specific products have been mentioned that were produced
specifically for a state or other group. For instance, special training
materials were developed for Alabama. SERVE is now looking at grading
and reporting, an area of much interest, in response to work being done
with a district.
SERVE has begun to provide materials in a variety of formats. They are
producing a series of video magazines providing "staff development"
around a topic raised in the field. Materials have also been produced on
CD-ROM, instead of just paper format.
2\. Areas of Needed Improvement
SERVE staff seem too willing to provide something in response to every
request from the field. This means they feel they must develop expertise
and produce something when there may already be something available.
Some products may be less than fully-researched and provide guidance
based on faulty conclusions or dated ideas.
SERVE could use a more concentrated effort to meet the needs of schools
with special needs in the community, such as rural schools and schools
with large numbers of disadvantaged students. While many of the
activities conducted by SERVE are used by Title I and rural schools,
there is no special outreach to the ones who do not choose to
participate, at least that I could see.
I also think SERVE should find more and better ways to use other
technologies.
3\. Recommendations for Improvement
SERVE should look at its overall structure, as mentioned above in
question IA. As a result of this review, SERVE staff should be able to
articulate exactly what components of school reform they feel they have
materials and services to cover. Where there are holes in SERVE
capabilities, the organization should identify other sources (e.g.,
Labs, centers, other research-based information) to fill particular
educator needs. Careful consideration should be made as to what
resources are cited in response to local questions. Recommended
resources should be fully research-based, have undergone public
scrutiny, have been implemented in schools, districts or states, and
have been evaluated according to whether they were implemented correctly
and whether there were concrete outcomes delivered. Only after a careful
review of existing literature, should a new program of work be begun. In
addition, SERVE should undertake new work in collaboration both with
experts from inside the organization and with experts outside the
organization.
I think SERVE can do some more scaling up with other rural schools but
involving them in collaborative activities with other rural schools.
SERVE should promote continued discussions via listservs and exchanges
of promising practices. I hesitate to tell SERVE what they should do,
because they probably can come up with better ideas. But, I think more
focused attention on rural schools would be effective.
I would like to see SERVE use technology more for disseminating
materials and promoting communication. Clients who have participated in
SERVE activities should have listservs to promote discussion and problem
solving between meetings. The CD-ROM Toolkit is a good example of what
can be done. Providing materials on CD-ROM allows for easier
duplication, revisions to meet local needs, etc. For training materials
on school-level planning and evaluation, Internet links to other
resources can be made on CD-ROMS. Videos can now be put on CD-ROMS and
accompanied by training materials. Distribution of CD-ROMS is much
easier than large notebooks and videotapes. I would like to see more
information included in the SERVE web site, such as up-to-date
bibliographies, training for how to do literature searches, etc. The web
site is very attractive and there are many links to useful information.
However, there is more that can be done.
V. Outcomes and Impact
A. To what extent is the REL's work contributing to improve student
success, particularly in intensive implementation sites?
1\. Strengths
There was some evidence regarding the Student Project that student
performance is positively effected, although it appears to be mostly
anecdotal and after-the-fact. Similarly, there is a sense that the
Alternative Assessment materials may have an effect on student
performance. The School Development and Reform program had some
achievement data provided by clients,
but it seemed to be data identified and collected after the program was
over.
SERVE has produced numerous publications extolling the virtues of the
various programs. The distribution of these documents appears to be
wide, with many materials reaching the desk of school principals in the
region.
2\. Areas of Needed Improvement
There was a lack of research basis for some of the SERVE work; thus
links to student achievement may have been difficult to assess. From
questions to staff, we learned that there is a desire to look at the
effects of their activities on student achievement. However, they are
talking about looking at achievement long after the implementation
process has begun. Evaluation planning should be done before the project
is begun. Issues related to what succeeded and what did not are
especially relevant in applied research such as is typically done by
Labs.
Although many of the materials developed by SERVE are widely
distributed, they may have limited applicability if they are not
addressing a cohesive set of activities toward school reform. Thus the
publications may not make if off the principal's desk and into the hands
of innovators.
Most of the work completed by SERVE is relevant to the national debate
about reform. However, the SERVE work does not always appear among the
references cited in training manuals and reports. By framing its work in
the context of research-based "best practice" and how it contributes to
the field, SERVE could most likely gain a better reputation and more
widespread recognition if the programs were drawn together more closely,
had a more up-to-date set of references, and were researched in a more
careful fashion.
3\. Recommendations for Improvement
SERVE should develop comprehensive research summaries related to their
various
activities and show how these activities contribute to school reform.
Other activities in Labs and centers around the US should be referenced
if relevant. Increased collaboration with researchers could help to
improve study design and ensure effective outcomes. In addition, working
with well-known researchers can lend credibility to SERVE work and help
to ensure that it gets published. SERVE needs to write some articles
about their well-done projects and seek collaborators or other pilots
sites in the region and outside of the region (working with the relevant
Lab).
B. To what extent does the Laboratory assist states and localities to
implement comprehensive school improvement strategies?
1\. Strengths
SERVE has provided numerous opportunities for states and localities to
get assistance on the implementation of comprehensive school improvement
strategies. In addition to various annual workshops, SERVE staff have
worked directly with states, districts, and schools to provide technical
assistance and training related to school improvement. For instance,
SERVE staff provides workshops on how to develop a comprehensive school
reform plan for Title I schools developing schoolwide programs,
workshops on how to apply for federal funding under CSRD, and showcases
of recommended research-based activities that can be adopted as a part
of CSRD. In addition to providing training and technical assistance, it
appears that they provide opportunities for schools, LEAs, and/or states
to present information about the programs they have adopted and get
feedback from their peers. It appears that SERVE staff help CSRD schools
think through the evidence they will need concerning the impact of the
program implemented. One document, in particular, *Catalog of School
Reform Models* provides specific resources about research-based
programs. In addition, information is available on the SERVE web site.
SERVE seems to have a broad array of materials that are relevant to
schools undergoing reform that are readily available and disseminated
somewhat efficiently.
I think the training materials developed by SERVE are very attractive
and probably very useful. I noticed activities in the training
materials, and they appear to be appropriate to the content and useful
for keeping the interest and promoting involvement of the audience.
It appears that SERVE is very responsive to the states in terms of
preparing specialized training activities. I notice several notebooks in
which SERVE materials appeared with locally produced materials in an
activity for a specific state. Apparently SERVE has a number of
time-tested training materials in certain areas that it can pull off the
shelf and use to customize a workshop according to the needs of the
field.
While certain SERVE training activities are finite in length and do not
lead directly into another SERVE activity, it appears that SERVE staff
are responsive to requests for additional assistance and readily
available to answer questions.
With regard to policies issues, SERVE's network of Policy Analysts
provides excellent assistance to policy makers on site at the SEAs. It
is good to see that the chief state school officers have such trust and
confidence in these folks. This network of policy analysts both within
SERVE and across Labs is a particularly useful group, I would imagine.
The extent to which they can help state level policy makers understand
how all these reform efforts fit together only makes the Labs more
essential to the states.
2\. Areas of Needed Improvement
This is one area where linkages between the programs would seem logical.
The materials prepared for schools by the School Development and Reform
Program do not include information about alternative assessment and
accountability prepared by the Assessment, Accountability and Standards
Program. I did not see them even referenced in the training materials.
The availability of research references differs across the program area
documents. While some have complete listings, others have no references
at all. For instance, I really did not see research references in the
Forum training materials. Granted the various presenters should provide
references to their own work. On the other hand, it would seem useful
for SERVE to provide up-to-date references on topics key to the
discussions at the forums.
3\. Recommendations for Improvements
I think one of the most useful roles of the Labs is the dissemination of
up-to-date information on research-based programs. With the use of the
Internet, this information can be disseminated more easily and can be
updated as needed. One issue that organizations must face, however, is
whether they rely heavily upon sales of printed documents or if they are
willing to give away the contents of their documents. In my experience,
I have found that many folks will still want the printed document even
if it is available on the Internet, so providing access via the Internet
should not reduce revenues substantially. I would like to encourage
SERVE to provide its documents online, not just sell them. Education
policy is moving so rapidly that the Internet has become a major source
of information for decision making. If SERVE's excellent documents are
not available online, then their value will be missed. I am particularly
interested in having SERVE provide Internet access to up-to-date
bibliographies, particularly if the items in the list can be linked via
the Internet. Better yet would be syntheses of research placed on the
Internet, or linked to via the Internet. North Carolina State
Superintendent of Public Instruction Mike Ward said in his testimony
before the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and
Pensions that while basic research about teaching and learning is
helpful, "the research activity that is often most helpful to policy
makers is the synthesis and publication in a single, understandable
report of multiple studies examining a given topic" (p. 2). SERVE is
currently providing some of these policy documents, and they are
excellent. If other Labs are doing similar documents, it would be useful
to have links to them to serve your clients. I suspect this will be a
part of the Lab web site. In the meantime, making the links directly to
other Labs should be possible, rather than making your clients have to
search for them.
C. To what extent has the REL made progress in establishing a regional
and national reputation in its specialty area?
1\. Strengths
SERVE entered into the current contract with some expertise and
experience in the area of Early Childhood Education. As a result, it was
easy for SERVE staff to begin immediately responding to requests for
help in the area of Early Childhood Education. SERVE has produced some
very nice documents concerning transitions, training of teachers and
caregivers, policies related to providing good child care experiences
for children, brain research, and linking services for children. The
documents have been distributed widely within the region. The training
materials we saw on transitions looked very nice and useful.
SERVE has taken the lead in the area of Early Childhood Education and
has enlisted the collaboration of several other Labs, the National
Center on Early Development and Learning, and the National Association
for the Education of Young Children. These are some of the logical
groups to include, although there are probably others that should be
included. These organizations can help to disseminate the information
that SERVE has developed and will be developing. SERVE has done a nice
job of presenting its specialty area on the web and linking the SERVE
web site to other sites with related information.
SERVE is being called upon by a couple of its client states to provide
specific assistance in the area of Early Childhood Education (North
Carolina and Florida). This focus by these two states may help to
identify areas and services not presently met by SERVE or other
organizations, and lead to more interesting activities in this area.
2\. Areas of Needed Improvement
The ramping up of this set of activities by SERVE was apparently
hampered during the first three years of the contract. As a result, we
see only a few limited, but nice documents, and not the seminal work one
would expect in a specialty area. The Framework under development was
actually developed by another Lab during the previous contract period.
Thus the work being done on the framework is apparently not original to
SERVE. I do not wish to take away from the importance of the revision
work and pilot testing that is being done. I only hope that SERVE will
be recognized for the importance of its portion of the work. As a
result, it is imperative that SERVE look for ways to more widely
disseminate the materials it has developed about early childhood.
We do not have evidence from this site visit or the materials about the
distribution of the early childhood publications other than what was
sent out originally to the mailing list. We were also not provided
information about hits on the web site either, so it is difficult to
look at distribution of the information to interested parties outside of
the SERVE network. This is true of all the SERVE publications.
3\. Recommendations for Improvements
The area of Early Childhood Education is a hot area, both from a policy
perspective and from a practical perspective. I saw a link to the first
National Education Goal in one document. I think there are many more
partners and alliances that are possible for SERVE to pursue that could
help dissemination information and provide input into how documents can
be used. I think it would be good to look at the contacts of the
National Education Goals Panel. I suggest you consider adding the
Council for Exceptional Children. Although their focus is more on
children with special needs, there is a lot going on in Special
Education and services to children ages 0-2 and 3-5. There is much to be
learned from Special Education in this area.
SERVE staff already know that they have a need to do a better job of
writing up its work for journals. And, I think there is work to be done
on a dissemination plan. Placing the documents online would probably
bring much more attention to SERVE in this area.
VI\. Overall Evaluation of Total Laboratory Programs, Products and
Services
As a relatively new Lab, I do not have the same expectations for SERVE
as I would for a more experienced Lab. In addition, the changes in
organization and staff have yet to be fully implemented. Thus I am
making my comments in the spirit of what SERVE has the potential to
become.
SERVE clearly has an excellent reputation as a responsive and
service-oriented Lab. The staff is clearly devoted to the vision of the
Lab and what the Lab can bring to the communities in the Southeast. The
focus of the Lab on school improvement and student outcomes is right on
target both for the region and for the country as a whole. The work
SERVE is doing to assist states with Title I and CSRD implementation is
very good, and the districts and schools appear to be very grateful. The
small, decentralized staff has been sorely taxed to provide a wide array
of services to the region, and it has been able to provide an amazing
amount of training to the field. Probably as a result of this diffusion
of effort, there has been limited progress in the development of the
specialty area.
I think that SERVE has the potential to provide even better assistance
to the Southeast if it can build a more cohesive programmatic focus and
a clearer picture of how the work that it is doing relates to student
success. More rigor is needed in identifying effective programs and
researching the effects on educators, school, and, most importantly,
students. SERVE needs to look outside the Southeastern boundaries for
expert help to assist in program design, development, and
implementation. In addition, SERVE needs to look for better ways to
disseminate SERVE work outside of the Southeast.
VII\. Broad Summary of Strengths, Areas for Improvement, and Strategies
for Improvement
SERVE has an excellent staff and an interesting set of programs and
activities. SERVE has an excellent reputation in the region among those
who know about the Laboratory, and the comments about the responsiveness
and helpfulness of the staff are impressive. In its short life, SERVE
has managed to develop a set of programs that meet the needs of
educators both in the Southeast, but also across the United States.
I refer to the programs as a set, such as a group living under one roof,
or in this case many roofs. Unfortunately I do not see them yet as a
cohesive set even though they all address the same mission of promoting
and supporting "the continuous improvement of education opportunities
for all learners in the Southeast."
All of the SERVE programs relate to essential elements of school reform
and each offers an important contribution to overall school improvement
and student achievement. As it appears today, the programs seem to be
operating independently; that is, while there may be conversations
between staff of the programs, there is no concerted effort for staff to
collaborate on research or products. With the reorganization of the
programs and the full staffing of positions in the organization, now is
the opportunity to pull together the disparate pieces of the
organization to make it a cohesive whole. By conceptualizing the
organization around school improvement and student achievement, you can
identify where the SERVE strengths are in providing assistance to your
clients. You can also identify where you have no relevant program, and
then you can identify resources outside of the organization that could
be brokered for use by your clients. Such a plan could result in your
clients having the very best assistance possible.
Specifically, I have seen little real collaboration between programs and
even within some programs, other than pulling together symposiums. By
collaboration I mean meeting together to discuss an idea generated by
one program and identifying ways to work together in such a way that
both (or all) programs get something that adds to their component of the
whole. In other words, there would be synergy, where the sum is greater
than the parts. There are many logical links between the Assessment,
Accountability and Standards Program and the School Development & Reform
Program. One of the documents I reviewed in the first area is *Using
Accountability as a Lever for Changing the Culture of Schools*. This
document expands the definition of accountability beyond assessment and
suggests the use of indicators to monitor improvements in the school.
Another document, *Total Quality Management: Passing Fad or the Read
Thing*, also speaks to the issues of continuous school improvement.
These documents provide evidence of important knowledge and resources
within that Program. Comments from SERVE clients show an understanding
of how important the Assessment Program activities are to overall school
reform and student achievement. But there is no evidence of
collaboration by these two programs around school improvement. We were
surprised to hear on Wednesday that clients of the School Development
and Reform Program had not heard about the Alternative Assessment and
Senior Project activities. It seems like if you are trying to give your
clients the benefit of SERVE's vast experience and knowledge base that
you would share information about other programs within the
organization.
Another bit of evidence in this area is that there is a project planned
by the School Development and Reform Program around "Becoming an Expert
Teacher of Reading (Training Program)." The staff of the Assessment
Program has developed several documents related to instruction in
reading. In addition, there is a new program on Teachers and Teaching.
Yet we heard no mention of collaboration among these programs, merely a
mention of talking between two staff members.
I have seen a few documents and activities that have joined concepts
from across programs, such as the Choctaw Project involving early
childhood education and technology, but I don't see much scaling up, and
there are many more possible connections. I have not seen very many
connections between non-REL activities and REL activities, although
having persons working in dual roles by necessity means there is some
connection. Again, I think collaborative activities could be designed
that address both REL and non-REL requirements, and benefit from the
joint effort. I think this is what USED hoped would happen.
The notion of projects/programs working together in Labs and centers is
not a new one. In the early 1980's, when I was working at the Research
and Development Center for Teacher Education, USED was urging (maybe
even demanding) that projects within centers and Labs collaborate, not
just tolerate each other. My project thought we were way ahead of
everyone because we were spending a lot of time on the road doing
workshops on classroom management under the sponsorship of the Labs. But
then we were told to make it work within the Center. I remember how hard
it was, as some of the projects were very different, unlike the
complimentary nature that we see here among SERVE programs. Specifically
I remember getting trained in the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM)
and other related activities of that project so that their work could
inform the work we were doing on the implementation of research-based
classroom management and we could share our findings back with them. Our
project worked closely with another project that focused on providing
research-based professional development and support to beginning
teachers. We provided classroom management training to the teachers in
their project, they monitored implementation, and together we looked at
the results of the study to add to the knowledge base of both our
projects. It can be done, but it takes work, dedication, and support
from your leadership. And you have distance issues to be addressed.
I suggest you invite someone such as Jennifer O'Day to facilitate your
discussions about how the SERVE programs fit together and where
opportunities to collaborate exist. She worked with us at the Council of
Chief State School Officers and provided great insight and leadership in
helping us work through how our different activities fit into the
overall goal of improving education organizations to promote student
learning.
By rethinking how your programs fit together and developing more
collaborative activities, you should find that the organization is more
cohesive, and you may find yourselves better positioned to compete for
the next cycle of funding. Your clients will benefit from seeing how the
pieces fit together, and you will be better able to help them find
assistance in areas where you do not currently have activities. You have
a capable and enthusiastic staff and many excellent activities and
ideas. You have laid the groundwork for a better organization. I would
like to see you get there and have continued success.
[^1]: Supplement to the *FY '99 Updated Annual Plan*, p. 16.
|
en
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markdown
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747408
|
# Presentation: 747408
## Edwards Aquifer Recovery Implementation Program
## FWS is here!
- Upstream Users
- -San Antonio
- Downstream
- Users
- -Recreation
- -Urban Areas
- Species
- Needs
- Edwards Aquifer
- "The Real World"
- SB 3
## Edwards Aquifer RIP Structuring?
| Decision-Aiding Models | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Objectives | | | | |
| Alt | Sp1 | Sp2 | $ | X | m |
| A | 20 | 11 | 4.4 | 120 | 20 |
| B | 14 | 2 | 2.9 | 89 | 13 |
**Biological-System **
**Models**
**Research & **
**Monitoring**
- Decision
- Structuring Framework
**PrOACT**
- Stakeholder engagement in all steps
- Edwards Aquifer
## Jeopardy Analysis Structuring
**Biological-System Models**
**Jeopardy Def &**
**Decision Criteria**
- Edwards Aquifer
## Slide 5
## Slide 7
## Slide 8
## Decision Problem
- Avoid jeopardy and contribute to the recovery of the Texas wild rice and Comal Springs dryopid beetle through a Habitat Conservation Plan with a 20 year permit
## Species
- Texas wild-rice
- (*Zizania texana*)
- Comal Springs dryopid beetle (*Stygoparnus comalensis*)
## FWS Objectives
- Avoid jeopardy of two specie
- Texas Wild Rice
- Comal Springs Dryopid Beetle
- Contribute to their recovery
## What is Jeopardy?
- “Jeopardize the continued existence of” means to engage in an action that reasonably would be expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild...
## Baseline of Species
- Likelihood of Survival
- Time
- Baseline
## Jeopardy
- Likelihood of Survival
- Time
- Project Description / Action
- Appreciable Reduction in Survival and Recovery
- Extinction
- Baseline
## Recovery is the point at which a species no longer warrants listing under the ESA
- This means, the species is no longer “likely to become in danger of extinction in all or a significant portion of its range in the foreseeable future.” (e.g, no longer a threatened or endangered species)
- So, recovery is when the likelihood (or probability) of extinction over some future (time) is low enough again to no longer be a danger
## Baseline of Species
- Likelihood of Survival
- Time
- Baseline
## Recovery
- Likelihood of Survival
- Time
- Project Description / Action
- Increase Likelihood of Survival
- and Recovery
- Baseline
## Slide 18
## Area of Occupancy
- P(e) of Survival
- Potential
- Habitat
- Structures
- Recreation
- Habitat Damage
- Flood Damage
- WaterQuality
- Spring Flow
- Invasive
- Plants
- Floating
- Vegetation
## -
- Saline water
- Intrusion
- Pollution
- Land use
- Number of
- Beetles
- Spring Flow
- Spring
- Flow
- Water
- Quality
- Woody Vegetation
- Spring Interface
- +
**Notes:**
Spring flow is responsible for the presence of woody vegetation, since it provides water for the trees at the spring interface, this in turn, provides food and cover for the beetle. Drawdown of springflow could cause saline water intrusion, which could alter water quality. We believe current water quality conditions provided by water from the aquifer which is high in calcium and contains the necessary level of dissolved oxygen is adequate to maintain beetles. Land use results in various inputs in the form of pollution, which could affect the beetle.
## Flow
- Restoration
- Threats
- -Invasive Plants
- -Recreation
- -Flood Damage
- Pumping
- Area Occupied
- ‘N”
- Change in
- Area Occupied
## Hypothetical Belief Net Model
- Texas Wild-rice
- Factors most influencing extinction risk
- Area < *“x”*
- ~ extinction risk
## Flow 100-180
| OUTCOMES
(Area of TWR in m2) | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Baseline | Gone | 51.7 |
| | <1000 | 30.3 |
| | 1000-3500 | 13.7 |
| | >3500 | 4.3 |
| Alt. 1
| Gone | 50.6 |
| | <1000 | 20.9 |
| | 1000-3500 | 15.2 |
| | >3500 | 13.4 |
| Alt. 2 | Gone | 35.8 |
| | <1000 | 46.4 |
| | 1000-3500 | 17 |
| | >3500 | 8 |
- Invasive – med.
- Floating - low
- Flood - low
- Recreation - low
- Flow 50 -100
- Invasive – low
- Floating - low
- Flood - low
- Recreation - low
- Invasive – low
- Floating - med
- Flood - med
- Recreation - med
## Example Simulation Result
- Probability (%)
- Area of Plant Cover after 20 years
- Probability of Low Plant Area Under Hypothetical “Red Alternative”
## Finding Factor Combinations Delineating JEOPARDY
- All points on the line
- (combinations of these two factors) produce the same
- outcome for extinction risk:
**JEOPARDY THRESHOLD**
- All points in Red Zone
- = **JEOPARDY**
- Level of Factor A (e.g., flow removal)
- Level of Factor B
## Finding Factor Combinations Delineating RECOVERY
**Blue**, **Red**, **Green **Management Alternatives
- equivalent reduction in extinction risk
## Jeopardy Analysis Structuring
**Biological-System Models**
**Jeopardy Def &**
**Decision Criteria**
- Edwards Aquifer
## Edwards Aquifer RIP Structuring?
| Decision-Aiding Models | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Objectives | | | | |
| Alt | Sp1 | Sp2 | $ | X | m |
| A | 20 | 11 | 4.4 | 120 | 20 |
| B | 14 | 2 | 2.9 | 89 | 13 |
**Biological-System **
**Models**
**Research & **
**Monitoring**
- Decision
- Structuring Framework
**PrOACT**
- Stakeholder engagement in all steps
- Edwards Aquifer
## Next Steps
- Go Back to the RIP – PrOACT
- Determine decision problem
- Stakeholder objectives
- Multi-objective alternatives
- Consequences
- Tradeoffs
|
en
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all-txt-docs
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520572
|
;+
; NAME:
; PS_FORM
;
; PURPOSE:
;
; This function displays a form the user can interactively manipulate
; to configure the PostScript device driver (PS) setup. The function returns
; a structure of keywords that can be sent directly to the DEVICE command
; via its _EXTRA keyword
;
; CATEGORY:
;
; Printing, Device Drivers, Hardcopy Output, PostScript Output
;
; PROCEDURE:
;
; This is a pop-up form widget. It is a modal or blocking widget.
; Keywords appropriate for the PostScript (PS) DEVICE command are returned.
; The yellow box in the upper right hand corner of the form represents the
; PostScript page. The green box represents the "window" on the PostScript
; page where the graphics will be drawn.
;
; Use your LEFT mouse button to move the plot "window" around the page.
; Use your RIGHT mouse button to draw your own plot window on the page.
;
; The CREATE FILE and ACCEPT buttons are meant to indicate slightly
; different operations, although this is sometimes confusing. My idea
; is that PS_FORM is a *configuration* dialog, something the user displays
; if he or she wants to change the way the PostScript device is configured.
; Thus, in many of my widget programs if the user clicks a "Write PostScript File"
; button, I just go ahead and write a PostScript file without displaying the
; form. (I can do this because I always keep a copy of the current device
; configuration in my info structure.) To get to the form, the user must
; select a "Configure PostScript Device" button.
;
; At that time, the user might select the ACCEPT button to just change
; the PostScript device configurations. Or the user can select the
; CREATE FILE button, which both accepts the configuration *and* creates
; a PostScript file. If you find the CREATE FILE button confusing, you
; can just edit it out of the form and use the ACCEPT button for the
; same purpose.
;
; HELP:
;
; formInfo = PS_FORM(/Help)
;
; USAGE:
;
; The calling procedure for this function in a widget program will look something
; like this:
;
; info.ps_config = PS_FORM(/Initialize)
; ...
; formInfo = PS_FORM(Cancel=canceled, Create=create, $
; Defaults=info.ps_config, Parent=event.top)
;
; IF NOT canceled THEN BEGIN
; IF create THEN BEGIN
; thisDevice = !D.Name
; Set_Plot, "PS"
; Device, _Extra=formInfo
;
; Enter Your Graphics Commands Here!
;
; Device, /Close
; Set_Plot, thisDevice
; ENDIF
; info.ps_config = formInfo
; ENDIF
;
; OPTIONAL INPUT PARAMETERS:
;
; XOFFSET -- Optional xoffset of the top-level base of PS_Form. Default is
; to try to center the form on the display.
;
; YOFFSET -- Optional yoffset of the top-level base of PS_Form. Default is
; to try to center the form on the display.
;
; INPUT KEYWORD PARAMETERS:
;
; BITS_PER_PIXEL -- The initial configuration of the bits per pixel button.
;
; BLOCKING -- Set this keyword to make this a blocking widget under IDL 5.0.
; (All widget programs block under IDL 4.0.)
;
; COLOR -- The initial configuration of the color switch.
;
; DEFAULTS -- A stucture variable of the same type and structure as the
; RETURN VALUE of PS_FORM. It will set initial conditions. This makes
; it possible to start PS_FORM up again with the same values it had the
; last time it was called. For example:
;
; mysetup = PS_FORM()
; newsetup = PS_FORM(Defaults=mysetup)
;
; NOTE: Using the DEFAULTS keyword will nullify any of the other
; DEVICE-type keywords listed above (e.g., XSIZE, ENCAPSULATED, etc.)
;
; ENCAPSULATED -- The initial configuration of the encapsulated switch.
;
; FILENAME -- The initial filename to be used on the form.
;
; HELP -- Prints a helpful message in the output log.
;
; INCHES -- The initial configuration of the inches/cm switch.
;
; INITIALIZE -- If this keyword is set, the program immediately returns the
; "localdefaults" structure. This gives you the means to configue the
; PostScript device without displaying the form to the user. I use this
; to write a PostScript file directly and also to initialize my info
; structure field that contains the current PostScript form setup. Passing
; the setup structure into PS_FORM via the DEFAULTS keyword gives my PS_FORM
; a program "memory".
;
; info.ps_setup = PS_FORM(/Initialize)
;
; LANDSCAPE -- The initial configuration of the landscape/portrait switch.
;
; LOCALDEFAULTS -- A structure like the DEFAULTS structure. Used if the
; "Local Defaults" button is pressed in the form. This gives you the
; opportunity to have a "local" as well as "system" default setup.
; If this keyword is not used, the procedure PS_Form_Set_Personal_Local_Defaults
; is called. Use this procedure (see below) to define your own local
; defaults.
;
; XOFFSET -- The initial XOffSet of the PostScript window.
;
; YOFFSET -- The initial YOffSet of the PostScript window.
;
; XSIZE -- The initial XSize of the PostScript window.
;
; YSIZE -- The initial YSize of the PostScript window.
;
; OUTPUT KEYWORD PARAMETERS
;
; CANCEL -- This is an OUTPUT keyword. It is used to check if the user
; selected the "Cancel" button on the form. Check this variable rather
; than the return value of the function, since the return value is designed
; to be sent directly to the DEVICE procedure. The varible is set to 1 if
; the user selected the "Cancel" button. Otherwise, it is set to 0.
;
; CREATE -- This output keyword can be used to determine if the user
; selected the 'Create File' button rather than the 'Accept' button.
; The value is 1 if selected, and 0 otherwise.
;
; RETURN VALUE:
;
; formInfo = { PS_FORM_INFO, $
; xsize:0.0, $ ; The x size of the plot
; xoff:0.0, $ ; The x offset of the plot
; ysize:0.0, $ ; The y size of the plot
; yoff:0.0 $ ; The y offset of the plot
; filename:'', $ ; The name of the output file
; inches:0 $ ; Inches or centimeters?
; color:0, $ ; Color on or off?
; bits_per_pixel:0, $ ; How many bits per image pixel?
; encapsulated:0,$ ; Encapsulated or regular PostScript?
; landscape:0 } ; Landscape or portrait mode?
;
; MAJOR FUNCTIONS and PROCEDURES:
;
; None. Designed to work originally in conjunction with XWindow,
; a resizable graphics window.
;
; MODIFICATION HISTORY:
;
; Written by: David Fanning, RSI, March 1995.
; Given to attendees of IDL training courses.
;
; 19-Dec-02 fix for vms directories [Bill Davis]
; Modified to work when grapics device set to PostScript: 6 May 95.
; Modified to configure initial conditions via keywords: 13 October 95.
; Modified to load personal local defaults if LocalDefaults keyword not
; used: 3 Nov 95.
; Found and fixed bits_per_pixel error in Local Defaults setting
; procedure: 3 Nov 95.
; Modified to produce initial plot box with the same aspect ratio as
; the current graphics window. (XSIZE or YSIZE keywords overrule this
; behavior.) 22 Apr 96.
; Fixed annoying behavior of going to default-sized plot box when selecting
; the Landscape or Portrait option. Now keeps current plot box size.
; 22 Apr 96.
; Made the size and offset text widgets a little bigger and changed the
; size and offset formatting from F4.2 to F5.2 to accomodate larger plot
; box sizes. 29 Apr 96.
; Fixed a bug in the filename text widget that caused a crash when a CR
; was hit. 3 Sept 96.
; Added the Initialize keyword to immediately return the "localdefaults"
; structure. 27 Oct 96.
; Fixed another problem with the BITS_PER_PIXEL keyword. 27 Oct 96.
; Made the return value a named structure of the name PS_FORM_INFO.
; 3 Nov 96.
; Discovered and fixed a problem whereby YOFFSET was set incorrectly if
; LOCALDEFAULTS was used instead of DEFAULTS keyword. 3 Nov 96.
; Fixed bug in how Portrait mode was set using YSIZE and XSIZE keywords.
; 25 Nov 96.
; Fixed a bug in how YOFFSET was calculated when in Landscape mode. 27 Nov 96.
; Fixed a memory leak with the local defaults pointer. 25 Jan 97.
; Added the CREATE keyword and modified the appearance of the form. 22 Apr 97.
; Modifed subroutine names to avoid confusion. 22 Apr 97.
; Fixed a bug I introduced when I added the CREATE keyword. 23 Apr 97.
; Modified the program for IDL 5. 30 May 97, DWF.
; Fixed Inches to CM exclusive button problem. 30 May 97, DWF.
; Fixed a problem when the widget is killed with the mouse. 30 May 97. DWF
; Added a Select Filename button. 12 Oct 97.
; Modified program layout slightly. 12 Oct 97.
; Added valid directory/file error checking for the filename. 12 Oct 97. DWF
; Added further support for IDL 5 modal functionality. 20 Oct 97. DWF
;
; AUTHOR:
;
; FANNING SOFTWARE CONSULTING
; David Fanning, Ph.D.
; 2642 Bradbury Court
; Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA
; Phone: 970-221-0438
; E-mail: [email protected]
; Coyote's Guide to IDL Programming: http://www.dfanning.com
;
;-
Pro PS_Form_Set_Personal_Local_Defaults, ptr
; If you don't use the LocalDefaults keyword, you can use
; this procedure to define local defaults for yourself.
; This procedure will be called if the keyword is not used.
; If you don't want to set local defaults, don't put anything
; in this procedure.
CD, Current=thisDirectory
filename = Filepath(Root_Dir=thisDirectory, 'idl.ps')
personalDefaults = { PS_FORM_INFO, $
xsize:7.0, $ ; The x size of the plot
xoff:1.0, $ ; The x offset of the plot
ysize:5.0, $ ; The y size of the plot
yoff:3.0, $ ; The y offset of the plot
filename:filename, $ ; The name of the output file
inches:1, $ ; Inches on.
color:0, $ ; Color off.
bits_per_pixel:8, $ ; 8 bits per image pixel.
encapsulated:0,$ ; Encapsulated file off.
landscape:0 } ; Portrait mode on.
Handle_Value, ptr, personalDefaults, /Set, /No_Copy
END ;*******************************************************************
Pro PS_FORM_Select_File, event
; Allows the user to select a filename for writing.
Widget_Control, event.top, Get_UValue=info, /No_Copy
; Start with the name in the filename widget.
Widget_Control, info.filename, Get_Value=initialFilename
initialFilename = initialFilename(0)
filename = Pickfile(/Write, File=initialFilename)
IF filename NE '' THEN $
Widget_Control, info.filename, Set_Value=filename
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
END ;*******************************************************************
Function PS_Form_PlotBox_Coords, xsize, ysize, xoff, yoff, inches
; This function converts sizes and offsets to appropriate
; Device coordinates for drawing the PLOT BOX on the PostScript
; page. The return value is a [2,5] array.
returnValue = IntArr(2,5)
IF inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
xs = xsize * 10.0 / 2.54
ys = ysize * 10.0 / 2.54
xof = xoff * 10.0 / 2.54
yof = yoff * 10.0 / 2.54
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
xs = xsize * 10.0
ys = ysize * 10.0
xof = xoff * 10.0
yof = yoff * 10.0
ENDELSE
xcoords = Round([xof, xof+xs, xof+xs, xof, xof])
ycoords = Round([yof, yof, yof+ys, yof+ys, yof])
returnValue(0,*) = xcoords
returnValue(1,*) = ycoords
RETURN, returnValue
END ;*******************************************************************
Pro PS_Form_Set_Local_Defaults, event
; Define local variables
xsize = 0
ysize = 0
xoff = 0
yoff = 0
landscape = 0
encapsulated = 0
color = 0
filename = ''
bits_per_pixel = 0
inches = 0
; Get the info structure out of the TLB.
Widget_Control, event.top, Get_UValue=info, /No_Copy
; Are there local defaults loaded in the program?
check = Handle_Info(info.localDefaultPtr)
IF check EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
ok = Widget_Message('No local defaults loaded in program.')
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
RETURN
ENDIF
; Get the local defaults structure and process it.
; Special processing for YOffset.
Handle_Value, info.localDefaultPtr, defaults
yoff_flag = 0
names = Tag_Names(defaults)
yoff_test = Where(names EQ 'YOFF')
IF yoff_test(0) GT 0 THEN yoff_flag = 1 ELSE yoff_flag = 0
FOR j=0,N_Elements(names)-1 DO BEGIN
IF names(j) NE 'YOFF' THEN BEGIN
str = names(j) + '= defaults.' + names(j)
dummy = Execute(str)
ENDIF
ENDFOR
; Process YOffset if yoff_flag is set. (ASSUMING xoff is DEFINED
; and passed in with the DEFAULTS!!)
IF yoff_flag THEN BEGIN
yof = Where(names EQ 'YOFF')
IF landscape EQ 1 AND inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
yoff = xoff
str = 'xoff = 27.94 - defaults.' + names(yof)
ENDIF
IF landscape EQ 1 AND inches EQ 1 THEN BEGIN
yoff = xoff
str = 'xoff = 11.0 - defaults.' + names(yof)
ENDIF
IF landscape EQ 0 AND inches EQ 0 THEN $
str = 'yoff = defaults.' + names(yof)
IF landscape EQ 0 AND inches EQ 1 THEN $
str = 'yoff = defaults.' + names(yof)
dummy = Execute(str(0))
ENDIF
IF landscape EQ 1 THEN BEGIN
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Erase the old window and draw the Landscape page outline
; and the default Landscape box outline
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.landbox_x, info.landbox_y, /Device, Color=info.pagecolor
coords = PS_Form_PlotBox_Coords(xsize, ysize, xoff, yoff, inches)
PlotS, coords(0,*), coords(1,*), Color=info.boxcolor, /Device
; Draw the Landscape page outline in the pixmap
WSet, info.pixwid
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.landbox_x, info.landbox_y, /Device, Color=info.pagecolor
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Change the labels to their default values
xsizeStr = String(xsize, Format='(F5.2)')
ysizeStr = String(ysize, Format='(F5.2)')
xoffStr = String(xoff, Format='(F5.2)')
yoffStr = String(yoff, Format='(F5.2)')
; Put the new default values into the appropriate boxes on the form
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Set_Value=xsizeStr
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Set_Value=ysizeStr
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Set_Value=xoffStr
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Set_Value=yoffStr
; Set up the landscape x and y default maximums and minimums
info.lbox_xmax = Max(coords(0,*))
info.lbox_ymax = Max(coords(1,*))
info.lbox_xmin = Min(coords(0,*))
info.lbox_ymin = Min(coords(1,*))
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Erase the old window and draw the Portrait page outline
; and the default Portrait box outline
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.portraitbox_x, info.portraitbox_y, /Device, Color=info.pagecolor
coords = PS_Form_PlotBox_Coords(xsize, ysize, xoff, yoff, inches)
PlotS, coords(0,*), coords(1,*), Color=info.boxcolor, /Device
; Draw the Portrait page outline on the pixmap and then reset the
; current graphics window
WSet, info.pixwid
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.portraitbox_x, info.portraitbox_y, /Device, $
Color=info.pagecolor
WSet, info.wid
; Change the labels to their default values
xsizeStr = String(xsize, Format='(F5.2)')
ysizeStr = String(ysize, Format='(F5.2)')
xoffStr = String(xoff, Format='(F5.2)')
yoffStr = String(yoff, Format='(F5.2)')
; Put the new default values into the appropriate boxes on the form
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Set_Value=xsizeStr
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Set_Value=ysizeStr
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Set_Value=xoffStr
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Set_Value=yoffStr
; Set up the portrait x and y maximums and minimums
info.pbox_xmax = Max(coords(0,*))
info.pbox_ymax = Max(coords(1,*))
info.pbox_xmin = Min(coords(0,*))
info.pbox_ymin = Min(coords(1,*))
ENDELSE
; Set encapsulation buttons.
IF encapsulated EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.encap_on, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.encap_off, Set_Button=1
info.encapsulated = encapsulated
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.encap_on, Set_Button=1
Widget_Control, info.encap_off, Set_Button=0
info.encapsulated = encapsulated
ENDELSE
; Set color buttons.
IF color EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.col_on, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.col_off, Set_Button=1
info.color = color
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.col_on, Set_Button=1
Widget_Control, info.col_off, Set_Button=0
info.color = color
ENDELSE
; Set inch/cm buttons.
IF inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.inch, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.cm, Set_Button=1
info.inches = inches
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.inch, Set_Button=1
Widget_Control, info.cm, Set_Button=0
info.inches = inches
ENDELSE
; Set bits_per_pixel buttons.
CASE bits_per_pixel OF
2: BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.bit2, Set_Button=1
Widget_Control, info.bit8, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.bit4, Set_Button=0
info.bits_per_pixel = 2
END
4: BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.bit2, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.bit4, Set_Button=1
Widget_Control, info.bit8, Set_Button=0
info.bits_per_pixel = 4
END
8: BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.bit2, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.bit8, Set_Button=1
Widget_Control, info.bit4, Set_Button=0
info.bits_per_pixel = 8
END
ENDCASE
; Set default filename.
Widget_Control, info.filename, Set_Value=filename
; Set protrait/landscape button.
IF landscape EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.land, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.port, Set_Button=1
info.landscape = landscape
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.land, Set_Button=1
Widget_Control, info.port, Set_Button=0
info.landscape = landscape
ENDELSE
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
END ;*******************************************************************
Pro PS_Form_Set_System_Defaults, event
; This event handler sets up the system default values. There will
; be different defaults based on whether the form is in landscape
; or portrait mode when the button is selected.
; Get the info stucture.
Widget_Control, event.top, Get_UValue=info, /No_Copy
IF info.landscape EQ 1 THEN BEGIN
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Erase the old window and draw the Landscape page outline
; and the default Landscape box outline
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.landbox_x, info.landbox_y, /Device, Color=info.pagecolor
PlotS, info.lplotbox_x, info.lplotbox_y, Color=info.boxcolor, /Device
; Draw the Landscape page outline in the pixmap
WSet, info.pixwid
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.landbox_x, info.landbox_y, /Device, Color=info.pagecolor
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Change the labels to their default values
xsize = '24.13'
ysize = '17.78'
xoff = '1.91'
yoff = '1.91'
; Put the new default values into the appropriate boxes on the form
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Set_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Set_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Set_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Set_Value=yoff
; Set up the landscape x and y default maximums and minimums
info.lbox_xmax = 106
info.lbox_ymax = 82
info.lbox_xmin = 8
info.lbox_ymin = 8
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Erase the old window and draw the Portrait page outline
; and the default Portrait box outline
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.portraitbox_x, info.portraitbox_y, /Device, $
Color=info.pagecolor
PlotS, info.pplotbox_x, info.pplotbox_y, Color=info.boxcolor, /Device
; Draw the Portrait page outline on the pixmap and then reset the
; current graphics window
WSet, info.pixwid
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.portraitbox_x, info.portraitbox_y, /Device, $
Color=info.pagecolor
WSet, info.wid
; Change the labels to their default values
xsize = '17.78'
ysize = '12.70'
xoff = '1.91'
yoff = '12.70'
; Put the new default values into the appropriate boxes on the form
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Set_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Set_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Set_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Set_Value=yoff
; Set up the portrait x and y maximums and minimums
info.pbox_xmax = 82
info.pbox_ymax = 106
info.pbox_xmin = 8
info.pbox_ymin = 60
ENDELSE
; Set encapsulation buttons.
Widget_Control, info.encap_on, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.encap_off, Set_Button=1
info.encapsulated = 0
; Set color buttons.
Widget_Control, info.col_on, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.col_off, Set_Button=1
info.color = 0
; Set inch/cm buttons.
Widget_Control, info.inch, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.cm, Set_Button=1
info.inches = 0
; Set bits_per_pixel buttons.
Widget_Control, info.bit2, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.bit8, Set_Button=0
Widget_Control, info.bit4, Set_Button=1
info.bits_per_pixel = 4
; Set default filename.
filename = 'idl.ps'
Widget_Control, info.filename, Set_Value=filename
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
END ;*******************************************************************
Pro PS_Form_Null_Events, event
END ;*******************************************************************
Function PS_Form_What_Button_Type, event
; Checks event.type to find out what kind of button
; was clicked in a draw widget. This is NOT an event handler.
type = ['DOWN', 'UP', 'MOTION', 'SCROLL']
Return, type(event.type)
END ;*******************************************************************
Function PS_Form_What_Button_Pressed, event
; Checks event.press to find out what kind of button
; was pressed in a draw widget. This is NOT an event handler.
button = ['NONE', 'LEFT', 'MIDDLE', 'NONE', 'RIGHT']
Return, button(event.press)
END ;*******************************************************************
Function PS_Form_What_Button_Released, event
; Checks event.release to find out what kind of button
; was released in a draw widget. This is NOT an event handler.
button = ['NONE', 'LEFT', 'MIDDLE', 'NONE', 'RIGHT']
Return, button(event.release)
END ;*******************************************************************
Pro PS_Form_NumEvents, event
; If an event comes here, read the offsets and sizes from the
; form and draw the appropriately sized box in the draw widget.
Widget_Control, event.top, Get_UValue= info, /No_Copy
; Get current values for offset and sizes
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Get_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Get_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Get_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Get_Value=yoff
xsize = xsize(0)
ysize = ysize(0)
xoff = xoff(0)
yoff = yoff(0)
; Don't let the user pick sizes that don't make sense
; Sizes must fit on page along with minimum offsets
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN Begin ; Calculation in inches
IF info.landscape EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Portrait Mode
xsize = 0.25 > xsize < 8.25
ysize = 0.25 > ysize < 10.75
IF xsize + xoff GT 8.25 THEN xoff = 8.5 - xsize
IF ysize + yoff GT 10.75 THEN yoff = 11.0 - ysize
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Landscape Mode
ysize = 0.25 > ysize < 8.25
xsize = 0.25 > xsize < 10.75
IF xsize + xoff GT 10.75 THEN xoff = 11.0 - xsize
IF ysize + yoff GT 8.25 THEN yoff = 8.5 - ysize
ENDELSE
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Calculation in centimeters
IF info.landscape EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Portrait Mode
xsize = 1 > xsize < 20.95
ysize = 1 > ysize < 27.30
IF xsize + xoff GT 20.95 THEN xoff = 20.95 - xsize
IF ysize + yoff GT 27.30 THEN yoff = 27.30 - ysize
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Landscape Mode
ysize = 1 > ysize < 20.95
xsize = 1 > xsize < 27.30
IF xsize + xoff GT 27.30 THEN xoff = 27.30 - xsize
IF ysize + yoff GT 20.95 THEN yoff = 20.95 - ysize
ENDELSE
ENDELSE
; Put correct sizes back into the text fields
Widget_Control, info.xsize, $
Set_Value=StrTrim(String(xsize, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
Widget_Control, info.ysize, $
Set_Value=StrTrim(String(ysize, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Set_Value=StrTrim(String(xoff, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Set_Value=StrTrim(String(yoff, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
; Convert sizes to Device coordinates
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN Begin ; 1 inch equals 10 pixels
xsize = xsize * 10.0
xoff = xoff * 10.0
ysize = ysize * 10.0
yoff = yoff * 10.0
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; 2.54 cm equals 1 inch equals 10 pixels
xsize = xsize * 10.0 / 2.54
xoff = xoff * 10.0 / 2.54
ysize = ysize * 10.0 / 2.54
yoff = yoff * 10.0 / 2.54
ENDELSE
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Copy the page outline from the pixmap
Device, Copy=[0, 0, 114, 114, 0, 0, info.pixwid]
; Draw the appropriately sized box
PlotS, [xoff, xoff+xsize, xoff+xsize, xoff, xoff], Color=info.boxcolor, $
[yoff, yoff, yoff+ysize, yoff+ysize, yoff], /Device
; Update the box parameters
IF info.landscape EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Portrait mode
info.pbox_xmax = (xoff + xsize)
info.pbox_xmin = xoff
info.pbox_ymax = (yoff + ysize)
info.pbox_ymin = yoff
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Landscape mode
info.lbox_xmax = (xoff + xsize)
info.lbox_xmin = xoff
info.lbox_ymax = (yoff + ysize)
info.lbox_ymin = yoff
ENDELSE
; Put the info structure back into the top-level base
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
END ;*******************************************************************
Pro PS_Form_MoveBox, event
; This is the event handler that allows the user to "move"
; the plot box around in the page window. It will set the
; event handler back to "PS_Form_Draw_Events" when it senses an
; "UP" draw button event and it will also turn PS_Form_Draw_Motion_Events
; OFF.
; Get the info structure out of the top-level base.
Widget_Control, event.top, Get_UValue=info, /No_Copy
whatButtonType = PS_Form_What_Button_Type(event)
IF whatButtonType EQ 'UP' THEN Begin
Widget_Control, info.draw, Draw_Motion_Events=0, $ ; Motion events off
Event_Pro='PS_Form_Draw_Events' ; Change to normal processing
; Copy page outline from the pixmap
Device, Copy=[0, 0, 114, 114, 0, 0, info.pixwid]
; Draw the final box shape
Plots, [info.xmin, info.xmin, info.xmax, info.xmax, info.xmin], $
Color=info.boxcolor, [info.ymin, info.ymax, info.ymax, info.ymin, $
info.ymin], /Device
; Update new offsets
IF info.inches EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Offset in Centimeters
xoff = (info.xmin/10.0) * 2.54
yoff = (info.ymin/10.0) * 2.54
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Offset in Inches
xoff = (info.xmin/10.0)
yoff = (info.ymin/10.0)
ENDELSE
; Update new offsets in the offset boxes on the form.
Widget_Control, info.xoff, $
Set_Value=StrTrim(String(xoff, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
Widget_Control, info.yoff, $
Set_Value=StrTrim(String(yoff, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
; Update the new box parameters in the info structure
IF info.landscape EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Portrait mode
info.pbox_xmax = info.xmax
info.pbox_xmin = info.xmin
info.pbox_ymax = info.ymax
info.pbox_ymin = info.ymin
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Landscape mode
info.lbox_xmax = info.xmax
info.lbox_xmin = info.xmin
info.lbox_ymax = info.ymax
info.lbox_ymin = info.ymin
ENDELSE
; Put the info structure back in the top-level base and RETURN
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
Return
ENDIF
; You come to this section of the code for all events except
; an UP button event. Most of the action in this event handler
; occurs here.
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Copy the page outline from the pixmap into the window, thus
; erasing the last box you drew.
Device, Copy=[0, 0, 114, 114, 0, 0, info.pixwid]
; Calculate the length of of the current box
xlength = info.xmax - info.xmin
ylength = info.ymax - info.ymin
; Calculate location of lower-left corner of box.
; Constrain the box to lie inside the page outline.
IF info.landscape EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Portrait Mode
test = info.xmin + event.x - info.mouse_x
info.xmin = 2.5 > test
info.xmin = info.xmin < (86 - xlength)
test = info.ymin + event.y - info.mouse_y
info.ymin = 2.5 > test
info.ymin = info.ymin < (111 - ylength)
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Landscape Mode
test = info.xmin + event.x - info.mouse_x
info.xmin = 2.5 > test
info.xmin = info.xmin < (111 - xlength)
test = info.ymin + event.y - info.mouse_y
info.ymin = 2.5 > test
info.ymin = info.ymin < (86 - ylength)
ENDELSE
; Calculate upper-right corners of the box
info.xmax = info.xmin + xlength
info.ymax = info.ymin + ylength
; Draw the new box on the display
Plots, [info.xmin, info.xmin, info.xmax, info.xmax, info.xmin], $
Color=info.boxcolor, [info.ymin, info.ymax, info.ymax, info.ymin, $
info.ymin], /Device
; Update the mouse pointer
info.mouse_x = event.x
info.mouse_y = event.y
; Put the info structure back into the top-level base.
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
END ;*******************************************************************
Pro Ps_Form_DrawBox, event
; This event handler is summoned when a RIGHT button is clicked
; in the draw widget. It allows the user to draw the outline of a
; box with the mouse. It will continue drawing the new box shape
; until an UP event is detected. Then it will set the event handler
; back to PS_Form_Draw_Events and turn PS_Form_Draw_Motion_Events to OFF.
; Get the info structure out of the top-level base.
Widget_Control, event.top, Get_UValue=info, /No_Copy
whatButtonType = PS_Form_What_Button_Type(event)
IF whatButtonType EQ 'UP' THEN Begin
Widget_Control, info.draw, Draw_Motion_Events=0, $ ; Motion events off
Event_Pro='PS_Form_Draw_Events' ; Change to normal processing
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Copy the page outline from the pixmap
Device, Copy=[0, 0, 114, 114, 0, 0, info.pixwid]
; Draw the final box shape
PlotS, [info.xs, info.xs, info.xcur, info.xcur, info.xs], $
Color=info.boxcolor, [info.ys, info.ycur, info.ycur, info.ys, info.ys],$
/Device
; Update new box sizes and offsets
xmax = (info.xs > info.xcur)
xmin = (info.xs < info.xcur)
ymax = (info.ys > info.ycur)
ymin = (info.ys < info.ycur)
IF info.inches EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Values in Centimeters (10 pixels/inch)
xoff = (xmin/10.0 * 2.54)
yoff = ymin/10.0 * 2.54
xsize = (xmax - xmin)/10.0 * 2.54
ysize = (ymax - ymin)/10.0 * 2.54
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Values in Inches (10 pixels/inch)
xoff = (xmin/10.0)
yoff = (ymin/10.0)
xsize = (xmax - xmin)/10.0
ysize = (ymax - ymin)/10.0
ENDELSE
; Update the new sizes in the size and offset boxes
Widget_Control, info.xsize, $
Set_Value=StrTrim(String(xsize, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
Widget_Control, info.ysize, $
Set_Value=StrTrim(String(ysize, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
Widget_Control, info.xoff, $
Set_Value=StrTrim(String(xoff, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
Widget_Control, info.yoff, $
Set_Value=StrTrim(String(yoff, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
; Update the box location
IF info.landscape EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Portrait mode
info.pbox_xmax = info.xcur > info.xs
info.pbox_xmin = info.xcur < info.xs
info.pbox_ymax = info.ycur > info.ys
info.pbox_ymin = info.ycur < info.ys
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Landscape mode
info.lbox_xmax = info.xcur > info.xs
info.lbox_xmin = info.xcur < info.xs
info.lbox_ymax = info.ycur > info.ys
info.lbox_ymin = info.ycur < info.ys
ENDELSE
; Put the info structure back into the top-level base and RETURN
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
Return
ENDIF
; This is the potion of the code that handles all events except for
; UP button events. The bulk of the work is done here. Basically,
; you need to erase the old box and draw a new box at the new
; location. Just keep doing this until you get an UP event.
; Make the draw widget be the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Copy the page outline from the pixmap
Device, Copy=[0, 0, 114, 114, 0, 0, info.pixwid]
; Locate the current position of the cursor. Make sure it is
; located inside the page outline.
IF info.landscape EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Portrait mode
info.xcur = 2.5 > event.x < 84.5
info.ycur = 2.5 > event.y < 109.5
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Landscape mode
info.xcur = 2.5 > event.x < 109.5
info.ycur = 2.5 > event.y < 84.5
ENDELSE
; Draw the new box on the display
Plots, [info.xs, info.xs, info.xcur, info.xcur, info.xs], $
Color=info.boxcolor, [info.ys, info.ycur, info.ycur, info.ys, info.ys], $
/Device
; Put the info structure back in the top-level base.
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
END ;*******************************************************************
Pro PS_Form_Draw_Events, event
whatButtonType = PS_Form_What_Button_Type(event)
IF whatButtonType NE 'DOWN' THEN Return
; Get info structure out of TLB
Widget_Control, event.top, Get_UValue=info, /No_Copy
whatButtonPressed = PS_Form_What_Button_Pressed(event)
CASE whatButtonPressed OF
'RIGHT': Begin
; Resize the plot box interactively. Change the event handler
; to PS_Form_DrawBox. All subsequent events will be handled by
; PS_Form_DrawBox until an UP event is detected. Then you will
; return to this event handler. Also, turn motion events ON.
Widget_Control, event.id, Event_Pro='PS_Form_DrawBox', $
Draw_Motion_Events=1
; Portrait mode or landscape mode? Set constraints accordingly
IF info.landscape EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Portrait mode
info.xs = 2.5 > event.x < 85.0
info.ys = 2.5 > event.y < 110.0
info.xcur = 2.5 > event.x < 85.0
info.ycur = 2.5 > event.y < 110.0
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Landscape mode
info.xs = 2.5 > event.x < 110.0
info.ys = 2.5 > event.y < 85.0
info.xcur = 2.5 > event.x < 110.0
info.ycur = 2.5 > event.y < 85.0
ENDELSE
Plots, [info.xs, info.xs, info.xcur, info.xcur, info.xs], $
Color=info.boxcolor, $
[info.ys, info.ycur, info.ycur, info.ys, info.ys], /Device
End
'LEFT': Begin
; Resize the plot box interactively. Change the event handler
; to PS_Form_MoveBox. All subsequent events will be handled by
; PS_Form_MoveBox until an UP event is detected. Then you will
; return to this event handler. Also, turn motion events ON.
; Copy max and min values into the info structure from the
; current box size
IF info.landscape EQ 0 THEN Begin ; Portrait mode
info.xmax = info.pbox_xmax
info.xmin = info.pbox_xmin
info.ymax = info.pbox_ymax
info.ymin = info.pbox_ymin
ENDIF ELSE Begin ; Landscape mode
info.xmax = info.lbox_xmax
info.xmin = info.lbox_xmin
info.ymax = info.lbox_ymax
info.ymin = info.lbox_ymin
ENDELSE
; Only move the box if the cursor is inside the box.
;If it is NOT, then RETURN.
IF event.x LT info.xmin OR event.x GT info.xmax OR event.y $
LT info.ymin OR event.y GT info.ymax THEN Begin
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
Return
ENDIF
; Relocate the event handler and turn motion events ON.
Widget_Control, event.id, Event_Pro='PS_Form_MoveBox', $
Draw_Motion_Events=1
; Locate the cursor point inside the box that will be moved
info.mouse_x = event.x
info.mouse_y = event.y
End
ELSE: ; Middle button ignored in this program
ENDCASE
; Put the info structure back into the top-level base
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
END ;*******************************************************************
Pro PS_Form_Event, event
; This is the main event handler for PS_FORM. It handles
; the exclusive buttons on the form. Other events on the form
; will have their own event handlers.
; Get the name of the event structure
name = Tag_Names(event, /Structure_Name)
; If name is NOT "WIDGET_BUTTON" or this is not a button
; selection event, RETURN.
IF name NE 'WIDGET_BUTTON' OR event.select NE 1 THEN Return
; Get the info structure out of the top-level base
Widget_Control, event.top, Get_UValue=info, /No_Copy
; Get the User Value of the Button
Widget_Control, event.id, Get_UValue=thisButton
; Respond appropriately to whatever button was selected
CASE thisButton OF
'INCHES': Begin
; Get current centimeter values
IF info.inches NE 1 THEN BEGIN
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Get_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Get_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Get_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Get_Value=yoff
; Set values to inches and make a string
xsize = StrTrim(String(Float(xsize) / 2.54, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
ysize = StrTrim(String(Float(ysize) / 2.54, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
xoff = StrTrim(String(Float(xoff) / 2.54, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
yoff = StrTrim(String(Float(yoff) / 2.54, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
; Put inch values on the labels
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Set_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Set_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Set_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Set_Value=yoff
; Update the info structure to indicate that current status is inches
info.inches = 1
EndIF
End
'CENTIMETERS': Begin
; Get current inch values
IF info.inches NE 0 THEN Begin
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Get_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Get_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Get_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Get_Value=yoff
; Set values to centimeters and make a string
xsize = StrTrim(String(Float(xsize) * 2.54, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
ysize = StrTrim(String(Float(ysize) * 2.54, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
xoff = StrTrim(String(Float(xoff) * 2.54, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
yoff = StrTrim(String(Float(yoff) * 2.54, Format='(F5.2)'), 2)
; Put inch values on the labels
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Set_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Set_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Set_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Set_Value=yoff
; Update the info structure to indicate that current
; status is centimeters
info.inches = 0
EndIF
End
'COLOR_ON': Begin
; Update the info structure to indicate that current status
; is COLOR ON
info.color = 1
End
'COLOR_OFF': Begin
; Update the info structure to indicate that current status
; is COLOR OFF
info.color = 0
End
'BITS2': Begin
; Update the info structure to indicate that current status is BITS=2
info.bits_per_pixel = 2
End
'BITS4': Begin
; Update the info structure to indicate that current status is BITS=4
info.bits_per_pixel = 4
End
'BITS8': Begin
; Update the info structure to indicate that current status is BITS=8
info.bits_per_pixel = 8
End
'LANDSCAPE': Begin
; Going to landscape mode. Have to change the draw widget window.
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Erase the old window and draw the Landscape page outline
; and the default Landscape box outline
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
; Get the curent sizes of the box.
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Get_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Get_Value=ysize
xsize = Float(xsize(0))
ysize = Float(ysize(0))
; Calculate new offsets.
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN xoff = (11.0 - xsize) / 2.0
IF info.inches EQ 0 THEN xoff = (27.95 - xsize) / 2.0
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN yoff = (8.5 - ysize) / 2.0
IF info.inches EQ 0 THEN yoff = (21.60 - ysize) / 2.0
; Constrain user sizes and offsets to fit on the page.
IF info.inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 0.64 > xsize < 27.3
ysize = 0.64 > ysize < 20.95
xoff = 0.64 > xoff < 27.3
yoff = 0.64 > yoff < 20.95
ENDIF
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 0.25 > xsize < 10.75
ysize = 0.25 > ysize < 8.25
xoff = 0.25 > xoff < 10.75
yoff = 0.25 > yoff < 8.25
ENDIF
; Get the box coordinates.
box = PS_Form_PlotBox_Coords(xsize, ysize, xoff, yoff, info.inches)
PlotS, info.landbox_x, info.landbox_y, /Device, Color=info.pagecolor
PlotS, box, Color=info.boxcolor, /Device
; Draw the Landscape page outline in the pixmap
WSet, info.pixwid
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.landbox_x, info.landbox_y, /Device, Color=info.pagecolor
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Change the labels to their default values
xsize = String(xsize, Format='(F5.2)')
ysize = String(ysize, Format='(F5.2)')
xoff = String(xoff, Format='(F5.2)')
yoff = String(yoff, Format='(F5.2)')
; Put the new default values into the appropriate boxes on the form
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Set_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Set_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Set_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Set_Value=yoff
; Set up the landscape x and y default maximums and minimums
info.lbox_xmax = Max(box(0,*))
info.lbox_ymax = Max(box(1,*))
info.lbox_xmin = Min(box(0,*))
info.lbox_ymin = Min(box(1,*))
; Set landscape mode
info.landscape = 1
End
'PORTRAIT': Begin
; Going to landscape mode. Have to change the draw widget window.
; Make the draw widget the current graphics window
WSet, info.wid
; Erase the old window and draw the Portrait page outline
; and the default Portrait box outline
Erase
; Get the curent sizes of the box.
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Get_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Get_Value=ysize
xsize = Float(xsize(0))
ysize = Float(ysize(0))
; Calculate new offsets.
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN xoff = (8.5 - xsize) / 2.0
IF info.inches EQ 0 THEN xoff = (21.6 - xsize) / 2.0
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN yoff = (11.0 - ysize) / 2.0
IF info.inches EQ 0 THEN yoff = (27.95 - ysize) / 2.0
; Constrain user sizes and offsets to fit on the page.
IF info.inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 0.64 > xsize < 27.3
ysize = 0.64 > ysize < 20.95
xoff = 0.64 > xoff < 27.3
yoff = 0.64 > yoff < 20.95
ENDIF
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 0.25 > xsize < 10.75
ysize = 0.25 > ysize < 8.25
xoff = 0.25 > xoff < 10.75
yoff = 0.25 > yoff < 8.25
ENDIF
; Get the box coordinates.
box = PS_Form_PlotBox_Coords(xsize, ysize, xoff, yoff, info.inches)
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.portraitbox_x, info.portraitbox_y, /Device, $
Color=info.pagecolor
PlotS, box, Color=info.boxcolor, /Device
; Draw the Portrait page outline on the pixmap and then reset the
; current graphics window
WSet, info.pixwid
Erase
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(info.charcoal,114,114)
PlotS, info.portraitbox_x, info.portraitbox_y, /Device, $
Color=info.pagecolor
WSet, info.wid
; Change the labels to their default values
xsize = String(xsize, Format='(F5.2)')
ysize = String(ysize, Format='(F5.2)')
xoff = String(xoff, Format='(F5.2)')
yoff = String(yoff, Format='(F5.2)')
; Put the new default values into the appropriate boxes on the form
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Set_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Set_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Set_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Set_Value=yoff
; Set up the portrait x and y maximums and minimums
info.pbox_xmax = Max(box(0,*))
info.pbox_ymax = Max(box(1,*))
info.pbox_xmin = Min(box(0,*))
info.pbox_ymin = Min(box(1,*))
; Set portrait mode
info.landscape = 0
End
'ENCAPSULATED_ON': Begin
; Update the info structure to indicate that current status
; is ENCAPSULATED ON
info.encapsulated = 1
End
'ENCAPSULATED_OFF': Begin
; Update the info structure to indicate that current status
; is ENCAPSULATED OFF
info.encapsulated = 0
End
'ACCEPT': Begin
; The user wants to accept the information in the form.
; The procedure is to gather all the information from the
; form and then fill out a formInfo structure variable
; with the information. The formInfo structure is stored
; in a pointer. The reason for this is that we want the
; information to exist even after the form is destroyed.
; Gather the information from the form
Widget_Control, info.filename, Get_Value=filename
; Is this a valid filename? Does the directory exist?
; Can you write the file?
filename = filename(0)
; Extract the file path.
CASE !Version.OS_Family OF
'Windows' : sep = '\' ; PCs
'MacOS' : sep = ':' ; Macintoshes
'vms' : sep = ']' ; VMS machines
ELSE : sep = '/' ; Unix machines
ENDCASE
; Find the last occurrance of a separator in a filename.
loc = RStrPos(filename, sep)
; Extract the root name of the file
shortfile = StrMid(filename, loc+1, StrLen(filename) - (loc+1))
directory = StrMid(filename, 0, (StrLen(filename)-StrLen(shortfile)))
; Can you change to this directory?
Catch, error
IF error NE 0 THEN BEGIN
ok = Widget_Message(['"' + directory +'"', $
'does not seem to exist. Try again.'])
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
RETURN
ENDIF
CD, Current=thisDirectory
CD, directory
; Can you write to this directory? It appears that WindowsNT
; allows IDL to write to a non-writeable directory without
; causing an error, although no file is actually written.
; I'm looking into it.
Catch, error
IF error NE 0 THEN BEGIN
ok = Widget_Message(['The directory or file does not', $
'appear to be writable. Try again.'])
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
RETURN
ENDIF
OpenW, lun, 'ps_form.tmp', /Get_Lun, /Delete
variable = 1
WriteU, lun, variable
Free_Lun, lun
CD, thisDirectory
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Get_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Get_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Get_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Get_Value=yoff
; I am shielding the user from the strangeness of PostScript
; Landscape mode, in which the X and Y offsets are rotated
; 180 degrees. Thus, in the form, the offsets are calculated from
; the lower-left corner in both Landscape and Portrait mode.
; This means I have to monkey around to get the proper offsets
; if the form is in Landscape mode.
IF info.landscape EQ 1 THEN Begin
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN pagesize = 11.0 ELSE pagesize = 11.0 * 2.54
temp = yoff ; Switch x and y offsets
yoff = pagesize - xoff ; Offset really calculated from right of page
xoff = temp
ENDIF
; Fill out the formInfo structure with the information
formInfo = { cancel:0, $ ; The CANCEL flag
create:0, $ ; The CREATE flag
xsize:Float(xsize(0)), $ ; The x size of the plot
xoff:Float(xoff(0)), $ ; The x offset of the plot
ysize:Float(ysize(0)), $ ; The y size of the plot
yoff:Float(yoff(0)), $ ; The y offset of the plot
filename:filename(0), $ ; The name of the file
inches:info.inches, $ ; Inches or centimeters?
color:info.color, $ ; Color on or off?
bits_per_pixel:info.bits_per_pixel, $ ; How many bits per pixel?
encapsulated:info.encapsulated,$ ; Encapsulated file?
landscape:info.landscape } ; Landscape or portrait mode?
; Put the formInfo structure into the location pointer
; to by the pointer
Handle_Value, info.ptr, formInfo, /Set, /No_Copy
; Delete the pixmap window
WDelete, info.pixwid
; Restore the user's color table
TVLct, info.red, info.green, info.blue
; Destroy the PS_FORM widget program
Widget_Control, event.top, /Destroy
End
'CREATE': Begin
; The user wants to accept the information in the form and
; create the file. The procedure is the same as ACCEPT above.
; Gather the information from the form
Widget_Control, info.filename, Get_Value=filename
; Is this a valid filename? Does the directory exist?
; Can you write the file?
filename = filename(0)
; Extract the file path.
CASE !Version.OS_Family OF
'Windows' : sep = '\' ; PCs
'MacOS' : sep = ':' ; Macintoshes
'vms' : sep = ']' ; VMS machines
ELSE : sep = '/' ; Unix machines
ENDCASE
; Find the last occurrance of a separator in a filename.
loc = RStrPos(filename, sep)
; Extract the root name of the file
shortfile = StrMid(filename, loc+1, StrLen(filename) - (loc+1))
directory = StrMid(filename, 0, (StrLen(filename)-StrLen(shortfile)))
; Can you change to this directory?
Catch, error
IF error NE 0 THEN BEGIN
ok = Widget_Message(['"' + directory +'"', $
'does not seem to exist. Try again.'])
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
RETURN
ENDIF
CD, Current=thisDirectory
CD, directory
; Can you write to this directory? It appears that WindowsNT
; allows IDL to write to a non-writeable directory without
; causing an error, although no file is actually written.
; I'm looking into it.
Catch, error
IF error NE 0 THEN BEGIN
ok = Widget_Message(['The directory or file does not', $
'appear to be writable. Try again.'])
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
RETURN
ENDIF
OpenW, lun, 'ps_form.tmp', /Get_Lun, /Delete
variable = 1
WriteU, lun, variable
Free_Lun, lun
CD, thisDirectory
Widget_Control, info.xsize, Get_Value=xsize
Widget_Control, info.ysize, Get_Value=ysize
Widget_Control, info.xoff, Get_Value=xoff
Widget_Control, info.yoff, Get_Value=yoff
; I am shielding the user from the strangeness of PostScript
; Landscape mode, in which the X and Y offsets are rotated
; 180 degrees. Thus, in the form, the offsets are calculated from
; the lower-left corner in both Landscape and Portrait mode.
; This means I have to monkey around to get the proper offsets
; if the form is in Landscape mode.
IF info.landscape EQ 1 THEN Begin
IF info.inches EQ 1 THEN pagesize = 11.0 ELSE pagesize = 11.0 * 2.54
temp = yoff ; Switch x and y offsets
yoff = pagesize - xoff ; Offset really calculated from right of page
xoff = temp
ENDIF
; Fill out the formInfo structure with the information
formInfo = { cancel:0, $ ; The CANCEL flag
create:1, $ ; The CREATE flag
xsize:Float(xsize(0)), $ ; The x size of the plot
xoff:Float(xoff(0)), $ ; The x offset of the plot
ysize:Float(ysize(0)), $ ; The y size of the plot
yoff:Float(yoff(0)), $ ; The y offset of the plot
filename:filename(0), $ ; The name of the file
inches:info.inches, $ ; Inches or centimeters?
color:info.color, $ ; Color on or off?
bits_per_pixel:info.bits_per_pixel, $ ; How many bits per pixel?
encapsulated:info.encapsulated,$ ; Encapsulated file?
landscape:info.landscape } ; Landscape or portrait mode?
; Put the formInfo structure into the location pointer
; to by the pointer
Handle_Value, info.ptr, formInfo, /Set, /No_Copy
; Delete the pixmap window
WDelete, info.pixwid
; Restore the user's color table
TVLct, info.red, info.green, info.blue
; Destroy the PS_FORM widget program
Widget_Control, event.top, /Destroy
End
'CANCEL': Begin
; The user wants to cancel out of this form. We need a way to
; do that gracefully. Our method here is to set a "cancel"
; field in the formInfo structure.
formInfo = {cancel:1, create:0}
; Put the formInfo structure into the location pointer to
; by the pointer
Handle_Value, info.ptr, formInfo, /Set, /No_Copy
; Delete the pixmap window
WDelete, info.pixwid
; Restore the user's color table
TVLct, info.red, info.green, info.blue
; Destroy the PS_FORM widget program
Widget_Control, event.top, /Destroy
End
ENDCASE
; Put the info structure back into the top-level base if the
; base is still in existence.
If Widget_Info(event.top, /Valid) THEN $
Widget_Control, event.top, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
END ;*******************************************************************
Function PS_Form, xoffset, yoffset, Cancel=cancelButton, Help=help, $
XSize=xsize, YSize=ysize, XOffset=xoff, YOffset=yoff, $
Inches=inches, Color=color, Bits_Per_Pixel=bits_per_pixel, $
Encapsulated=encapsulated, Landscape=landscape, Filename=filename, $
Defaults=defaults, LocalDefaults=localDefaults, Initialize=initialize, $
Create=createButton, Parent=parent
; If the Help keyword is set, print some help information and return
IF Keyword_Set(help) THEN BEGIN
Doc_Library, 'PS_FORM'
RETURN, 0
ENDIF
; I want inches to be the default case.
IF N_ELEMENTS(inches) EQ 0 THEN inches = 1
; Check other keyword parameters.
IF N_Elements(localDefaults) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
localDefaultPtr = Handle_Create()
PS_Form_Set_Personal_Local_Defaults, localDefaultPtr
ENDIF ELSE localDefaultPtr = Handle_Create(Value=localDefaults)
IF Keyword_Set(initialize) THEN BEGIN
; Get the local defaults and return them without asking the user
; for input.
Handle_Value, localDefaultPtr, localdefaults, /No_Copy
Handle_Free, localDefaultPtr
RETURN, localdefaults
ENDIF
; Special processing for YOffset.
yoff_flag = 0
IF N_Elements(localdefaults) NE 0 THEN BEGIN
names = Tag_Names(localdefaults)
yoff_test = Where(names EQ 'YOFF')
IF yoff_test(0) GT 0 THEN yoff_flag = 1 ELSE yoff_flag = 0
FOR j=0,N_Elements(names)-1 DO BEGIN
IF names(j) NE 'YOFF' THEN BEGIN
str = names(j) + '= localdefaults.' + names(j)
dummy = Execute(str)
ENDIF
ENDFOR
ENDIF
IF N_Elements(defaults) NE 0 THEN BEGIN
names = Tag_Names(defaults)
yoff_test = Where(names EQ 'YOFF')
IF yoff_test(0) GT 0 THEN yoff_flag = 1 ELSE yoff_flag = 0
FOR j=0,N_Elements(names)-1 DO BEGIN
IF names(j) NE 'YOFF' THEN BEGIN
str = names(j) + '= defaults.' + names(j)
dummy = Execute(str)
ENDIF
ENDFOR
ENDIF
landscape = Keyword_Set(landscape)
color = Keyword_Set(color)
encapsulated = Keyword_Set(encapsulated)
inches = Keyword_Set(inches)
IF N_Elements(bits_per_pixel) EQ 0 THEN bits_per_pixel = 8
IF NOT (bits_per_pixel NE 2 OR bits_per_pixel NE 4 $
OR bits_per_pixel NE 8) THEN BEGIN
ok = Widget_Message(['Bits_Per_Pixel keyword set with incorrect ' , $
'value of ' + StrTrim(bits_per_pixel,2) + '.', '', $
'Setting Bits_Per_Pixel = 8.'])
bits_per_pixel = 8
ENDIF
IF N_ELements(filename) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
CD, Current=thisDir
filename = Filepath(Root_Dir=thisDir, 'idl.ps')
ENDIF
; Process YOffset if yoff_flag is set. (ASSUMING xoff is DEFINED
; and passed in with the DEFAULTS or LOCALDEFAULTS!!)
IF yoff_flag THEN BEGIN
IF N_ELEMENTS(defaults) EQ 0 THEN defaults = localdefaults
yof = Where(names EQ 'YOFF')
IF landscape EQ 1 AND inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
yoff = xoff
str = 'xoff = 27.94 - defaults.' + names(yof)
ENDIF
IF landscape EQ 1 AND inches EQ 1 THEN BEGIN
yoff = xoff
str = 'xoff = 11.0 - defaults.' + names(yof)
ENDIF
IF landscape EQ 0 AND inches EQ 0 THEN $
str = 'yoff = defaults.' + names(yof)
IF landscape EQ 0 AND inches EQ 1 THEN $
str = 'yoff = defaults.' + names(yof)
dummy = Execute(str(0))
ENDIF
; Portrait mode
IF landscape EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
; Check for undefined sizes and offsets. Use current window
; aspect ratio if no XSIZE or YSIZE keywords are used.
IF N_Elements(xsize) EQ 0 AND N_Elements(ysize) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF !D.Window NE -1 THEN $
aspect = Float(!D.X_VSize) / !D.Y_VSize ELSE aspect = 1.0
IF aspect GE 1 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 7.0
ysize = xsize / aspect
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
ysize = 7.0
xsize = ysize * aspect
ENDELSE
IF inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
xsize = xsize * 2.54
ysize = ysize * 2.54
ENDIF
ENDIF
IF N_Elements(xsize) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF inches EQ 0 THEN xsize = 17.75
IF inches EQ 1 THEN xsize = 17.75 / 2.54
ENDIF
IF N_Elements(ysize) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF inches EQ 0 THEN ysize = 12.70
IF inches EQ 1 THEN ysize = 12.70 / 2.54
ENDIF
IF N_Elements(xoff) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF inches EQ 1 THEN xoff = (8.5 - xsize) / 2.0
IF inches EQ 0 THEN xoff = (21.6 - xsize) / 2.0
ENDIF
IF N_Elements(yoff) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF inches EQ 1 THEN yoff = (11.0 - ysize) / 2.0
IF inches EQ 0 THEN yoff = (27.95 - ysize) / 2.0
ENDIF
; Constrain user sizes and offsets to fit on the page.
IF inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 0.64 > xsize < 20.95
ysize = 0.64 > ysize < 27.3
xoff = 0.64 > xoff < 20.95
yoff = 0.64 > yoff < 27.3
ENDIF
IF inches EQ 1 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 0.25 > xsize < 8.25
ysize = 0.25 > ysize < 10.75
xoff = 0.25 > xoff < 8.25
yoff = 0.25 > yoff < 10.75
ENDIF
ENDIF
; Landscape mode
IF landscape EQ 1 THEN BEGIN
; Check for undefined sizes and offsets. Use current window
; aspect ratio if no XSIZE or YSIZE keywords are used.
IF N_Elements(xsize) EQ 0 AND N_Elements(ysize) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF !D.Window NE -1 THEN $
aspect = Float(!D.X_VSize) / !D.Y_VSize ELSE aspect = 1.0
IF aspect GE 1 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 7.0
ysize = xsize / aspect
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
ysize = 7.0
xsize = ysize * aspect
ENDELSE
IF inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
xsize = xsize * 2.54
ysize = ysize * 2.54
ENDIF
ENDIF
; Check for undefined sizes and offsets
IF N_Elements(xsize) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF inches EQ 1 THEN xsize = 9.5
IF inches EQ 0 THEN xsize = 24.13
ENDIF
IF N_Elements(ysize) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF inches EQ 1 THEN ysize = 7.0
IF inches EQ 0 THEN ysize = 17.78
ENDIF
IF N_Elements(xoff) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF inches EQ 1 THEN xoff = (11.0 - xsize) / 2.0
IF inches EQ 0 THEN xoff = (27.94 - xsize) / 2.0
ENDIF
IF N_Elements(yoff) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
IF inches EQ 1 THEN yoff = (8.5 - ysize) / 2.0
IF inches EQ 0 THEN yoff = (21.60 - ysize) / 2.0
ENDIF
; Constrain user sizes and offsets to fit on the page.
IF inches EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 0.64 > xsize < 27.3
ysize = 0.64 > ysize < 20.95
xoff = 0.64 > xoff < 27.3
yoff = 0.64 > yoff < 20.95
ENDIF
IF inches EQ 1 THEN BEGIN
xsize = 0.25 > xsize < 10.75
ysize = 0.25 > ysize < 8.25
xoff = 0.25 > xoff < 10.75
yoff = 0.25 > yoff < 8.25
ENDIF
ENDIF
; Put sizes and offsets into strings that can be placed in
; the text widgets.
sizeFormat = '(F5.2)'
xsize_str = String(xsize, Format=sizeFormat)
ysize_str = String(ysize, Format=sizeFormat)
xoff_str = String(xoff, Format=sizeFormat)
yoff_str = String(yoff, Format=sizeFormat)
; This program cannot work if the graphics device is already set
; to PostScript. So if it is, set it to the native OS graphics device.
; Remember to set it back later.
IF !D.Name EQ 'PS' THEN BEGIN
oldName = 'PS'
thisDevice = Byte(!Version.OS)
thisDevice = StrUpCase( thisDevice(0:2) )
IF thisDevice EQ 'MAC' OR thisDevice EQ 'WIN' THEN Set_Plot, thisDevice ELSE Set_Plot, 'X'
ENDIF ELSE oldName = !D.Name
; Check for optional offset parameters and give defaults if not passed
Device, Get_Screen_Size=screenSize
IF N_Elements(xoffset) EQ 0 THEN xoffset = (screenSize(0) - 600) / 2.
IF N_Elements(yoffset) EQ 0 THEN yoffset = (screenSize(1) - 400) / 2.
thisRelease = StrMid(!Version.Release, 0, 1)
IF thisRelease EQ '5' AND N_Elements(parent) EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
Print, ''
Print, ' Unless you are calling PS_FORM from the command line, the'
Print, ' PARENT keyword MUST be used in IDL 5 for modal operation.'
Print, ' Please modify your code if neccesary.'
ENDIF
; The TLB must be made modal in IDL 5. Requires, however, that
; the group leader be defined.
thisRelease = StrMid(!Version.Release, 0, 1)
IF thisRelease EQ '5' THEN BEGIN
tlb = Widget_Base(Title='Configure PostScript Parameters', Column=1, $
XOffset=xoffset, YOffset=yoffset, TLB_Frame_Attr=9, $
Modal=Keyword_Set(parent), Group_Leader=parent)
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
tlb = Widget_Base(Title='Configure PostScript Parameters', Column=1, $
XOffset=xoffset, YOffset=yoffset, TLB_Frame_Attr=9)
ENDELSE
; Sub-bases for layout
sizebase = Widget_Base(tlb, Row=1, Align_Center=1)
numbase = Widget_Base(sizebase, Column=1)
numsub1 = Widget_Base(numbase, Row=1)
junk = Widget_Label(numsub1, Value=' Units: ')
junksub = Widget_Base(numsub1, Row=1, /Exclusive)
inch = Widget_Button(junksub, Value='Inches', UValue='INCHES')
cm = Widget_Button(junksub, Value='Centimeters', $
UValue='CENTIMETERS')
IF inches EQ 1 THEN Widget_Control, inch, Set_Button=1 ELSE $
Widget_Control, cm, Set_Button=1
numsub2 = Widget_Base(numbase, Row=1, Event_Pro='PS_Form_NumEvents')
lab1base = Widget_Base(numsub2, Column=1, Base_Align_Center=1)
junk = Widget_Label(lab1base, Value='XSize: ')
junk = Widget_Label(lab1base, Value='XOffset: ')
lab2base = Widget_Base(numsub2, Column=1, Base_Align_Center=1)
xsizew = Widget_Text(lab2base, Scr_XSize=60, /Editable, $
Value=xsize_str, UValue=xsize)
xoffw = Widget_Text(lab2base, Scr_XSize=60, /Editable, $
Value=xoff_str, UValue=xoff)
lab3base = Widget_Base(numsub2, Column=1, Base_Align_Center=1)
junk = Widget_Label(lab3base, Value='YSize: ')
junk = Widget_Label(lab3base, Value='YOffset: ')
lab2base = Widget_Base(numsub2, Column=1, Base_Align_Center=1)
ysizew = Widget_Text(lab2base, Scr_XSize=60, /Editable, $
Value=ysize_str, UValue=ysize)
yoffw = Widget_Text(lab2base, Scr_XSize=60, /Editable, $
Value=yoff_str, UValue=yoff)
drawbase = Widget_Base(sizebase, Row=1)
draw = Widget_Draw(drawbase, XSize=114, YSize=114, $
Event_Pro='PS_Form_Draw_Events', Button_Events=1)
colorbase = Widget_Base(tlb, Row=1, Align_Center=1)
colorlabel = Widget_Label(colorbase, Value='Color:')
coloron = Widget_Base(colorbase, Row=1, /Exclusive, Frame=1)
col_on = Widget_Button(coloron, Value='On', UValue='COLOR_ON')
col_off = Widget_Button(coloron, Value='Off', UValue='COLOR_OFF')
IF color EQ 0 THEN Widget_Control, col_off, Set_Button=1 ELSE $
Widget_Control, col_on, Set_Button=1
bitslabel = Widget_Label(colorbase, Value='Bits')
bitsw = Widget_Base(colorbase, Row=1, /Exclusive, /frame)
bit2 = Widget_Button(bitsw, Value='2', UValue='BITS2')
bit4 = Widget_Button(bitsw, Value='4', UValue='BITS4')
bit8 = Widget_Button(bitsw, Value='8', UValue='BITS8')
CASE bits_per_pixel OF
2: Widget_Control, bit2, Set_Button=1
4: Widget_Control, bit4, Set_Button=1
8: Widget_Control, bit8, Set_Button=1
ENDCASE
orientbase = Widget_Base(tlb, Row=1, Align_Center=1)
junk = Widget_Label(orientbase, Value='Orientation: ')
junkbase = Widget_Base(orientbase, Row=1, /Frame, /Exclusive)
land = Widget_Button(junkbase, Value='Landscape', UValue='LANDSCAPE')
port = Widget_Button(junkbase, Value='Portrait', UValue='PORTRAIT')
IF landscape EQ 0 THEN Widget_Control, port, Set_Button=1 ELSE $
Widget_Control, land, Set_Button=1
junk = Widget_Label(orientbase, Value='Encapsulated: ')
junkbase = Widget_Base(orientbase, Row=1, /Exclusive, /Frame)
encap_on = Widget_Button(junkbase, Value='On', $
UValue='ENCAPSULATED_ON')
encap_off = Widget_Button(junkbase, Value='Off', $
UValue='ENCAPSULATED_OFF')
IF encapsulated EQ 0 THEN Widget_Control, encap_off, $
Set_Button=1 ELSE Widget_Control, encap_on, Set_Button=1
filenamebase = Widget_Base(tlb, Column=1, Align_Center=1)
fbase = Widget_Base(filenamebase, Row=1)
textlabel = Widget_Label(fbase, Value='Filename: ')
; Set up text widget with an event handler that ignores any event.
filenamew = Widget_Text(fbase, /Editable, Scr_XSize=250, $
Value=filename, Event_Pro='PS_Form_Null_Events')
filebutton = Widget_Button(fbase, Value='Select Filename', $
Event_Pro='PS_FORM_Select_File')
buttonbase = Widget_Base(filenamebase, Align_Center=1, Column=1)
defbuttonbase = Widget_Base(buttonbase, Row=1)
sysdefaults = Widget_Button(defbuttonbase, Value='System Defaults', $
Event_Pro='PS_Form_Set_System_Defaults', UValue='SYSTEM')
localdefs = Widget_Button(defbuttonbase, Value='Local Defaults', $
Event_Pro='PS_Form_Set_Local_Defaults', UValue='LOCAL')
actionbuttonbase = Widget_Base(buttonbase, Row=1)
cancel = Widget_Button(actionbuttonbase, Value='Cancel', UValue='CANCEL')
create = Widget_Button(actionbuttonbase, Value='Create File', UValue='CREATE')
accept = Widget_Button(actionbuttonbase, Value='Accept', UValue='ACCEPT')
Widget_Control, tlb, /Realize
Widget_Control, draw, Get_Value=wid
WSet, wid
; How big is the top-level base? Want to size the filename text widget
; the appropriate size.
;baseSize = Widget_Info(filenamebase, /Geometry)
;textlabelSize = Widget_Info(textlabel, /Geometry)
;Widget_Control, filenamew, $
; Scr_XSize=(baseSize.XSize - textlabelSize.XSize - baseSize.XPad - $
; textlabelSize.XPad)
; Ready to set up parameters to draw the boxes on the display.
portraitbox_x = [1,1,88,88,1]
portraitbox_y = [1, 112, 112, 1, 1]
landbox_x = [1, 112, 112, 1, 1]
landbox_y = [1, 1, 88, 88, 1]
; Convert sizes and offsets to Device coordinates.
boxInfo = PS_Form_PlotBox_Coords(xsize, ysize, xoff, yoff, inches)
IF landscape EQ 0 THEN BEGIN
pbox_xmax = Max(boxInfo(0,*))
pbox_xmin = Min(boxInfo(0,*))
pbox_ymax = Max(boxInfo(1,*))
pbox_ymin = Min(boxInfo(1,*))
lbox_xmax = 0
lbox_xmin = 0
lbox_ymax = 0
lbox_ymin = 0
ENDIF ELSE BEGIN
pbox_xmax = 0
pbox_xmin = 0
pbox_ymax = 0
pbox_ymin = 0
lbox_xmax = Max(boxInfo(0,*))
lbox_xmin = Min(boxInfo(0,*))
lbox_ymax = Max(boxInfo(1,*))
lbox_ymin = Min(boxInfo(1,*))
ENDELSE
; Get the colors in the current color table
TVLct, r, g, b, /Get
; Modify color indices N_Colors-2, N_Colors-3 and N_Colors-4 for
; drawing colors
; The number of colors in the session can be less then the
; number of colors in the color vectors on PCs (and maybe other
; computers), so take the smaller value. (Bug fix?)
ncol = !D.N_Colors < N_Elements(r)
red = r
green = g
blue=b
red(ncol-4:ncol-2) = [70B, 0B, 255B]
green(ncol-4:ncol-2) = [70B, 255B, 255B]
blue(ncol-4:ncol-2) = [70B, 0B, 0B]
; Load the newly modified colortable
TVLct, red, green, blue
; Make the draw widget have a charcoal background color.
TV, Replicate(ncol-4,114,114)
; Draw a page box in the draw widget
IF landscape EQ 0 THEN PlotS, portraitbox_x, portraitbox_y, /Device, Color=ncol-2 ELSE $
PlotS, landbox_x, landbox_y, /Device, Color=ncol-2
; Draw a plot box in the draw widget
PlotS, boxInfo(0,*), boxInfo(1,*), /Device, Color=ncol-3
; Create a pixmap and draw the page box on it
Window, /Free, XSize=114, YSize=114, /Pixmap
pixwid = !D.Window
WSet, pixwid
TV, Replicate(ncol-4,114,114)
IF landscape EQ 0 THEN PlotS, portraitbox_x, portraitbox_y, /Device, Color=ncol-2 ELSE $
PlotS, landbox_x, landbox_y, /Device, Color=ncol-2
WSet, wid
; Create a pointer to store the formInfo structure from the form
ptr = Handle_Create()
; Create an info structure to store information required by the program
info = {draw:draw, $ ; The draw widget id
pixwid:pixwid, $ ; The pixmap window id
wid:wid, $ ; The draw widget window id
xsize:xsizew, $ ; The widget id to get XSIZE
ysize:ysizew, $ ; The widget id to get YSIZE
xoff:xoffw, $ ; The widget id to get XOFFSET
yoff:yoffw, $ ; The widget id to get YOFFSET
filename:filenamew, $ ; The widget id to get FILENAME
inch:inch, $ ; The widget id of inch button.
cm:cm, $ ; The widget id of cm button.
col_on:col_on, $ ; The widget id of color on button.
col_off:col_off, $ ; The widget id of color off button.
bit2:bit2, $ ; The widget id of bit=2 button.
bit4:bit4, $ ; The widget id of bit=4 button.
bit8:bit8, $ ; The widget id of bit=8 button.
encap_on:encap_on, $ ; The widget id of encapsulate on button.
encap_off:encap_off, $ ; The widget id of encapsulate off button.
land:land, $ ; The widget id of the landscape button.
port:port, $ ; The widget id of the portrait button.
portraitbox_x:portraitbox_x, $ ; Portrait page outline x (default)
portraitbox_y:portraitbox_y, $ ; Portrait page outline y (default)
pplotbox_x:[8, 8, 82, 82, 8], $ ; Portrait box outline x (default)
pplotbox_y:[60, 106, 106, 60, 60], $ ; Portrait box outline y (default)
landbox_x:landbox_x, $ ; Landscape page outline x (default)
landbox_y:landbox_y, $ ; Landscape page outline y (default)
lplotbox_x:[8, 8, 106, 106, 8], $ ; Landscape box outline x (default)
lplotbox_y:[8, 82, 82, 8, 8], $ ; Landscape box outline y (default)
pbox_xmax:pbox_xmax, $ ; Current portrait box x maximum
pbox_xmin:pbox_xmin, $ ; Current portrait box x minimum
pbox_ymax:pbox_ymax, $ ; Current portrait box y maximum
pbox_ymin:pbox_ymin, $ ; Current portrait box Y minimum
lbox_xmax:lbox_xmax, $ ; Current landscape box x maximum
lbox_xmin:lbox_xmin, $ ; Current landscape box x minimum
lbox_ymax:lbox_ymax, $ ; Current landscape box y maximum
lbox_ymin:lbox_ymin, $ ; Current landscape box y minimum
inches:inches, $ ; Inches = 1, Centimeters = 0
color:color, $ ; Color = 1, B&W = 0
bits_per_pixel:bits_per_pixel, $ ; Number of bits per pixel
landscape:landscape, $ ; Landscape mode = 1, Portrait mode = 0
encapsulated:encapsulated, $ ; Encapsulated = 1, Non-encapsulated = 0
pagecolor:ncol-2, $ ; Color to draw page outline (yellow)
boxcolor:ncol-3, $ ; Color to draw plot box (green)
charcoal:ncol-4, $ ; Color to put as background in the draw widget
red:r, $ ; Old red color vector
green:g, $ ; Old green color vector
blue:b, $ ; Old blue color vector
ptr:ptr, $ ; Pointer to store data from the form.
localDefaultPtr:localDefaultPtr, $ ; Pointer to local default structure.
xs:0.0, $ ; X value of static corner of box
ys:0.0, $ ; Y value of static corner of box
xcur:0.0, $ ; X value of moving corner of box
ycur:0.0, $ ; Y value of moving corner of box
mouse_x:0.0, $ ; X value of mouse in moving box
mouse_y:0.0, $ ; Y value of mouse in moving box
xmax:0.0, $ ; Temporary X max value of moving box
ymax:0.0, $ ; Temporary Y max value of moving box
xmin:0.0, $ ; Temporary X min value of moving box
ymin:0.0 } ; Temporary Y min value of moving box
; Store the info structure in the top-level base
Widget_Control, tlb, Set_UValue=info, /No_Copy
; Set this widget program up as a modal or blocking widget. What this means
; is that you will return to the line after this XManager call when the
; widget is destroyed.
thisRelease = StrMid(!Version.Release, 0, 1)
IF thisRelease EQ '5' THEN XManager, 'ps_form', tlb ELSE $
XManager, 'ps_form', tlb, /Modal
; Get the formInfo structure from the pointer location.
Handle_Value, ptr, formInfo, /No_Copy
; Make sure the user didn't click a close button.
IF N_Elements(formInfo) EQ 0 THEN Begin
Handle_Free, ptr
cancelButton = 1
createButton = 0
RETURN, 0
EndIF
; Make sure you aren't running through the XManager call.
stillValid = Widget_Info(tlb, /Valid_ID)
IF N_Elements(formInfo) EQ 0 AND stillValid THEN Begin
ok = Widget_Message(['The PARENT keyword MUST be used', $
'in the PS_FORM call in IDL 5.', 'Please modify your code.'])
cancelButton = 1
createButton = 0
RETURN, 0
EndIF
; Strip the CANCEL field out of the formInfo structure so the
; cancelButton flag can be returned via the CANCEL keyword and the
; formInfo structure is suitable for passing directly to the DEVICE
; procedure through its _Extra keyword.
cancelButton = formInfo.cancel
createButton = formInfo.create
IF NOT cancelButton THEN BEGIN
formInfo = { PS_FORM_INFO, $
xsize:formInfo.xsize, $
xoff:formInfo.xoff, $
ysize:formInfo.ysize, $
yoff:formInfo.yoff, $
filename:formInfo.filename, $
inches:formInfo.inches, $
color:formInfo.color, $
bits_per_pixel:formInfo.bits_per_pixel, $
encapsulated:formInfo.encapsulated, $
landscape:formInfo.landscape }
ENDIF ELSE formInfo = 0 ; Return a throw-away value
; Free up the space allocated to the pointers and the data
Handle_Free, ptr
IF N_Elements(localDefaultPtr) NE 0 THEN Handle_Free, localDefaultPtr
; Restore graphics device.
Set_Plot, oldname
RETURN, formInfo
END ;*******************************************************************
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
984358
|
{width="0.6069444444444444in"
height="0.6131944444444445in"}**PUBLIC NOTICE**
**Federal Communications Commission** News media information 202 /
418-0500 **The Portals** Fax-On-Demand 202 / 418-2830
**445 Twelfth Street, S.W.** Internet: http://www.fcc.gov
**Washington, D.C. 20554** ftp.fcc.gov
Report No. 2526 January 15, 2002
**[PETITIONS FOR RECONSIDERATION AND CLARIFICATION OF ACTION
IN]{.underline}**
**[DOCKETED PROCEEDINGS]{.underline}**
Petitions for Reconsideration and Clarification have been filed in the
Commission\'s
rulemaking proceeding listed in this Public Notice and published
pursuant to 47 CFR
Section 1.429(e). The full text of this document is available for
viewing and copying
in Room CY-A257, 445 12th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. or may be
purchased from
the Commission\'s copy contractor, Qualex International (202) 863-2893.
Oppositions to
these petitions must be filed within 15 days of the date of public
notice of the petitions in
the Federal Register. See Section 1.4(b)(1) of the Commission\'s rules
(47 CFR 1.4(b)(1)).
Replies to an opposition must be filed within 10 days after the time for
filing oppositions
has expired.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
**Subject:** FEDERAL-STATE JOINT BOARD ON UNIVERSAL SERVICE (CC Docket
No.
96-45)
> IN THE MATTER OF ACCESS CHARGE REFORM FOR INCUMBENT LOCAL EXCHANGE
> CARRIERS SUBJECT TO RATE-OF-RETURN REGULATION (CC Docket No. 98-77)
>
> In the Matter of Prescribing the Authorized Unitary Rate of Return for
> Interstate Services of Local Exchange Carriers (CC Docket No. 98-166)
>
> In the Matter of Multi-Association Group (MAG) Plan for Regulation of
> Interstate Services of Non-Price Cap Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers
> and Interexchange Carriers (CC Docket No. 00-256)
>
> **Filed By:** - John T. Nakahata, Counsel for Rural Consumer Choice
> Coalition on 12/28/2001
>
> \- Stephen G. Kraskin, Attorney for Alliance of Independent Rural
> Telephone Companies on 12/28/2001
>
> \- Daniel Mitchell, Attorney for National Telephone Cooperative
> Association on 12/31/2001
>
> \- David L. Sieradzki, Attorney for Competitive Universal Service
> Coalition on 12/31/2001
\- Lisa M. Zaina for Plains Rural Independent Companies on 12/31/2001
\- Richard R. Cameron, Counsel for CenturyTel, Inc. on 12/31/2001
> \- Stephen G. Kraskin, Attorney for Alliance of Independent Rural
> Telephone Companies on 12/31/2001
\- Gerard J. Duffy, Attorney for Western Alliance on 12/31/2001
> \- Richard D. Coit for South Dakota Telecommunications Association on
> 12/31/2001
>
> \- Richard A. Askoff, Attorney for NECA, OPASTCO, USTA, NRTA on
> 12/31/2001[^1]
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
FCC
[^1]: Filed in accordance with Section 1.106(a)(1) of the Commission's
rules.
|
en
|
all-txt-docs
|
334892
|
Pinter, N., Ickes, B. S., Wlosinski, J. H., and van der Ploeg, R. R., 2006,
Trends in flood stages: Contrasting results from the Mississippi and Rhine
River systems: Journal of Hydrology, v. 331, p. 554-566.
ABSTRACT
An obstacle to testing human impacts on flooding is that anthropogenic and
natural hydrologic changes occur simultaneously and are often
indistinguishable. We attempted to isolate the impacts of overlapping
mechanisms on flooding by analyzing 73188 years of stage measurements
from the Mississippi River system and the German Rhine. Although typically
under-utilized in hydrologic analysis, stage data document the cumulative
impacts of both upstream changes such and climate and land use as well as
modifications of the river channel and floodplain. Analysis of trends in peak
stages and flood frequencies shows contrasting results on the Mississippi and
Rhine: increasing trends at most Mississippi stations, but no significant trends
at most Rhine stations. On the Mississippi and its tributaries, statistically
significant changes in peak stages and peak-stage frequencies were identified at
10 of 14 stations, with all but one exhibiting increased flooding. On the Rhine
River, systematic change occurred at only 1 of 8 stations analyzed. On both
river systems, channel and floodplain modifications dominated net hydrologic
response, overwhelming the effects of climate change, land-use shifts, and dam
construction. Specific-gage analysis, which isolates the impacts of instream
river modifications, documented declining flow conveyance at all stations
where flood levels and frequencies increased. Increased flooding at the
Mississippi River sites appears to be driven by the history of aggressive
channel engineering, in particular channel constriction to increase navigation
depths. In contrast, navigation infrastructure on the Rhine has not substantially
degraded the river's capacity to efficiently convey flood flows.
KEYWORDS
Flooding; Channelization; Hydrology; Rhine River; Mississippi River
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654948
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# Presentation: 654948
## Breast Cancer Screening
**Eve Espey, M.D.**
**University of New Mexico **
## Objectives
**To explain the epidemiology of breast cancer among US women**
**To understand screening modalities and current breast cancer screening recommendations **
**To discuss strategies to reduce risk of developing breast cancer**
## 2003: 211,300 new cases of breast cancer and 39,800 deaths
32% of all newly diagnosed cancers in women are cancers of the breast
Most common cancer diagnosed in women
Most feared health condition by women
**32% of all newly diagnosed cancers in women are cancers of the breast**
**Most common cancer diagnosed in women**
**Most feared health condition by women**
**Epidemiology of Breast Cancer**
**Notes:**
Incidence has increased over the past decade due to:
1) Mammographic screening - detecting more pre-invasive or
in-situ cancers as well as earlier invasive cancers
2) Aging of the population
## Leading Sites of Cancer Incidence and Death in Women (1997 Estimates)
** **** **** **** ****CANCER**** **** CANCER**
**RANK**** **** **** INCIDENCE**** **** **** DEATHS**
** ****1**** **** **** Breast**** **** **** Lung**
** **** **** **** ****192,200**** **** **** 66,000**
** ****2**** **** **** Lung**** **** **** Breast**
** **** **** **** ****79,800**** **** **** 40,200**
** ****3**** **** ****Colon/Rectum**** ****Colon/Rectum**
** **** **** **** ****64,800**** **** **** 27,900**
** ****4**** **** **** Corpus Uteri**** **** Ovary**
** **** **** **** ****34,900**** **** **** 14,200**
## Selected Cancer Statistics by Ethnicity
## New Mexico Breast Cancer Data
**Notes:**
The incidence in Native American women is around 1/3 that of Caucasians but in those who develop breast cancer, the survival is less than that in white women who get the disease. I.e., as a Native American, your risk of breast cancer is much lower, but if you get it, you’re more likely to die from it. Probably NOT based on biological differences in types of cancer but rather:
- Geographic access issues in treatment
- Cultural differences
- Until recently, less screening mammography
It has been thought that Native American women are more likely to be young when they develop breast ca. The impression comes from the fact that the age structure of Navajo population is very different from the general pop, with a much larger proportion of young women. If rates are age-adjusted, no difference in incidence rates, with age remaining a very strong risk factor.
## Cancer Mortality Rate Ratio for Females, 1994-98, AI/AN Compared to U.S. All Races
***AI/AN rate statistically different from US All Races death rates **
**.5**
**.75**
**1**
**1.5**
**2**
**All Sites**
**Lung**
**Colon/Rect.**
**Ill Def/Unk.**
**Breast**
**Stomach**
**Liver**
**Pancreas**
**Kidney**
**Ovary**
**Esophagus**
**Cervix**
**Gallbladder**
## Slide 8
## Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
**Female gender**
**Age over 50**
**Notes:**
Note: The most important risks are inescapable, gender and age. Women in general, however, overestimate their risk of breast cancer and fail to understand the importance of age as a risk factor.
## Age
**Notes:**
- Age 40s: 127 / 100,000
Age 50s: 348 / 100,000
Age 60s: 450 / 100,000
Breast ca rare in 20s, but increases steeply with age after 30 with a peak incidence in the 80s.
## Putting Breast Cancer Risk in Perspective
**The “1 in 9” statistic**
**Cohort of 1000 women**
**By age 85:**
**33 dead from breast cancer**
**99 will have diagnosis of breast ca**
**203 dead from CV disease**** **** **
**Notes:**
Excellent article which takes a critical look at the commonly quoted 1 in 9 statistic: I.e., 1 in 9 chance of developing breast cancer. Article shows that the actual risk of breast cancer is complex (as it refers to cumulative risk over time) and difficult to explain to patients. There are studies which show that women tend to overestimate their own risk of breast cancer and fail to understand the importance of age as a risk factor. It then explains the risk in a variety of ways, one of which is the life table. Data from the Ontario Cancer registry suggests that with a birth cohort of 1000 women:
By age 40, 17 will be dead but not of breast cancer
In the 40s and 50s, 9 will die of breast cancer, 9 of CV dz
In the 60s and 70s, 18 will die of breast cancer, 105 from
CV disease
By 85, total of 33 dead from breast cancer, although a total
of 99 will have the disease
total of 203 dead from CV disease
## Putting Breast Cancer Risk in Perspective
**1 woman in 9 develops breast cancer**
**That woman has a 50% chance of being diagnosed after age 65**
**That woman has a 60% chance of surviving breast cancer and dying of another cause**
## Fear of Breast Cancer
**Survey of 1000 women age 45-64**
**Condition they feared most:**
**Breast cancer: 61%**
**Cardiovascular disease: 9%**
## Other Major Risk Factors
**Family History**
**1st degree relative**
**Premenopausal**
**Bilateral cancer**
**Personal History**
**Breast cancer**
**Carcinoma in situ**
**Atypical hyperplasia**
**Notes:**
If you did risk based screening, only pick up 20-25% of breast cancers. Therefore, screening programs need to target the main risk factors: female gender and age. I.e., all women over certain age cutpoints are screened.
current age
age at menarche
number of breast biopsies
age at first live birth
number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer
## Minor Risk Factors
**Late age at first pregnancy**
**Nulliparity**
**High socioeconomic status**
**Exposure to high dose radiation**
**Hyperplasia on breast biopsy**
## Risk factors for BRCA 1 and BRCA 2
**Breast and ovarian cancer**
**2 or more relatives < 50 with breast cancer**
**Male breast cancer**
**> or = 1 relative < 50 with breast cancer + Ashkenazi Jew**
**Ovarian cancer + Ashkenazi Jew**
**Notes:**
100 specific genetic mutations – tumor suppressor genes
Lifetime risk of breast cancer 60-80%
BRCA 1 – also cervical, endometrial pancreatic ca
RX: Intensified screening
Prophylactic mastectomy
Oophorectomy – decreases ovarian > 90% and breast > 50%
Tamoxifen
## Breast cancer and HRT
**5 years of ERT does not increase risk**
**5 years of HRT increases risk by 26%**
## Unproven Risk Factors
**Oral contraceptives**
**Obesity**
**High fat diet**
## Breast Cancer Screening
**Breast self exam (BSE)**
**Clinical breast exam (CBE)**
**Mammography**
**Notes:**
A good screening test is one which allows intervention to substantially reduce morbidity and mortality of the disease. These three tests have been proposed.
Some mathetmatical evidence based on doubling times that mammography COULD identify a non-palpable mass of 1 mm to 1 cm in the 3 years before it became palpable at about 2 cm.
\Mammography is by far the most studied of the three and appears to have the most promise of reducing M&M.
SBE: We have traditionally encouraged women to do BSE every month
CBE: Traditionally performed once a year
Sensitivity: Likelihood of testing positive if disease is present
Specificity: Likelihood of testing negative if the disease is absent
PPV: If test is positive, disease truly present
NPV: If test is negative, disease not present
## USPSTF and Canadian TFPHC Rating of evaluations
**A: *****Strong***** recommendation to include the service **
**B: *****Recommendation***** to include the service **
**C: *****No***** recommendation either for or against**
**D: *****Recommendation against***** routine provision of the service **
**I: Evidence insufficient **
**Notes:**
A: Good evidence that the service improves health outcomes
B: At least fair evidence that the service improves health outcomes
C: At least fair evidence that the service can improve outcomes but balance of benefits and harms too close to call
D: At least fair evidence that the service is ineffective or harms outweigh benefits
I: Insufficient evidence
## Breast self exam: Canadian Task force on Prevention
**Fair evidence of no benefit **
**Good evidence of harm **
**Overall fair evidence that routine teaching of BSE should be excluded from the annual exam**
**D recommendation**
- June, 2001
## USPSTF: 2002 Should we recommend BSE?
**BSE: insufficient evidence to**
**recommend for or against**
**“****I” recommendation**
## Studies evaluating BSE
**2 RCTs, 1 quasi RCT, 3 case-control studies**
**No difference in breast cancer mortality**
**No difference in stage of cancer at diagnosis**
**More provider visits: 8% vs. 4%**
**More benign biopsies**
**Notes:**
Chinese 266,000 women age 39-72 in monthly BSE with extensive training, 2 reinforcement sessions, multiple reminders: Planned for 10 year F/U – powered to find 30% difference in mortality. At 10 years, no difference in mortality (135 vs. 131)
Russia: 122,000 women aged 40-64 with similar BSE teaching. No difference in mortality at 9 years.
Neither has reached maturity but a large benefit would be unlikely and the continuation of both studies is threatened from a political perspective.
Chinese and Russian study: no benefit
Non-randomized trial of BSE in UK
Nested case control in a Canadian screening study
NO REDUCTION IN MORTALITY
## ACOG Practice Bulletin: Breast cancer screening April, 2003
**Despite a lack of definitive data for or against breast self-examination, breast self-examination has the potential to detect palpable breast cancer and can be recommended.**
## Costs of BSE
**$700 per competent frequent self-examiner**
**Opportunity cost: limited time for counseling**
**Anxiety, worry, depression**
## Should we recommend mammography?
| | 1996 | 2002 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ages 40-49 | C | B |
| Ages 50-65 | A | B |
| Age > 70 | C | B |
| | | |
## Disadvantages of Screening Age 40-49
**1/3 of women undergoing annual**
**screening mammography between**
**40-49 will have an abnormal mammo**
**requiring:**
**Further imaging studies**
**FNA or core biopsy**
**Excisional biopsy**
## Does mammography work?
**2001: Cochrane review by Olsen and Gotzsche found no reduction in mortality**
**5 of 8 trials seriously flawed**
**3 “sound” trials showed no benefit**
**Methodological flaws negate findings of benefit **
**Notes:**
All of the 8 trials were done before the current stringent and exacting format for a population-based randomized trial was established AND no consensus about the ideal design for a population based RCT to assess mammography.
## Does mammography work?
**2002: USPSTF reviewed Cochrane findings**
**Only 1 trial seriously flawed**
**Flaws “problematic” but unlikely to negate findings of benefit**
**Downgraded recommendation (A to B) but included all women **_**> **_**40**
**Notes:**
Problems with data: 1980’s inferior technique, single view vs standard 2 views, longer screening intervals...
## Mortality is declining
**1990-1999: breast cancer mortality has decreased by 17%**
## New screening technologies
**Full-field digital mammography**
**Computer-assisted detection**
**MRI**
**Ultrasound**
**Notes:**
FFDM: Digital images have enhanced resolution over mammography
Ultrasound: Increased detection at the expense of a lot of false positives
MRI: Better detection but studies have included only small numbers of cancers
CAD: May enhance sensitivity of mammography—should be studied in large prospective trials – like a spellchecker, helping radiologists detect lesions
## Screening Mammogram Reports Birads
**Birads 0: Incomplete study**
**Birads 1: Normal, routine follow-up**
**Birads 2: Benign finding, routine follow-up**
**Birads 3: Probably benign finding, 6 month **** **** **** **** ****follow-up**
**Birads 4: Suspicious finding, consider biopsy**
**Birads 5: Highly suspicious, biopsy required**
**Notes:**
Normal: unequivocally benign - follow up for age
Probably benign: 1-2 % risk - follow up 6 months
Probably enign: 3-20% risk - stereotactic biopsy
Possibly malig > 20% risk of cancer - surgical biopsy
## Limitations of Mammography
**Palpable masses must be evaluated despite NEGATIVE results**
## Slide 34
**Notes:**
44 y/o woman with palpable breast lump. Ultrasound showed a cystic lesion and mammogram was negative. Physician told her that unlless the mass grew larger or became painful, she would not need any treatment. He suggested that she eliminate caffeine. 20 months later, she presented with nipple discharge and was diagnosed with breast cancer. She won $625,000.
## Slide 35
## Gail Model
**http://bcra.nci.nih.gov/brc/**
**Calculates 5 year risk of developing breast cancer**
**Age**
**Age at menarche**
**# of breast biopsies**
**Age at first live birth**
**Number of first degree relatives with breast cancer**
## Reducing the risk of breast cancer
**Chemoprevention**
**Tamoxifen and raloxifene:**
**38% decrease in breast cancer incidence?? Reduction in mortality**
**Tamoxifen**
**Endometrial cancer, DVT**
**Raloxifene**
**DVT**
**Notes:**
13,000 women randomized to tamoxifen vs placebo
Premenopausal women with risk of 1.67% chance of developing breast ca in 5 years derived benefit
## Chemoprevention
**NSAIDs??**
**2 or more tabs/wk of ASA/ibuprofen led to a 21% decrease in breast cancer risk in the WHI trial**
## Reducing the risk of breast cancer
**Prophylactic surgery**
**Bilateral mastectomy**
**Reduces risk by 90%**
**Bilateral oophorectomy**
**Lifestyle**
**Reduction in fat intake, exercise, weight loss, reduction in alcohol**
## Summary
**Take down your shower card for BSE**
**Encourage mammography**
**Work up palpable masses**
**Don’t worry quite so much...**
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064990
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# Presentation: 064990
## Pharmaceutical Issues
**Shanker Gupta, Ph.D.**
- Pharmaceutical Resources Branch (PRB)
## Requirements
** ****Chemical Substance to Human Drug**
**Standardize Processes to Establish**
**Identity**
**Quality**
**Purity**
**Strength**
**Notes:**
Of the materials provided to the clinical trials. We follow the FDA Guidelines so that we conform to the requirements laid out in the Act as well as the CFR. Our operations are broken down into several specialized categories such as
## Operational Areas
**Bulk Drug Synthesis**
**Analytical Development & Validation**
**Formulation Research & Development**
**Clinical Dosage Form Manufacture**
**Shelf Life Monitoring**
## Research Contracts
**Solicitation - RFP Process**
**Select Organizations with Expertise**
**Selected by Open Competition **
**Contracts Awarded for 5-year Periods**
**Notes:**
Research Contracts
Solicitation is through an RFP Process ( research for Proposal)
Select Organizations With Expertise in the respective fields
Open Competition
Contracts awarded for Five Year Periods
## PRB Staff
**Rao Vishnuvajjala, Ph.D., Chief**
**Shanker Gupta, Ph.D.**
**Sung Kim, Ph.D.**
**Paul Liu, Ph.D.**
**Ken Snader, Ph.D.**
## Bulk Drug Synthesis
**Develop Synthetic Route**
**Purification Process**
**Scale Up of Reactions**
**Improve Purification Process & Optimize Yield**
**Develop GMP Procedures**
**Prepare Large Batches & Provide Documentation**
**Prepare Reference Standard**
## Synthetic Projects
- SarCNU
- DB-67
- CDDO
- RH-1
## Synthetic Projects
- PT-523
- 5-Azacytidine
- 17-AAG
- BPU
## Analytical Chemistry (general)
**Identity of Molecular Structure**
**IR, NMR, MS, EA, etc...**
**Develop Purity Tests**
**HPLC, GC, TLC, etc...**
**Test for Other Impurities**
**Moisture (K-F), Residual Solvents (GC)**
**ROI, Heavy Metals**
## Analytical Chemistry (batches)
**Confirm Identity**
**Determine Purity & Potency (assay)**
**Levels of Other Impurities**
**Methods Validation**
**Establish Release Specifications **
**Stability of Bulk Drug Substance**
## Typical Specifications
**Bulk Drug Substance**
**Purity: > 98%**
**Impurities: **** ****NMT 2% total; 0.5% single**
**Residual Solvents: NMT 0.1 to 0.2%**
**Residue on Ignition: NMT 0.1%**
## Formulation Research (Goals)
**Provide Solution of Active Drug for IV Use.**
** ****Solution components should be:**
**Compatible with Blood**
**Non-Toxic to Blood Components and Host**
**Should be Free of Particulates**
**Isotonic **
**Suitable for Sterilization**
**Approved, USP/NF (when possible)**
**Proven Safety Record**
## Solubility Options
**Salt Formation**
**Co-Solvents: DMSO, EtOH, PG, PEG,etc.**
**Surfactants: Cremophor EL, Tweens, etc.**
**Emulsions: O/W, EPL, Pluronics, etc..**
**Complexes: HPCD, SBE-4, Counter Ionic.**
**Pro-Drugs**
**Liposome**
## Stability Options
**Hydrolysis**** **** ****Lyophilize**
**Oxidation**** **** ****Anti-Oxidants**
**Photochemical**** ****Amber Vials, Boxes**
**Thermal**** **** ****Storage Temp.**
## Formulation Research
**Defines**
**Components & Composition**
**Type of Dosage Form**
**Container/Closure System**
**Storage Conditions**
**Reconstitution Vehicles (Lyo products)**
**Useable Periods**
**Stability and Compatibility with Devices**
## Liposomal Formulation of DB-67
- A liposomal formulation was proposed containing DMPC. DMPG and the drug in a molar ratio of 1:30 (drug:lipid).
- The formulation procedure used organic solvents that had to be evaporated with the film suspended in phosphate buffer containing sucrose.
- The resulting suspension was fairly coarse with relatively large particle size. The particle size was reduced by extruding the suspension through a polycarbonate membrane.
## Scale Up Considerations
- It was not possible to use certain organic solvents due to safety considerations.
- The drug is fairly lipophilic and was lost in the polycarbonate membrane owing to adsorption.
- It is not possible to use polycarbonate membranes readily in a large scale process.
- The suspension at the end of extrusion was not reproducibly reduced in particle size such that it can be sterilized by membrane filtration.
- It is obvious that this process cannot be validated for GMP production of a human phase I clinical batch without modifications.
## Refined Process
- The procedure was modified by eliminating the extrusion step in favor of microfluidization. This procedure reduces particle size by applying high energy shear forces to the suspension.
- This also resulted in avoiding drug losses due to adsorption to the polycarbonate membrane.
- The particle size at the end of the homogenization step was reproducibly less than 0.22 microns such that the product can be sterilized by membrane filtration.
## Refined Process for Clinical Batch
- At the end of sterilization, the drug suspension was filled in vials and lyophilized.
- A conservative lyophilization cycle was used. The suspension was frozen, and lyophilization in a multi-step drying process such that the resulting film (next slide) could be easily rehydrated using 2 mL of WFI yielding 1 mg/mL of drug suspension suitable for injection.
## Slide 20
## Drug Product Manufacturing
**Manufacture of Pilot Batches**
**Accelerated Stability Testing**
**Raw Material Qualifications**
**Bio-Load Determination**
**Microbial Validations**
**Preparation of PIP **
**Preparation of Master Batch Record**
**Design and Printing of Labels**
**Notes:**
I will describe the steps in the process, but mainly for injectables. Similar procedures are followed for Oral Products as well
## Drug Product Manufacturing
**Follow GMP and QC Procedures**
**Follow all SOPs**
**Prepare Drug Product, Sterilize, and Lyophilize as Applicable**
**Quality Control Testing, Including Chemical & Microbial Testing**
**Establish Product Release Specifications**
**QC Release, Labeling, and Packaging**
## Drug Product Manufacturing
**QC/QA Review of Procedures and Batch Record**
**Ship Batches to NCI Repository**
**Provide Documentation for IND**
**Special Studies:**
**Solution Stability and Compatibility with Infusion Solutions and Devices (e.g., pumps, bags, iv sets, etc.)**
## Shelf Life Monitoring
**Develop Storage & Stability Testing Protocols**
**Monitor Stability on Established Time Schedule**
**Promptly Recall Batches that Fall Outside Established Specifications**
**Each Clinical Lot is Monitored for Stability**
## Slide 25
## Slide 26
## Our next speaker is:
**Dr. Joseph Covey**
**Toxicology & Pharmacology Branch**
**Developmental Therapeutics Program**
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128116
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# Presentation: 128116
** ****Hot Section Silicon Nitride**
**Materials Development For**
**Advanced Microturbines**
**and Other Gas Turbine**
**Component Applications**
*Goddard Road*
*Northboro, MA 01532*
**27th Annual Conference on Composites, **
**Materials, and Structures**
***January 29, 2003***
***Cape Canaveral/Cocoa Beach, FL***
***Robert H. Licht***
***Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.***
***508-351-7815; [email protected]***
## Hot Section Materials Development For Advanced Microturbines Program
- Co-Authors: Vimal Pujari, Marc Abouaf, Bill Collins, Brian LaCourse, Ara Vartabedian
**Acknowledgements**
- Research sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) managed by UT- Battelle, LLC, under Prime Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the DOE.
- ORNL -- Dave Stinton, Terry Tiegs, Matt Ferber, Peter Tortorelli, Shannon Bridges.
- DOE -- Debbie Haught, Steve Waslo, Jill Jonkowski
- UTRC -- John Holowczak, Gary Linsey, Bill Treadway
- Dave Richerson, Dave Carruthers
## Purpose of the Work
**Hot Section Si****3****N****4**** for Advanced Microturbine Program**
- Under DOE/ORNL Program, Develop and improve a cost-effective, reliable monolithic silicon nitride material for Hot Section Components in DER Advanced Microturbine Systems
- Through surface engineering, demonstrate sufficient environmental stability for operation w/o EBC -- Or compatible with EBC
**Overall Goals**
- Contribute to AMTS Objectives of efficiency, fuel flexibility, durability, operating cost
- Expand utility of HT silicon nitride component for other power generation and military applications
## Outline
**AMTS and Hot Section Material Goals**
**Historical - Silicon Nitride for GT Applications**
**Technical Activity -- Technical Progress and Plans**
- Material and Process Qualification
- Materials
- Process Development
- Surface Engineering
**Next Steps and Summary**
## DOE Advanced Microturbine Systems
**25 kW to 500 kW (or to 1 MW)**
**Goals:**
**Increase efficiency to > 40 % **
**Enabling technology: ceramics and EBC**
**Less than 7 ppm NOx**
**Durability -- 11,000 hours bet major overhaul, 45,000 hour service life**
**Cost of Power, $500/kW (now ~$1,000)**
**Fuel Flexible**
**DOE Funding $60 M FY 2000 - 2006**
## DOE DER Microturbine System Development Programs Original Prime Contractors
**Capstone**
**GE **
**Honeywell ****Power Systems**
**Ingersoll Rand**
**Solar Turbines ****(recuperator)**
**United Technologies**
## Materials Development Objective
**Develop and optimize a high temperature ceramic material and process suitable for microturbine applications up to 1300****o****C.**
_**Specific Properties**_** **
** ****Fast Fracture**
- RT – 950 MPa
- 1300oC 600 MPa
** ****Fracture Toughness ******** 6.5 MPa******** m**
** ****Weibull Modulus ******** 12**
** ****High Temperature Creep Rate**
** ********1.9 x 10-8 @ 1250****o****C/130 MPa**
** ****Oxidation Resistance up to 1250****o****C**
** ****Recession Resistance in humid **
** ****environment up to 1250****o****C**
**Processing**
**Microstructure**
**Properties**
**NT154**
**(Optimization)**
## History - Ceramic Gas Turbine
**DoD Ceramics for High Performance Applications**
- 70’s & 80’s: Army Conferences, NAVAIR Bearings
- NC-132 HPSN
**DOE Automotive Gas Turbine Programs (80’s-90’s)**
- Allison, AlliedSignal Primes
- Norton/TRW NT154 SN, ASCC, Kyocera, Carborundum SiC
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Issuance Date: March 1, 2007
Closing Date: September 30, 2007
Subject: The USAID/Washington/LAC Cuba Program
FY 2007 Annual Program Statement (APS)
> APS number: USAID-WASHINGTON-GRO-LMA-07-0001-APS
Hastening Transition to Democracy in Cuba
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Office
of the Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Caribbean
(AA/LAC), is seeking applications from qualified Applicants for funding
of cooperative agreement assistance agreements. The purpose of this APS
is to support programs that expand the reach and impact of independent
civil society in Cuba, and thereby hasten a peaceful transition to
democracy. The authority for this APS is found in: The Cuban Liberty and
Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996, section 109 and section
202; in Section 1705 (g) of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992; and is
authorized in accordance with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 as
amended.
Under this FY 2007 APS, the term \"Grant\" is synonymous with
\"Cooperative Agreement\"; \"Grantee\" is synonymous with \"Recipient\";
and \"Grant Officer\" is synonymous with \"Agreement Officer\".
The Recipient will be responsible for ensuring achievement of the
program objective to encourage democracy in Cuba by peaceful means.
Please refer to the Program Description in Section A for a complete
statement of goals, objectives, and expected results.
The purpose of the LAC Cuba FY 2007 APS is to implement recommendations
contained in the July 2006 Report of the Presidential Commission for
Assistance to a Free Cuba II (CAFC II). Applicants may find the report
on the State Department website ([www.cafc.gov](http://www.cafc.gov/).
As described in Section A, Applicants will propose programs intended to
furnish non-financial assistance and provide other non-financial support
for Cuban individuals and independent non-governmental, civil society
organizations to break the information blockade and expand
democracy-building efforts in Cuba.
Awards shall be made to eligible U.S. nongovernmental organizations (
501 (c ) 3 NGOs) and accredited U.S. colleges and universities in
accordance with 22 CFR 226 and USAID's Standard Provisions for U.S.
Nongovernmental Recipients.
Pursuant to 22 CFR 226.81, it is USAID policy not to award profit under
assistance instruments. However, all reasonable, allocable, and
allowable expenses, both direct and indirect, which are related to the
grant program and are in accordance with applicable cost standards (22
CFR 226, OMB Circular A-122 for non-profit organization, OMB Circular
A-21 for universities, and the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part
31 for-profit organizations), may be paid under the grant.
Subject to the availability of funds, USAID intends to make several
awards of up to \$1,000,000.00 each for a period of up to two years.
Funding requests should range from \$100,000 to \$1,000,000, for
expenditure between one and two years. Applications will be reviewed on
a rolling basis and all applications must be submitted by September 30,
2007. USAID reserves the right to fund any or none of the applications
submitted.
This LAC Cuba Program FY 2007 APS consists of this cover letter and the
following:
1\. Section A - Program Description;
2\. Section B - Selection Criteria;
3\. Section C -- Grant Application Format;
4\. Section D - Certifications, Assurances, and Other Statements of
Applicant/Grantee.
The preferred method of distribution of USAID APS's and the required
method of submission/receipt of applications is electronically via
www.Grants.gov, which provides a single source for Federal
government-wide competitive grant opportunities. This APS and any future
amendments can be downloaded from that Web Site. The address is
http://www.grants.gov. In order to use this method an Applicant must
first register on-line with Grants.gov. If you have difficulty
registering or accessing the APS, please contact Grants.gov at
1-800-518-4726 for technical assistance. Receipt of this APS through
Grants.gov must be confirmed by electronic or written notification to
the contact person noted below. It is the responsibility of the
Recipient of the application document to ensure that it has been
received from the website in its entirety and USAID bears no
responsibility for data errors resulting from transmission or conversion
processes.
If you decide to submit an application, USAID must receive the
application electronically via [www.Grants.gov](http://www.Grants.gov/),
by the closing date indicated at the top of this cover letter.
Applications can be submitted at any time before the closing date. The
Applicant **[must]{.underline}** notify the USAID contact person noted
below by e-mail (<[email protected]>), fax (202-216-3395) or written
notification as soon as the application is submitted, but no later than
the closing date so that the electronic application can be retrieved by
USAID.
(By U.S. Mail)
Chitahka Floore, Agreement Officer, M/OAA/GRO/LMA Branch
Office of Acquisition and Assistance, Rm 7.09-052 RRB
United States Agency for International Development
1300 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20523-7900
(By All Other Means of Delivery)
Chitahka Floore, Agreement Officer, M/OAA/GRO/LMA
United States Agency for International Development
1300 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Ronald Reagan Bldg, 14th Street Entrance
Washington, D.C. 20523-7900 (phone: 202-712-4992)
Issuance of this APS does not constitute an award commitment on the part
of the Government, nor does it commit the Government to pay for costs
incurred in the preparation and submission of an application. Final
award of any resultant grant(s) cannot be made until funds have been
fully appropriated, allocated, and committed through internal USAID
procedures. While it is anticipated that these procedures will be
successfully completed, potential Applicants are hereby notified of
these requirements and conditions for award. Applications are submitted
at the risk of the Applicant; should circumstances prevent award of a
cooperative agreement, all preparation and submission costs are at the
Applicant\'s expense.
In the event of an inconsistency between the documents comprising this
APS, it shall be resolved by the following descending order of
precedence:
\(a\) Section A - Program Description;
\(b\) Section B - Selection Criteria;
\(c\) Section C - Application Format;
\(d\) Section D - Certifications, Assurances, and Other Statements of
Applicant/Grantee.
\(e\) This Cover Letter.
Any questions concerning this APS should be submitted in writing to
Chitahka Floore, via facsimile at 202-216-3395 or via internet at
[email protected].
Sincerely,
Georgia G. Fuller
Agreement Officer/Acting Team Leader
M/OAA/GRO/LMA
USAID
Table of Contents Page
**SECTION A: PROGRAM
DESCRIPTION............................................................**
A.1. Program
Summary.............................................................................
A.2. Program
Goal.............................................................................
A.3. Program
Results.............................................................................
A.4. Background & Rationale for the USAID Cuba
Program.................................
A.5. Program
Description.............................................................................
A.6. Recipient
Responsibilities.....................................................................
A.7. Special
Provisions.............................................................................
**SECTION B: SELECTION
CRITERIA..................................................................**
B.1.
Overview.............................................................................
B.2. Cost Evaluation
Criteria........................................................................
B.3 Technical Evaluation
Criteria..................................................................
**SECTION C: GRANT APPLICATION
FORMAT............................................................**
C.1. Preparation
Guidelines...............................................................
> C.2. Technical Application Format
> .....................................................
>
> C.3. Cost Application Format
> .............................................................
C.4. Submission of Applications
............................................................
C.5. Grant
Award.................................................................................
SECTION D: CERTIFICATIONS, ASSURANCES, & OTHER STATEMENTS OF
RECEIPTS....
D.1. Part I -- Certifications and
Assurances................................................................
D.2. Part II -- Other Statements of Recipient
...................................................................
> D.3. Survey on Ensuring Equal Opportunity for
> Applicants.....................................
# SECTION A
#
# PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
**A.1. PROGRAM SUMMARY**
The USAID Cuba Program seeks applications for grant funding from:
(1) U.S. nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) which have been granted
tax-exempt status by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service under section
501 (c) 3 of the Internal Revenue Code.
(2) Accredited U.S. colleges and universities.
This is to help implement recommendations contained in the July 2006
Report of the Presidential Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba II
(CAFC II). Applicants can find the report on the State Department
website ([www.cafc.gov](http://www.cafc.gov/)).
Successful Applicants will provide assistance to Cuban individuals or
independent Cuban NGOs. In full compliance with U.S. Government
policies, Applicants will undertake activities to:
(3) Break the information blockade by increasing access to, and the flow
of, accurate information on democracy, human rights, and free
enterprise to, from, and within Cuba, including through independent
access to the Internet particularly with the provision of innovative
technology.
(4) Support advocacy efforts in Cuba that educate, train, provide
equipment, and promote adoption of democratic rule of law and
internationally recognized human rights standards. Advocacy efforts
shall promote human rights principles in accordance with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
(5) Aid the development of Cuban independent, nongovernmental groups and
entities engaged in political competition and consensus-building
activities that support democratic and representative processes.
(6) Assist the Cuban people to develop peaceful, strong, and independent
nongovernmental civil society organizations, professional
associations, and other groups through capacity building, equipment
assistance (including its use), and technical training.
(7) Develop and maintain a dialogue with Cuban human rights activists
and other independent groups in Cuba on specific issues that must be
addressed by a future transition Cuban government.
Proposed activities must be completed within two years of the award's
start date. USAID will make awards based on criteria described in
Section B of this Annual Program Statement (APS).
**[USAID funding under this APS may not be used for programs that
provide f]{.underline}unds or other assistance provided to the Cuban
Government, or to any political subdivision of Cuba, or to any agency or
instrumentality of the Government of Cuba.**
**A.2 PROGRAM GOAL**
The overarching goal of the program is to hasten a peaceful democratic
transition in Cuba.
**A.3 PROGRAM RESULTS**
The goal of this program is to increase individuals and groups' ability
to effectively, and more consistently, reach out to the Cuban populace
and garner citizenry support to prepare for a Cuban-led and owned
democratic transition. By the end of the program Cuban participants,
civil society organizations, and other NGOs will be better equipped and
demonstrate a greater ability to develop, defend and promote democracy,
independent civil society, human rights, and free enterprise in Cuba.
They will also demonstrate greater ability to assist the establishment
of a future transition government in Cuba which will schedule free and
fair, multi-party elections leading to the establishment of full
democracy and free enterprise on the island.
**A.4. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR THE USAID CUBA PROGRAM**
**A.4.a. [Background - Political and Economic Context]{.underline}**
For over forty-seven years, the Cuban government has maintained power
through vertical and centralized control over all institutions of Cuban
society. As a result, Cubans, including those who belong to professional
associations and NGOs, know little about the functioning of democratic
civil society. It is in the U.S. interest to provide informational and
material support to Cuban citizens and independent nongovernmental
organizations in Cuba which seek to promote peaceful democratic change.
In signing the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (\"LIBERTAD\")
Act of 1996, the President approved measures to implement a U.S.
Government policy of support for the Cuban people in order to promote a
peaceful transition to democracy. Under the LIBERTAD Act, the President
is authorized to furnish assistance and provide other support for
individuals and independent nongovernmental organizations to support
democracy-building efforts for Cuba. This support includes but is not
limited to the following:
> \(1\) Published and informational material, such as books, videos, and
> cassettes, on transitions to democracy, human rights, and market
> economies, to be made available to independent democratic groups in
> Cuba.
>
> \(2\) Humanitarian assistance to victims of political repression, and
> their families.
\(3\) Support for democratic and human rights groups in Cuba.
In support of democracy-building efforts for Cuba, USAID has awarded
grants to a number of U.S. organizations to facilitate dissemination of
information to the Cuban people, support the reemergence of civil
society and promote a peaceful transition to democracy and free markets
in Cuba. This Program seeks to expand and deepen these efforts.
**A.4.b. [Major Challenges to Supporting NGO Development in Cuba
]{.underline}**
As of 1994, more than 2,000 so-called "NGOs" were registered with the
Cuban Ministry of Justice. Most of these organizations are government
led and operated, and are, therefore, not eligible for assistance under
this program.
As the CAFC II report noted, "the last several years have witnessed a
sustained increase in the ability of the Cuban opposition to engage in
acts of resistance, mobilize greater segments of the Cuban population,
and communicate a positive vision for the future to the Cuban people and
the international community."
Most of these NGOs and associations are not formally recognized by or
registered with the Cuban government. At present, these Cuban NGOs,
professional associations and other groups vary in the degree to which
they are independent. Although none are completely free from government
interference, some have developed greater autonomy than others, have
individual members who favor peaceful democratic change**,** and should
be exposed to the ideas, norms and practices of civil society in
democratic countries. In order to be considered eligible for assistance
by Recipients funded under this APS, the Cuban group or organization
must operate free of Cuban government control in its subject matter
area, all relevant factors considered ("substantial independence."). For
the purposes of this APS, substantial independence is defined as
follows: (1) an organization\'s leadership must be freely chosen by its
own members, (2) it must develop its own vision of peaceful change, and
it must establish its own policies, and (3) it must develop its own
sources of funding and control its own assets, independently of the
Cuban government.
Among the many obstacles impeding NGO development support in Cuba are
the following:
(1) Cuban Government Controls
> In March 1999, the Cuban Government passed legislation which would
> impose 8 to 20 year prison sentences on any Cuban citizen found to be
> collaborating with activities funded through Section 109 of the
> LIBERTAD Act. In March 2003, the Cuban Government arrested and
> sentenced to long prison terms Cuban citizens the Cuban Government
> accused of collaboration with Section 109 activities. Individual Cuban
> citizens and Cuban NGOs as well as U.S. individuals and organizations
> participating in the program to be funded under this APS must be fully
> apprised of the implications of the March 2003 Cuban Government
> crackdown. The Cuban Government utilizes the harshest measures to
> repress the flow of accurate information on democracy, human rights
> and free enterprise to, from, and within Cuba.
(2) Lack of Management/Organization Skills
> Few independent Cuban NGOs have yet developed the management and
> organizational skills required to build and sustain national level
> organizations with broad-based political and financial support and
> access to mass communications.
(3) Obstacles to Mass Communications and Networking
> Cuban government control of the mass media hinders communications and
> formation of networks. Nevertheless, some independent Cuban
> organizations have demonstrated the ability to organize informally and
> to share information with one another and with others outside the
> country.
(4) Lack of Sustained Collaboration with Foreign NGOs
> A number of U.S. organizations have helped strengthen independent
> Cuban NGOs through provision of information, training and material
> support. However, much more contact and collaboration is required to
> develop and sustain independent civil society in Cuba.
**A.4.c. [Rationale]{.underline}**
Section 1705(g) of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 authorizes the U.S.
Government to provide assistance \"through appropriate non-governmental
organizations, for the support of individuals and organizations to
promote nonviolent democratic change in Cuba.\" Section 109(a) of the
Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 further elaborates
on the types of assistance and support the U.S. Government is authorized
to provide for individuals and independent non-governmental
organizations to support democracy-building efforts for Cuba. It is U.S.
policy to promote the development of civil society in Cuba by enhancing
the free flow of information to, from and within the island. In
particular, the U.S. Government encourages support for fledgling NGOs,
professional associations and other peaceful groups in Cuba which
demonstrate sufficient independence from the Cuban government.
The CAFC II report noted "above all, the civic movement needs additional
support to present to their fellow Cubans a viable alternative to the
failed policies of the Castro regime. The experience of East European
civic movements in organizing resistance that ended repressive
dictatorships, and then in assuming leadership that led to freedom,
prosperity, and reconciliation in their respective countries, could be
particularly helpful for Cuba's developing opposition movement. In
addition, if requested, civil society groups could benefit from greater
training to prepare to help lead a democratic transition and future
government in Cuba.
It is critical that independent Cuban civil society groups continue to
gain greater access to basic modern equipment to help expand
distribution of independent information and facilitate pro-democracy
activities. Continued access to these types of equipment help Cuba's
civil society disseminate information to the Cuban people and counter
regime efforts to maintain its grip on the Cuban people through
exclusive control over all forms of communication.
In particular, the Cuban people, and especially the civic opposition
movement, need access to the Internet. Currently, the Castro regime
strictly controls all access to the Internet, limiting access to a few
websites to hand-picked regime supporters and foreigners at specially
identified internet cafes, which are out of the reach of the average
Cuban." Assisting the Cuban people access the internet, particularly
through innovative technology is critical to helping them establish
space for truly independent civil society to grow.
**A.4.d. [Relationship to USAID Strategies and Programs]{.underline}**
The USAID Cuba program supports the overarching goal of U.S. policy
toward Cuba: promotion of a rapid transition to democracy on the island.
USAID seeks to improve informational outreach to, from, and within the
Cuban population, strengthen and provide equipment to independent civil
society in Cuba, defend human rights, and stimulate multilateral efforts
to press for democracy in Cuba. USAID also seeks to engage the Cuban
people in dialogue concerning aid to a future transition Cuban
government which will schedule free and fair multi-party elections
leading to the establishment of full democracy and free enterprise in
Cuba.
Since FY 1996, USAID has awarded over \$58 million to more than 25 U.S.
organizations to support Cuba\'s transition to democracy. Several of
these grants have demonstrated the feasibility of identifying and
working with Cuban organizations which are sufficiently independent of
the Government of Cuba.
**A.5. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION**
A.5.a. **[Program Objectives]{.underline}**
To accomplish the Program Goal of hastening a peaceful democratic
transition in Cuba, LAC Cuba Program Office objectives focus on programs
that contribute to the promotion of Just and Democratic Governance. LAC
Cuba Program objectives consist of three major sectoral objectives with
sub-areas of concentration. The three objectives seek to improve Cubans'
ability to create and/or augment current efforts as described below.
(1) Rule of Law and Human Rights:
a. Providing support for democratic rule of law programs.
b. Promoting and protecting human rights.
(2) Political Competition and Consensus Building:
a. Aiding and providing technological equipment for the development
of independent, nongovernmental groups and entities in Cuba
engaged in activities that support democratic and representative
processes.
b. Contributing Program Support to activities that strengthen civil
society capacity for democratic processes and civic education
and democratic culture.
(3) Civil Society:
a. Increasing and expanding independent Cuban civil society and
nongovernmental organizations. Capacity building, training and
providing technological equipment for other directed activities
should enable these groups to more effectively garner citizen
support to (1) plan for assistance to a future transition
government and a return to free enterprise in Cuba, (2)
participate in a peaceful and democratic Cuban-led and owned
transition process, and (3) increase outreach to vulnerable and
marginalized groups such as women, youth and Afro-Cubans.
b. Providing program support to building independent civil society
in Cuba by conducting needs assessments or evaluations which can
be used to improve programming or activities being implementing
now or in the future.
Efforts to break the Castro regime's information blockade and expand the
Cuban people's access to independent information, including through the
Internet
\(4\) Media Freedom and Freedom of Information
> a.strengthening and broadening media freedom and freedom of
> information to, from, and most importantly within Cuba, particularly
> through provision of communications and computer equipment and
> facilitating independent access to the Internet.
>
> b\. training and equipping independent journalists in Cuba to inform
> Cubans about events in their country and abroad.
A.5.b. **[Illustrative Activities]{.underline}**
In spite of the Cuban Government's harsh repression of democratic
activity, a peaceful democratic transition in Cuba must stem from the
initiatives of Cubans on the island brave enough to risk their lives in
seeking to build civil society and respect for human rights.
USAID's priority is for programs that engage in on-island activities,
and Applicants are encouraged to propose activities which support such
initiatives and address Program Objectives. Illustrative activities are
not limited to, but may include:
(1) Helping Cuban citizens improve the capacity of nascent and existing
independent nongovernmental organizations, professional
associations, human rights, and other groups. Support includes
increasing representation of vulnerable and marginalized populations
such as women, youth, afro-Cubans, and political prisoners through
training, technical and equipment assistance.
(2) Helping foster solidarity and cohesion among groups supporting
democratic rule of law and human rights efforts in Cuba by
increasing inter-group coordination, communication, and recognition
of similar basic goals and principles. This can include
strengthening long-term linkages between Cuban individuals and
independent groups with counterpart organizations in the U.S. and
other democratic countries.
(3) Providing technical and equipment assistance and
institution-building to Cuban political groups and other entities
supportive of democratic principles. Activities may include the
following: (a) organizational governance, financial management,
goal-setting and program planning, (b) development and articulation
of organizational objectives, (c) community outreach, organizing,
and public relations, (d) member and constituent representation, (e)
leadership/ staff development and empowerment, and (f) NGO
communications and coordination.
(4) Improving the quality of independent media sources in Cuba by (a)
intensifying training and equipping of journalists and media
groups, (b) increasing access to independent information, and (c)
broadening the reach of communications equipment utilized to
disseminate information to, from, and within Cuba.
(5) Providing Cubans with (a) information on human rights, free
enterprise, and democracy, and (b) humanitarian assistance to
victims of political repression and their families.
The Cuban Government can be expected to actively oppose and attempt to
impede any and all of the above illustrative activities. The Cuban
Government does not permit its citizens to travel freely; so any
training will likely have to take place inside Cuba with consequent risk
of harsh Cuban Government measures against training providers and
Recipients. The Applicant must demonstrate the willingness and ability
to conduct such activities in spite of Cuban Government threats and
repressive actions.
Program funds may be expended to support the purchase of informational
materials, capacity building and training materials, as well as
appropriate communications technology, business and office equipment,
travel, per diem and training expenses
**A.6. RECIPIENT RESPONSIBILITIES**
## A.6.a. [Recipient Responsibilities: Overview]{.underline}
The Recipients will retain overall management responsibility for all
aspects of the program including all sub-grants. In addition to USAID
assistance award and Cuba Program Office policies, other
country-specific regulations and laws, Recipient responsibilities are
outlined below:
- General program management including financial management, reporting
and provision of assistance to Cuban counterparts.
- In consultation with USAID, determine appropriate working and
coordination relationships with other USAID Cuba program grantees
and other U.S. and third country NGOs working in Cuba.
- In consultation with USAID, finalize action, implementation, and
monitoring and evaluation plans covering all program components
within 30 days of an award.
- Design and carry out technical assistance programs.
- Identify, manage and support other essential programs and
communications.
- Carry out reporting, monitoring and evaluation responsibilities as
described below.
**[A.6.a.1. Important Points for Recipients:]{.underline}**
(1) Applicants proposing to send material items to Cuba must be able to
do without U.S. Government assistance of any kind. Applicants must
have the ability to closely monitor, track, and report to USAID on
the end-use of all materials sent to Cuba.
(2) Applicants proposing on-island program and activity support must be
able to do so without U.S. Government assistance of any kind.
(3) Cash payments to Cuban vendors for necessary services will be made
in accordance with the general license granted to USAID by the U.S.
Department of Treasury. No financial assistance will be made
available to Cuban entities.
> \(5\) Information regarding U.S./Cuba legal and/or policy requirements
> may be found on the following websites:
a. U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control:
<http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/sanctions/>;
b. U.S. Department of Commerce:
<http://www.bis.doc.gov/licensing/index.htm>; and
c. USAID and Assistance Awards Policies:
<http://www.usaid.gov/business/regulations/>.
A.6.b. **[Reports]{.underline}**
In accordance with the CFR 22, parts 226.50 and 226.51, the Recipient
shall submit performance and financial reports [in English]{.underline}
on a quarterly basis (covering in detail all activities) to the Director
and Program staff of the USAID Cuba Program. Reporting requirements,
such as the format, number of copies, information to be included, due
dates and distribution will be developed in consultation with the LAC
Cuba Program Office during the award negotiation process. The U.S.
Recipient will participate in regular implementation reviews with the
LAC Cuba Program Office; the frequency and scope of such reviews will be
developed in consultation with the Cuba Program Office.
A.6.c. **[Monitoring, Results & Indicators]{.underline}**
Applicants are responsible for developing and tracking activity targets,
outputs and impact, and overall activity indicators [in their
proposals]{.underline} which gauge individual program activities and
program effectiveness. Applicants will be expected to submit
implementation plans (including a complete assistance to Cuba commodity
aid list). In conjunction with the implementation plan, Applicants shall
submit a separate, corresponding monitoring and evaluation plan [in
their proposal]{.underline}. Upon award, these two plans will be
reviewed in consultation with the LAC Cuba Program Office, with revised
plans submitted to the Program Office for final written approval within
30 days of the award date. **USAID will not release funds to a Recipient
until the Cuba Program Office Director has provided written approval for
the plans to the identified USAID Contracting Officer and the
Recipient.**
Recipients' post-award consultation with the LAC Cuba Program Office
will also include discussion of recent foreign policy directives from
the U.S. Director of Foreign Assistance's Office. Programs receiving
funds under this APS will contribute to LAC Cuba Program objectives and
indicators (outlined below). These objectives and indicators are in
accordance with standard objective and indicator guidance from Director
of Foreign Assistance's Office.
It may happen that an Applicant's proposed program and activities do not
fit within the selected indicators. If this is the case, Applicants
should propose suitable program and activity level indicators and
provide an explanation that demonstrates the effectiveness of the
selected indicators in their proposal.
Upon award, USAID will consult with selected Recipients to ensure
Recipients' monitoring, evaluation, results tracking, and reporting of
activities and indicators are realistic, feasible, and contribute to
overall LAC Cuba Program objectives. Recipients will routinely monitor,
track, evaluate, and report on program activities using the agreed upon
indicators. As appropriate, USAID encourages Applicants to differentiate
between gender and age when collecting indicator data.
Examples of LAC Cuba Program indicators for the three program-level
objectives are listed below.
(1) Rule of Law and Human Rights:
a. Number of Campaigns Supported by USG to foster public awareness
and respect for the rule of law.
b. Number of Domestic Human Rights NGOs receiving USG Support.
c. Number of Public Advocacy Campaigns on Human Rights Supported by
USG.
(2) Political Competition and Consensus Building:
a. Number of Individuals who Receive USG-Assisted Political Party
Training.
b. Number of Political Parties and Political Groupings receiving
USG Assistance to Articulate Platform and Policy Agendas
Effectively.
(3) Civil Society:
a. Number of Civil Society Organizations using USG Assistance to
Promote Political Party Participation.
b. Number of Civil Society Organizations using USG Assistance to
Improve Internal Organizational Capacity.
c. Number of Civil Society Advocacy Campaigns Supported by the USG
d. Number of USG-funded Programs Supporting Participation,
Inclusion, and Assistance to Marginalized and/or Vulnerable
Groups.
e. Number of Media Civil Society Organizations and/or Support
Institutions Assisted by the USG.
f. Number of Non-State News Outlets Assisted by the USG
g. Number of Journalists Trained with USG Assistance.
h. Number of Evaluations Supporting Civil Society Needs Conducted
by the USG.
A.6.d. **[Evaluation]{.underline}**
Recipients are responsible for following their approved implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation plans throughout the life of their award.
These plans should provide the basis for Recipient's reporting to USAID
during the life of the award. USAID will utilize these plans (including
the approved budget plan) to monitor, assess, and evaluate a Recipient's
program and program operations. USAID understands the difficult
operating environment in Cuba, and if necessary, will work with a
Recipient to revise plans if mid-program corrections and adjustments are
required. However, it is Recipient's responsibility to inform the LAC
Cuba Program Office if implementation issues arise which may affect
approved plans.
**A.7. SPECIAL PROVISIONS**
**A.7.a. [Accountability]{.underline}**
The Recipient will be fully responsible for all funds disbursed to it
under the award. Funds will be dollar denominated and disbursed for the
most part in the U.S. to U.S. concerns. All funds are subject to audit.
The Recipient will be responsible for all financial reporting, end-use
verification, and sub-grant management. No cash sub-grants will be made
to any Cuban NGO or individual in Cuba. Sub-grants to U.S. or
third-country organizations will be subject to an annual OMB A-133 audit
or equivalent if expenditures of Federal funds total \$500,000
(\$300,000 for a non-U.S. organization) during a fiscal year. Sub-awards
must be submitted to USAID for prior written approval.
The Recipient will assist independent Cuban NGOs with whom they work to
develop adequate accounting procedures.
A.7.b. **[NGO Financial Participation/Cost Sharing]{.underline}**
USAID endorses cost-sharing as an important principle in USAID-Recipient
relationships. Please note: Under this APS, there is no mandatory
minimum cost share. However, Applicants are encouraged to contribute
cost share to improve program sustainability and increase overall
program impact. All cost share contributions must be supported by
adequate documentation, be allowable under the applicable cost
principles and meet the criteria set forth in 22 CFR 226.23.
A.7.c. **[Facilities and Image]{.underline}**
Accommodations and facilities for all activities and staff are expected
to be commensurate with and appropriate to the objectives being pursued.
A.7.d. **[Length of Grants and Cooperative Agreements]{.underline}**
Cooperative agreements resulting from this APS will be for a period of
not to exceed two years. Program performance, available funding, and
competing program priorities will determine whether a cooperative
agreement, at USAID\'s discretion, can be extended beyond two years.
A.7.e. **[USAID Management]{.underline}**
USAID management will be provided by the USAID/LAC Cuba Program Office.
A.7.f. **[Substantial Involvement]{.underline}**
USAID will have substantial involvement in cooperative agreements
through approval of all sub-awards, key personnel, implementation plans,
and monitoring/evaluation plans. Substantial involvement is in
accordance with ADS 303.5.11a. **[Any Cuban NGOs proposed for assistance
must be specifically approved by USAID after consultation with the
Department of State]{.underline}**.
A.7.g. **[Timing]{.underline}**
Applicants must be prepared to have key personnel, as approved by the
USAID Cuba Program Director, in place within 30 days after award. **All
key personnel must be U.S. citizens.** All other staff should be hired
no later than 75 days after award. All contracts with consultants and
other non-direct staff must be approved in advance by USAID.
#
# SECTION B
#
# SELECTION CRITERIA
**B.1.** The criteria presented below have been tailored to the
requirements of this particular APS. Applicants should note that these
criteria serve to (a) identify the significant matters which Applicants
should address in their applications, and (b) set the standard against
which all applications will be evaluated. To facilitate the review of
applications, Applicants shall organize the narrative sections of their
applications in the same order as the selection criteria.
The technical applications will be evaluated in accordance with the
Technical Evaluation Criteria set forth below. Thereafter, the cost
application of all Applicants submitting a technically acceptable
application will be opened and costs will be evaluated for general
reasonableness, allowability, and allocability. While technical concerns
are paramount, cost and USAID budget limitations will be considered as a
factor for award.
To the extent necessary (if award is made based on initial
applications), negotiations will be conducted with all Applicants whose
application, after discussion and negotiation, has a reasonable chance
of being selected for award. Awards will be made to responsible
Applicants whose applications offer the greatest value, cost, and other
factors considered.
The technical application will be the most important item of
consideration in selection for these assistance awards. It should be
specific, complete, and presented concisely. Applicants should review
all information in this APS in depth prior to preparing applications,
especially program description, eligibility, and evaluation criteria.
The technical application should be directly responsive to the terms,
conditions, guidelines and provisions of this APS to be assured of
consideration. Applications not conforming to this APS may be
categorized as not meeting the minimum requirements of the Government,
thereby eliminating them from further consideration.
The technical application must set forth in detail the conceptual
approach, methodology, and techniques for accomplishment of the stated
program objectives. The application must define results and benchmarks
for monitoring progress in achieving the results.
Applicants are reminded that the Government is not obligated to make an
award on the basis of lowest proposed cost or to the Applicant with the
highest technical evaluation score. Applications will be evaluated on a
rolling basis as they are received. The Agreement Officer will make
award(s) to the Applicant(s) whose application(s) is/are judged to be
the most advantageous in accomplishing the objectives of the program,
considering both technical and cost factors, including any proposed cost
share.
**B.2. COST EVALUATION CRITERIA**
The evaluation of the cost proposal shall deal with cost realism
analysis. This will consist of a review of the cost portion of an
application for the work to be performed, to determine whether the costs
reflect the Applicant\'s understanding of the requirements, and whether
the costs are consistent with the technical application.
The cost realism analysis is intended to meet the three goals outlined
below.
(1) Verify the Applicant\'s understanding of the requirement.
(2) Assess the degree to which the cost proposal reflects the approaches
in the technical application.
(3) Assess the degree to which the costs included in the cost proposal
accurately represent the work effort included in the technical
application.
COST SHARING: USAID endorses cost-sharing as an important principle in
USAID-Recipient relationships. Please note: Under this APS there is no
mandatory minimum cost share. However, Applicants are encouraged to
contribute cost share to improve program sustainability and increase
overall program impact. Funds from the National Endowment for Democracy
(NED) are categorized as Federal funds and may **not** be used by an
organization in cost share
calculations (see 22 CFR 226.23). If Applicants wish to contribute cost
share, Applicants must be aware that all cash contributions and
non-Federal third party in-kind contributions must meet all the criteria
set forth in 22 CFR 226.23 and the applicable OMB cost principles.
Applicant cost share may be in any combination of in-kind support, staff
salaries, waiver of overhead, etc.
**B.3. TECHNICAL EVALUATION CRITERIA**
The Applicant must have extensive experience managing broad-based
technical assistance/training programs. The Applicant must also
demonstrate ability to work with Latin American/Caribbean NGOs, and/or
Latin/Caribbean communities, private businesses, and universities.
Technical proposals will be evaluated based on the criteria noted below,
including the strength of the key personnel they nominate.
The following sub-criteria within each of the four Technical Evaluation
Criteria are of equal weight. If a sub-criterion does not apply, points
will be distributed evenly amongst the remaining sub-criteria.
B.3.a. **[Understanding of Program Description and Program
Goals]{.underline}** - 50 Points
- Clarity, creativity, uniqueness, and demonstrated feasibility of the
described activities to (1) accomplish program goals and objectives
as described in this APS, and (2) address issues specified within
the CAFC II report (www.cafc.gov).
- The extent to which (1) appropriate proposed Spanish-speaking staff,
counterparts, and collaborating partners are identified, and (2) a
significant number of key staff are experienced in Caribbean and
Latin American culture and development issues. Demonstrated Spanish
language fluency is required for the Chief of Party and other
part-or-full-time support personnel and technical experts as defined
by the program.
- Demonstrated understanding of the state of independent civil society
in Cuba, role of the Cuban government in past and present NGO
activities and traditional attitudes toward issues of concern to the
NGO environment. Demonstrated understanding for relationships within
the program, the role of Cuban and third-country institutions, and
the importance of positive, supportive collaboration among all
parties. Such understanding includes the Applicant's demonstration
of program activity feasibility within the Cuban context.
- Quality and appropriateness of the Applicant's documented plan (with
proper calendars and time-lines for activities) for overall
coordination, management, monitoring, and support of partnership
activities. Commitment to minimize administrative costs and ability
to demonstrate fiscal accountability, demonstration of cost realism
and cost effectiveness.
- Demonstration of how program activities and program impact will be
evaluated against targets set out in the program/activity
implementation, monitoring, and evaluation plans. This includes how
evaluation of the program will be measured and tracked. Overall
program activities should be evaluated against (1) USAID goals and
objectives and (2) USG goals in Cuba as outlined in the CAFC II
report (www.cafc.gov).
B.3.b. **[Personnel Qualifications, Experience and Staff Ability to
Conduct Proposed Work]{.underline}** - 20 Points
- Professional background and relevant experience; Applicant must
demonstrate experience in managing NGO development programs and
technical assistance and training programs of similar size and
complexity; candidates must demonstrate relevant specialized
experience; and Applicants must objectively analyze past program
results and accomplishments and demonstrate lessons learned from
past programs.
- Applicant must demonstrate ability to work with a range of
counterparts or sub-grantees in the U.S. and in third countries
including not-for-profits, educational institutions, and
governmental organizations. Applicant must demonstrate ability to
work in a closed and repressed society.
B.3.c. **[Organizational Qualifications]{.underline}** - 20 Points
- Demonstrated ability of Applicant to (1) provide and support key
personnel, (2) mount effective and efficient field operations,
and (3) quickly initiate and maintain quality programs and
activities.
- Capacity of Applicant to design and manage activities of multiple
sub-grant programs (if relevant). Charts should be included that
clearly show what funds sub-partners may receive from other donors
during the proposed time period and what the each donor's funds
finance. Language should also be included that demonstrates how the
partner will coordinate sub-partner donor meetings with USAID to
ensure transparency and the most effective use of USG resources.
B.3**.**d. **[Past Performance]{.underline}** - 10 points
- All Applicants are subject to past performance review before Award.
Applicants shall supply the names of organizations from which they
have received assistance awards or contracts for similar activities
over the past three years. Reference information should include
addresses, current telephone numbers, current points of contact,
award numbers if available, and brief descriptions of the work
performed. USAID will contact the named references and use the past
performance data along with other information, to determine the
Applicants\' responsibility.
SECTION C
#
# GRANT APPLICATION FORMAT
## C.1. PREPARATION GUIDELINES
All applications received by the deadline will be reviewed for
responsiveness to the specifications outlined in these guidelines and
the application format. Applications may be submitted at any time prior
to the deadline. Applicants must notify USAID immediately in accordance
with the instructions in the Cover Letter of this APS so that the
electronic application can be retrieved by USAID. Section B addresses
technical evaluation application criteria. Applications which are
submitted late or are incomplete run the risk of not being considered
for review. \"Late applications will not be considered for award\" or
\"Late applications will be considered for award if the Agreement
Officer determines it is in the Government\'s interest.\"
Acknowledgement of Amendments to the APS - Applicants shall acknowledge
receipt of any amendment to this APS by signing and returning a copy of
the amendment by e-mail, fax or mail. The Government must receive the
acknowledgement by the time specified for receipt of applications.
**Applicants who include data that they do not want disclosed to the
public for any purpose or used by the U.S. Government except for
evaluation purposes, should** mark each sheet of data it wishes to
restrict with the following legend:
\"Use or disclosure of data contained on this sheet is subject to the
restriction on the title page of this application.\"
Applicants must clearly identify the person authorized as the official
point of contact, the legal mailing and street addresses, phone and fax
numbers and e-mail address.
**Applicants are expected to review, understand, and comply with all
aspects of this APS. Failure to do so shall be at the Applicant's
risk.**
Explanation to Prospective Applicants - Any prospective Applicant
desiring an explanation or interpretation of this APS must request it in
writing within three weeks of receipt of the application to allow a
reply to reach all prospective Applicants before the submission of their
applications. Oral explanations or instructions given before award of a
Grant will not be binding. Any information given to a prospective
Applicant concerning this APS will be furnished promptly to all other
prospective Applicants as an amendment of this APS posted on Grants.gov,
if that information is necessary in submitting applications or if the
lack of it would be prejudicial to any other prospective Applicants.
[USAID Branding Requirements]{.underline}
USAID's mandatory branding/marking requirements for all U.S. NGO's
became effective on January 2, 2006. The Recipient can review and
download the regulations, guidance, and graphics at
[www.usaid.gov/branding](http://www.usaid.gov/branding).
[**EXCEPTIONAL NOTE**: The USAID/LAC Cuba Program Office has an approved
blanket waiver for all Branding and Marking requirements for
organizations granted awards under the LAC/Cuba Program. Branding and
marking will not be required under activities described within this APS.
USAID reserves the right to cancel or change the waiver at any time if
the situation of U.S. policy towards Cuba changes, or if the situation
in Cuba changes.]{.underline}
**NOTE: [Publications and other materials sent to Cuba are not to be
branded.]{.underline}**
**C.2.** **TECHNICAL APPLICATION FORMAT** **(Volume 1)**
Technical applications should be specific, complete and presented
concisely. The applications should demonstrate the Applicant\'s
capabilities, understanding of, and expertise with respect to achieving
the Program Objectives described in detail in Section A. The
applications should take into account the technical evaluation criteria
found in Section B of this APS.
Applicants should retain for their records one copy of the application
and all attachments that accompany their application. To facilitate the
competitive review of the applications, USAID may consider only
applications conforming to the format prescribed below.
The technical application is the critical item of consideration in
selection for award of this APS. It should be specific, complete, and
presented concisely. Section B addresses the technical evaluation
criteria of the application. Applications are limited to 50 pages, plus
one attachment for the key personnel resumes, one attachment for past
performance information (which we prefer in the form of a matrix), and
one attachment for commodity aid tracking. USAID requests that
applications follow the general format described below:
C.2.(a) [Executive Summary]{.underline} (not to exceed 3 pages)
Provide a clear summary of overall objectives, the results to be
achieved, the resources and steps required to meet them in an
identifiable period of time, and benchmark measures of progress towards
achievement.
C.2.(b) [Program Summary]{.underline} (not to exceed 17 pages)
Succinctly provide a description of how you will approach the key areas
outlined in Section A, bearing in mind the expected results outlined and
identified program indicators that will be used by USAID to measure
program performance. For each of your activity areas, discuss the
following: strategy, methodology, ideas for including stakeholders in
setting the agenda, expected results, schedule of activities,
programming of human resources, and performance indicators. Applicants
should include in their program and activity description objective
analyses of past program results and accomplishments, and how proposed
activities account for any lessons learned from past programs.
Applications shall specifically describe the Cuban groups and
individuals with whom Applicants wish to work, showing that they
demonstrate independence from Cuban government leadership, policies and
financial support. Applications shall identify directors and other key
individuals in independent Cuban organizations with whom Applicants wish
to work and describe in detail the proposed program of outreach to them
(e.g., material assistance, technical training, informational materials,
seminars, etc.) to be provided in Cuba, in the U.S. and/or in third
countries.
C.2.(c) [Management Plan]{.underline} (not to exceed 5 pages)
Clearly present your management and administrative arrangements to
include: your management approach for the overall execution of the
proposed activities; organizational structure; administrative
arrangements; logistical support; personnel management plan which
subscribes functions and responsibilities of key personnel and other
staff including sub-awards to consultants; procurement plan detailing
all non-commodity aid equipment and services to be procured, including
method of selection and estimated cost and technical specifications for
all equipment; operational arrangements for collaboration and
coordination with USAID and the Department of State and other
development partner institutions; and management and evaluation of USAID
award compliance. Appropriate organizational charts should be included.
C.2.(f) [Program Implementation Plan]{.underline} (not to exceed 7
pages)
Provide a complete and detailed monthly implementation plan outlining
proposed activities and timelines. Applicants proposing to send any
items to Cuba must also separately include a complete list of all
commodity aid items the Applicant proposes to send, the procurement plan
detailing commodities and equipment to be procured, including method of
selection and estimated cost, and technical specifications for all
equipment. Applicants shall also describe in detail the proposed
commodity aid delivery method, and the proposed frequency.
C.2.(g) [Internal Monitoring & Evaluation Plan]{.underline} (not to
exceed 7 pages)
In conjunction with and corresponding to the Implementation Plan,
provide an internal monitoring and evaluation plan explaining how you
will monitor and subsequently evaluate the detailed monthly
implementation of the program, and the proposed progress. Activity
outputs (with output level targets and indicators) and outcomes of
activities (with activity indicators) should correspond to overall
program level impact and/or outcome indicators). For each indicator,
Applicants must describe data collection methods, data quality
assurances, and indicator reporting timeline.
The Applicant must also include a separate detailed description of how
you will (1) actively monitor and evaluate compliance with USAID and
Department of Commerce policy on commodities to Cuba, and (2) actively
monitor, track, and evaluate the procurement, delivery, and impact of
commodity items sent to Cuba. Applicants may include a separate
commodity tracking sheet as an attachment. USAID policy regarding
Commodity Eligibility Requirements and Pharmaceuticals can be found in
ADS section 312,
[www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/300/](http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/300/).
If Applicants propose to send items that are considered ineligible under
USAID policy, the proposal should clearly and in detail describe the
materials proposing to be sent and why the materials are crucial to, and
improve the impact of the overall program. Applicants may not propose
items that are ineligible under Department of Commerce regulations.
C.2.(h) [Sustainability Plan]{.underline} (not to exceed 5 pages)
Provide a sustainability plan describing how the activities undertaken
under the Award can be expected to meet overall USAID goals and continue
after USAID support is no longer available.
C.2.(i) [Applicant Qualifications]{.underline} (not to exceed 4 pages);
[Past Performance Attachment]{.underline} (Matrix)
Provide a concise summary of your organization\'s qualifications.
Include a description of your present and on-going programs that have a
direct relationship to the proposed activities under the Award. Include
a description of relevant collaborative efforts your organization has
undertaken jointly or in coordination with other institutions with a
focus on developing and/or transitional countries. Provide a description
of any publications or reports that demonstrate any special
qualification and experience that your organization has the related
directly to the proposed activities.
In the Past Performance Attachment Matrix, Applicants shall supply the
names of organizations from which they have received assistance awards
or contracts for similar activities over the past three years. Reference
information should include addresses, current telephone numbers, current
points of contact, award numbers if available, and brief descriptions of
the work performed.
C.2.(j) [Key Personnel]{.underline} (not to exceed 3 pages); [Key
Personnel Attachment]{.underline} (4 pages/person)
Identify a [maximum of three U.S. citizens]{.underline} (those whose
participation in the proposed activities is considered essential) by
name and position, and quantified according to the level of effort
planned under each activity area presented in the proposal. Include a
brief summary of each key person\'s relevant work experience. Resumes
for each key person should be included as an attachment to the
Application, with a maximum of four pages for each resume.
Key Personnel shall include, at a minimum, the Chief of Party and
Financial Officer. USAID shall approve all Key Personnel.
C.2.(j)(1) The Chief of Party must be a [U.S. citizen]{.underline} with
at least 5 years professional experience in international development
and is expected to have substantial experience in the management of
international programs or similar programs.
C.2.(j)(2) The Financial Officer must be a [U.S. citizen]{.underline}
with at least 5 years professional experience in financial and
administrative aspects of doing business with the U.S. Government and be
familiar with OMB audit requirements for assistance awards. The
Applicant should describe other personnel and/or management structures
that it deems necessary.
## C.3. COST APPLICATION FORMAT (Volume 2)
The Cost or Business Application is to be submitted under separate cover
from the technical application. Certain documents are required to be
submitted by an Applicant in order for a Grant Officer to make a
determination of responsibility. However, it is USAID policy not to
burden Applicants with undue reporting requirements if that information
is readily available through other sources.
The following sections describe the documentation that Applicants for
Assistance award must submit to USAID prior to award. While there is no
page limit for this portion, Applicants are encouraged to be as concise
as possible, but still provide the necessary detail to address the
following:
C.3.(a) The cost volume of the application must include a budget with an
accompanying budget narrative which provides in detail the total
proposed costs for implementation of the program described in this APS.
The budget shall be submitted using the Face Sheet-Cost Volume of
Application (OMB Standard Form 424) and the Budget Summary (OMB Standard
Form 424A), which can be downloaded from the USAID web site,
<http://www.usaid.gov/procurement_bus_opp/procurement/forms/SF-424/> .
The cost application shall also include whatever schedules are necessary
to adequately support and explain proposed costs, including any cost
share. Other necessary details include:
- The breakdown of all costs associated with the program according to
costs of, if applicable, headquarters, regional and/or country
offices.
- The breakdown of all costs according to each partner organization
involved in the program.
- The costs associated with external, expatriate technical assistance
and those associated with local in-country technical assistance.
- The breakdown of the financial and in-kind (cost share)
contributions of all organizations involved in implementing this
Cooperative Agreement.
- Potential contributions of non-USAID or private commercial donors to
this Cooperative Agreement.
C.3.(b) [Budget Narrative]{.underline}
Include a budget with an accompanying narrative which provides in detail
the total budget estimates for implementation of the program your
organization is proposing. The narrative must provide sufficient
information to adequately support and explain all proposed costs, i.e.
the actual cost basis for the line items in the detailed budget. This
narrative should be a part of the SF-424A form.
C.3.(c) [Level of Effort]{.underline}
A detailed analysis of the level of effort including specific personnel,
determination of and rates of compensation, and the amount of time
proposed.
C.3.(d) [Other Direct Costs]{.underline}
Include details of all other direct cost items such as supplies,
equipment, travel and per diem, consultants, subcontracts, and
sub-awards.
C.3.(e) [Cost Share]{.underline}
USAID endorses cost-sharing as an important principle in USAID-Recipient
relationships. Please note: Under this APS there is no mandatory minimum
cost share. However, Applicants are encouraged to contribute cost share
to improve program sustainability and increase overall program impact.
Funds from the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) are categorized as
Federal funds and may not be used by a non-profit organization in cost
share calculations (see 22 CFR 226.23).
C.3.(f) [Negotiated Indirect Cost Rate Agreement]{.underline}
Include your most recent Negotiated Indirect Cost Rate Agreement (NICRA)
from the cognizant Government Audit Agency stating the latest audited
indirect cost rates, the base to which such rates are applied and the
method of application. If a NICRA is unavailable, submit sufficient
information to allow USAID to determine the reasonableness of the rates.
(For example, a breakdown of labor bases and overhead pools, the method
of determining the rate, annual financial statements, etc.)
Applicants who do not currently have a Negotiated Indirect Cost Rate
Agreement (NICRA) from their cognizant agency shall also submit the
following information:
(1) Copies of the Applicant\'s financial reports for the previous 3-year
period, which have been audited by a certified public accountant or
other auditor satisfactory to USAID.
(2) Projected budget, cash flow and organizational chart.
(3) A copy of the organization\'s accounting manual.
C.3.(g) Applicants that have never received a grant, cooperative
agreement or contract from the U.S. Government are required to submit a
copy of their accounting manual. If a copy has already been submitted to
the U.S. Government, the Applicant should advise which Federal Office
has a copy. USAID regulations require that USAID conduct a pre-award
audit of new Applicants selected for award.
C.3.(h) Completed and signed "**Certifications, Assurances, and other
Statements of Applicant/Grantee**" in Section D.
C.3.(i) A copy of your organizational chart.
C.3.(j) [Evidence of Responsibility]{.underline}
USAID reserves the right to seek additional evidence of responsibility
deemed necessary for the Agreement Officer to make a determination of
responsibility. The information submitted should substantiate that the
Applicant:
(1) Has access to adequate resources or the ability to obtain such
resources as required to complete the program as described.
(2) Has the ability to comply with the assistance conditions, taking
into account all existing and currently prospective commitments of
the Applicant, nongovernmental and governmental.
(3) Has a satisfactory record of performance. Past relevant
unsatisfactory performance is ordinarily sufficient to justify a
finding of non-responsibility, unless there is clear evidence of
subsequent satisfactory performance.
(4) Has a satisfactory record of integrity and business ethics.
(5) Is otherwise qualified and eligible to receive an award under
applicable laws and regulations (e.g., EEO).
**C.4.** **SUBMISSION OF APPLICATIONS**
Receipt of Applications - The required method of submission is
electronically via Grants.gov. Applications must be received and
certified by Grants.gov by the date specified in the cover letter of
this APS. To be eligible for award, the applicant must provide all
required information in its application, including the requirements
found in any attachments to the Grants.gov opportunity. The Applicant
**[must]{.underline}** notify the USAID contact person by e-mail at
<[email protected]>, fax to 202-216-3395 or in writing as soon as
submitted, but no later than the closing date **so that the electronic
application can be retrieved by USAID.**
**C.5. GRANT AWARD**
The Government may award one or more Grants resulting from this APS to
the responsible Applicant(s) whose application(s) conforming to this APS
offers the greatest value. The Government may (a) reject any or all
applications, (b) accept other than the lowest cost application, (c)
accept more than one application (see Section B, Selection Criteria),
(d) accept alternate applications, and (e) waive informalities and minor
irregularities in applications received.
The Government may award one or more Grant(s) on the basis of initial
applications received, without discussions. Therefore, each initial
application should contain the Applicant\'s best terms from a cost and
technical standpoint.
Neither financial data submitted with an application nor representations
concerning facilities or financing, will form a part of the resulting
Grant(s).
Authority to Obligate the Government - The Grant Officer is the only
individual who may legally commit the Government to the expenditure of
public funds. No costs chargeable to the proposed Grant may be incurred
before receipt of either a fully executed Grant or a specific, written
authorization from the Grant Officer.
Executive Order on Terrorism Financing -- "The Contractor/Recipient is
reminded that U.S. Executive Orders and U.S. law prohibits transactions
with, and the provision of resources and support to, individuals and
organizations associated with terrorism. It is the legal responsibility
of the contractor/Recipient to ensure compliance with these Executive
Orders and laws. [This provision must be included in all
subcontracts/sub-awards issued under this
contract/agreement.]{.underline}"
Foreign Government Delegations to International Conferences - Funds in
this \[contract, agreement, amendment\] may not be used to finance the
travel, per diem, hotel expenses, meals, conference fees or other
conference costs for any member of a foreign government\'s delegation to
an international conference sponsored by a public international
organization, except as provided in ADS Mandatory Reference \"Guidance
on Funding Foreign Government Delegations to International Conferences
\[http://www.info.usaid.gov/pubs/ads/300/refindx3.htm\] or as approved
by the \[CO/AO/CTO\].
#
#
# SECTION D
**U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CERTIFICATIONS, ASSURANCES,
AND OTHER STATEMENTS OF RECIPIENT \[1\]\[2\]**
## PART I - CERTIFICATIONS AND ASSURANCES
**1. ASSURANCE OF COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING
NON-DISCRIMINATION IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS**
\(a\) The recipient hereby assures that no person in the United States
shall, on the bases set forth below, be excluded from participation in,
be denied the benefits of, or be otherwise subjected to discrimination
under, any program or activity receiving financial assistance from
USAID, and that with respect to the grant for which application is being
made, it will comply with the requirements of:
\(1\) Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub. L. 88-352, 42
U.S.C. 2000-d), which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race,
color or national origin, in programs and activities receiving Federal
financial assistance;
\(2\) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 794),
which prohibits discrimination on the basis of handicap in programs and
activities receiving Federal financial assistance;
\(3\) The Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended (Pub. L. 95-478),
which prohibits discrimination based on age in the delivery of services
and benefits supported with Federal funds;
\(4\) Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. 1681, et
seq.), which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education
programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance (whether
or not the programs or activities are offered or sponsored by an
educational institution); and
\(5\) USAID regulations implementing the above nondiscrimination laws,
set forth in Chapter II of Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
\(b\) If the recipient is an institution of higher education, the
Assurances given herein extend to admission practices and to all other
practices relating to the treatment of students or clients of the
institution, or relating to the opportunity to participate in the
provision of services or other benefits to such individuals, and shall
be applicable to the entire institution unless the recipient establishes
to the satisfaction of the USAID Administrator that the institution\'s
practices in designated parts or programs of the institution will in no
way affect its practices in the program of the institution for which
financial assistance is sought, or the beneficiaries of, or participants
in, such programs.
\(c\) This assurance is given in consideration of and for the purpose of
obtaining any and all Federal grants, loans, contracts, property,
discounts, or other Federal financial assistance extended after the date
hereof to the recipient by the Agency, including installment payments
after such date on account of applications for Federal financial
assistance which were approved before such date. The recipient
recognizes and agrees that such Federal financial assistance will be
extended in reliance on the representations and agreements made in this
Assurance, and that the United States shall have the right to seek
judicial enforcement of this Assurance. This Assurance is binding on the
recipient, its successors, transferees, and assignees, and the person or
persons whose signatures appear below are authorized to sign this
Assurance on behalf of the recipient.
**2. CERTIFICATION REGARDING DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE REQUIREMENTS**
\(a\) Instructions for Certification
\(1\) By signing and/or submitting this application or grant, the
recipient is providing the certification set out below.
\(2\) The certification set out below is a material representation of
fact upon which reliance was placed when the agency determined to award
the grant. If it is later determined that the recipient knowingly
rendered a false certification, or otherwise violates the requirements
of the Drug-Free Workplace Act, the agency, in addition to any other
remedies available to the Federal Government, may take action authorized
under the Drug-Free Workplace Act.
\(3\) For recipients other than individuals, Alternate I applies.
\(4\) For recipients who are individuals, Alternate II applies.
\(b\) Certification Regarding Drug-Free Workplace Requirements
**Alternate I**
\(1\) The recipient certifies that it will provide a drug-free workplace
by:
\(A\) Publishing a statement notifying employees that the unlawful
manufacture, distribution, dispensing, possession or use of a controlled
substance is prohibited in the applicant\'s/grantee\'s workplace and
specifying the actions that will be taken against employees for
violation of such prohibition;
\(B\) Establishing a drug-free awareness program to inform employees
about\--
1\. The dangers of drug abuse in the workplace;
2\. The recipient\'s policy of maintaining a drug-free workplace;
3\. Any available drug counseling, rehabilitation, and employee
assistance programs; and
4\. The penalties that may be imposed upon employees for drug abuse
violations occurring in the workplace;
\(C\) Making it a requirement that each employee to be engaged in the
performance of the grant be given a copy of the statement required by
paragraph (b)(1)(A);
\(D\) Notifying the employee in the statement required by paragraph
(b)(1)(A) that, as a condition of employment under the grant, the
employee will\--
1\. Abide by the terms of the statement; and
2\. Notify the employer of any criminal drug statute conviction for a
violation occurring in the workplace no later than five days after such
conviction;
\(E\) Notifying the agency within ten days after receiving notice under
subparagraph (b)(1)(D)1, from an employee or otherwise receiving actual
notice of such conviction;
\(F\) Taking one of the following actions, within 30 days of receiving
notice under subparagraph (b)(1)(D)2., with respect to any employee who
is so convicted\--
1\. Taking appropriate personnel action against such an employee, up to
and including termination; or
2\. Requiring such employee to participate satisfactorily in a drug
abuse assistance or rehabilitation program approved for such purposes by
a Federal, State, or local health, law enforcement, or other appropriate
agency;
\(G\) Making a good faith effort to continue to maintain a drug- free
workplace through implementation of paragraphs (b)(1)(A), (b)(1)(B),
(b)(1)(C), (b)(1)(D), (b)(1)(E) and (b)(1)(F).
\(2\) The recipient shall insert in the space provided below the site(s)
for the performance of work done in connection with the specific grant:
Place of Performance (Street address, city, county, state, zip code)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Alternate II**
The recipient certifies that, as a condition of the grant, he or she
will not engage in the unlawful manufacture, distribution, dispensing,
possession or use of a controlled substance in conducting any activity
with the grant.
**3. CERTIFICATION REGARDING DEBARMENT, SUSPENSION, AND OTHER
RESPONSIBILITY MATTERS \-- PRIMARY COVERED TRANSACTIONS \[3\]**
\(a\) Instructions for Certification
1\. By signing and submitting this proposal, the prospective primary
participant is providing the certification set out below.
2\. The inability of a person to provide the certification required
below will not necessarily result in denial of participation in this
covered transaction. The prospective participant shall submit an
explanation of why it cannot provide the certification set out below.
The certification or explanation will be considered in connection with
the department or agency\'s determination whether to enter into this
transaction. However, failure of the prospective primary participant to
furnish a certification or an explanation shall disqualify such person
from participation in this transaction.
3\. The certification in this clause is a material representation of
fact upon which reliance was placed when the department or agency
determined to enter into this transaction. If it is later determined
that the prospective primary participant knowingly rendered an erroneous
certification, in addition to other remedies available to the Federal
Government, the department or agency may terminate this transaction for
cause or default.
4\. The prospective primary participant shall provide immediate written
notice to the department or agency to whom this proposal is submitted if
at any time the prospective primary participant learns that its
certification was erroneous when submitted or has become erroneous by
reason of changed circumstances.
5\. The terms \"covered transaction,\" \"debarred,\" \"suspended,\"
\"ineligible,\" lower tier covered transaction,\" \"participant,\"
\"person,\" \"primary covered transaction,\" \"principal,\"
\"proposal,\" and \"voluntarily excluded,\" as used in this clause, have
the meaning set out in the Definitions and Coverage sections of the
rules implementing Executive Order 12549. \[4\] You may contact the
department or agency to which this proposal is being submitted for
assistance in obtaining a copy of those regulations.
6\. The prospective primary participant agrees by submitting this
proposal that, should the proposed covered transaction be entered into,
it shall not knowingly enter into any lower tier covered transaction
with a person who is debarred, suspended, declared ineligible, or
voluntarily excluded from participation in this covered transaction,
unless authorized by the department or agency entering into this
transaction.
7\. The prospective primary participant further agrees by submitting
this proposal that it will include the clause titled \"Certification
Regarding Debarment, Suspension, Ineligibility and Voluntary
Exclusion\--Lower Tier Covered Transaction,\" \[5\] provided by the
department or agency entering into this covered transaction, without
modification, in all lower tier covered transactions and in all
solicitations for lower tier covered transactions.
8\. A participant in a covered transaction may rely upon a certification
of a prospective participant in a lower tier covered transaction that it
is not debarred, suspended, ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from the
covered transaction, unless it knows that the certification is
erroneous. A participant may decide the methods and frequency by which
it determines the eligibility of its principals. Each participant may,
but is not required to, check the Nonprocurement List.
9\. Nothing contained in the foregoing shall be construed to require
establishment of a system of records in order to render in good faith
the certification required by this clause. The knowledge and information
of a participant is not required to exceed that which is normally
possessed by a prudent person in the ordinary course of business
dealing.
10\. Except for transactions authorized under paragraph 6 of these
instructions, if a participant in a covered transaction knowingly enters
into a lower tier covered transaction with a person who is suspended,
debarred, ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from participation in this
transaction, in addition to other remedies available to the Federal
Government, the department or agency may terminate this transaction for
cause or default.
\(b\) Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension, and Other
Responsibility Matters\--Primary Covered Transactions
\(1\) The prospective primary participant certifies to the best of its
knowledge and belief, the it and its principals:
\(A\) Are not presently debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment,
declared ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from covered transactions
by any Federal department or agency;
\(B\) Have not within a three-year period preceding this proposal been
convicted of or had a civil judgment rendered against them for
commission of fraud or a criminal offense in connection with obtaining,
attempting to obtain, or performing a public (Federal, State or local)
transaction or contract under a public transaction; violation of Federal
or State antitrust statutes or commission of embezzlement, theft,
forgery, bribery, falsification or destruction of records, making false
statements, or receiving stolen property;
\(C\) Are not presently indicted for or otherwise criminally or civilly
charged by a governmental entity (Federal, State or local) with
commission of any of the offenses enumerated in paragraph (1)(B) of this
certification;
\(D\) Have not within a three-year period proceeding this
application/proposal had one or more public transactions (Federal, State
or local) terminated for cause or default.
\(2\) Where the prospective primary participant is unable to certify to
any of the statements in this certification, such prospective
participant shall attach an explanation to this proposal.
**4. CERTIFICATION REGARDING LOBBYING**
The undersigned certifies, to the best of his or her knowledge and
belief, that:
\(1\) No Federal appropriated funds have been paid or will be paid, by
or on behalf of the undersigned, to any person for influencing or
attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a Member
of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a
Member of Congress in connection with the awarding of any Federal
contract, the making of any Federal grant, the making of any Federal
loan, the entering into of any cooperative agreement, and the extension,
continuation, renewal, amendment or modification of any Federal
contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement.
\(2\) If any funds other than Federal appropriated funds have been paid
or will be paid to any person for influencing or attempting to influence
an officer or employee of any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer
or employee of Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in
connection with this Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative
agreement, the undersigned shall complete and submit Standard Form-LLL,
\"Disclosure of Lobbying Activities,\" in accordance with its
instructions.
\(3\) The undersigned shall require that the language of this
certification be included in the award documents for all subawards at
all tiers (including subcontracts, subgrants, and contracts under
grants, loans, and cooperative agreements) and that all subrecipients
shall certify and disclose accordingly.
This certification is a material representation of fact upon which
reliance was placed when this transaction was made or entered into.
Submission of this certification is a prerequisite for making or
entering into this transaction imposed by section 1352, title 31, United
States Code. Any person who fails to file the required certification
shall be subject to a civil penalty of not less than \$10,000 and not
more than \$100,000 for each such failure.
Statement for Loan Guarantees and Loan Insurance
The undersigned states, to the best of his or her knowledge and belief,
that: If any funds have been paid or will be paid to any person for
influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of any
agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an
employee of a Member of Congress in connection with this commitment
providing for the United States to insure or guarantee a loan, the
undersigned shall complete and submit Standard Form-LLL, \"Disclosure
Form to Report Lobbying,\" in accordance with its instructions.
Submission of this statement is a prerequisite for making or entering
into this transaction imposed by section 1352, title 31, U.S. Code. Any
person who fails to file the required statement shall be subject to a
civil penalty of not less than \$10,000 and not more than \$100,000 for
each such failure.
**5. PROHIBITION ON ASSISTANCE TO DRUG TRAFFICKERS FOR COVERED COUNTRIES
AND INDIVIDUALS (ADS 206)**
USAID reserves the right to terminate this \[Agreement/Contract\], to
demand a refund or take other appropriate measures if the \[Grantee/
Contractor\] is found to have been convicted of a narcotics offense or
to have been engaged in drug trafficking as defined in 22 CFR Part 140.
The undersigned shall review USAID ADS 206 to determine if any
certification are required for Key Individuals or Covered Participants.
If there are COVERED PARTICIPANTS: USAID reserves the right to terminate
assistance to, or take or take other appropriate measures with respect
to, any participant approved by USAID who is found to have been
convicted of a narcotics offense or to have been engaged in drug
trafficking as defined in 22 CFR Part 140.
The recipient has reviewed and is familiar with the proposed grant
format and the applicable regulations, and takes exception to the
following (use a continuation page as necessary):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Solicitation No.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Application/Proposal No.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date of Application/Proposal
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Name of Recipient
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Typed Name and Title
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Signature
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\[1\] FORMATS\\GRNTCERT: Rev. 06/16/97 (ADS 303.6, E303.5.6a) \[2\] When
these Certifications, Assurances, and Other Statements of Recipient are
used for cooperative agreements, the term \"Grant\" means \"Cooperative
Agreement\". \[3\] The recipient must obtain from each identified
subgrantee and (sub)contractor, and submit with its
application/proposal, the Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension,
Ineligibility and Voluntary Exclusion \-- Lower Tier Transactions, set
forth in Attachment A hereto. The recipient should reproduce additional
copies as necessary. \[4\] See ADS Chapter E303.5.6a, 22 CFR 208,
Annex1, App A. \[5\] For USAID, this clause is entitled \"Debarment,
Suspension, Ineligibility, and Voluntary Exclusion (March 1989)\" and is
set forth in the grant standard provision entitled \"Debarment,
Suspension, and Related Matters\" if the recipient is a U.S.
nongovernmental organization, or in the grant standard provision
entitled \"Debarment, Suspension, and Other Responsibility Matters\" if
the recipient is a non-U.S. nongovernmental organization.
**PART II - OTHER STATEMENTS OF RECIPIENT**
**1. AUTHORIZED INDIVIDUALS**
The recipient represents that the following persons are authorized to
negotiate on its behalf with the Government and to bind the recipient in
connection with this application or grant:
Name Title Telephone No. Facsimile No.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**2. TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (TIN)**
If the recipient is a U.S. organization, or a foreign organization which
has income effectively connected with the conduct of activities in the
U.S. or has an office or a place of business or a fiscal paying agent in
the U.S., please indicate the recipient\'s TIN:
TIN: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**3. CONTRACTOR IDENTIFICATION NUMBER - DATA UNIVERSAL NUMBERING SYSTEM
(DUNS) NUMBER**
\(a\) In the space provided at the end of this provision, the recipient
should supply the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number
applicable to that name and address. Recipients should take care to
report the number that identifies the recipient\'s name and address
exactly as stated in the proposal.
\(b\) The DUNS is a 9-digit number assigned by Dun and Bradstreet
Information Services. If the recipient does not have a DUNS number, the
recipient should call Dun and Bradstreet directly at 1-800-333-0505. A
DUNS number will be provided immediately by telephone at no charge to
the recipient. The recipient should be prepared to provide the following
information:
\(1\) Recipient\'s name.
\(2\) Recipient\'s address.
\(3\) Recipient\'s telephone number.
\(4\) Line of business.
\(5\) Chief executive officer/key manager.
\(6\) Date the organization was started.
\(7\) Number of people employed by the recipient.
\(8\) Company affiliation.
\(c\) Recipients located outside the United States may obtain the
location and phone number of the local Dun and Bradstreet Information
Services office from the Internet Home Page at
http://www.dbisna.com/dbis/customer/custlist.htm. If an offeror is
unable to locate a local service center, it may send an e-mail to Dun
and Bradstreet at [email protected].
The DUNS system is distinct from the Federal Taxpayer Identification
Number (TIN) system.
DUNS:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**4. LETTER OF CREDIT (LOC) NUMBER**
If the recipient has an existing Letter of Credit (LOC) with USAID,
please indicate the LOC number:
LOC:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**5. PROCUREMENT INFORMATION**
\(a\) Applicability. This applies to the procurement of goods and
services planned by the recipient (i.e., contracts, purchase orders,
etc.) from a supplier of goods or services for the direct use or benefit
of the recipient in conducting the program supported by the grant, and
not to assistance provided by the recipient (i.e., a subgrant or
subagreement) to a subgrantee or subrecipient in support of the
subgrantee\'s or subrecipient\'s program. Provision by the recipient of
the requested information does not, in and of itself, constitute USAID
approval.
\(b\) Amount of Procurement. Please indicate the total estimated dollar
amount of goods and services which the recipient plans to purchase under
the grant:
\$\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\(c\) Nonexpendable Property. If the recipient plans to purchase
nonexpendable equipment which would require the approval of the
Agreement Officer, please indicate below (using a continuation page, as
necessary) the types, quantities of each, and estimated unit costs.
Nonexpendable equipment for which the Agreement Officer\'s approval to
purchase is required is any article of nonexpendable tangible personal
property charged directly to the grant, having a useful life of more
than one year and an acquisition cost of \$5,000 or more per unit.
TYPE/DESCRIPTION QUANTITY ESTIMATED UNIT COST
(Generic)
\(d\) Source, Origin, and Componentry of Goods. If the recipient plans
to purchase any goods/commodities which are not of U.S. source and/or
U.S. origin, please indicate below (using a continuation page, as
necessary) the types and quantities of each, estimated unit costs of
each, and probable source and/or origin. \"Source\" means the country
from which a commodity is shipped to the cooperating country or the
cooperating country itself if the commodity is located therein at the
time of purchase. However, where a commodity is shipped from a free port
or bonded warehouse in the form in which received therein, \"source\"
means the country from which the commodity was shipped to the free port
or bonded warehouse. Any commodity whose source is a non-Free World
country is ineligible for USAID financing. The \"origin\" of a commodity
is the country or area in which a commodity is mined, grown, or
produced. A commodity is produced when, through manufacturing,
processing, or substantial and major assembling of components, a
commercially recognized new commodity results, which is substantially
different in basic characteristics or in purpose or utility from its
components. Merely packaging various items together for a particular
procurement or relabeling items does not constitute production of a
commodity. Any commodity whose origin is a non-Free World country is
ineligible for USAID financing. \"Components\" are the goods which go
directly into the production of a produced commodity. Any component from
a non-Free World country makes the commodity ineligible for USAID
financing.
TYPE/QUANTITY EST. GOODS PROBABLE GOODS PROBABLE
DESCRIPTION UNIT COMPONENTS SOURCE COMPONENTS ORIGIN
(Generic) COST
\(e\) Restricted Goods. If the recipient plans to purchase any
restricted goods, please indicate below (using a continuation page, as
necessary) the types and quantities of each, estimated unit costs of
each, intended use, and probable source and/or origin. Restricted goods
are Agricultural Commodities, Motor Vehicles, Pharmaceuticals,
Pesticides, Rubber Compounding Chemicals and Plasticizers, Used
Equipment, U.S. Government-Owned Excess Property, and Fertilizer.
TYPE/QUANTITY ESTIMATED PROBABLE PROBABLE INTENDED
DESCRIPTION UNIT COST SOURCE ORIGIN USE
(Generic)
\(f\) Supplier Nationality. If the recipient plans to purchase any goods
or services from suppliers of goods and services whose nationality is
not in the U.S., please indicate below (using a continuation page, as
necessary) the types and quantities of each good or service, estimated
costs of each, probable nationality of each non-U.S. supplier of each
good or service, and the rationale for purchasing from a non-U.S.
supplier. Any supplier whose nationality is a non-Free World country is
ineligible for USAID financing.
TYPE/QUANTITY ESTIMATED PROBABLE NATIONALITY RATIONALE
DESCRIPTION UNIT COST SUPPLIER for
(Generic) (Non-US Only) NON-US
\(g\) Proposed Disposition. If the recipient plans to purchase any
nonexpendable equipment with a unit acquisition cost of \$5,000 or more,
please indicate below (using a continuation page, as necessary) the
proposed disposition of each such item. Generally, the recipient may
either retain the property for other uses and make compensation to USAID
(computed by applying the percentage of federal participation in the
cost of the original program to the current fair market value of the
property), or sell the property and reimburse USAID an amount computed
by applying to the sales proceeds the percentage of federal
participation in the cost of the original program (except that the
recipient may deduct from the federal share \$500 or 10% of the
proceeds, whichever is greater, for selling and handling expenses), or
donate the property to a host country institution, or otherwise dispose
of the property as instructed by USAID.
TYPE/DESCRIPTION QUANTITY ESTIMATED PROPOSED DISPOSITION
(Generic) UNIT COST
**6. PAST PERFORMANCE REFERENCES**
On a continuation page, please provide a list of the ten most current
U.S. Government and/or privately-funded contracts, grants, cooperative
agreements, etc., and the name, address, and telephone number of the
Contract/Agreement Officer or other contact person.
**7. TYPE OF ORGANIZATION**
The recipient, by checking the applicable box, represents that -
\(a\) If the recipient is a U.S. entity, it operates as \[ \] a
corporation incorporated under the laws of the State of, \[ \] an
individual, \[ \] a partnership, \[ \] a nongovernmental nonprofit
organization, \[ \] a state or loc al governmental organization, \[ \] a
private college or university, \[ \] a public college or university, \[
\] an international organization, or \[ \] a joint venture; or
\(b\) If the recipient is a non-U.S. entity, it operates as \[ \] a
corporation organized under the laws of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (country), \[
\] an individual, \[ \] a partnership, \[ \] a nongovernmental nonprofit
organization, \[ \] a nongovernmental educational institution, \[ \] a
governmental organization, \[ \] an international organization, or \[ \]
a joint venture.
**8. ESTIMATED COSTS OF COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS**
The following are the estimate(s) of the cost of each separate
communications product (i.e., any printed material \[other than non-
color photocopy material\], photographic services, or video production
services) which is anticipated under the grant. Each estimate must
include all the costs associated with preparation and execution of the
product. Use a continuation page as necessary.
Attachment A
## CERTIFICATION REGARDING DEBARMENT, SUSPENSION, INELIGIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY EXCLUSION LOWER TIER COVERED TRANSACTIONS
\(a\) Instructions for Certification
1\. By signing and submitting this proposal, the prospective lower tier
participant is providing the certification set out below.
2\. The certification in this clause is a material representation of
fact upon which reliance was placed when this transaction was entered
into. If it is later determined that the prospective lower tier
participant knowingly rendered an erroneous certification, in addition
to other remedies available to the Federal Government, the department or
agency with which this transaction originated may pursue available
remedies, including suspension and/or debarment.
3\. The prospective lower tier participant shall provide immediate
written notice to the person to which this proposal is submitted if at
any time the prospective lower tier participant learns that its
certification was erroneous when submitted or has become erroneous by
reason of changed circumstances.
4\. The terms \"covered transaction,\" \"debarred,\" \"suspended,\"
ineligible, \"lower tier covered transaction,\" \"participant,\"
\"person,\" \"primary covered transaction,\" \"principal,\"
\"proposal,\" and \"voluntarily excluded,\" as used in this clause, has
the meanings set out in the Definitions and Coverage sections of rules
implementing Executive Order 12549. 1/ You may contact the person to
which this proposal is submitted for assistance in obtaining a copy of
those regulations.
5\. The prospective lower tier participant agrees by submitting this
proposal that, should the proposed covered transaction be entered into,
it shall not knowingly enter into any lower tier covered transaction
with a person who is debarred, suspended, declared ineligible, or
voluntarily excluded from participation in this covered transaction,
unless authorized by the department or agency with which this
transaction originated.
6\. The prospective lower tier participant further agrees by submitting
this proposal that it will include this clause titled \"Certification
Regarding Debarment, Suspension, Ineligibility and Voluntary
Exclusion\--Lower Tier covered Transaction,\" 2/ without modification,
in all lower tier covered transactions and in all solicitations for
lower tier covered transactions.
7\. A participant in a covered transaction may rely upon a certification
of a prospective participant in a lower tier covered transaction that it
is not debarred, suspended, ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from the
covered transaction, unless it knows that the certification is
erroneous. A participant may decide the method and frequency by which it
determines the eligibility of its principals. Each participant may, but
is not required to, check the Non procurement List.
8\. Nothing contained in the foregoing shall be construed to require
establishment of a system of records in order to render in good faith
the certification required by this clause. The knowledge and information
of a participant is not required to exceed that which is normally
possessed by a prudent person in the ordinary course of business
dealings.
9\. Except for transactions authorized under paragraph 5 of these
instructions, if a participant in a covered transaction knowingly enters
into a lower tier covered transaction with a person who is suspended,
debarred, ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from participation in this
transaction, in addition to other remedies available to the Federal
Government, the department or agency with which this transaction
originated may pursue available remedies, including suspension and/or
debarment.
\(b\) Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension, Ineligibility and
Voluntary Exclusion\--Lower Tier Covered Transactions
\(1\) The prospective lower tier participant certifies, by submission of
this proposal, that neither it nor its principals is presently debarred,
suspended, proposed for debarment, declared ineligible, or voluntarily
excluded from participation in this transaction by any Federal
department or agency.
\(2\) Where the prospective lower tier participant is unable to certify
to any of the statements in this certification, such prospective
participant shall attach an explanation to this proposal.
Solicitation No.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Application/Proposal No.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date of Application/Proposal
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Name of Applicant/Subgrantee
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Typed Name and Title
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Signature
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1/ See ADS Chapter 303, 22 CFR 208.
2/ For USAID, this clause is entitled \"Debarment, Suspension,
Ineligibility, and Voluntary Exclusion (March 1989)\" and is set forth
in the USAID grant standard provision for U.S. nongovernmental
organizations entitled \"Debarment, Suspension, and Related Matters\"
(see ADS Chapter 303), or in the USAID grant standard provision for
non-U.S. nongovernmental organizations entitled \"Debarment, Suspension,
and Other Responsibility Matters\" (see ADS Chapter 303).
## KEY INDIVIDUAL CERTIFICATION NARCOTICS OFFENSES AND DRUG TRAFFICKING
I hereby certify that within the last ten years:
1\. I have not been convicted of a violation of, or a conspiracy to
violate, any law or regulation of the United States or any other country
concerning narcotic or psychotropic drugs or other controlled
substances.
2\. I am not and have not been an illicit trafficker in any such drug or
controlled substance.
3\. I am not and have not been a knowing assistor, abettor, conspirator,
or colluder with others in the illicit trafficking in any such drug or
substance.
Signature: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Title/Position: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Organization:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Address:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date of Birth:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
NOTICE:
1\. You are required to sign this Certification under the provisions of
22 CFR Part 140, Prohibition on Assistance to Drug Traffickers. These
regulations were issued by the Department of State and require that
certain key individuals of organizations must sign this Certification.
2\. If you make a false Certification you are subject to U.S. criminal
prosecution under 18 U.S.C. 1001.
## PARTICIPANT CERTIFICATION NARCOTICS OFFENSES AND DRUG TRAFFICKING
1\. I hereby certify that within the last ten years:
a\. I have not been convicted of a violation of, or a conspiracy to
violate, any law or regulation of the United States or any other country
concerning narcotic or psychotropic drugs or other controlled
substances.
b\. I am not and have not been an illicit trafficker in any such drug or
controlled substance.
c\. I am not or have not been a knowing assistor, abettor, conspirator,
or colluder with others in the illicit trafficking in any such drug or
substance.
2\. I understand that USAID may terminate my training if it is
determined that I engaged in the above conduct during the last ten years
or during my USAID training.
Signature:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Name:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Address:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date of Birth:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
NOTICE:
1\. You are required to sign this Certification under the provisions of
22 CFR Part 140,Prohibition on Assistance to Drug Traffickers. These
regulations were issued by the Department of State and require that
certain participants must sign this Certification.
2\. If you make a false Certification you are subject to U.S. criminal
prosecution under 18 U.S.C. 1001.
FORMATS\\GRNTCERT: Rev. 06/16/97 (ADS 303.6, E303.5.6a) When these
Certifications, Assurances, and Other Statements of Recipient are used
for cooperative agreements, the term \"Grant\" means \"Cooperative
Agreement\". The recipient must obtain from each identified subgrantee
and (sub)contractor, and submit with its application/proposal, the
Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension, Ineligibility and
Voluntary Exclusion \-- Lower Tier Transactions, set forth in Attachment
A hereto. The recipient should reproduce additional copies as necessary.
See ADS Chapter E303.5.6a, 22 CFR 208, Annex1, App A. For USAID, this
clause is entitled \"Debarment, Suspension, Ineligibility, and Voluntary
Exclusion (March 1989)\" and is set forth in the grant standard
provision entitled \"Debarment, Suspension, and Related Matters\" if the
recipient is a U.S. nongovernmental organization, or in the grant
standard provision entitled \"Debarment, Suspension, and Other
Responsibility Matters\" if the recipient is a non-U.S. nongovernmental
organization.
## CERTIFICATION REGARDING MATERIAL SUPPORT AND RESOURCES
As a condition of entering into the referenced agreement,
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hereby certifies that it has
not provided and will not provide material support or resources to any
individual or entity that it knows, or has reason to know, is an
individual or entity that advocates, plans, sponsors, engages in, or has
engaged in terrorist activity, including but not limited to the
individuals and entities listed in the Annex to Executive Order 13224
and other such individuals and entities that may be later designated by
the United States under any of the following authorities: § 219 of the
Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended (8 U.S.C. § 1189), the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. § 1701 et seq.),
the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq.), or §
212(a)(3)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended by the
USA Patriot Act of 2001, Pub. L. 107-56 (October 26, 2001)(8 U.S.C.
§1182). \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ further certifies
that it will not provide material support or resources to any individual
or entity that it knows, or has reason to know, is acting as an agent
for any individual or entity that advocates, plans, sponsors, engages
in, or has engaged in, terrorist activity, or that has been so
designated, or will immediately cease such support if an entity is so
designated after the date of the referenced agreement.
For purposes of this certification, \"material support and resources\"
includes currency or other financial securities, financial services,
lodging, training, safe houses, false documentation or identification,
communications equipment, facilities, weapons, lethal substances,
explosives, personnel, transportation, and other physical assets, except
medicine or religious materials.
For purposes of this certification, \"engage in terrorist activity\"
shall have the same meaning as in section 212(a)(3)(B)(iv) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended (8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)
(iv)).
For purposes of this certification, \"entity\" means a partnership,
association, corporation, or other organization, group, or subgroup.
This certification is an express term and condition of the agreement and
any violation of it shall be grounds for unilateral termination of the
agreement by USAID prior to the end of its term.
Signature:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Name:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Address:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
NOTICE:
If you make a false Certification you are subject to U.S. criminal
prosecution under 18 U.S.C. 1001.
|
en
|
all-txt-docs
|
198497
|
From: Tatusov, Roman (NIH/NLM/NCBI)
Sent: Monday, March 01, 2004 8:14 PM
To: [email protected]
Subject: NCBI Seminar - Tuesday, March 2, 11 am
Tuesday, March 2, 11 AM,
Building 38A, 5th floor conference room
COGs: Hierarchical approach
Roman Tatusov, NCBI
The avalanche of finished complete genomes calls for novel approach to collect orthologous genes and visualize clusters.
The tight monophyletic subset of proteins (MIG - mini group) are central in modern COGs arrangement. MIGs are constructed automatically using efficient algorithm for closely related species. The procedure was employed in updating unicellular and eukaryotic C/KOGs. In KOGs the most significant additions are Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus genomes. They underline the magnitude of mammalian presence in current version of KOGs.
Fungi (Ascomycota) genomes play important role in connecting two COG partitions (unicellular and eukaryotic clusters).
The availability of Neurospora crassa, a representative of the 3rd subphylum of Ascomycota phylum makes this link more presentable. The MIG procedure was employed to assemble FUGs (Fungi groups) associated with COGs and KOGs.
|
en
|
all-txt-docs
|
906708
|
|SOA |24827.3A |ASW |1.07|
|SONORA MUNICIPAL AIRPORT |0642008|
|SONORA |TEXAS |
|NAD83 |5 CM |15 CM |NAVD88 |25 CM |
| -6.5|0642008|
| 2139.9| |18+1418 |0642008|
| | | |
| 303508.5|-1003854.8|
@
|18 |P|0642008|
|X| |
| 303528.1883|-1003850.8153|1900228| 4037| 60|0642008|
| 2139.9| |0642008|
| 303527.2811|-1003851.0010| 93|0642008|
| 0| 2139.2| |0642008|
| 93| 2139.3| |0642008|
| 3436| 2138.4| |0642008|
| 4037| 2135.3| |0642008|
#
|36 |P|0642008|
|X| |
| 303448.8455|-1003858.8669| 100224| 4037| 60|0642008|
| 2139.9| |0642008|
| 303454.7029|-1003857.6683| 601|0642008|
| 0| 2135.3| |0642008|
| 601| 2138.4| |0642008|
| 3944| 2139.3| |0642008|
| 4037| 2139.2| |0642008|
@
|NDB (SOA) | 303454.5008|-1003848.9599| | | | |0642008|
#
#
@
|18 |ANALPV |
|TREE | 303459.62|-1003832.31|2C| 2260| | | 121| 120| 120| -2561| -2468| 2097L| 4|0642008|
|TREE | 303500.37|-1003833.07|2C| 2254| | | 115| 114| 114| -2497| -2404| 2018L| 0|0642008|
|TREE | 303511.45|-1003833.42|2C| 2263| | | 124| 123| 123| -1400| -1307| 1792L| 37|0642008|
|TREE | 303512.37|-1003834.69|2C| 2258| | | 119| 118| 118| -1328| -1235| 1666L| 33|0642008|
|TREE | 303521.73|-1003911.49|2C| 2316| | | 177| 176| 176| -958| -865| 1666R| 101|0642008|
|TREE | 303521.66|-1003905.42|2C| 2289| | | 150| 149| 149| -872| -779| 1142R| 75|0642008|
|TREE | 303528.03|-1003845.48|1B| 2178| | | 39| 38| 38| 65| 158| 462L| 39|0642008|
|TREE | 303531.18|-1003854.13|1B| 2187| | | 48| 47| 47| 247| 341| 338R| 44|0642008|
|TREE | 303530.15|-1003845.31|1B| 2156| | | 17| 16| 16| 279| 372| 439L| 9|0642008|
|TREE | 303531.40|-1003844.42|1B| 2157| | | 18| 17| 17| 417| 510| 494L| 0|0642008|
|TREE | 303535.08|-1003850.78|1B| 2183| | | 44| 43| 43| 686| 779| 118R| 32|0642008|
|TREE | 303536.47|-1003855.04|1B| 2195| | | 56| 55| 55| 759| 852| 509R| 30|0642008|
|TREE | 303537.59|-1003858.83|1B| 2215| | | 76| 75| 75| 814| 907| 855R| 44|0642008|
|TREE | 303538.51|-1003843.23|1B| 2167| | | 28| 27| 27| 1143| 1236| 471L| 4|0642008|
|TREE | 303541.36|-1003859.20|1B| 2264| | | 125| 124| 124| 1182| 1276| 954R| 102|0642008|
|TREE | 303541.98|-1003856.08|1B| 2271| | | 132| 131| 131| 1292| 1385| 696R| 72|0642008|
|TREE | 303542.91|-1003901.44|1B| 2268| | | 129| 128| 128| 1303| 1396| 1174R| 0|0642008|
|BUSH | 303542.17|-1003853.08|1B| 2233| | | 94| 93| 93| 1357| 1450| 441R| 68|0642008|
|BUSH | 303543.57|-1003852.91|1B| 2246| | | 107| 106| 106| 1499| 1592| 451R| 79|0642008|
|TREE | 303543.63|-1003853.10|1B| 2249| | | 110| 109| 109| 1502| 1595| 469R| 79|0642008|
|BUSH | 303543.60|-1003852.82|1B| 2242| | | 103| 102| 102| 1503| 1596| 444R| 75|0642008|
|TREE | 303544.62|-1003854.58|1B| 2269| | | 130| 129| 129| 1577| 1670| 613R| 77|0642008|
@
|Additional Information: |
|THIS DATA WAS COLLECTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FAA AREA NAVIGATION APPROACH (ANA-LPV) SURVEY SPECIFICATIONS. |
|THE AIRPORT LOCATION IDENTIFIER HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE CHANGED FROM E29 TO SOA |
| |
|NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY |
EOF
|
ja
|
converted_docs
|
699238
|
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| > Contact | > Contact | > Contact | > Contact | > **Contact |
| > your | > your | > your | > your | > your |
| > local | > local | > local | > local | > local |
| > dealer | > dealer | > dealer | > dealer | > dealer |
| > today | > today | > today | > today | > today |
| > about | > about | > about | > about | > about |
| > | > | > | > | > |
| installing | installing | installing | installing | installing |
| > a ROPS | > a ROPS | > a ROPS | > a ROPS | > a ROPS |
| > and seat | > and seat | > and seat | > and seat | > and seat |
| > belt on | > belt on | > belt on | > belt on | > belt on |
| > your | > your | > your | > your | > your |
| > tractor! | > tractor! | > tractor! | > tractor! | > |
| > | > | > | > | tractor!** |
| > • • • • | > • • • • | > • • • • | > • • • • | > |
| > | > | > | > | > •••• |
| > | > | > | > | > |
| **Belarus** | **Belarus** | **Belarus** | **Belarus** | > |
| > | > | > | > | **Belarus** |
| > Stephen's | > Stephen's | > Stephen's | > Stephen's | > |
| > Machinery | > Machinery | > Machinery | > Machinery | > Stephen's |
| > Sales | > Sales | > Sales | > Sales | > Machinery |
| > (Danny | > | > | > | > Sales |
| > Stephens) | > Ewing, KY | > Ewing, KY | > Ewing, KY | > (Danny |
| > | > 41039 | > 41039 | > 41039 | > Stephens) |
| > Ewing, KY | > | > | > | > |
| > | > 6 | > 6 | > 6 | > Ewing, KY |
| > 6 | 06-267-3081 | 06-267-3081 | 06-267-3081 | > |
| 06-267-3081 | > or | > or | > or | > 6 |
| > or | > 1-8 | > 1-8 | > 1-8 | 06-267-3081 |
| > 1-8 | 00-540-9936 | 00-540-9936 | 00-540-9936 | > or |
| 00-540-9936 | > | > | > | > 1-8 |
| > | > • • • • | > • • • • | > • • • • | 00-540-9936 |
| > • • • • | > | > | > | > |
| > | > **Case | > **Case | > **Case | > •••• |
| > **Case | > IH** | > IH** | > IH** | > |
| > IH** | > | > | > | > **Case |
| > | > Fleming | > Fleming | > Fleming | > IH** |
| > Fleming | > Tractor | > Tractor | > Tractor | > |
| > Tractor | > Equipment | > Equipment | > Equipment | > Fleming |
| > Equipment | > Inc. | > Inc. | > Inc. | > Tractor |
| > Inc. | > | > | > | > Equipment |
| > (Karl | > Fl | > Fl | > Fl | > Inc. |
| > Zumbach) | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | > (Karl |
| > | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > Zumbach) |
| > Fl | > | > | > | > |
| emingsburg, | > 6 | > 6 | > 6 | > Fl |
| > KY | 06-849-2336 | 06-849-2336 | 06-849-2336 | emingsburg, |
| > | > | > | > | > KY |
| > 6 | > • • • • | > • • • • | > • • • • | > |
| 06-849-2336 | > | > | > | > 6 |
| > | > **John | > **John | > **John | 06-849-2336 |
| > • • • • | > Deere** | > Deere** | > Deere** | > |
| > | > | > | > | > •••• |
| > **John | > Greenhill | > Greenhill | > Greenhill | > |
| > Deere** | > Equipment | > Equipment | > Equipment | > **John |
| > | > Inc. | > Inc. | > Inc. | > Deere** |
| > Greenhill | > | > | > | > |
| > Equipment | > Fl | > Fl | > Fl | > Greenhill |
| > Inc. | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | > Equipment |
| > (Rick | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > Inc. |
| > Lowe) | > | > | > | > (Rick |
| > | > 6 | > 6 | > 6 | > Lowe) |
| > Fl | 06-845-7311 | 06-845-7311 | 06-845-7311 | > |
| emingsburg, | > | > | > | > Fl |
| > KY | > • • • • | > • • • • | > • • • • | emingsburg, |
| > | > | > | > | > KY |
| > 6 | > **Long | > **Long | > **Long | > |
| 06-845-7311 | > | > | > | > 6 |
| > | Tractors** | Tractors** | Tractors** | 06-845-7311 |
| > • • • • | > | > | > | > |
| > | > Young | > Young | > Young | > •••• |
| > **Long | > Farm | > Farm | > Farm | > |
| > | > Machinery | > Machinery | > Machinery | > **Long |
| Tractors** | > | > | > | > |
| > | > W | > W | > W | Tractors** |
| > Young | allingford, | allingford, | allingford, | > |
| > Farm | > KY 41093 | > KY 41093 | > KY 41093 | > Young |
| > Machinery | > | > | > | > Farm |
| > | > 6 | > 6 | > 6 | > Machinery |
| > W | 06-849-2677 | 06-849-2677 | 06-849-2677 | > |
| allingford, | > | > | > | > W |
| > KY | > • • • • | > • • • • | > • • • • | allingford, |
| > | > | > | > | > KY |
| > 6 | > **Massey | > **Massey | > **Massey | > |
| 06-849-2677 | > | > | > | > 6 |
| > | Ferguson** | Ferguson** | Ferguson** | 06-849-2677 |
| > • • • • | > | > | > | > |
| > | > Brewer | > Brewer | > Brewer | > •••• |
| > **Massey | > Tractor | > Tractor | > Tractor | > |
| > | > Sales | > Sales | > Sales | > **Massey |
| Ferguson** | > | > | > | > |
| > | > Fl | > Fl | > Fl | Ferguson** |
| > Brewer | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | > |
| > Tractor | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > Brewer |
| > Sales | > | > | > | > Tractor |
| > (Lonnie | > 6 | > 6 | > 6 | > Sales |
| > Brewer) | 06-845-4961 | 06-845-4961 | 06-845-4961 | > (Lonnie |
| > | > | > | > | > Brewer) |
| > Fl | > • • • • | > • • • • | > • • • • | > |
| emingsburg, | > | > | > | > Fl |
| > KY | > **Ford | > **Ford | > **Ford | emingsburg, |
| > | > and New | > and New | > and New | > KY |
| > 6 | > Holland** | > Holland** | > Holland** | > |
| 06-845-4961 | > | > | > | > 6 |
| > | > Rose Farm | > Rose Farm | > Rose Farm | 06-845-4961 |
| > • • • • | > Supply | > Supply | > Supply | > |
| > | > | > | > | > •••• |
| > **Ford | > Fl | > Fl | > Fl | > |
| > and New | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | > **Ford |
| > Holland** | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > and New |
| > | > | > | > | > Holland** |
| > Rose Farm | > 6 | > 6 | > 6 | > |
| > Supply | 06-845-2011 | 06-845-2011 | 06-845-2011 | > Rose Farm |
| > (Karl | > | > | > | > Supply |
| > Rose) | > • • • • | > • • • • | > • • • • | > (Karl |
| > | > | > | > | > Rose) |
| > Fl | > **Rhino** | > **Rhino** | > **Rhino** | > |
| emingsburg, | > | > | > | > Fl |
| > KY | > **(ROPS | > **(ROPS | > **(ROPS | emingsburg, |
| > | > for any | > for any | > for any | > KY |
| > 6 | > model)** | > model)** | > model)** | > |
| 06-845-2011 | > | > | > | > 6 |
| > | > Corbin | > Corbin | > Corbin | 06-845-2011 |
| > • • • • | > Equipment | > Equipment | > Equipment | > |
| > | > Sales | > Sales | > Sales | > •••• |
| > **Rhino** | > | > | > | > |
| > | > Fl | > Fl | > Fl | > **Rhino** |
| > **(ROPS | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | emingsburg, | > |
| > for any | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > KY 41041 | > **ROPS |
| > model)** | > | > | > | > for any |
| > | > 6 | > 6 | > 6 | > model** |
| > Corbin | 06-845-3055 | 06-845-3055 | 06-845-3055 | > |
| > Equipment | | | | > Corbin |
| > Sales | | | | > Equipment |
| > (Kent | | | | > Sales |
| > Corbin) | | | | > (Kent |
| > | | | | > Corbin) |
| > Fl | | | | > |
| emingsburg, | | | | > Fl |
| > KY | | | | emingsburg, |
| > | | | | > KY |
| > 6 | | | | > |
| 06-845-3055 | | | | > 6 |
| | | | | 06-845-3055 |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
|
en
|
converted_docs
|
411709
|
**TSGP Investment Justification Template**
TSGP applicants must submit a complete investment justification for each
proposed investment. The investment justification categories are:
I. Background
II. Strategic and Program Priorities
III. Impact
IV. Funding/Implementation Plan
------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
Investment Heading
Date
State
Urban Area
Agency Name
Investment Name
Investment Phase
Is this a
Multi-Agency
investment? If yes,
which agencies?
Investment Amount **\$**
------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
**I. Background**
***Note: This section only needs to be completed once per application,
regardless of the number of investments proposed. The information in
this section provides background/context for the investment(s)
requested, but does not represent the evaluation criteria used by DHS
for rating individual investment proposals.***
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| I.A. Identify | |
| the transit | |
| agency and that | |
| agency's | |
| point(s) of | |
| contact for | |
| this | |
| investment. | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response Type | Narrative |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | For the transit agency (or lead agency) |
| Instructions | undertaking the investment, identify the |
| | following: |
| | |
| | - Point of contact's (POC) name and title; |
| | |
| | - POC's full mailing address; |
| | |
| | - POC's telephone number; |
| | |
| | - POC's fax number; |
| | |
| | - POC's email address; and, |
| | |
| | - Also include the corresponding information for |
| | the single authorizing official for your |
| | organization---i.e., the individual authorized |
| | to sign a grant award. |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response: | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| I.B. Describe | |
| the operating | |
| system for the | |
| transit agency | |
| undertaking | |
| this | |
| investment. | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response Type | Narrative |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | For the transit agency (or lead agency) |
| Instructions | undertaking this investment, describe the |
| | following: |
| | |
| | - Infrastructure; |
| | |
| | - Ridership data; |
| | |
| | - Number of passenger miles; |
| | |
| | - Number of vehicles; |
| | |
| | - Types of service and other important features; |
| | |
| | - System map; |
| | |
| | - Geographical borders of the system and the |
| | cities and counties served; and, |
| | |
| | - Other sources of funding being leveraged for |
| | security enhancements |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| I.C. Discuss | |
| the | |
| capabilities | |
| the transit | |
| agency already | |
| has in place, | |
| and the | |
| capabilities | |
| the transit | |
| agencies needs | |
| in the future. | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response Type | Narrative |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | For the transit agency undertaking this |
| Instructions | investment, describe the following: |
| | |
| | - Discuss the efforts/capabilities the transit |
| | agency has in place to protect any underwater |
| | tunnel infrastructure from attacks involving |
| | IEDs: |
| | |
| | - Specific attention should be paid to any |
| | enhancements achieved as a result of |
| | FY05/06/07/08 TSGP funding; |
| | |
| | - Discuss the efforts/capabilities the transit |
| | agency has in place for prevention, detection |
| | and response capabilities relative to IEDs and |
| | CBRN devices generally: |
| | |
| | - Specific attention should be paid to any |
| | enhancements in these capabilities |
| | achieved as a result of FY05/06/07/08 TSGP |
| | funding; |
| | |
| | - Discuss the efforts/capabilities the transit |
| | agency has in place for visible and |
| | unpredictable deterrence: |
| | |
| | - Specific attention should be paid to any |
| | enhancements in these efforts achieved as |
| | a result of FY05/06/07/08 TSGP funding; |
| | |
| | - Discuss the efforts/capabilities the transit |
| | agency has in place for additional high |
| | consequence risk mitigation efforts, visible |
| | and unpredictable deterrent efforts, training |
| | programs for employees, emergency drills and |
| | citizen awareness activities: |
| | |
| | - Specific attention should be paid to any |
| | enhancements in these capabilities |
| | achieved as a result of FY05/06/07/08 TSGP |
| | funding; |
| | |
| | - Please provide the following information: |
| | |
| | - What percentages of employees have |
| | been trained in the last three years |
| | in DHS-approved courses? Please list |
| | the specific course names with the |
| | percentages. At a minimum, provide |
| | information about basic training |
| | courses, as listed in the training |
| | cost matrix. |
| | |
| | - How many VIPR teams do you currently |
| | operate? What is the composition of |
| | your VIPR teams? |
| | |
| | - How many K-9 teams do you currently |
| | operate? |
| | |
| | - How many explosive detection teams do |
| | you currently operate? |
| | |
| | - Discuss what the transit agency needs in the |
| | future relative to protection of any |
| | underwater tunnel infrastructure from attacks |
| | involving IEDs; |
| | |
| | - Discuss what the transit agency needs in the |
| | future for prevention, detection and response |
| | capabilities relative to IEDs and CBRN devices |
| | (including sensors, canine units, etc.); |
| | |
| | - Discuss what the transit agency needs in the |
| | future for visible/unpredictable deterrence |
| | efforts; and, |
| | |
| | - Discuss what the transit agency needs for high |
| | consequence risk mitigation needs, |
| | anti-terrorism training programs for |
| | employees, emergency drills and citizen |
| | awareness activities. |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
**II. Strategic and Program Priorities**
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| II.A. Provide | |
| an abstract for | |
| this | |
| investment. | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response Type | Narrative |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | - Describe what the project is, how it will be |
| Instructions | executed, and its purpose as it relates to the |
| | needs outlined in section I.C. |
| | |
| | - State which project effectiveness grouping the |
| | project falls under |
| | |
| | ```{=html} |
| | <!-- --> |
| | ``` |
| | - Define the vision, goals, and objectives for |
| | the risk reduction, and summarizes how the |
| | proposed investment will fit into the overall |
| | effort to meet the critical infrastructure |
| | security priorities (including integration |
| | into existing security protocols); |
| | |
| | - Describe the specific needs and/or resource |
| | limitations that need to be addressed; |
| | |
| | - Identify any potential partners and their |
| | roles and staffing requirements, and provide |
| | information on any existing agreements such as |
| | Memoranda of Understanding (MOU); |
| | |
| | - Identify specific equipment needs (e.g., |
| | number of facility cameras, number of security |
| | lights, amount of security fencing, etc.) and |
| | other details for training, awareness, |
| | exercises, and other programs, if applicable |
| | (e.g., number of people to be trained, length |
| | of training, type of training, number of |
| | printed materials, number of agencies and |
| | staff members involved in exercise planning, |
| | execution, and review); |
| | |
| | - Describe progress made on the security project |
| | this investment will be completing, if |
| | applicable; and, |
| | |
| | - Reference use of prior year grant funds, if |
| | applicable |
| | |
| | *Note: Ensure that details on purchases within |
| | this section match what is outlined in the |
| | detailed budget.* |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| II.B. Describe | |
| how this | |
| investment | |
| specifically | |
| addresses one | |
| or more of the | |
| project | |
| effectiveness | |
| groups | |
| identified in | |
| the current | |
| year's Grant | |
| Guidance, and | |
| how it | |
| addresses the | |
| agency's | |
| security plan | |
| and Regional | |
| Transit | |
| Security | |
| Strategy. | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response Type | Narrative |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | Describe how the investment addresses one or more |
| Instructions | of the following: |
| | |
| | - Training, operational deterrence, drills, |
| | public awareness activities |
| | |
| | - Multi-user high-density key infrastructure |
| | protection |
| | |
| | - Single-user high-density key infrastructure |
| | protection |
| | |
| | - Key operating asset protection |
| | |
| | - Other Mitigation Activities |
| | |
| | Outline how the investment specifically addresses |
| | the transit agency's security plan and regional |
| | strategies. |
| | |
| | - Multi-u |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
**III. Impact**
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| III.A. Discuss | |
| how the | |
| implementation | |
| of this | |
| investment will | |
| decrease or | |
| mitigate risk. | |
| Describe how | |
| the project | |
| offers the | |
| highest risk | |
| reduction | |
| potential at | |
| the least cost. | |
| Include output | |
| and outcome | |
| metrics | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response Type | Narrative |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | - Discuss how this investment will reduce risk |
| Instructions | (e.g., reduce vulnerabilities or mitigate the |
| | consequences of an event) in a cost effective |
| | manner by addressing the needs and priorities |
| | identified in earlier analysis and review; |
| | |
| | - Identify the nature of the risk and how the |
| | risk and need are related to show how |
| | addressing the need through this investment |
| | will also mitigate risk (e.g., reduce |
| | vulnerabilities or mitigate the consequences |
| | of an event); and, |
| | |
| | - Outline the expected, high-level impacts this |
| | investment is expected to attain or achieve if |
| | implemented, and potential negative impacts if |
| | the investment is not implemented. |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
**IV. Funding & Implementation Plan**
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| IV.A. | |
| Investment | |
| Funding Plan. | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response Type | Numeric and Narrative |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | - Complete the chart below to identify the |
| Instructions | amount of funding being requested for [this |
| | investment only]{.underline}; |
| | |
| | ```{=html} |
| | <!-- --> |
| | ``` |
| | - Funds should be requested by allowable cost |
| | categories (i.e., planning, organization, |
| | equipment, training, exercises, and management |
| | and administration.); |
| | |
| | - Applicants must make funding requests that are |
| | reasonable and justified by direct linkages to |
| | activities outlined in this particular |
| | investment; and, |
| | |
| | - Applicants must indicate whether additional |
| | funding (non-FY 2009 TSGP) will be leveraged |
| | for this investment. |
| | |
| | *Note: Investments will be evaluated on the |
| | expected impact on security relative to the amount |
| | of the investment (i.e., cost effectiveness). An |
| | itemized Budget Detail Worksheet and Budget |
| | Narrative must also be completed for this |
| | investment. See the next section of this document |
| | for a sample format.* |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
The following template illustrates how applicants should indicate the
amount of FY 2009 TSGP funding required for the investment, how these
funds will be allocated across the cost elements, and what non-FY 2009
TSGP funds will be utilized where appropriate:
--------------------- --------------- ---------------- ----------------
Federal Grant Other Funding Grand Total
Request Total Sources Applied
*Planning*
*Operational
Packages*
*Equipment*
*Training*
*Exercises*
*M&A*
Total
--------------------- --------------- ---------------- ----------------
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| IV.B. Discuss | |
| funding | |
| resources | |
| beyond this | |
| grant request | |
| that have been | |
| identified and | |
| will be | |
| leveraged to | |
| support the | |
| implementation | |
| and sustainment | |
| of this | |
| investment. | |
| Discuss your | |
| long-term | |
| sustainability | |
| plans for the | |
| investment | |
| after these | |
| grant funds | |
| have been | |
| expended, if | |
| applicable. | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response Type | Narrative |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | - Give the expected total life-span for this |
| Instructions | investment if fully implemented and sustained |
| | through completion; |
| | |
| | - Discuss other funding sources (e.g., non-TSGP |
| | grant programs, public or private agreements, |
| | future fiscal year grants) that you plan on |
| | utilizing for the implementation and/or |
| | continued sustainment of this investment; |
| | |
| | - If no other funding resources have been |
| | identified, or if none are necessary, provide |
| | rationale as to why the requested FY 2009 TSGP |
| | funding is sufficient for the implementation |
| | and sustainment of this investment; and, |
| | |
| | - Investments will be evaluated on the extent to |
| | which they exhibit a likelihood of success, or |
| | continued success, without requiring |
| | additional Federal assistance. Investments |
| | will also be evaluated on if the transit |
| | agency provides a match. |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| IV.C. Provide a | |
| high-level | |
| timeline, | |
| milestones and | |
| dates, for the | |
| implementation | |
| of this | |
| investment. [Up | |
| to]{.underline} | |
| 10 milestones | |
| may be | |
| provided. | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response Type | Narrative |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | - Only include major milestones that are |
| Instructions | critical to the success of the investment; |
| | |
| | - While up to 10 milestones may be provided, |
| | applicants should only list as many milestones |
| | as necessary; |
| | |
| | - Milestones are for this discrete investment -- |
| | those that are covered by the requested FY |
| | 2009 TSGP funds and will be completed over the |
| | 36-month grant period; |
| | |
| | - Milestones should be kept to high-level, major |
| | tasks that will need to occur; |
| | |
| | - Identify the planned start date associated |
| | with the identified milestone. The start date |
| | should reflect the date at which the earliest |
| | action will be taken to start achieving the |
| | milestone; |
| | |
| | - Identify the planned completion date when all |
| | actions related to the milestone will be |
| | completed and overall milestone outcome is |
| | met; and, |
| | |
| | - List any relevant information that will be |
| | critical to the successful completion of the |
| | milestone (such as those examples listed in |
| | the question text above). |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Response | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------------------+
*Note: After completing each the template for each investment,
applicants should review the information provided to ensure accuracy,
particularly the Milestone Dates and the Investment Funding Plan.*
**Responsible Transit Security Provider**
**Investment Justification Approval Form**
--------------------------------- -------------------------------------
**Name of Investment
Justification**
Name
Title
Signature of Responsible Transit
Agency Security Provider
Name
Title
Signature of Transit Agency
**Name of Investment
Justification**
Name
Title
Signature of Responsible Transit
Agency Security Provider
Name
Title
Signature of Transit Agency
**Name of Investment
Justification**
Name
Title
Signature of Responsible Transit
Agency Security Provider
Name
Title
Signature of Transit Agency
**Name of Investment
Justification**
Name
Title
Signature of Responsible Transit
Agency Security Provider
Name
Title
Signature of Transit Agency
**Name of Investment
Justification**
Name
Title
Signature of Responsible Transit
Agency Security Provider
Name
Title
Signature of Transit Agency
--------------------------------- -------------------------------------
|
en
|
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|
531990
|
# Presentation: 531990
## CDRP Update Rapid City/University Wisconsin
***Minesh Mehta, MD***
***Daniel G. Petereit, MD***
**University of Wisconsin Medical School**
- RTOG June 2006
- Philadelphia, PA
## Rapid City/UW Update
- Patient Navigation
- Surveys
- Community survey
- Cancer survey
- Clinical trials
- Cooperative Group Trials
- CDRP: brachytherapy, tomotherapy
- ATM
- Analysis of program
## Patient Navigation (PN)
- Protocol open June 2004 (official start date grant)
- Provide support and some financial assistance
- 149 AIs undergone PN
- Overall median number of contacts: 5 (0-85)
- Radiation patients: 19 (0-59)
- Patient Navigator database to be analyzed
- Shannon Sparks, PhD
- University of Wisconsin
## Surveys
- A Community Survey to Identify and Document the Barriers to Timely and Effective Cancer Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment for the Native American Community
- Opened in June 2004 – 604 of 1,000 completed
- Cancer patient survey: investigate whether there is a correlation between attitudes and beliefs towards cancer AND stage at presentation
- 99 of 200 completed
- Partial analysis underway
- Consultant Ashleigh Guadagnolo, MD
- JCRT resident, now at MDAH
## Community Survey Preliminary Results
- Based on 289 surveys: presented ASTRO 2005
- Goal: identify potential barriers early cancer RX & detection
- Hypothesis: Cancer screening rates for prostate, breast & cervical cancer positively correlate
- increased level of education
- greater knowledge about cancer
- positive perception regarding the chances of surviving cancer
- younger age
- Material and methods:
- CRR administered 1 hour interview
## Community Survey Preliminary Results
- Preliminary results indicate about half of adult Native Americans underwent cancer screening at least once
- Factors associated with cancer screening were greater knowledge about cancer and being female
- Results suggest an educational program on cancer and the importance of early detection and treatment could be effective in reducing cancer disparities for AIs
- Current analysis underway 600 surveys
- Rebecca Koscik, PhD
- University of Wisconsin
## Phase II Trial HDR Brachytherapy Stage I and II Breast Cancer
- Similar criteria as previous APBI RTOG trial
- 34 Gy/10 Fxs
- Endpoints:
- Evaluate the rate acute, late toxicities
- Efficacy, local control, cosmesis
- 15 pts enrolled out of 100 (3 AIs)
- Majority interstitial technique
- 1 G3 toxicity: recurrent infection requiring drainage
- Mammosite technique
- 15 patients enrolled to date: mainly interstitial technique
## Phase II Study High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Advanced Prostate Cancer
- Patient eligibility: intermediate, high-risk prostate cancer
- Androgen ablation: 6 to 12 months
- EBRT: 2.2 Gy X 16 over 15 treatment days, HDR 6.5 Gy X 3
- Endpoints:
- Evaluate the rate acute, late toxicities
- Efficacy HDR boost
- 4 patients enrolled (0 AIs) out of 100
- No G3 toxicities
- Low accrual because of tomotherapy trial
- Considering changing HDR FX from 6.5 x 3, to 9 Gy x 2 to increase accrual by eliminating need for hospitalization
## TOMOTHERAPY PROSTATE TRIAL
- Phase I/II Hypofractionation Trial
- Multi-institutional Phase I/II trial (PI: Mark Ritter, MD, PhD)
- -Level I/II completed (2006 ASTRO abstract)
- -160 patients: No G3 toxicities
- Rapid City: 26 patients enrolled (2 AIs) minimal toxicities, no G3
- -Most rapidly accruing trial every opened
- Level I nearly completed in Rapid City
## ATM MUTATIONS in Native Americans: Possible Association with Cancer and Radiotherapy Toxicities
- To determine the association between ATM heterozygosity and sensitivity to radiation
- 35 patients, 10 American Indians
- Gene sequencing underway
- Amy Moser, PhD
## Cooperative Group Trials, Total Number
- RTOG, NCCTG, ECOG, NSABP, others
- 2004-05
- 41 total
- 5 AIs (4 treatment, 1 cancer prevention)
- 2005-06
- 52 total
- 1 AI
- Total number of American Indians entered on trials since program opened: June 2004
- Cancer Survey: 20
- General Survey: 604
- ATM: 10
- CDRP treatment trials: 5
- Cooperative Group Trials: 6
- TOTAL: 645
- Number of AIs on clinical trials nationally: 7
- AACR 2006:
***TELESYNERGY® ******Redeployment***
- -The TELESYNERGY® system (TS) at the University Wisconsin was redeployed to Pine Ridge Hospital May 2006
- -Plans underway to rapidly increase TS use
- -Ultimate goal: increase access to health careAmerican Indians
- Rapid City
- Pine Ridge Hospital
## Manuscripts
- Petereit DG, Rogers D, Govern F, et al. Increasing access to clinical cancer trials and emerging technologies for minority populations: the Native American Project. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Nov 15;22(22):4452-5
- Rogers D, Petereit DG. Cancer Disparities Research Partnership In Lakota Country: Clinical Trials, Patient Services And Community Education For The Oglala, Rosebud And Cheyenne River Sioux Tribes. American Journal of Public Health 95 (12):1-4; 2005
- Petereit DG, Rogers D, Burhansstipanov L, et al. Walking Forward: The South Dakota Native American Project. Journal of Cancer Education 20 (supplement) 65-70; 2005
- Petereit DG. Maintaining And Acquiring Brachytherapy Skills. Journal of American College of Radiology Jun 20 9:38-40;2005
- Eastmo E, Petereit DG. Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation: Expanding Options for Breast Preservation. Advance for Imaging and Oncology, November 91-95; 2005.
## Abstracts / Book Chapters
- Petereit DG, Rogers D, Helbig P et al. Cancer Screening Behavior In A Native American Population. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 63 (2 supplement 1); S445, 2005.
- Petereit DG. Methods to Address Cancer Disparities for Native Americans in Western, South Dakota. Proceeding of the 97th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR). Abstract #FO 01-02, page 1354, 2006.
- Bradley KA, Petereit DG: Radiation Therapy For Gynecologic Malignancies. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America (In Press 2006)
- Viswanathan AN, Petereit D. Gynecologic Brachytherapy. In: Devlin P, editor. Brachytherapy: Techniques and Applications. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, (In Press 2006)
- Burhansstipanov, L Petereit, DF Genetics and Ethics in Nursing--New Questions in the Age of Genomic Health (In press 2006)
## Analysis of Program/Future Plans
- Community Survey
- Analysis of 600 surveys underway
- Rebecca Koscik, PhD
- Post-patient navigation analysis
- Some post PN questions in cancer survey
- New survey nearly complete
- Shannon Sparks, PhD
- Analysis of “softer” endpoints such as trust
- Shannon Sparks, PhD
- CT colonography project
- PIs: Paul Limburg, MD Mayo Clinic, Daniel Petereit Rapid City
- Hypothesis: is a minimally prepped colon via CT colonograpy as sensitive as colonoscopy in the detection of polyps _>_ 7 mm in asymptomatic AIs > 50 yrs old
- Grant will be submitted 7/1/06
|
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converted_docs
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368913
|
# Petascale Electronic Structure Calculations for Nanostructures
**Lin-Wang Wang, Zhengji Zhao and Juan Meza**
## OVERVIEW
Density functional theory (DFT) is the most widely used *ab initio*
method in material simulations accounting for 75% of the NERSC
allocation time in the materials science category. DFT can be used to
calculate the electronic structure, the charge density, the total energy
and the atomic forces of a material system, and with the advance of new
algorithms, DFT can now be used to study thousand-atom systems. But
there are many problems that either require much larger systems (more
than 100,000 atoms), or many total energy calculation steps (molecular
dynamics or atomic relaxations). Examples include: grain boundary,
dislocation energies and atomic structures, impurity transport and
clustering in semiconductors, nanostructure growth, electronic
structures of nanostructures and their internal electric fields. However
due to the O(N^3^) scaling of conventional DFT algorithms (as
implemented in codes like Qbox, Paratec, Petot) these problems are even
beyond the reach of planned petascale computers. In addition, as
proposed petascale computers might have millions of processors, new
computational paradigms and algorithms are needed to solve these
problems. For a large materials science problem, a natural approach to
achieve this goal is by a divide-and-conquer approach: spatially divide
the system into many small pieces and solve each piece by a small local
group of processors. This solves the O(N) scaling and the
parallelization problem at the same time. However, the challenge of this
approach is in decomposing the system into small pieces and patching
them up again. We present a linear scaling 3 dimensional fragment
(LS3DF) method that uses a novel decomposition/patching scheme that
cancels out the artificial boundary effects of the spatial division. As
a result, the LS3DF results are essentially the same as the original
full system DFT results with errors smaller than chemical accuracy, and
the resulting computational times are thousands of times smaller than
conventional DFT methods, making calculations with 100,000 atom systems
feasible. The LS3DF method is applicable to insulator and semiconductor
systems, which covers a current gap in DOE's material science code
portfolio for *ab initio* ultrascale simulations. We will use it here to
solve the internal electric field problems for composite nanostructures.
## SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM
Nanostructures such as quantum dots and wires, composite quantum rods
and core/shell structures have been proposed for electronic devices or
optical devices like solar cells. Understanding the electronic
structures of such systems and the corresponding carrier dynamics is
essential to the successful design and deployment of such devices.
Despite more than a decade of research, some critical issues of the
electronic structure of moderately complex nanostructures are still
poorly understood. One issue is the internal electric field in a
composite colloidal nanostructure and its consequences on the electron
wavefunctions. It is well known that there are strong internal electric
fields in some of the bulk semiconductor heterostructures, like the
InN/GaN superlattice. These electric fields could be caused by surface
and interface dipoles, total dipole of the nanostructure, piezoelectric
effects, surface trapped charges and charged dopants. They induce strong
spatial localizations of the wavefunctions, thus cause different
electron-hole recombination rates, charge transports, and nonlinear
optical properties, all important to the performance of the
nanostructure electro-optical devices. Unfortunately, the continuous
model used in conventional device simulations can no longer be used for
these nanostructures due to the atomic natures of the charge, dopant and
geometry, the high order effects of different phenomenon, and the change
of dielectric functions, etc. Thus, what is needed here is a direct
atomistic *ab initio* selfconsistent calculation for the charge density
and the electric field, and the corresponding atomic relaxation for the
nanosystem. Since the atomic number N of such composite nanostructures
easily exceeds 10,000 or even 100,000 atoms, the traditional O(N^3^)
scaling DFT method cannot be used. Partly because of this, the internal
electric field problem remains one of the most outstanding unsolved
problems in colloidal nanoscience. For example, we don't even know
whether there is a large internal electric field in a simple quantum dot
consisted with dipolar semiconductors, and if there is one, what is the
cause of such internal electric field.
Here, we propose to use our newly developed LS3DF method to calculate
10,000--100,000 atom composite nanosystems using the local density
approximation (LDA) of the DFT. We will investigate nanostructures with
different geometries and heterostructure composites: A/B nanorod, A/B
core/shell nanowire, A/B/A dumbbell structures. We will also study 1)
the effect of different surface passivation and surface termination
layers; 2) the effect of a charge trapped in a surface dangling bond,
and 3) the effect of a single dopant in a nanostructure, and test the
bulk concepts of p-type and n-type semiconductors, and p-n conjunctions
in colloidal nanosystems. Our theoretical calculations could help
experimentalists design better solar cells using nanostructures, which
has been identified as one of the possible interruptive technologies
that can revolutionize the solar cell field.
## ALGORITHM
While planewave LDA codes, like Qbox, have demonstrated the capability
of using hundreds of thousands of processors on the BlueGene/L computer
\[1\], the *O(N*^3^) scaling for its floating point operation (and
*O(N*^2^) communication) may not necessarily be the most efficient way
to solve a given science problem. To reduce the time to solution, one
would ideally like to use a linear scaling method *ab initio* method
\[2\]. Most of these methods use localized orbitals, and minimize the
total energy as a function of these orbitals. Unfortunately the use of
localized orbitals can introduce extraneous local minima in the total
energy functional, which makes the total energy minimization more
difficult. On the computational side, it is difficult to effectively use
thousands of processors because localized orbitals can have strong
overlaps that make parallelization a nontrivial task. As a result of
these challenges and in spite of a decade of intense research, the
application of these types of linear scaling methods is still quite
limited. Another *O(N*) approach, the LSMS method \[3\], has been shown
to scale to thousands of processors. However this method can only be
applied to metals and has been mainly used to study metallic alloys and
magnetic systems. The LSMS method could not be used to study, for
example, the class of semiconductor nanostructures that we propose here.
Our LS3DF is based on the observation that the total energy of a system
can be decomposed into the quantum mechanical part (the wavefunction
kinetic energy and the exchange correlation energy), and the classical
electrostatic part. While the electrostatic energy (Coulomb energy) is
long range, the quantum mechanical energy is local in nature (short
sighted). While the long range Coulomb interaction can be solved
efficiently by the Poisson equation even for million-atom systems, the
quantum mechanical part is the most difficult one to be solved. For
this, we will take advantage of its locality by using the aforementioned
spatial decomposition divide-and-conquer method. While there are
previous methods \[4,5\] based on this divide-and-conquer concept, they
all rely on positive spatial partition functions to divide and patch the
spaces. There are intrinsic difficulties to use this positive partition
function technique, especially for dividing the kinetic energies. In
contrast, our novel division-patching method avoids these problems, thus
result in a much more accurate algorithm (with the accuracy essential
the same as the original full system LDA method).
Our LS3DF spatial division-patching technique is inspired by the
fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method proposed by Kitaura *et al*
\[6,7\] and combined with the ideas from our own charge patching
techniques \[8\]. FMO is used for organic chain like molecules. In FMO,
the long chain molecule is chopped into fragment pieces. Then each piece
and pairs of nearby pieces are calculated. The electron charge density
is then added up from all the pieces and their pairs, with positive sign
for the pair and negative sign for the pieces itself. The usage of pairs
and negative signs are innovative as this allows the calculation of the
energy of the artificial boundaries, which can subsequently be
subtracted from the total energy and charge density summation. Our LS3DF
method extends this technique to arbitrary 3 dimensional systems.
Instead of using pairs of pieces, we divide the system using overlapping
regions (pieces, fragments). More specifically, our division scheme is
illustrated in Fig.1 for a 2 dimensional system for clarity. Here, a
supercell is divided into m1x m2 grid points. From each grid point
corner (i~1~,i~2~), we can defined four pieces with dimension: 1x1, 1x2,
2x1, 2x2. Note that, they are overlapping pieces. Now, after all the
pieces at all the (i~1~,i~2~) corners are calculated, the total charge
density of the whole system can be patched together
as:$\rho_{\text{tot}}(r) = \sum_{(i1,i2),D}^{}{\text{sign}_{D}\rho_{(i1,i2),D}}(r)$,
here D denotes the dimension 1x1, 1x2, 2x1, 2x2, and the sign~D~ is +
for 1x1 and 2x2, and -- for 1x2, 2x1. The total energy (especially the
kinetic energy part) can be expressed in similar fashion using the
wavefunctions of each piece, although the electron-electron Coulomb
interaction is expressed based on the total charge density ρ~tot~(r). To
make sense out of the above formula, we can check each point inside a
piece (A point in Fig.1). Note that, each spatial point will be included
in 3^2^ pieces: 4 "2x2" pieces, 2 "2x1" pieces, 2 "1x2" pieces, and 1
"1x1" piece. After the above +/- cancellations, it will be covered by
only one piece, that is what we need. We can also check for each
boundary point. A boundary can be defined with a direction (i.e,
boundary from A to B is different than boundary from B to A, we has used
an arrow in Fig.1 to represent a directional boundary). A given
directional boundary is covered by 6 pieces, with equal numbers of
positive and negative signs. Since all these pieces have the same
(directional) boundary at that point, and given the near-sightedness,
their charge density will be the same near that point. As a result, the
boundary effect will be cancelled out. The same is true for the corner
effects. This division scheme can be extended to 3 dimension, where at
each corner point (i~1~,i~2~,i~3~), there will be eight pieces: 1x1x1,
1x1x2, 1x2x1, 2x1x1, 1x2x2, 2x1x2, 2x2x1, 2x2x2. In this case, each
spatial point will be covered by 3^3^ pieces. The sign in the formula is
positive for 2x2x2, 1x1x2, 1x2x1, 2x1x1, while negative for 2x2x1,
2x1x2, 1x2x2, 1x1x1.
{width="2.25in" height="2.0277777777777777in"}
The LS3DF result is extremely accurate when compared to the full-system
direct LDA calculation. For example, using a cubic 8 atom cell in a
diamond Si structure as our smallest 1×1×1 piece to calculate a Si box
passivated with H atoms, we found that the relative energy error is
8.E-6, which is smaller than the error introduced by other sources of
numerical approximations. The absolute energy error is less than 4
meV/atom = 0.1Kcal/mol and thus better than chemical accuracy, and the
total electron charge density has a relative error of 0.03%, which is
essentially the same as the directly calculated results. Finally, the
atomic force error is 6.4E-5 a.u, which is an order of magnitude smaller
than the typical stopping criterion used in *ab initio* atomic
relaxation. Thus, for all practical purposes, the result of the LS3DF
method can be considered the same as the LDA calculation. Also, note
that the final accuracy depends on the size of the small pieces, so that
for the same accuracy, a large system can be divided into similar sized
fragments, at the cost of a larger number of fragments. This ensures the
linear algorithmic scaling of the problem, good parallelization, and
acceptable accuracy.
## CODE AND SCALING
The LS3DF code is based on the planewave DFT PEtot code. The flow chart
of the LS3DF code is shown in Fig. 2 (right side), in comparison to the
original LDA code (left side). The LS3DF code consists of several
components: PEtot_F, which divides the number of processors into
processor groups, and the calculation of the fragment wavefunctions
ψ~F,I~ by each group for a given fragment potential V~F~(r). It also
calculates the fragment charge density ρ~F~(r) from the wavefunction
ψ~F,I~; Gen_dens patches together the fragment charge densities ρ~F~(r)
to generate the total charge density ρ~tot~(r) of the whole system. The
Poisson step generates the LDA total potential V~tot~(r) from the total
charge density ρ~tot~(r). This step solves the Poisson equation for the
whole system using a global FFT. It also uses the Pulay scheme to mix
the resulting LDA potential that is used in the next iteration. Finally,
Gen_VF generates the fragment potential V~F~(r) from the input total
potential V~tot~(r).
{width="5.0in" height="2.817361111111111in"}
Fig. 2. Program flow chart for a conventional LDA method and the LS3DF
method
All the codes in Fig. 2 are parallelized. As a demonstration, we have
used this approach to calculate a \~3000 atom Si~2253~H~652~ quantum
dot. The calculated total charge density of this quantum dot is shown in
Fig. 3a. The calculation took approximately 2 hours on 1024 processors
of the NERSC Seaborg computer.
In Fig. 2, the PEtot_F step is the most time consuming part. The scaling
of this part for the 3000 quantum dot (QD) test case on Seaborg computer
is shown in Fig. 3b. As can be seen, this step scales well up to 1024
processors. We believe it should scale effectively to tens of thousands
of processors since each small processor group solves the fragments
independently.
{width="2.0in" height="1.4986111111111111in"}
{width="1.6180555555555556in"
height="1.7222222222222223in"}
Fig. 3. a) the charge density isosurface (green) plot of a \~3000 atom
Si quantum dot passivated by H atoms. The pink color indicates the
bonds. b) the speedup (blue line) as a function of the number of
processors used in PEtot_F.
{width="2.5347222222222223in"
height="1.6666666666666667in"}Note that there are about 4605 fragments
in this test case. Thus, the number of fragments is slightly larger than
the total number of atoms. The number of atoms in each fragment ranges
from 2 to 150 atoms. By using 1024 processors, we have 64 groups
(assuming 16 processors/group). Thus each group will solve on average 72
fragments. We estimate that, in order to keep a proper load balance,
each processor group at least will need to solve two fragments in
average. As a result, the maximum number of processors that we can
efficiently use will be in the order of 10 times the number of atoms in
the system. Thus for a 100,000 atom system, we should be able to
efficiently use a million processors. For our 3,000 Si atom QD, when we
used 1024 processors, the PEtot_F part of each self-consistent iteration
took about 10 minutes. The Poisson solver we used in this calculation
was based on FFTs. For the 3,000 atom Si QD case, the real space
numerical grid employed was 240×240×240 and it took about 1 minute to
solve the Poisson equation using 128 processors. It took about half a
minute each to finish the Gen_dens and Gen_VF program using 128
processors. Thus, in total, for the 1024 processors calculation above,
it took approximately 12 minutes to finish one self-consistent field
(SCF) step. For such a large QD, it typically takes 10 to 20 SCF steps
(the outer loop in Fig. 2) to converge the self-consistent iteration. As
a result, it will take about 2 to 4 hours to finish one self-consistent
calculation (for a fixed atomic position) for this type of QD system
using 1024 processors.
The comparison between the O(N) LS3DF with the conventional O(N^3^) LDA
method is shown in Fig.4 for the total number of floating point counts
for one SCF step. As we can see, the cross over based on this floating
point operation count is at about 500 atoms, which is similar to the
reported cross over for the localized orbital method \[10\].
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MCC: Good morning Discovery! Stephanie, we hope you enjoyed the wakeup music.
Stephanie Wilson: Good morning Houston! Thank you for playing that version of 'Lift Every Voice and Sing.' That one is particularly near and dear to my heart because it's performed by a local group in the Galveston area directed by (unintelligible). Particularly after the day of our nation's independence, it's very fitting because it reminds us that anyone and everyone can participate in the space program. Thanks very much and good morning.
MCC: You're welcome and good morning.
Commentator: This is Mission Control Houston. That was the wakeup call for the Discovery crew now officially starting their first full day in space and the second flight day of their mission. That song was entitled 'Lift Every Voice and Sing' by the New Galveston Chorale. That was played this morning in honor of Mission Specialist Stephanie Wilson -- a rookie and first time flyer enjoying her first morning on orbit.
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# Presentation: 547540
## The Outlook for
**Energy Information Administration**
**November 20, 2006**
**Dhahran**
***The Outlook for***
***World Energy Markets:***
***International Energy Outlook 2006***
## World Oil Prices,1980-2030
**World Oil Prices,1980-2030**
**(2004 dollars per barrel)**
**Reference**
**High Price**
**Low Price**
- History
- Projections
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
## World Energy Consumption by Region, 2003-2030 (quadrillion Btu)
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
**Non-OECD**
**OECD**
## World Energy Consumption, 2003, 2015, and 2030 (quadrillion Btu)
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
**2003**
**2015**
**2030**
**234**
**186**
**270**
**294**
**309**
**413**
**OECD**
**Non-OECD**
## World Energy Use per Capita by Region, 2003-2030 (million Btu per person)
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
## World Marketed Energy Use by Fuel, 1980-2030 (quadrillion Btu)
**World Marketed Energy Use by Fuel, 1980-2030****(quadrillion Btu)**
**Oil**
**Natural Gas**
**Coal**
**33%**
**27%**
**9%**
**Renewables**
**Nuclear**
**26%**
**5%**
**Share of **
**World**
**Total**
- History
- Projections
**38%**
**24%**
**24%**
**8%**
**6%**
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
## World Oil Consumption, 2003, 2015, and 2030 (million barrels per day)
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
**2003**
**2015**
**2030**
**49**
**32**
**54**
**45**
**60**
**58**
**OECD**
**Non-OECD**
## World Oil Consumption, 2003-2030 (million barrels per day)
**98**
**104**
**118**
**92**
**80**
**111**
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
## World Oil Reserves by Country, as of January 1, 2006 (billion barrels)
*Oil & Gas Journal*, Vol. 103, No. 47 (December 19, 2005).
**World Total =**
**1,293 Billion Barrels**
## Share of World Oil Reserves, 2005
**Middle East**
**Western Hemisphere**
**Europe/FSU**
**Asia & Oceania**
**Africa**
## Global Proved Oil Reserves Ownership
**Global Proved Oil Reserves Ownership**
**(1.1 trillion barrels)**
**Middle East NOCs**
**69.6%**
**Africa NOCs**
**6.6%**
**Russia NOCs**
**6.8%**
**Latin America NOCs**
**9.8%**
**Europe**** NOCs**
**1.0%**
**Exxon/Mobil**
**1.0%**
**Asia NOCs**
**2.1%**
**BP**
**0.9%**
**Chevron**
**0.9%**
**Shell**
**0.5%**
**ConocoPhillips**
**0.6%**
**Investor owned oil **
**reserves: ~ 4% of total**
- National Commission on Energy Policy
## National Oil Companies, Mostly in the Middle East, Control 75 Percent of World Oil Reserves
**Asia**
**Africa**
**Asia**
**Eurasia**
**Africa**
**Middle East**
** **
**W. Hemisphere**
**Eurasia**
**Middle East**
**W.**** **
**Hemisphere**
**Privately**
**Owned (327 billion barrels)**
**National**
**Oil**
**Companies**
**(966 billion barrels)**
- Oil and Gas Journal; Reuters
## Top World Oil-Producing Regions, 2005 (million barrels per day)
## Almost All of the World’s Excess Production Capacity is in the Middle East (million barrels per day)
**0**
**2**
**4**
**6**
**8**
**10**
**12**
**1970**
**1972**
**1974**
**1976**
**1978**
**1980**
**1982**
**1984**
**1986**
**1988**
**1990**
**1992**
**1994**
**1996**
**1998**
**2000**
**2002**
**2004**
**2006**
**Middle East**
**Rest of World**
## World Oil Consumption and Production, 2003, 2015, and 2030 (million barrels per day)
**Consumption**
**Production**
**OPEC Conventional**
**Non-OPEC Conventional**
**Unconventional**
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
**80.1**
**98.3**
**118.0**
**79.6**
**98.3**
**118.0**
## World Liquids Production (million barrels per day)
**Non-OPEC Conventional**
**OPEC Conventional**
**Unconventional**
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
## World Unconventional Liquids Production, 2005 and 2030 (million barrels per day)
**2030**
**2005**
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
## World Natural Gas Consumption, 2003, 2015, and 2030 (trillion cubic feet)
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
**2003**
**2015**
**2030**
**50**
**45**
**63**
**72**
**74**
**108**
**OECD**
**Non-OECD**
## World Natural Gas Reserves, as of January 1, 2006, and Cumulative Consumption, 2003-2030 (trillion cubic feet)
**World Natural Gas Reserves =**
**6,112 Trillion Cubic Feet**
**World Cumulative Consumption,**
** ****2003-2030 =**
** ****3,671 Trillion Cubic Feet**
**Reserves**
**Cumulative Consumption, 2003-2030**
*International Energy Outlook 2006 *and* Oil & Gas Journal*, Vol. 103, No. 47 (December 19, 2005)
## Share of World Natural Gas Reserves, 2006
**Middle East**
**Africa**
**Asia & Oceania**
**Europe/FSU**
**Western Hemisphere**
## Top Natural Gas-Producing Regions, 2005 (trillion cubic feet)
## World Natural Gas Production by Region, 2003-2030 (trillion cubic feet)
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
## World Net Electricity Consumption, 2003-2030 (billion kilowatthours)
- History
- Projections
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
## World Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation 2003, 2015, and 2030 (quadrillion Btu)
*International Energy Outlook 2006*
## www.eia.doe.gov
**[email protected]**
** ****Periodic Reports**
*** ******Petroleum Status and Natural Gas Storage Reports*****, weekly***** ***
*** ******Short-Term Energy Outlook*****, monthly**
*** ******Annual Energy Outlook 2006*****, February 2006, next release December 5, 2006**
*** ******International Energy Outlook 2006*****, June 2006**
** ****Examples**** of ****Special Analyses**
** “****Economic Effects of High Oil Prices,” *****Annual Energy Outlook 2006***
** *****Analysis of Oil and Gas Production in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge*****, **
** ****March 2004**
** *****The Global Liquefied Natural Gas Market: Status and Outlook, *****December 2003**
** “****Restricted Natural Gas Supply Case,” *****Annual Energy Outlook 2005***
*** ***
** **
**www.eia.doe.gov**
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# Presentation: 163780
## Módulo 2 Prepare su área de trabajo para contener el polvo con plomo
- 6/11/03
## Visión general del Módulo 2
**¿Qué es la contención?**
**Cuatro pasos para las actividades de interior**
- Consideraciones especiales para trabajos de alta generación de polvo
**Dos pasos para las actividades de exterior**
- Consideraciones especiales para trabajos de alta generación de polvo
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
A la finalización de este módulo, usted podrá hacer lo siguiente:
Aplicar técnicas de preparación para contener el polvo con plomo y lograr que la tarea de limpieza sea más fácil al completar el trabajo al final del día.
Identificar las técnicas correctas de preparación para los trabajos de alta generación de polvo que pueden necesitar una contención adicional.
¿Qué es un trabajo de alta generación de polvo?
Un trabajo de alta generación de polvo es aquel que genera una cantidad de polvo, escombros y desechos que se esparcirán más allá de cinco pies del área en la que usted está trabajando. Contrariamente, un trabajo de baja generación de polvo es aquel en el cual el polvo, los escombros y desechos no se esparcirán más allá de los cinco pies del área de trabajo.
En general, las tareas que comprenden solamente una pequeña área de trabajo generan menos polvo que los trabajos que se hacen sobre áreas de trabajo más extendidas. Pero sin embargo, además de considerar el tamaño del área de trabajo, existen también otros factores como las prácticas de trabajo (por ejemplo, lijado) y el equipo o herramientas utilizados (lijadora automática) que afectarán la cantidad de polvo generado. Por ejemplo, utilizar una lijadora automática sin un accesorio de aspiración con filtro HEPA en una área de dos pies cuadrados, puede ser considerado un trabajo de alta generación de polvo. Utilizar herramientas automáticas con accesorio o acoplamiento de aspiración con filtro HEPA generará menos polvo que utilizar estas herramientas sin dichos accesorios.
Los ejemplos de trabajos de alta generación de polvo incluyen:
Raspado o rasqueteo de áreas extendidas
Utilización de lijadoras automáticas (por ejemplo, orbital o de cintura) sin el accesorio de aspiradora HEPA y cobertura de protección
Utilización de garlopa o cepillo eléctrico sin el accesorio de aspiradora HEPA y cobertura de protección
Quitar la pintura con una pistola térmica y raspador
Utilización de sierra circular o alterna
Quitar residuos y pintura seca después de utilizar quitapinturas a base de sustancias químicas
Demolición de superficies pintadas utilizando herramientas manuales o automáticas
Sacar componentes de construcción con superficies pintadas que se encuentran deterioradas
## ¿Qué es la contención?
**Mantener el polvo contaminado con plomo dentro del área de trabajo**
**Beneficios de la contención**
- Protege a los residentes y trabajadores
- Facilita la tarea de limpieza a la finalización del trabajo
- 6/11/03
## Prácticas corrientes de preparación de trabajos de interior que esparcen el polvo contaminado con plomo
** ****Prácticas corrientes de preparación de **** trabajos de interior que esparcen el polvo **** contaminado con plomo**
**Cobertura o lona reutilizable**
**Muebles y objetos de uso hogareño dentro del cuarto**
**Puertas y ventanas abiertas**
**Escoba y aspiradora de uso corriente**
***¡No use estas prácticas cuando haya polvo contaminado con plomo! ***
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Las prácticas corrientes de preparación de trabajos de interior generalmente comprenden:
Usar una lona (drop cloth) reutilizable para cubrir el piso es mejor que no usar nada, pero esta lona o tela puede trasladar el polvo de un lugar de trabajo a otros y contaminar los vehículos y las áreas de depósito de herramientas y materiales. Una parte del polvo capturado por una lona cae al piso cuando se dobla para ser trasladada; pero otra parte del polvo permanece en la lona. Cuando esta cobertura de lona es utilizada nuevamente puede contaminar el nuevo (limpio) lugar de trabajo con polvo con plomo.
Permitir que los muebles y objetos de uso hogareño permanezcan en el lugar mientras se realiza el trabajo. El polvo contaminado con plomo puede asentarse y permanecer sobre estos muebles y objetos después de finalizado el trabajo. Los residentes pueden entrar en contacto fácilmente con el polvo contaminado con plomo depositado sobre estos objetos e intoxicarse.
Permitir el acceso de los residentes al área de trabajo mientras se realizan las tareas. Los residentes se exponen al polvo contaminado con plomo y pueden trasladar el polvo a otras partes del edificio donde puede permanecer por mucho tiempo. De la misma manera, los residentes pueden exponerse fácilmente al contacto con el polvo contaminado con plomo que está depositado sobre los muebles e intoxicarse.
Mantener abiertas las puertas y ventanas permite que el polvo vuele a otras partes del edificio o hacia otras propiedades vecinas.
Las escobas y aspiradoras de uso corriente son típicamente utilizadas para limpiar. Ambos métodos de limpieza atrapan parte del polvo, pero especialmente las aspiradoras de uso corriente pueden liberar más polvo en el aire que el que limpian si los filtros están sucios o no son adecuados. Un barrido vigoroso con escoba también puede levantar mucho polvo en el aire. Para que la contención sea efectiva, debe ponerse en práctica aun cuando se haga una limpieza a la finalización del trabajo.
## Visión general de los pasos de preparación de trabajos de interior
**Paso 1: Limitar el acceso**
**Paso 2: Cubrir los efectos personales que no puedan moverse**
**Paso 3: Cubrir los pisos**
**Paso 4: Cerrar ventanas, puertas y aberturas del sistema HVAC**
**Consideración especial para trabajos de alta generación de polvo**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Visión general de los pasos de preparación de trabajos de interior
Los detalles de estos pasos se encuentran en las páginas siguientes. Estos cuatro pasos ayudarán a contener el polvo con plomo dentro del área de trabajo en los trabajos de interior.
Consulte las páginas 17, 18 y 19 de la guía práctica de seguridad con la pintura de plomo para obtener información adicional. En el Apéndice 8 se incluye una copia del texto de la publicación “La seguridad con la pintura de plomo: Una guía práctica para la pintura, el mantenimiento y las renovaciones en las viviendas”.
## Equipo de herramientas para la preparación del trabajo
**Barreras y carteles**
**Coberturas para muebles, aparatos, plantas o áreas exteriores de juego **
**Otros artículos para la preparación de la contención**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Artículos típicamente utilizados para preparar la contención del polvo contaminado con plomo dentro del área de trabajo
Barreras
Soga u otra barrera
Cinta (de preferencia de color brillante)
Caballetes (saw horses)
Conos de color naranja o elementos marcadores similares
Carteles/letreros
Coberturas para muebles, aparatos, plantas o áreas exteriores de juego
Cinta aisladora, cinta de pintor o cinta adhesiva
Pistola de engrapar
Cubiertas protectoras de plástico de alta densidad
Navaja, cortaplumas o tijeras
Malla desechable, como por ejemplo arpillera, estopa, estopilla, malla o lona
Otros materiales para la preparación de la contención
Papel pegajoso (tack pad) (lámina pegajosa para quitar el polvo de la suela de los zapatos)
Pequeñas toallas o trapos/paños desechables
Botella para rociar (espray)
Para saber dónde puede conseguir estos materiales, consulte a su instructor.
## Preparación en interior Paso 1: Limitar el acceso
**Indíqueles a los residentes que se mantengan fuera del área de trabajo **
**No permita que los niños (menores de 6 años) y los animales domésticos se acerquen al área de trabajo**
**Coloque una barrera o cinta atravesando las entradas**
**Ponga un cartel**
**No permita comer, beber o fumar dentro del área de trabajo**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Restrinja el acceso al área de trabajo y pídales a los residentes que permanezcan lejos de esta área mientras que se realiza el trabajo
La restricción del acceso al área de trabajo evitará la exposición innecesaria al polvo contaminado con plomo de los residentes, especialmente de los niños y también minimizará su esparcimiento fuera de las áreas de trabajo.
Antes de comenzar el trabajo, dígales a los residentes que se mantengan alejados del área lo más posible. Los residentes y animales domésticos que entren y salgan pueden trasladar fácilmente el polvo contaminado con plomo por toda la casa y llevarlo hacia áreas en las que no se realizan trabajos y que en consecuencia muy probablemente no se limpien de inmediato.
Esto es especialmente aplicable a los niños menores de seis años. Asegúrese de explicarles a los residentes que esta medida se toma por su propia protección y que la salud de los niños corre mayor riesgo de ser afectada por la exposición al plomo.
Posiblemente sea necesario que les indique a los residentes cuanto tiempo durará el trabajo en un área en particular para que, de esta manera, los residentes puedan planificar por anticipado cuáles son los artículos que necesitarán y retirarlos antes de comenzar el trabajo.
Coloque una señal o cartel que indique a las personas que permanezcan alejadas del área de trabajo.
En la medida de lo posible, el cartel debe estar redactado en el idioma nativo de los residentes de la propiedad.
Coloque una barrera en las entradas
Debe colocarse una barrera física, como por ejemplo un cono o cinta adhesiva, atravesando las entradas de acceso para recordar a los residentes que permanezcan alejados, especialmente en aquellos edificios en los que habitan varias familias. La barrera sirve para recordar a los residentes que las personas y los animales domésticos no deben ingresar al área de trabajo y también les indica que el área todavía no ha sido limpiada.
No permita comer, beber o fumar dentro del área de trabajo
Esta medida se toma fundamentalmente para proteger a los trabajadores, pero también es una medida importante si los residentes están viviendo en el área de trabajo o cerca de la misma. Coloque carteles de prohibido comer, beber o fumar en el área de trabajo. El polvo que está en el aire puede asentarse sobre la comida o puede ser inhalado al fumar. Si la comida se apoya sobre una superficie sucia, puede fácilmente contaminarse con polvo con plomo y las personas pueden intoxicarse al ingerir la comida.
## Preparación en interior Paso 2: Retirar y cubrir los efectos personales
**Preparación en interior ****Paso 2: Retirar y cubrir los efectos personales**
**Retire los efectos personales **
**Cubra los muebles y objetos con cubiertas protectoras de plástico**
- Muebles
- Alfombras
- Lámparas, cuadros y otros objetos o instalaciones que no puedan ser retirados
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Retire los efectos personales
Para los trabajos que generan bajo nivel de polvo, retirar los artículos pequeños y cubrir los muebles debiera ser suficiente para proteger adecuadamente los efectos personales de los residentes. Para trabajos de alta generación de polvo, ver página 2-11.
Cubra los muebles y demás objetos del cuarto con cubiertas protectoras
Cubra con cubiertas protectoras todos los objetos que no sean retirados del cuarto. Tape totalmente con cubiertas protectoras todos los muebles que no puedan ser retirados, alfombras (de pared a pared) y demás artículos personales. Asegure las láminas o cubiertas protectoras al piso con cinta de pegar para que el polvo no pase a los objetos cubiertos. Lo ideal es poder retirar todos los objetos del cuarto.
Las cubiertas protectoras tales como las láminas de plástico de alta densidad son comúnmente utilizadas en muchos de los trabajos de remodelación. Este material puede comprarse en ferreterías.
Si se trata de un trabajo de alta generación de polvo, retire todos los muebles del área de trabajo.
## Preparación en interior Paso 3: Cubrir los pisos
**Cubra los pisos con una cubierta protectora**
- de un tamaño que exceda por lo menos cinco pies alrededor del área de trabajo;
- coloque una segunda capa si utiliza quitapinturas químicos;
- coloque un *tack pad* en el borde de la cubierta protectora y ponga cubiertas protectoras en los caminos por los que se circula frecuentemente que conducen hacia las salidas y el baño
**5’**
**5’**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Cubra los pesos
Use cubiertas protectoras para cubrir el piso. La lámina protectora debe extenderse sobre una superficie que exceda por lo menos cinco pies a la derecha, a la izquierda y al frente - y en algunos casos hacia atrás - del área de trabajo. Esta cubierta debe asegurarse ajustadamente al zócalo o piso utilizando cinta aisladora, adhesiva o de pintor. El borde del ángulo de la cubierta protectora debe reforzarse utilizando cinta aisladora o una grapa.
Cuando se emplean quitapinturas a base de sustancias químicas, debe extenderse una segunda capa más pequeña de cubierta protectora. Esta segunda capa debe asegurarse con cinta de pegar sobre la primera capa. Coloque la segunda capa de plástico inmediatamente debajo del área de trabajo. Esta segunda lámina atrapará los residuos y facilitará la tarea de limpieza.
Las herramientas que se emplean frecuentemente durante el trabajo deben dejarse dentro del área de trabajo para evitar que el polvo pegado o asentado sobre las herramientas sea trasladado fuera del área cubierta.
Considere cubrir los zapatos con forros o coberturas removibles (booties), desempolvar los zapatos y sus suelas con una toalla de papel húmeda cada vez que sale del sector cubierto o utilizar un tack pad al que se adhiera el polvo y los escombros de las suelas de los zapatos. Ponga inmediatamente las toallas de papel usadas dentro de un contenedor o tinaco de residuos. Los tack pads pueden comprarse en casi todas las ferreterías o a través de un catálogo de materiales; es una lámina pegajosa a la que se adhiere el polvo de las suelas de los zapatos. Esa lámina de papel pegajoso puede fijarse con cinta de pegar en un ángulo exterior de la cubierta protectora.
## Preparación en interior Paso 4: Mantener cerradas las puertas, ventanas y aberturas del sistema de calefacción y aire acondicionado (HVAC)
**Cierre todas las ventanas y puertas**
**Cierre y selle las aberturas del sistema HVAC**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Cierre y cubra las puertas y ventanas
Cierre las ventanas (si no se está realizando ningún trabajo en la ventana) y puertas, incluyendo las puertas de los armarios, gabinetes y closets ubicados en el área de trabajo.
Para trabajos de mayor generación de polvo, selle las ventanas con cubiertas protectoras para impedir que el polvo se deposite en el alfeizar o canal de las ventanas.
Corte la lámina de plástico de un tamaño un poco más grande que la ventana que está cubriendo.
Fije la cubierta plástica con cinta de pegar sobre la ventana sellándola completamente.
Asegúrese de que la cinta de pegar o la lámina de plástico no cubra una parte del área en la que está trabajando.
Cierre y selle las bocas o aberturas del sistema HVAC
Los sistemas de ventilación de calefacción y aire acondicionado (HVAC) distribuyen aire por todo el edificio y por lo tanto el polvo puede trasladarse a otros cuartos. Desconecte el sistema HVAC y cierre las bocas o aberturas de ventilación ubicadas dentro del área de trabajo, luego cúbralas con una capa tirante de cobertura plástica para impedir que el aire sople el polvo dentro del área de contención e impedir que el polvo entre en el sistema de calefacción/aire acondicionado.
## Consideraciones especiales para trabajos de interior de alta generación de polvo
**Retire los muebles, aparatos y efectos personales del área de trabajo**
**Cubra las aberturas de las puertas con una capa doble de cubierta protectora para bloquear la circulación del aire**
**Cierre y cubra las aberturas del sistema HVAC**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Cuando realice un trabajo de alta generación de polvo, retire las alfombras, cortinas y muebles del área de trabajo
Antes de comenzar a trabajar, pídale al propietario de la vivienda que saque los muebles y demás objetos del cuarto. Esto impedirá que el polvo contaminado con plomo se deposite sobre los mismos.
Cubra las aberturas de las puertas con una cubierta protectora de doble capa
Cubrir la puerta con este sistema de doble capa contendrá el polvo dentro del área de trabajo. Siga los siguientes pasos:
Primero corte una capa de cubierta plástica que sea apenas un poco más larga y más ancha (tres pulgadas) que el marco de la puerta.
Haga un pequeño pliegue con forma de “s” en la parte superior de la cubierta para darle soltura y pegue la lámina a parte superior del marco de la puerta con cinta adhesiva. Haga un pliegue “s” similar en la parte inferior de la cubierta y péguela al piso; esto permitirá que la cubierta no quede demasiado tirante. Para reforzar esta cubierta, ponga grapas en los ángulos superiores del marco de la puerta.
Para entrar y salir del cuarto, corte una abertura o hendidura vertical en el medio de la lámina plástica dejando sin cortar seis pulgadas arriba y abajo. Refuerce la parte superior e inferior de la abertura con cinta de pegar para impedir que el plástico se desgarre.
Pegue una segunda capa de cubierta protectora en la parte superior del marco de la puerta. Esta capa de plástico tiene que ser apenas un poco más corta que el marco de la puerta para que cuelgue contra la primera lámina de plástico.
Pegue esta segunda capa con cinta adhesiva y ponga grapas en los ángulos superiores fijándola sobre el marco de la puerta y la primera capa. Déjela colgar sobre la primera capa.
Para obtener mayor información sobre cómo instalar el sistema de doble capa, consulte la página 64 de la guía titulada “La seguridad con la pintura de plomo: Una guía práctica para la pintura, el mantenimiento y las renovaciones en las viviendas”.
Cierre y selle las aberturas del sistema de calefacción/aire acondicionado del cuarto
Si es posible, desconecte el sistema de calefacción y aire acondicionado del área de trabajo. Estas aberturas o bocas de ventilación deben cerrarse y cubrirse con un cartón y una lámina protectora de plástico. Luego de que se termine el trabajo, hay que sacar las rejillas de las aberturas y lavarlas. Todos los filtros del sistema de calefacción y aire acondicionado tienen que ser cambiados después de la realización de cualquier trabajo que afecte la pintura a base de plomo.
## Consideraciones especiales para trabajos de interior de alta generación de polvo
**Para trabajar en objetos removibles que generan gran cantidad de polvo**
**Escoja un cuarto que pueda aislarse fácilmente**
- Siga los pasos 1 a 4 para la preparación de trabajos de interior
- Siga los procedimientos de trabajos de alta generación de polvo
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Considere establecer un cuarto de trabajo (“cuarto de polvo”) para las tareas que generan gran cantidad de polvo que se realizan en los componentes que pueden sacarse del cuarto original y llevarse al cuarto de polvo.
Un cuarto de polvo previene el esparcimiento de la pintura y polvo contaminados con plomo fuera de las áreas de trabajo y también facilita la tarea de limpieza.
Use las técnicas para actividades de altas generación de polvo, por ejemplo el cepillado y rasqueteado de puertas o ventanas de tipo guillotina en aquellos lugares en que mantenga las ventanas originales.
Establezca un cuarto de polvo cuando se realice un trabajo en los componentes de un cuarto al que deban acceder los residentes, como por ejemplo la cocina. En vez de que los residentes se mantengan alejados de la cocina, lleve los componentes al cuarto de polvo separado y complete la tarea de preparación de superficies dentro de ese cuarto de polvo. Luego de terminar la preparación, el componente puede ser reubicado en la cocina.
También puede considerar la posibilidad de sacar los componentes fuera de la vivienda para hacer los trabajos.
Escoja un cuarto que pueda aislarse fácilmente del resto de la vivienda para utilizarlo como cuarto de polvo.
Un cuarto de polvo puede ser cualquier cuarto que pueda mantenerse cerrado. Los residentes no deben entrar a este cuarto durante el tiempo que dure el trabajo. Por ejemplo, puede usarse un cuarto suplementario u otro cuarto en desuso al que los residentes no necesiten entrar durante el tiempo que se realice el trabajo. Este cuarto no debe estar alfombrado.
En la medida de lo posible, el cuarto de polvo debe estar cerca del área de trabajo.
Siga estos cuatro pasos para todos los trabajos, haciendo la menor cantidad de modificaciones o agregados: 1) limite el acceso, 2) retire los muebles, 3) cubra el piso y 4) selle las puertas, ventanas y aberturas del sistema de calefacción/aire acondicionado.
Los trabajadores deben vestir trajes de protección, máscaras respiratorias aprobadas por el Instituto Nacional para la Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – NIOSH) (Vg: N-100) y antiparras o anteojos de seguridad.
Planifique su trabajo de manera tal que los materiales y equipo necesarios estén dentro del cuarto para minimizar las salidas durante la realización del trabajo.
Para obtener mayor información, consulte las páginas 13 y 14 de la publicación titulada “La seguridad con la pintura de plomo: Una guía práctica para la pintura, el mantenimiento y las renovaciones en las viviendas”.
## Prácticas corrientes de preparación de trabajos de exterior que esparcen el polvo contaminado con plomo
**Suelo sin cubrir**
**Cubierta o lona reutilizable**
**Escamas de pintura**
**Falta de barreras**
**Ventanas y puertas abiertas**
***¡No use estas prácticas cuando haya polvo contaminado con plomo!***
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Prácticas corrientes de preparación de trabajos de exterior
Dejar el suelo al descubierto permite que el polvo contaminado se mezcle con la tierra y se diluya con el agua de los desaguaderos de lluvia en las áreas de juego cercanas.
Cubrir con lona reutilizable. Presenta problemas similares a los relacionados con la utilización de una lona reutilizable en trabajos de interior, ya que se puede trasladar el polvo de los trabajos de exterior de un lugar a otro. Una parte del polvo capturado por la lona cae en el suelo cuando se pliega para llevarla a otra parte. Pero, otra parte del polvo permanece en la lona y cuando esta cobertura es utilizada nuevamente puede contaminar el nuevo lugar de trabajo con polvo con plomo.
Las pequeñas escamas de pintura o pintura descascarada y los amontonamientos de desechos y tierra son frecuentemente descuidados. Esto implica un peligro considerable para los niños pequeños.
Los residentes y personas que habitualmente circulan por este sector tienen acceso ilimitado. Al igual de lo que sucede en los trabajos de interior, los residentes y demás personas que circulan por ese lugar pueden entrar en contacto con polvo contaminado con plomo e inhalarlo o tragarlo.
Las ventanas y puertas abiertas pueden permitir que el polvo contaminado ingrese a la vivienda.
## Visión general de los pasos de preparación de trabajos de exterior
**Paso 1: Establecer el área de trabajo**
**Paso 2: Cerrar ventanas y puertas**
**Consideración especial para trabajos de alta generación de polvo**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Dos pasos para preparar la contención del polvo con plomo en los trabajos de exterior
Los detalles de estos dos pasos se encuentran en las próximas dos páginas. Estos dos pasos ayudarán a contener el polvo con plomo dentro del área de trabajo para las tareas de exterior.
Para obtener información más detallada consulte la página 30 de la publicación titulada “La seguridad con la pintura de plomo: Una guía práctica para la pintura, el mantenimiento y las renovaciones en las viviendas”.
## Preparación en exterior Paso 1: Establecer el área de trabajo
**Cubra el suelo con cubiertas protectoras**
- Si el espacio lo permite, extienda esta cubierta de protección por lo menos 10 pies más allá del área de trabajo
- Cubra los jardines y áreas cercanas de juego
**Limite el acceso al área de trabajo**
- Delimite un perímetro de 20 pies alrededor del área de trabajo si lo permite el espacio circundante
**20’**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Cubra el suelo con cubiertas protectoras
Si el espacio disponible lo permite, extienda la cobertura protectora en el suelo más allá del área de trabajo hasta un perímetro de por lo menos 10 pies. Esto crea un área de trabajo visible y ayuda a recordar a los residentes y transeúntes que no deben entrar a esta área a menos que tengan una necesidad urgente. Tenga presente que las láminas de plástico pueden matar las plantas.
Cubra el césped, arbustos y jardines con una malla o lona desechable, como por ejemplo lonas para jardinería, o arpillera. La tela de jardinería es una malla o género plástico de bajo costo frecuentemente utilizada por los jardineros. Puede conseguirse en viveros o ferreterías. Esta cubierta protegerá el suelo y las plantas de la contaminación con plomo. Recuerde que a menudo los niños juegan en el terreno o sobre la tierra y que pueden llevarse las manos sucias a la boca durante sus juegos y en consecuencia tragar la tierra contaminada con plomo.
Retire los juguetes y otros objetos del área de trabajo y cubra todas las áreas de juego incluyendo los cajones de arena.
Engrape o pegue la cubierta protectora a las paredes del edificio, o use un listón 2 x 4 para fijar la cubierta protectora y poder sostener la protección plástica contra la pared o muro. Utilice objetos pesados (por ejemplo, piedras o rocas) para fijar los bordes de la cubierta protectora y evitar que se vuele con el viento.
Cuando se usen escaleras sobre una cubierta de plástico considere poner una pieza resistente de madera enchapada sobre el plástico y luego apoye la escalera sobre esta placa. Esto impedirá que las patas de la escalera perforen el plástico y además brindará una superficie estable para la escalera evitando que se resbale.
Limite el acceso al área de trabajo
Limite el acceso al área de trabajo colocando conos de color naranja, caballetes (saw horses) o cinta de barrera bordeando un perímetro de 20 pies alrededor del área de trabajo. Esto ayudará a desalentar a los residentes y transeúntes de ingresar al área de trabajo.
## Preparación en exterior Paso 2: Mantener cerradas las puertas y ventanas
**Cierre las ventanas y puertas que se encuentren a una distancia de 20 pies del área de trabajo**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Cierre y cubra las puertas y ventanas
Todas las ventanas y puertas que se encuentren dentro de una distancia de 20 pies alrededor del área de trabajo deben permanecer cerradas para impedir que el polvo entre en la vivienda. Considere solicitar a los vecinos que también cierren sus puertas y ventanas.
## Consideraciones especiales para trabajos de exterior de alta generación de polvo
**Para trabajos que generan una alta cantidad de polvo:**
- Cubra puertas y ventanas con una lámina de cubierta protectora
- Utilice el sistema de doble capa de cubierta protectora para tapar la puerta
- Para trabajos realizados en varios pisos, fije la cubierta protectora al andamio para tapar la entrada de la casa
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Cubra puertas y ventanas con una lámina de cubierta protectora
Para los trabajos de alta generación de polvo, cierre, bloquee y selle las ventanas y puertas con cubiertas protectoras. Siga los procedimientos indicados para sellar puertas y ventanas descritos anteriormente para los trabajos de interior de alta generación de polvo.
Cuando el trabajo genera gran cantidad de polvo, las entradas en uso deben protegerse con una cobertura durante la realización de la tarea. Se puede colocar un sistema de doble capa de cubierta protectora sobre la puerta de entrada o bien tapar la entrada con una cubierta protectora fijada al andamio (scaffolding).
Si se trabaja con agua, considere utilizar mallas o lonas de jardinería sobre el suelo tal como se describe anteriormente.
Tenga presente las condiciones del viento. En los días de mucho viento, no es aconsejable realizar actividades que generan mucho polvo.
## Ejercicio: Preparación
**Trabaje en grupos de 2 ó 3 personas**
**Escoja las herramientas y materiales apropiados**
**Prepare el área de trabajo designada por el instructor**
**Tiene 15 minutos para realizar el ejercicio**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Preparación
Este ejercicio le brinda la oportunidad de practicar la preparación. La diapositiva provee instrucciones básicas.
Forme grupos de 2 ó 3 personas.
Su instructor le asignará un área para preparar un trabajo.
Escoja las herramientas apropiadas. Prepare el área de trabajo realizando una contención de polvo adecuada.
## Repaso: Preparación
**¿Cuál fue el resultado del ejercicio?**
**¿Cuáles fueron las partes más difíciles de la preparación?**
**¿Qué hubiera hecho de manera diferente en un trabajo más grande?**
**¿Y en un trabajo de alta generación de polvo?**
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Preparación – Repaso
Considere las preguntas que se presentan más arriba. Intercambie las respuestas con todo el grupo.
Su instructor hará la demostración de algunas técnicas.
## Ahora usted sabe lo siguiente:
**Cómo preparar un trabajo**
- Contención interior
- Contención exterior
- Trabajos de alta y baja generación de polvo
- 6/11/03
**Notes:**
Ahora usted sabe cómo preparar un trabajo. En el próximo módulo, trataremos el tema de las prácticas seguras de trabajo.
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Older Adults and Mental Health
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401
CHAPTER 6
ORGANIZING AND FINANCING
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
Contents
Overview of the Current Service System ............................................ 405
The Structure of the U.S. Mental Health Service System ............................ 405
The Public and Private Sectors ................................................ 407
PatternsofUse ............................................................. 408
Adults.. ............................................................... 408
Children and Adolescents .................................................. 409
The Costs of Mental Illness ............................ ........................ 411
Indirect Costs .................................... ........................ 411
Direct Costs ..................................... ........................ 412
Mental Health Spending ........................... ........................ 413
Spending by the Public and Private Sectors ............ ........................ 413
Trends in Spending ............................... ........................ 41.5
Mental Health Compared With Total Health ........... ........................ 416
Financing and Managing Mental Health Care ........................................ 4 18
History of Financing and the Roots of Inequality ................................... 418
Goals for Mental Health Insurance Coverage ...................................... 418
Patterns of Insurance Coverage for Mental Health Care ............................. 418
Traditional Insurance and the Dynamics of Cost Containment ........................ 419
ManagedCare .............................................................. 420
MajorTypesofManagedCarePlans ......................................... 421
TheAscentofManagedCare ............................................... 422
Dynamics of Cost Controls in Managed Care ..................................... 423
Managed Care Effects on Mental Health Services Access and Quality .................. 423
Impact on Access to Services .................................................. 424
Impact on Quality of Care ..................................................... 424
Contents, continued
Toward Parity in Coverage of Mental Health Care ..................................... 426
Benefit Restrictions and Parity ................................................ : 426
Legislative Trends Affecting Parity in Mental Health Insurance Coverage ............... 427
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Appendix 6-A: Quality and Consumers' Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
CHAPTER 6
T his chapter examines what recent research has
revealed about the organization and financing of
mental health services as well as the cost and quality of
those services. The discussion places emphasis on the
tremendous growth of managed care and the attempts
to gain parity in insurance. Understanding these issues
can inform the decisions made by people with mental
health problems and disorders, as well as their family
members and advocates, and health care administrators
and policymakers. Earlier chapters reviewed data on
the occurrence of mental disorders in the population at
large and described the treatment system. In each stage
of the life cycle, issues related to mental health services
have been discussed, including, for example, the
breadth of mental health and human services involved
in caring for children with mental health problems and
disorders; deinstitutionalization and its role in shaping
contemporary mental health services for children and
adults; the problems associated with discontinuity of
care in a fragmented service system; and the impor
tance of primary care medical providers in meeting the
mental health needs of older persons. Special mental
health services concerns such as homelessness, crim-
inalization of persons with mental illness, and dis-
parities in access to and utilization of mental health
services due to racial, cultural, and ethnic identities as
well as other demographic characteristics have been
discussed throughout the report.
There are four main sections in this chapter. The
first section provides an overview of the current system
of mental health services. It describes where people get
care and how they use services. The next section
presents information on the costs of care and trends in
spending. The third section discusses the dynamics of
ORGANIZING AND FINANCING
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
insurance financing and managed care. It also addresses
both positive and adverse effects of managed care on
access and quality and describes efforts to guard
against untoward consequences of aggressive cost-
containment policies. The final section documents
some of the inequities between general medical and
mental health care and describes efforts to correct them
through legislation, regulation, and financing changes.
Overview of the Current Service
System
The Structure of the U.S. Mental Health
Service System
A broad array of services and treatments exists to help
people with mental illnesses-as well as those at
particular risk of developing them-to suffer less
emotional pain and disability and live healthier, longer,
and more productive lives. Mental disorders and mental
health problems are treated by a variety of caregivers
who work in diverse, relatively independent, and
loosely coordinated facilities and services-both public
and private-that researchers refer to, collectively, as
the de facto mental health service system (Regier et al.,
1978; Regier et al., 1993).
About 15 percent of all adults and 21 percent of
U.S. children and adolescents use services in the de
k_
fact6:ystemeach year. The system is usually described
as having four major components or sectors:
o The specialty mental health sector consists of
mental health professionals such as psychiatrists,
psychologists, psychiatric nurses, and psychiatric
social workers who are trained specifically to treat
405
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
people with mental disorders. The great bulkof
specialty treatment is now provided in
outpatient settings such as private office-based
practices or in private or public clinics. Most
acute hospital care is now provided in special
psychiatric units ,of general hospitals or beds
scattered throughout general hospitals. Private
psychiatric hospitals and residential treatment
centers for children and adolescents provide
additional intensive care in the private sector.
Public sector facilities include state/county
mental hospitals and multiservice mental
health facilities, which often coordinate a wide
range of outpatient, intensive case manage-
ment, partial hospl"talization, and inpatient
services. Altogether, slightly less than 6
percent of the adult population and about 8
percent of children and adolescents (ages 9 to
17) use specialty mental health services in a
year.
o The general medical/primary care sector consists
of health care professionals such as general
internists, pediatricians, and nurse practitioners in
office-based practice, clinics, acute medicaY
surgical hospitals, and nursing homes, More than 6
percent of the adult U.S. population use the general
medical sector for mental health care, with an
average of about 4 visits per year-far lower than
the average of 14 visits per year found in the
specialty mental health sector.' The general medi-
cal sector has long been identified as the initial
point of contact for many adults with mental
disorders; for some, these providers may be their
only source of mental health services. However,
only about 3 percent of children and adolescents
contact general medical physicians for mental
' The National Comorbidity Survey, using a single interview
requiring a 12-month recall period, determined that 4 percent of
adults sought mental or addictive treatment services from primary
care physicians. With a more intensive examination of primary
health care use involving three interviews about service use during
a 1 -year period in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, more
than 6 percent of adults indicated that they specifically spoke with
their general medical physicians about their "emotions, nerves,
drugs or alcohol."
health services; the human services sector (see
below) plays a much larger role in their care.
o The human services sector consists of social
services, school-based counseling services,
residential rehabilitation services, vocational
rehabilitation, criminal justice/prison-based ser-
vices, and religious professional counselors. In the
early 198Os, about 3 percent of U.S. adults used
mental health services from this sector. But by the
early 199Os, the National Comorbidity Survey
(NCS) revealed that 5 percent of adults used such
services. For children, school mental health ser-
vices are a major source of care (used by 16
percent), as are services in the child welfare and
juvenile justice systems, which serve about 3 per-
cent.
o The voluntary support network sector, which
consists of self-help groups, such as 12-step
programs and peer counselors, is a rapidly growing
component of the mental and addictive disorder
treatment system. The Epidemiologic Catchment
Area (ECA) study demonstrated that about 1 per-
cent of the adult population used self-help groups
in the early 1980s; the NCS showed a rise to about
3 percent in the early 1990s.
Table 6-l summarizes the percentage of U.S. adults
who use different sectors of the de facto mental health
treatment system. (There is overlap across these sectors
because some people use services in multiple sectors.)
Table 6-2 summarizes the percentage of U.S. children
and adolescents using various sectors of this system.
Table 6-l. Proportion of adult population using mental/
addictive disorder services in one year
I
Total Health Sector ll%*
Specialty Mental Health 6% /
General Medical 6%
Human Services Professionals 5%
Voluntary Support Network 3% I
Any of Above Services 15%
L
*Subtotals do not add to total due to overlap.
Source: Regier et al., 1993; Kessler et al., 1996
406
Table 6-2. Proportion of child/adolescent populations
(ages 9-l 7) using mental/addictive disorder
services in one year
Total Health Sector 9%'
Specialty Mental Health 8%
General Medical 3%
Human Services Professionals 17%'
School Services 16%
Other Human Services 3%
Any of Above Services 21%
`Subtotals do not add to total due to overlap.
Source: Shaffer et al., 1996
The Public and Privite Sectors
The de facto mental health service system is divided
into public and private sectors. The term "public
sector" refers both to services directly operated by
government agencies (e.g., state and county mental
hospitals) and to services financed with government
resources (e.g., Medicaid, a Federal-state program for
financing health care services for people who are poor
and disabled, and Medicare, a Federal health insurance
program primarily for older Americans and people who
retire early due to disability). Publicly financed
services may be provided by private organizations. The
term "private sector" refers both to services directly
operated by private agencies and to services financed
with private resources (e.g., employer-provided
insurance). Funding for the de facto mental health
service system is discussed later in the report.
State and local government has been the major
payer for public mental health services historically and
remains so today. Since the mid-1960s however, the
role of the Federal government has increased. In
addition to Medicare and Medicaid, the Federal
government funds special programs for adults with
serious mental illness and children with serious
emotional disability. Although small in relation to state
and local funding, these Federal programs provide
additional resources. They include the Community
Mental Health Block Grant, Community Support
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Set-vices
programs, the PATH program for people with mental
illness who are homeless, the Knowledge Development
and Application Program, and the Comprehensive
Community Mental Health Services for Children and
Their Families Program.
The fact that 16 percent of the U.S. adult
population-largely the working poor-have no health
insurance at all is the focus of considerable policy
activity. Many others are inadequately insured. Ini-
tiatives designed to increase enrollment for selected
populations include the newly created Child Health
Insurance Program, which provides block grants to
r
states for coverage of children not eligible for
Medicaid.
These federally funded public sector programs
buttress the traditional responsibility of state and local
mental health systems and serve as the mental health
service "safety net" and "catastrophic insurer" for those
citizens with the most severe problems and the fewest
resources in the United States. The public sector serves
particularly those individuals with no health insurance,
those who have insurance but no mental health
coverage, and those who exhaust limited mental health
benefits in their health insurance.
Each sector of the de facto mental health service
system has different patterns and types of care and
different patterns of funding. Within the specialty
mental health sector, state- and county-funded mental
health services have long served as a safety net for
people unable to obtain or retain access to privately
funded mental health services. The general medical
sector receives a relatively greater proportion of
Federal Medicaid funds, while the voluntary support
network sector, staffed principally by people with
mental illness and their families, is largely funded by
private donations of time and money to emotionally
supportive and educational groups. The relative quality
of care in these various sectors is a matter of intense
interest and discussion, although there is little
definitive research to date.
Effective functioning of the mental health service
system requires connections and coordination among
many sectors (public-private, specialty-general health.
health-social welfare, housing, criminal justice, and
407
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
education). Without coordination, it can readily become
organizationally fragmented, creating barriers to access,
Adding to the system's complexity is its dependence on
many streams of funding, with their sometimes
competing incentives. For example, if as part of a
Medicaid program reform, financial incentives lead to
a reduction in admissions to psychiatric inpatient units
in general hospitals and patients are sent to state mental
hospitals instead, this cost containment policy con-
ceivably could conflict with a policy directive to reduce
the census of state mental hospitals.
The public and private parts of the de facto mental
health system treat distinct populations with some
overlap. As shown in Table 6-1, 11 percent of the U.S.
population use specialty or general medical mental
health services each year. Nearly 10 percent of the
population-almost all users-received some care in
private facilities, while 2 percent of the population
received care in public facilities. About 1 percent of the
population used inpatient care; of these, one-third
received care in the public sector, suggesting that those
requiring more intensive services rely more heavily on
the public safety net (Regier et al., 1993; Kessler et al.,
1994). Nonetheless, many people with severe and
persistent illness now receive at least some of their care
in the private sector. This makes it important to ensure
that the private sector can meet the full treatment needs
of this population.
Patterns of Use
Adults
Americans use the mental health service system in
complex ways, or patterns. A total of about 15 percent
of the U.S. adult population use mental health services
in any given year. These data come from two
epidemiologic surveys: the Epidemiologic Catchment
Area (ECA) study of the early 1980s and the National
Comorbidity Survey (NCS) of the early 1990s. Those
surveys defined mental illness according to the
prevailing editions of the Diagnosric and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (i.e., DSM-III and DSM-
IILR) and defined mental health services in accordance
with the "de facto" system described above. Figure 6- 1
presents a hierarchy of sectors in the treatment system
(i.e., specialty mental health, general medical, and other
human services).' About 6 percent of the adult
population use specialty mental health care; 5 percent
of the population receive their mental health services
from general medical and/or human services providers,
and 3 to 4 percent of the population receive their
mental health services from other human service
professionals or self-help groups. (The overlap across
these latter two sectors accounts for these figures
totaling more than 15 percent) (Figure 6-l).
Also, slight19 more than half of the 15 percent of
the population that use mental health services have a
specific mental or addictive disorder (8 percent), while
the remaining portion has a mental health problem or a
disorder not included in the ECA or NCS (7 percent).
The surveys estimate that during a 1-year period, about
one in five American adults-or 44 million people-
have diagnosable mental disorders, according to
reliable, established criteri; To be more specific, 19
percent of thq'bdult U.S. population have a mental
disorder alone.&r 1 year); 3 percent have both mental
and addictive disorders; and 6 percent have addictive
disorders alone.`Consequently, about 28 percent of the
population have either a r&ental or addictive disorder
(Regier et al., 1993; Kessler et al., 1994).
Given that 28 percenz; of the population have a
diagnosable mental or substance abuse disorder and
only 8 percent of adults both have a diagnosable dis-
order and use mental health services, one can conclude
that less than one-third of adults with a diagnosable
mental disorder receives treatment in one year. In short,
a substantial majority of those with specific mental
disorders do not receive treatment. Figure 6-l depicts
the 28 percent of the U.S. adult population who meet
full criteria for a mental or addictive disorder, and
illustrates that 8 percent receive mental health services
while 20 percent do not receive such services in a given
year.
Among the service users with specific disorders,
between 30 and 40 per&& perceived some need for
2 For those who use more than one sector of the service system,
preferential assignment is to the most specialized level of mental
health treatment in the system.
care. However, most of those with disorders who did
not seek care believed their problems would go away
by themselves or that they could handle them on their
own (Kessler et al., 1997). In a recent 1998 Robert
Wood Johnson national household telephone survey, 11
percent of the population perceived a need for mental
or addictive services, with about 25 percent of these
reporting difficulties in obtaining needed care (Sturm
& Sherboume, 1999). Worry about costs was listed as
the highest reason for not receiving care, with 83
percent of the uninsured and 55 percent of the privately
insured listing this reason. The inability to obtain an
appointment soon enough because of an insufficient
supply of services was listed by 59 percent of those
with Medicaid but by far fewer of those with private
insurance. .
Children and Adolescents
Comparable data on service use by children and
adolescents with diagnoses of mental disorder and at
least minimal impairment only recently have been
obtained from a National Institute of Mental Health
(NIMH) multisite survey of children and adolescents
ages 9 to 17 years (Shaffer et al., 1996). Results from
this survey are summarized in Table 6-2 and in
Figure 6-2.
Although 9 percent of the entire child/adolescent
sample received some mental health services in the
health sector (that is, the general medical sector and
specialty mental health sector), the largest provider of
mental health services to this population was the school
system. As shown in Figure 6-2, nearly 11 percent of
the child/adolescent sample received their mental
health services exclusively from the schools or the
human services sector (with no services from the health
sector); another 5 percent (not shown in Figure 6-2)
received school services in addition to health sector
services. Many children served by schools do not have
diagnosable mental health conditions covered in
available surveys-some may have other diagnoses
such as adjustment reactions or acute stress reactions.
In addition, I percent of children and adolescents
received their mental health services from human
service professionals, such as those in child welfare and
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Services
juvenile justice. The latter is a setting under increasing
scrutiny as the result of pending Federal legislation. At
present, child data are unavailable that would exactly
match the adult data on service use (analyzed by
diagnostic severity and by public versus private
sectors).
Almost 21 percent of children and adolescents
(ages 9 to 17) had some evidence of distress or
impairment associated with a specific diagnosis and
also had at least a minimal level of impairment on a
global assessment measure. Almost half of this group
(almost 10 percent of the child/adolescent population)
had some treatment in one or more sectors of the de
facto mental health service system, and the remainder
(more than 11 percent of the population) received no
treatment in any sector of the health care system. This
translates to a majority with mental disorders not
receiving any care. Of the 21 percent of the young
population receiving any mental health services,
slightly less than half (about 10 percent) met full
criteria for a mental disorder diagnosis; the remainder
(more than I1 percent of the population) received
diagnostic or treatment services for mental health
problems, conditions that do not fully meet diagnostic
criteria (Shaffer et al., 1996).
In summary, the mental health treatment system is
a dynamic array of services accessed by patients with
different levels of disorder and severity, as well as
different social and medical service needs and levels
and types of insurance financing. Disparities in access
due to sociocultural factors have been described in
earlier sections of this report. In a system in which
substantial numbers of those with even the most severe
mental illness do not receive any mental health care in
a year, the match between service use and service need
is clearly far from perfect. Neither the number nor the
proportion of people with mental health problems who
need or want treatment is yet established, and many
factors influence perceived need for treatment.
including severity of symptoms and functional
disability as well as cultural factors. But obviously not
everyone with a diagnosable mental disorder perceives
a need for treatment, and not all who desire treatment
have acurrently diagnosable disorder. Providing access
409
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
Figure 6-l. Annual prevalence of mental/addictive disorders and services for adults
Percent of Population (28%) With
MentaUAddictive Disorders
(in one year)
Percent of Population (15%) Receiving
Mental Health Services'
(in one year)
_______---_--_----------
Percent of Population Receiving
Specialty Care (6%)
_____-_-----_-------
No Treatment
Percent of Population Receiving
General Medical Care (5%)
________-_----------
Percent of Population Receiving
Other Human Services and
Voluntary Support (4%)
_______-_--_--_----------
* Due to roundin;, it appears that 9 percent of the population has a diagnosis and receives treatment. The actual
figure is closer to 8 percent, as stated in the text. It also appears that 6 percent of the population receives
services but has no diagnosis, due to rounding. The actual total is 7 percent, as stated in the text.
** For those who use more than one sector of the service system, preferential assignment is to the most
specialized level of mental health treatment in the system.
Sources: Regier et al., 1993; Kessler et al., 1996
Figure 6-2. Annual prevalence of mentavaddictive disorders and services for children
Percent of Population (21%) With
MentaUAddlctive Disorders
(in one year)
Percent of Populatlon (21%) Recelvfng
Mental Health Servlces
(in one year)
Diagnosis and
No Treatment
(11%)
Percent of Population Receiving
Specialty Care (6%)
-----_--_--_----.
Percent of Population Receiving
General Medical Care (1%)
-------_--------
Percent of Population
Receiving School
Services (11%)
------- -_,-__- :---
Percent of Populatton Receiving
Other Human Services and
Voluntary Support (1%)
__-_--_--_--_--------
** For those who use more than one sector of the service system, preferential assignment IS to the mOSt
specialized level of mental health treatment in the system.
Source: Shaffer et al., 1996
410
to appropriate mental health services is a fundamental
concern for mental health policymakers in both the
public and private arenas.
The Costs of Mental Illness
As many of the preceding chapters have indicated,
mental disorders impose an enormous emotional and
financial burden on ill individuals and their families.
They are also costly for our Nation in reduced or lost
productivity (indirect costs) and in medical resources
used for care, treatment, and rehabilitation (direct
costs).
Indirect Costs
The indirect costs of all mental illness imposed a nearly
$79 billion loss on the U.S. economy in 1990 (the most
recent year for which estimates are available) (Rice &
Miller, 1996). Most of that amount ($63 billion)
reflects morbidity costs-the loss of productivity in
usual activities because of illness. But indirect costs
also include almost $12 billion in mortality costs (lost
productivity due to premature death), and almost $4
billion in productivity losses for incarcerated indi-
viduals and for the time of individuals providing family
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Services
care. For schizophrenia alone, the total indirect cost
was almost $15 billion in 1990. These indirect cost
estimates are conservative because they do not capture
some measure of the pain, suffering, disruption, and
reduced productivity that are not reflected in earnings.
The fact that morbidity costs comprise about 80
percent of the indirect costs of all mental illness
indicates an important characteristic of mental dis-
orders: Mortality is relatively low, onset is often at a
younger age, and most of the indirect costs are derived
from lost or reduced productivity at the workplace,
school, and home (Rupp et al.; 1998).
The Global Burden of Disease, a recent publication
of the World Bank and the World Health Organization,
reported on a study of the indirect costs of mental
disorders associated with years lived with a disability,
with and without years of life lost due to premature
death. Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are
now being used as a common metric for describing the
burden of disability and premature death resulting from
the full range of mental and physical disorders
throughout the world (Figure 6-3). A striking finding
from the study has been that mental disorders account
for more than 15 percent of the burden of disease in
Figure 6-3. Global burden of disease*--DALYs'* worldwide-1990
Disorders
I
Conditions
o Global Burden of Disease (Murray & Lopez, 1996)
o * DALYs - Disability Adjusted Life Years
411
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
established market economies; unipolar major
depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and
obsessive-compulsive disorder are identified as among
the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide
(Murray & Lopez. 1996).
Direct Costs
Mental health expenditures for treatment and rehabil-
itation are an important part of overall health care
spending but differ in important ways from other types
of health care spending. Many mental health services
are provided by separate specialty providers-such as
psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and nurses
in office practice-or by facilities such as hospitals,
.
multiservice mental health organizations, or residential
mental health services is typically less generous than
that for general health, and government plays a larger
role in financing mental health services compared to
overall health care.
In 1996, the United States spent more than $99
billion for the direct treatment of mental disorders, as
well as substance abuse, and Alzheimer's disease and
other dementias (Figure 6-4).
More than two-thirds of this amount ($69 billion or
more than 7 percent of total health spending) was for
mental health services. Spending fo? direct treatment of
substance abuse was almost $13 billion (more than 1
percent of total health spending), and that for
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias was almost
$18 billion (almost 2 percent of total health spending)
treatment centers for children. Insurance coverage of (Figure 6-4).3
Figure 6-4. 1996 National health accounts, $943 billion total-$99 billion* mental, addictive,
and dementia disorders
Other Physical Disorde
90% = $8430
Mental Disorders
Alzheimer's/Dementias
Addictive Disorders
* Figures add to more than $99 billion due to rounding.
Source: Mark et al., 1998, and additional analyses performed by Mark et al. for this report.
3 Figure 6-4 comes from the spending estimates project conducted by the Center for Mental Health Services and the Center for Substance
Abuse Treatment. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. It is limited to spending for formal treatment of disorders
and excludes spending for most services not ordinarily classified as health care. Some of these data come directly from the most recent
report published by this project (Mark et al., 1998), while others are based on unpublished data. Further, minor modifications in estimation
methodology have been made since the Mark et al, (1998) report to meet the special requirements of the Surgeon General's report. The
estimates presented here differ from those published previously by Rice and her colleagues (Rice et al., 1990) in several important respects.
First. they are limited to a definition of mental illness that more closely reflects what most payers regard as mental disorders. Diagnostic
codes such as mental retardation and non-mental health comorbid conditions, which were included in the Rice study, have not been used.
Second. they are based on data sources that were not available at the time of the Rice study. Finally, they result from a different approach
to estimation. which emphasizes linkage to the National Health Accounts published by the Health Care Financing Administration.
Although Alzheimer's disease and other dementias are not discussed further in this chapter, the reader should note that the definition of
serious mental illness promulgated by the Center for Mental Health Services includes these disorders. Further. care of these patients is a
major role of the public mental health system.
It12
Despite the historical precedent for linking all these
disorder groups together for diagnostic and cost
accounting purposes, they are handled differently by
payers and providers. A majority of private health
insurance plans have a benefit that combines coverage
of mental illness and substance abuse. However. most
of the treatment services for mental illness and for
substance abuse are separate (and use different types of
providers), as are virtually all of the public funds for
these services. This separation causes problems for
treating the substantial proportion of individuals with
comorbid mental illness and substance abuse disorders,
who benefit from treating both disorders together
(Drake et al., 1998).
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias historical-
ly have been considered as both mental and somatic
disorders. However, recent efforts to destigmatize
dementias and improve care have removed some
insurance coverage limitations. Once mostly the
province of the public sector, Alzheimer's disease now
enjoys more comprehensive coverage, and care is better
integrated into the private health care system. Inequities
in coverage are diminishing (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's
Disease, 1984; Goldman et al., 1985).
As indicated, coverage differs for treatment of
substance abuse and Alzheimer's disease. With respect
to financing policy, both conditions are outside the
scope of this report (although some services aspects of
Alzheimer's disease are discussed in Chapter 5); thus,
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Services
they will not be included in the spending estimates that
follow.
Mental Health Spending
Of the $69 billion spent in 1996 for diagnosis and
treatment of mental illness (see Figure 6-5), more than
70 percent was for the services of specialty providers.
with most of the remainder for general medical services
providers." The distribution for all types of providers is
shown in the figure.
I
Spending by the Public and Private Sectors
Funding for the mental health service system comes
from both public and private sources [Table 6-3 and
Figure 6-6 (percent distribution) and Table 6-4 (dollar
distribution and per capita mental health costs)]. In
1996, approximately 53 percent ($37 billion) of the
funding for mental health treatment came from public
payers. Of the 47 percent ($32 billion) of expenditures
from private sources, more than half ($18 billion) were
from private insurance. Most of the remainder was out-
of-pocket payments. These out-of-pocket payments
include copayments from individuals with private in-
surance, copayments and prescription costs not covered
by Medicare or Medigap (i.e., supplementary)
insurance, and payment for direct treatment from the
uninsured or insured who choose not to use their insur-
ance coverage for mental health care.
' In estimating mental health expenditures, spending can be categorized by provider type, which includes both general medical service
providers and specialty mental health providers. Since spending for mental health services in the human services sector is not covered by
health insurance or included in the national health accounts, neither total costs nor total spending estimates for mental health services are
covered under these direct cost figures, Indirect costs generally include estimates of lost productivity as well as disability insurance and the
costs of treating those with mental illness in the criminal justice system. Hence, it is not possible to provide completely parallel analyses of
the prevalence of mental disorders in the population, the prevalence of treatment in different service sectors, and expenditures in the
treatment system. However, the estimate given here is the best approximation of that intent.
For purpose of these analyses, general medical service providers include community hospitals, nursing homes, non-psychiatrist physicians.
and home health agencies. An intermediate funding category is that of prescription medications, which are prescribed in both general
medical and specialty mental health settings, Other than prescription medications, 18 percent of total mental health funds are allocated in
this analysis to the general medical sector. which provides some mental health services to slightly more than half of all persons (about 6
Percent of the population) using any services in the health system during 1 year.
Specialty providers include psychiatric hospitals. psvchiatrists. office-practice psychologists and counselors (including social workers and
psychiatric nurses), residential treatment centers for-children. and multiservice mental health organizations. These mental health specialists
provided some mental health services to nearly 6 percent of the population-also about half of all people requesting such services from
health and mental health services in the health system.
413
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
Figure 6-5. 1996 National health accounts, $69 billion total mental health
expenditures by provider type
Multi-Sv
18%
Psychiatrists GM Physicians
T;y/chiatry Hospitals
OO
Source: Mark et al., 1998 (Revised)
Figure 6-6. Mental health expenditures by payer-1996 (total = $69 billion)
ULI ler maera
2% As
Medicaid (PUN Private: 473
Private Insurance
27%
Medic>
14%
Other Private
3%
I Source: Mark et al., 1998 (Revised)
414
Table 6-3. Distribution of 1996 U.S. population and
mental disorder direct costs by insurance
status
Insurance Status Population Direct Costs
Private 63%' 47%
Public *a)* 53%
Medicare 13%" 14%
Medicaid 12%" 19%
Uninsured
State/Local
Other
Federal
tt. -
16% 18%
*t* 2%
Total
100% 100%
* About 70 percent of the population has some private
insurance-reflecting the fact that 7 percent of the
population has both Medicare and Medigap or other
dual private insurance coverage. Although 61 percent of
the population has employment-based private
insurance, this percentage also includes some military
insurance coverage.
o * Since 2 percent of the population has both Medicare
and Medicaid insurance coverage, adding this
duplicated count to each insurance category results in
the first column adding to a duplicated total of 104
percent.
*** Although some state/local/and other Federal
government support goes to those who are.
underinsured in the private and public insured groups,
these funds are primarily allocated to the uninsured
population.
Source: Mark et al., 1998 (Revised)
J
Trends in Spending
Between 1986 and 1996, mental health expenditures
grew at an average annual growth rate of more than 7
percent (Table 6-5). Because of changes in population,
reimbursement policies, and legislative and regulatory
requirements during this decade, the share of mental
health funding from public sources grew from 49
percent to 53 percent. Overall, the rate of growth in the
public sector was slightly more than 8 percent per year
(Medicare and Medicaid, both about 9 percent;
state/local government, nearly 8 percent).
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Services
Table 6-4. Population, spending, and per capita mental
he&h costs by insurancestatus (1996)
isurance Status
`rivate
Insurance
Payment
Out-of-Pocket
Payment
Other Private
Medicare
Medicaid
Xher and
Jninsured
SPMI*
Other
`otal
Number Spending
(millions) ($ billions)
167.5 32.3
18.4
11.7
2.2
30.6 9.8
27.0 13.0
41.7 13.9
5.1 12.4
36.6 1.5
266.8 69.0
Severe and persistent mental illness
`er Capita
6 per year)
193
I
320
!
481 1
I
333 1
2,431
41
259 j
/
I
source: Mark et al., 1998, and calculations by D. Regier,
personal communication, 1999
In the private sector, out-of-pocket costs increased
only 3 percent, which, together with the private
insurance increases of almost 9 percent, resulted in a
net private cost increase of little more than 6 percent-
significantly lower than the increase found in the public
sector.
415
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
Table 6-5. Mental health expenditures in relation to
national health expenditures, by source of
payer, annual growth rate (1986-1996)
Average Annual
Growth Rate
(1986-l 996)
Mental All Health
Health Care Care
srivate
Out-of-Pocket Payment 3% 5%
Private Insurance 9% 9%
Other Private 7% 7%
rotal Private 6% 7%
Public
Medicare
Medicaid
Other Federal Government
State/Local Government
Total Public
-
9% 10%
9% 13%
4% 6%
8% 10%
8% 10%
Total Expenditures 7% 8%
Source: Mark et al., 1998 (Revised)
Among the fastest-rising expenses for mental
health services were outpatient prescription drugs,
which account for about 9 percent of total mental
health direct costs (Figure 6-5). Although these
medications are prescribed in both specialty and
general medical sectors, they are increasingly being
covered under general medical rather than mental
health private insurance benefits.
The higher than average growth rate (almost 10
percent) of spending for prescription drugs reflects, in
part, the increasing availability and application of
medications of demonstrable efficacy in treating mental
disorders. Estimates from the National Ambulatory
Medical Care Survey show that the number of visits
during which such medication was prescribed increased
from almost 33 million in 1985 to almost 46 million in
1994. Only one-third of psychotropic medications are
now prescribed by psychiatrists, with two-thirds
prescribed by primary care physicians and other
medical specialists (Pincus et al., 1998). Although
Medicaid covers 21 percent of drug costs (and
state/local/other Federal government covers 4 percent),
Medicare does not cover prescription drugs. Although
many older adults have supplemental insurance that
does cover prescription drugs, the failure to cover any
prescription drugs under Medicare is a barrier to
effective treatment among the elderly who cannot
afford supplemental insurance.
Mental Health Compared With Total Health
Mental health spending figures acquire more meaning
when they are compared with thqse for all health care.
Annually, the Health Care Financing Administration
produces estimates of this spending. These estimates
include nearly all of the expenditures presented for
mental health services. However, some specialty pro-
viders who work in social service industries are ex-
cluded from the national health care spending
estimates. Accordingly, mental health estimates require
adjustment to allow direct comparison with these
national figures, reducing the total from $69 billion
cited earlier to $66 billion (Table 6-6).
Table 6-6. Mental health expenditures in relation to
national health expenditures, by source of
ili
~ Care Care Percentage /
"ci, Out-of-Pocket $11 $171 6%
Private Insurance $17 $292 6%
Other Private $2 $32 5%
/Total Private $30 $495 6%
~ Public
Medicare $10 $198 5%
Medicaid $13 $140 9%
Other Federal Government $1 $41 3%
State/Local Government $12 $69 18%
iTotal Public $36 $447 8% /
I
iTotal Expenditures $66 $943 7%
/Source: Mark et al., 1998 (Revised)
316
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Services
Estimated total health care expenditures were $943
billion in 1996. Of this amount, 7 percent was for
mental health services. Table 6-6 describes expen-
ditures on mental health services as a percentage of
national health spending by source of payment. The
significance of mental health spending for various
payers varies from a low of only 3 percent of "other"
Federal government spending to a high of 18 percent of
health care expenditures by state and local govem-
ments.
Between 1986 and 1996, spending for mental
health treatment grew more slowly than health care
spending in general, increasing by more than 7 percent
annually, compared with health care's overall rate of
more than 8 percent (see Table 6-5). This difference
may stem from the greater reliance of mental health
services on managed care cost-containment methods
during this period. Increased efficiency could account
for a slower rate of growth in mental health care
expenditures. Slowing of the growth rate in the public
sector may also be due to other Federal and state
government policies, such as limitations in states'
ability to use certain Medicaid funds to support state
mental hospitals and states' greater emphasis on
community-based outpatient care as opposed to
inpatient care. Finally, it may also reflect the greater
contribution of institutional care, particularly in nursing
homes, to total health care figures. Changes in these
components affect overall growth rates more in general
health care than in mental health care.
For most provider categories, the rise in mental
health spending was not much different than spending
growth rates for personal health care, with the
exception of home health (higher) and nursing home
(lower) expenditures. For various types of payers,
spending growth in mental health care has been about
the same or less than that in general health care. Mental
health spending in Medicare, Medicaid, and other
Federal programs has grown more slowly than overall
program spending. For private sources, the growth rate
of mental health out-of-pocket expenditures has been
below that of total out-of-pocket spending (see
Table 6-5).
During the past two decades there have been
important shifts in what parties have final responsibility
for paying for mental health care. The role of direct
state funding of mental health care has been reduced.
whereas Medicaid funding of mental health care has
grown in relative importance. This is in part due to
substantial funding offered to the states by the Federal
government. One consequence of this shift is that
Medicaid program design has become very influential
in shaping the delivery of mental health care. State
mental health authorities, however, continue to be an
important force in making public mental health services
policy, working together with state Medicaid programs.
Considerable administrative responsibility for mental
health services has devolved to local mental health
authorities in recent years (Shore & Cohen, 1994).
Private insurance coverage has played a somewhat
more limited role in mental health financing in the past
decade. Various cost containment efforts have been
pursued aggressively in the private sector through the
introduction of managed care. There is also some
emerging evidence on the imposition of new benefit
limits on coverage for mental health services
(HayGroup, 1998). At the same time private insurance
coverage for prescription drugs has expanded
dramatically over the past 15 years. In this area,
insurance coverage for mental health treatments is on
par with coverage for other illnesses. Accompanying
this pattern of private insurance coverage are the
availability of innovative new prescription drugs aimed
at treating major mental illnesses and a shift in mental
health spending in private insurance toward
pharmaceutical agents.
In summary, spending for mental health care has
declined as a percentage of overall health spending
over the past decade. Further, public payers have
increased their share of total mental health spending.
Some of the decline in resources for mental health
relative to total health care may be due to reductions in
inappropriate and wasteful hospitalizations and other
improvements in efficiency. However. it also may
reflect increasing reliance on other (non-mental health)
public human services and increased barriers to service
access.
417
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
Financing and Managing Mental
Health Care
History of Financing and the Roots of
Inequality
Private health insurance is generally more restrictive in
coverage of mental illness than in coverage for somatic
illness. This was motivated by several concerns.
Insurers feared that coverage of mental health services
would result in high costs associated with long-term
and intensive psychotherapy and extended hospital
stays. They also were reluctant to pay for long-term,
often custodial, hospital stays that were guaranteed by
the public mental health system, the provider of
"catastrophic care." These factors encouraged private
insurers to limit coverage for mental health services
(Frank et al., 1996).
Some private insurers refused to cover mental
illness treatment; others simply limited payment to
acute care services. Those who did offer coverage
chose to impose various financial restrictions, such as
separate and lower annual and lifetime limits on care
(per person and per episode of care), as well as separate
(and higher) deductibles and copayments. As a result,
individuals paid out-of-pocket for a higher proportion
of mental health services than general health services
and faced catastrophic financial losses (and/or transfer
to the public sector) when the costs of their care
exceeded the limits.
Federal public financing mechanisms, such as
Medicare and Medicaid, also imposed limitations on
coverage, particularly for long-term care, of "nervous
and mental disease" to avoid a complete shift in
financial responsibility from state and local
governments to the Federal government. Existence of
the public sector as a guarantor of "catastrophic care"
for the uninsured and underinsured allowed the private
sector to avoid financial risk and focus on acute care of
less impaired individuals, most of whom received
health insurance benefits through their employer
(Goldman et al., 1994).
Goals for Mental Health Insurance Coverage
The purpose of health insurance is to protect
individuals from catastrophic financial loss. While the
majority of individuals who use mental health services
incur comparatively small expenses, some who have
severe illness face financial ruin without the protection
afforded by insurance. For people with health
insurance. the range of covered benefits and the limits
imposed on them ultimately determine where they will
get service, which, in turn, affects their ability to access
necessary and effective treatment'services. Adequate
mental health treatment resources for large population
groups require a wide range of services in a variety of
settings, with sufficient flexibility to permit movement
to the appropriate level of care. A 1996 review of the
evidence for the efficacy of well-documented
treatments (Frank et al., 1996) suggested that covered
services should include the following:
. Hospital and other 24-hour services (e.g., crisis
residential services);
. Intensive community services (e.g., partial
hospitalization);
. Ambulatory or outpatient services (e.g., focused
forms of psychotherapy);
o Medical management (e.g., monitoring
psychotropic medications);
o Case management:
o Intensive psychosocial rehabilitation services; and
o Other intensive outreach approaches to the care of
individuals with severe disorders.
Since resources to provide such services are finite,
insurance plans are responsible for allocating resources
to support treatment. Each type of insurance plan has a
different model for matching treatment need with
insurance support for receiving services.
Patterns of Insurance Coverage for Mental
Health Care
Health insurance, whether funded through private or
public sources, is one of the most important factors
influencing access to health and mental health services.
In 1996, approximately 63 percent of the U.S.
population had private insurance, 13 percent had
Medicare as a primary insurer (with about 7 percent
418
also having supplemental private insurance), 12 percent
had Medicaid (2 percent had dual Medicaid/Medicare),
and 16 percent were uninsured (Bureau of the Census,
1996) (Table 6-3.)
Most Americans (84 percent) have some sort of
insurance coverage-primarily private insurance
obtained through the workplace. However, its adequacy
for mental health care is extremely variable across
types of plans and sponsors. Of the more than $32
billion spent for mental health services for people with
private insurance, more than $18 billion came from that
insurance, almost $12 billion came from client out-of-
pocket payments, and more than $2 billion came from
other private sources. For these more than 167 million
people, the per capita expenditure was $193 per person
per year (Table 6-4). .
Slightly more than 13 percent of the U.S.
population are entitled to Medicare, which includes
mental health coverage. The nearly $10 billion spent
for mental health coverage under Medicare for nearly
31 million people reflects an average per capita
expenditure of $320 per year.
Nearly 12 percent of U.S. adults (27 million low-
income individuals on public support) receive Medicaid
coverage (with more than 2 percent having dual
Medicare/Medicaid coverage). With' per capita
expenditures of $48 1 a year for mental health services,
the average cost of this coverage is 2.5 times higher
than that in the private sector. An explanation for this
higher average cost is the severity of illness of this
population and greater intensity of services needed to
meet their needs.
Finally, more than $12 billion (other than Medicaid
funds) from state/local government and more than $1
billion from other Federal government block grant and
Veterans Affairs funds contribute a total of almost $14
billion to cover mental health services for the unin-
sured. Most (75 percent) of the uninsured are members
of employed families who cannot afford to purchase
insurance coverage. Individuals with severe and
persistent mental illness who are uninsured have the
highest annual costs, leaving few resources for
treatment for those with less severe disorders (see
Table 6-4). By applying the technique of Frank and
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Services
colleagues (1994) to 1996 funding patterns. it is
estimated that public sector costs for seriously mentally
ill patients receiving care in the public sector (about j. 1
million people or 1.9 percent of the population) are
about $2,430 per year. As a result, although it is only a
rough estimate, only about $40 per year per capita is
available for those uninsured with less severe mental
illness.
State mental health policymakers have begun to
blend funding streams from Medicaid and the state
public mental health expenditures under Medicaid
"waivers," which offer the potential of purchasing
.
private insurance for certain public beneficiaries who
have not been eligible for Medicaid. This new option
has recently been raised as a means of concentrating
public mental health services on forensic and other
long-term intensive care programs not covered by
private insurance (Hogan, 1998). Given the extremely
low level of funding for the uninsured with less severe
mental illness, the recently implemented Federal
legislation to fund a State Child Health Insurance
Program (CHIP) could result in considerably increased
coverage for previously uninsured children. It is
noteworthy that CHIP benefits vary from state-to-state
particularly for mental health coverage.
Traditional Insurance and the Dynamics of
Cost Containment
From the time they were introduced in 1929 until the
199Os, fee-for-service (indemnity) plans, such as Blue
Cross/Blue Shield, were the most common form of
health insurance. Insurance plans would identify the
range of services they considered effective for the
treatment of all health conditions and then reimburse
physicians, hospitals, and other health care providers
for the usual and customary fees charged by
independent practitioners. To prevent the overuse Of
services, insurance companies would often require
patients to pay for some portion of the costs out-of-
pocket (i.e., co-insurance) and would use annual
deductibles, much as auto insurance companies do. to
minimize the administrative costs of processing small
claims.
419
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
For most health insurance plans covering somatic
illness, to protect the insured. costs above a certain
"catastrophic limit" would be borne entirely by the
insurance company. To protect the insurer against
potentially unlimited claims. however. "annual" or
"lifetime limits"-often as high as $1 million-would
be imposed for most medical or surgical conditions. It
was expected that any expenses beyond that limit
would become the responsibility of the patient's family.
In contrast, in the case of coverage for mental
health services, insurance companies often set lower
annual or lifetime limits, for reasons discussed in the
following paragraphs, to protect themselves against
costly claims, leaving patients and their families
exposed to much greater personal financial risks. The
legacy of the public mental health system safety net as
the provider of catastrophic coverage encouraged such
practices. Further, when federal financing mechanisms
such as Medicare and Medicaid were introduced, they
also limited coverage of long-term care of "nervous and
mental disease" to avoid shifting financial respon-
sibility from state and local government to the Federal
government.
Economists have observed that for potential
insurers of mental health care or general health care,
two financial concerns are key: moral hazard and ad-
verse selection. The terms are technical. but the
concepts are basic. Moral hazard reflects a concern that
if people with insurance no longer have to pay the full
costs of their own care, they will use more services-
services that they do not value at their full cost. To
control moral hazard. insurers incorporate cost-sharing
and care management into their policies. Adverse
selection reflects a concern that. in a market with
voluntary insurance or multiple insurers, plans that
provide the most generous coverage will attract
individuals with the greatest need for care, leading to
elevated service use and costs for those insurers
independent of their efficiency in services provision.
To control adverse selection, insurers try to restrict
mental health coverage to avoid enrolling people with
higher mental health service needs.
Both forces are at work in the insurance market.
and they tend to be stronger for coverage of some
mental health services than for some general health
services. There is evidence of moral hazard, for
example, from the RAND Health Insurance Experi-
ment. which showed that increased use of insured
services in response to decreased out-of-pocket costs
for consumers (known as "demand response") is twice
as great for outpatient mental health services (mostly
psychotherapy) as for all ambulatory health services
taken together (Manning et al., 1989). The RAND
study did not include a sufficient number of individuals
who used inpatient care or who were severely disabled
to make a determination of the effect of changes in
price on hospital care or on outpatient use by
individuals with severe mental disorders.
While these economic forces are important, insurer
responses to them may have been exaggerated. In the
fee-for-service insurance system, for example, some
insurers have addressed their concerns about moral
hazard by assigning higher cost-sharing to mental
health services. Coverage limitations, imposed to
control costs, have been applied unevenly, however,
and without full consideration of their consequences. In
particular, higher cost-sharing, such as placing a 50
percent copayment on outpatient psychotherapy, may
reduce moral hazard and inappropriate use, but it may
also reduce appropriate use. Limits on coverage may
reduce adverse selection but leave people to bear
catastrophic costs themselves.
In addition, such measures do not address the issue
of fairness in coverage policy. In particular, although
similar levels of price response and presumed moral
hazard occur in other areas of health care, mental health
coverage is singled out for special cost-sharing
arrangements. There may be a rationale for some level
of differential cost-sharing, but such policies are fair
only if the benefit design policies are applied to all
services in which demand is highly responsive to price.
Managed Care
Managed care represents a confluence of several forces
shaping the organization and financing of health care.
These include the drive to deliver more highly
individualized, cost-effective care; a more health-
promoting and preventive orientation (often found in
320
health maintenance organizations, or HMOs); and a
concern with cost containment to address the problem
of moral hazard. Managed care implies a range of
financing and payment strategies that depart in
important ways from traditional fee-for-service
indemnity insurance. Managed care strategies have
resulted in dramatic savings in a wide range of settings
over the past decade .(Bloom et al., 1998; Callahan et
al., 1995; Christianson et al., 1995: Coulam & Smith,
1990; Goldman et al., 1998; Ma & McGuire, 1998).
Major Types of Managed Care Plans
Health mainfenance orgnnkzrions were the first form
of managed care. Originally developed by the Kaiser
Foundation to provide health services to company
employees, these large group practices initiated con-
tracts to provide all medical services on a prepaid, per
capita basis. Medical staff members were originally
salaried and not paid on a fee-for-service basis, as is the
case in most other financing arrangements. However, in
recent years, some HMOs have developed networks of
physicians-so-called Independent Practice Associa-
tions, or IPAs-who are paid on a fee-for-service basis
and function under common management guidelines.
Health maintenance organizations initially treated
only those mental disorders that were responsive to
short-term treatment. but they reduced copayments and
deductibles for any brief therapy. There was an implicit
reliance on the public mental health system for
treatment of any chronic or severe mental disorder-
especially those for whom catastrophic coverage was
needed.
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) are
managed care plans that contract with networks of
providers to supply services. Providers are typically
paid on a discounted fee-for-service basis. Enrollees are
offered lower cost-sharing to use providers on the
"preferred" list but can use non-network providers at a
higher out-of-pocket cost.
Point-of-Service (POS) plans are managed care
plans that combine features of prepaid (or capitatedj
and fee-for-service insurance. Enrollees can choose to
use a network provider at the time of service. A
significant copayment typically accompanies use of
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Services
non-network providers. Although few plans are purely
of one type, an important difference between a PPO
and a POS is that in a PPO plan, the patient may select
any type of covered care from any in-network provider.
while in a POS, use of in-network services must be
approved by a primary care physician.
In Carve-out Managed Behavioral Health Care,
segments of insurance risk-defined by service or
disease-are isolated from overall insurance risk and
covered in a separate contract between the payer
(insurer or employer) and the carve-out vendor. Even
with highly restrictive admission criteria, many HMOs
have recently found it cost effective to carve out mental
health care for administration by a managed behavioral
health company, rather than relying on in-house staff.
This arrangement permits a larger range of services
than can be provided by existing staff without
increasing salaried staff and management overhead
costs. Carve-outs generally have separate budgets,
provider networks, and financial incentive arrange-
ments. Covered services, utilization management tech-
niques, financial risk, and other features vary de-
pending on the particular carve-out contract. The
employee as a plan member may be unaware of any
such arrangement. These separate contracts delegate
management of mental health care to specialized
vendors known as managed behavioral health care
orgnnizarions (MBHOs).
There are two general forms of carve-outs: payer
carve-outs and health plan subcontracts. In payer
carve-outs, an enrollee chooses a health plan for
coverage of health care with the exception of mental
health and must enroll with a separate carve-out vendor
for mental health care. Examples of payer carve-outs
include the state employee health plans of Ohio and
Massachusetts. In health plan subcontracts. adminis-
trators of the general medical plan arrange to have
mental health care managed by a carve-out vendor or
MBHO; the plan member does not have to take steps to
select mental health coverage. Examples of payer
carve-outs include health plans associated with
Prudential and Humana.
421
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
The Ascent of Managed Care
Over the past decade, the pace of change in U.S. health
insurance has been striking. In 1988, insurance based
on fee-for-service was the predominant method of fin-
ancing health care. But in the ensuing decade, various
management techniques were added such that insurance
that used "unmanaged fee-for-service" as its payment
mechanism plummeted from 71 percent to 15 percent
(HayGroup, 1998). Managedcare arrangements (HMO,
PPO, or POS plans), which fundamentally alter the way
in which health care resources are allocated, now cover
the majority (56 percent) of Americans (Levit &
Lundy, 1998). During the 1988-1998 decade, PPO
plans rose from being 13 percent to 34 percent of
primary medical plans, with a similar rapid rise in
HMO plans from 9 percent tb 24 percent. Point-of-
service (POS) plans rose more slowly as the principal
medical plan. from 12 percent in 1990 to 20 percent in
1998 (HayGroup, 1998).
Managed care has also made significant inroads
into publicly funded health care. Between 1988 and
1997, Medicaid enrollees in managed care rose from 9
percent to 48 percent, while Medicare enrollees in
managed care increased from 5 percent to 14 percent.
Most Medicaid and Medicare managed care growth has
occurred since 1994. In Medicaid, growth is primarily
focused on the population receiving Temporary Aid to
Needy Families support (as opposed to the population
with severe and chronic mental illness, eligible for
Medicaid because of Supplemental Security Income-
eligible disability) (HayGroup, 1998).
In 1999, almost 177 million Americans with health
insurance (72 percent) were enrolled in managed
behavioral health organizations. This represents a 9
percent increase over enrollment in 1998 (OPEN
MINDS, 1999). This administrative mechanism has
changed the incentive structure for mental health
professionals, with "supply-side" controls (e.g.,
provider incentives) replacing "demand-side" controls
(e.g., benefit limits) on service use and cost. In
addition, the privatization of service delivery is
increasing in the public sector. As a result of these
changes, access to specific types of mental health
services is increasingly under the purview of managed
behavioral care companies and employers.
It is difficult to know precisely how many people
are enrolled in various forms of carve-out plans. Recent
reports estimate that 35 percent of employers with more
than 5,000 employees have created payer carve-outs,
while only 5 percent of firms with fewer than 500
employees have adopted them(Mercer/Foster-Higgins,
1997). A survey of 50 large HMOs revealed that
roughly half of HMO enrollees were enrolled in carve-
out plans (OPEN MINDS, 1999). The carve-out
concept has also been adopted by'a number of state
Medicaid programs. At most recent count, 15 states are
using payer carve-out arrangements to manage mental
health care (Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration [SAMHSA], 1998). More than
20 states use carve-out arrangements to manage non-
Medicaid public sector services.
As the states have adopted Medicaid managed care
for mental health, at least two distinct models have
emerged. States that entered managed care early have
tended to issue contracts to private sector organizations
to perform both administrative (payments, network
development) and management (utilization review)
functions. States that entered managed care more
recently have tended to contract administrative
functions with Administrative Services Organizations
(ASOs), while retaining control of management func-
tions. Under any of these arrangements, financial risk
for the provision of care to a particular population can
be distributed in a variety of ways (Essock & Goldman,
1995).
As the foregoing discussion indicates, mental
health services associated with private insurance,
public insurance, and public direct-service programs
often have managed mental health care arrangements
that are organized differently than are overall health
services. These arrangements have emerged mostly
within the past decade. The next section describes how
the ascent of managed care has shifted patterns of
resource allocation toward financial incentives aimed
at providers, organizational structure, and adminis-
trative mechanisms and away from the use of benefit
design (e.g., using copayments and annual deductibles)
422
meant to encourage consumer cost-sharing. As a result,
cost control and care management are accomplished
through a more complicated set of policies than at any
time in the recent past, and benefit design is no longer
the only factor in determining service allocation or
predicting costs to a health insurer.
Dynamics of Cost Controls in Managed Care
In a managed care system, the moral hazard of
unnecessary utilization need not be addressed through
benefit design. Utilization typically is controlled at the
level of the provider of care, through a series of
financial incentives and through direct management of
the care. For example, managed care reduces cost in
part by shifting treatmenl from inpatient to outpatient
settings, negotiating discounted hospital and
professional fees, and using utilization management
techniques to limit unnecessary services. In this
fashion, at least theoretically, unnecessary utilization,
the moral hazard, is eliminated at the source, on a case-
by-case basis.
Adverse selection may be addressed through
regulations, such as mandates in coverage that require
all insurers in a market to offer the same level of
services. In this way, no one insurer runs `the risk that
offering superior coverage will necessarily attract
people who are higher utilizers of care. Efforts to
regulate adverse selection may not produce the
intended effect, however, when insurers who offer the
same services use management techniques to control
costs by restricting care to those who use services most
intensely-effectively denying care to those who most
need it. In such instances, patients with the greatest
needs might become concentrated in plans with the
most generous management of care. This may lead to
financial losses for such plans or encourage them to cut
back on services for those who need care most or to
divert resources from other beneficiaries.
As managed care grows, the structure of the
industry changes, with companies merging and
disappearing. Managed behavioral health care
organizations now cover approximately 177 million
Americans. with only three companies controlling 57
percent of all insured persons (or 91 million covered
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Services
lives) (OPEN MINDS, 1999). However, the range of
management controls currently applied to enrollees in
covered plans extends from simple utilization review of
hospitalizations on an administrative services only
(ASO) contract to prepaid, at-risk contracts with exten-
sive employee assistance plan (EAP) screening and
networks of eligible mental health specialists and
hospitals providing services for discounted fees. If and
when mental health service benefits expand, it is
possible for managed behavioral health plans to tighten
the level of supply-side controls to maintain costs at a
.
desired level.
Some consumers and consumer advocates have
expressed concern that the management measures used
to cut the costs of health care may also lower its quality
and/or accessibility. Although this issue was addressed
by the President's Advisory Commission on Consumer
Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry and
by current Patient Bill of Rights legislation, more
research is needed to understand the effects of industry
competition on costs, access, and quality. (See Appen-
dix 6-A for Patient Bill of Rights.)
Managed Care Effects on Mental Health
Services Access and Quality
Managed care demonstrably reduces the cost of mental
health services (Ma & McGuire, 1998; Goldman et al..
1998; Callahan et al., 1995; Bloom et al., 1998:
Christianson et al., 1995; Coulam & Smith, 1990). That
was one of its goals-to remove the excesses of
overutilization, such as unnecessary hospitalization.
and to increase the number of individuals treated by
using more cost-effective care. This was to be
accomplished through case-by-case "management" of
care. The risk of cost-containment, however, is that it
can lead to undertreatment. Research is just beginning
on how managed care cost-reduction techniques affect
access and quality. Excessively restrictive cost-
containment strategies and financial incentives to
providers and facilities to reduce specialty referrals.
hospital admissions, or length or amount of treatment
may ultimately contribute to lowered access and quality
of care. These restrictions pose particular risk to People
on either end of the severity spectrum: individuals with
423
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
mental health problems may be denied services
entirely, while the most severely and persistently ill
patients may be undertreated. These risks must be seen,
however, in the context of similar problems inherent in
fee-for-service practice. Access and quality problems
and the failure to treat those most in need predate
managed care.
Impact on Access to Services
Despite considerable concern that managed care cost
reductions may inappropriately restrict access to mental
health services, the actual impact of these reductions
has received relatively little systematic study. In
addition, there are currently no benchmark standards
for access to specialty merital health services.5 A
system to measure access and track it over time is
clearly needed. Establishing targets for treated
prevalence6 is also problematic because the appropriate
level and type of service utilization for specific
population groups is only beginning to be documented
(McFarland et al., 1998).
The term "access to mental health services" refers
generally to the ability to obtain treatment with
appropriate professionals for mental disorders.`Having
health insurance-and the nature of its coverage and
administration-are critical determinants of such
access. But so are factors such as the person's clinical
status and personal and sociocultural factors affecting
' Between the early 1980s and 1990s-prior to the dominance of
managed care-about 5.8 percent of U.S. adults used some type of
specialty mental health outpatient services in any year. This rate
now can be used as one reference point for assessing subsequent
changes in access to mental health services, although there is no
evidence on the appropriateness of this care.
6 Researchers and administrators often report access in terms of
treated prevalence or penetration rates. These rates reflect the
proportion of individuals in a given population (e.g., members of a
particular managed behavioral health care plan) that use specialty
mental health and/or substance abuse services in 1 year.
' This phrase has many additional dimensions and meanings to
consumers. health care providers. and health services researchers.
These include (a) waiting time for emergency, urgent, and routine
initial and followup appointments; (b) telephone access, including
call pick-up times and call abandonment rates; (c) access to a
continuum of services, including treatment in the least restrictive
setting: (d) access to providers from a full range of mental health
disciplines: (e) choice of individual provider; (f) geographic access;
and (g) access to culturally competent treatment.
desire for care; knowledge about mental health services
and the effectiveness of current treatments: the level of
insurance copayments, deductibles, and limits; ability
to obtain adequate time off from work and other
responsibilities to obtain treatment; and the availability
of providers in close proximity, as well as the
availability of transportation and child care. In addition,
because the stigma associated with mental disorders is
still a barrier to seeking care. the availability of
services organized in ways that reduce stigma-such as
employee assistance programs-can provide important
gateways to further treatment when necessary.
A small number of studies provide a limited
picture of access to managed behavioral health care. It
has been found that the proportion of individuals
receiving mental health treatment varies considerably
across managed behavioral health plans (National
Advisory Mental Health Council, 1998). Some long-
term case studies of managed care's impact on access
find that the probability of using mental health care-
especially outpatient care-increases after managed
behavioral health care is implemented in private
insurance plans (Goldman et al., 1998).
Impact on Quality of Care
The quality of care within health systems has been
assessed traditionally on three dimensions: (1) the
strilcture of the health care organization or system; (2)
the process of the delivery of health services; and (3)
the outcomes of service for consumers (Donabedian,
1966). Many of these dimensions are being tapped in
current efforts to assess-and, it is hoped, ultimately
improve-the overall quality of mental health care in
the United States. These include the use of
accreditation practices, clinical- and systems-level
practice guidelines, outcome measures and "report
cards," and systems-level performance indicators. For
example, to maximize the potential mental health
benefit of patients' contact with the primary health care
sector, which 70 to 80 percent of all Americans visit at
least once a year, guidelines and treatment algorithms
have been developed. The Agency for Health Care
Policy and Research has developed comprehensive
guidelines for the treatment of depression in primary
324
care settings (1993) as well as recommendations for the
treatment of schizophrenia (Patient Outcome Research
Team, Lehman & Steinwachs. 1998). Also funded by
the Agency is the Depression PORT that will soon
release findings on the quality and cost of the treatment
of depression in managed, primary care practice (Wells
et al., in press). In addition, multiple studies are now
under way to develop better coordination between
primary care physicians and mental health specialists
for management of both chronic and acute mental
disorders (Katon et al., 1997; Wells, 1999). These
studies are described in more detail in Chapters 4
and 5.
Current incentives both within and outside
managed care generally do not encourage an emphasis
on quality of care, Nonetheless, some managed mental
health systems recognize the potential uses of quality
assessment of their services. These include monitoring
and assuring quality of care to public and private
oversight organizations; developing programs to
improve services or outcomes from systematic
empirical evaluation; and permitting reward on the
basis of quality and performance, not simply cost (Kane
et al., 1994, 1995; Institute of Medicine, 1997;
President's Advisory Commission on' Consumer
Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry.
1997). In the public sector, the Center for Mental
Health Services (CMHS), in conjunction with the
Mental Health Statistics Improvement Program, has
developed a Consumer-Oriented Report Card. Designed
to obtain a consumer perspective on access,
appropriateness, prevention, and outcome, it is being
tested in 40 states under CMHS grant support.
Efforts are ongoing within managed behavioral
health systems to develop quality-reporting systems
based on existing administrative claims data, which
measure aspects of the process of care as well as some
clinical outcome data (American Managed Behavioral
Healthcare Association, 1995; American College of
Mental Health Administrators, 1997; National
Committee for Quality Assurance, 1997).
The first comparative study of quality indicators
within the managed behavioral health care industry
(Frank & Shore, 1996) has revealed very diverse
Organizing and Financing Mental Health Services
practices. For example, across the responding
companies, expected outpatient followup visits within
30 days after hospital discharge for depression occurred
among 92 percent of patients in one plan. but only 39
percent in another. One indicator of inadequate hospital
treatment or discharge planning is rapid hospital
readmission after discharge-an event that occurred in
2 percent to 4 1 percent of discharges. Another indicator
of quality is the proportion of patients with
schizophrenia who received a minimum of four
medication visits per year; this figure ranged from 15
percent to 97 percent. Meas'ures of access (treated
prevalence rates) also varied widely. Although
methodological problems probably contribute to the
variation among companies, these data raise concerns
about real differences in quality among managed
behavioral health care companies. They also
underscore the need to improve quality measurement.
In a more positive vein, investigators recently
found that rates of readmission after hospital discharge
were not adversely affected by the 1993 transition to a
managed behavioral health carve-out for Massachusetts
state employees. In fact, the proportion of cases
receiving outpatient followup (within 15 or 30 days)
actually increased for patients with major depressive
disorder, despite substantial reductions in inpatient
utilization and costs. However, because the study was
based on the plan's administrative claims data, only
limited conclusions could be made about the quality of
care provided (Merrick, 1997).
Clinical outcome data systems, although more
expensive and complicated than administrative data
systems, have much greater potential for evaluating
how programs and practices actually affect patient
outcomes. Several managed care companies are
currently testing the feasibility of implementing
systemwide collection of clinical outcome data, to be
managed through newly developed comprehensive
clinical quality information systems (Goldman. 1997:
Goldman et al., 1998).
Another way to measure quality takes into account
outcomes outside the mental health specialty sector.
Two recent studies suggest that when management and
financial incentives limit access to mental health care
425
|
en
|
converted_docs
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{width="5.992361111111111in"
height="1.0048611111111112in"}
####### PRELIMINARY
INFORMATION\
PACKAGE
NSTX TF FLAG JOINT
#### DESIGN REVIEW
E. Baker, A. Brooks, J. Chrzanowski,
P. Heitzenroeder, M. Kalish, R. Marsala, C. Neumeyer,
R. Parsells, B. Paul, H. Schneider, M. Williams, I. Zatz
7/31/3
{width="1.9583333333333333in"
height="0.7805555555555556in"}
[Table of Contents]{.underline}
INTRODUCTION [3](#introduction)
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS [7](#performance-requirements)
OPERATIONAL HISTORY [8](#operational-history)
FAILURE OF ORIGINAL TF ASSEMBLY [9](#failure-of-original-tf-assembly)
KEY DESIGN DRIVERS [13](#key-design-drivers)
SUMMARY OF FORCES [15](#summary-of-forces)
LOAD PATHS [16](#load-paths)
DESCRIPTION OF NEW DESIGN [17](#description-of-new-design)
COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW DESIGNS
[21](#comparison-of-old-and-new-designs)
ANALYSIS [22](#analysis)
TESTING [23](#testing)
SUMMARY OF DESIGN MARGINS [27](#summary-of-design-margins)
SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE [28](#summary-of-performance)
INSTRUMENTATION [29](#instrumentation)
# {#section .unnumbered}
#
#
#
# INTRODUCTION
The TF Inner Leg Assembly failed on 2/14/03 at the Inner Leg-to-Flag
joint due to structural weaknesses.
On 4/10/3 a new design was presented for review. Although analysis,
testing, and detailing was incomplete at that time, sufficient
confidence was gained so as to allow release of the inner leg conductors
for machining.
Following the April review the analysis, component testing, and design
detailing has been completed. In addition, the chits generated during
the April review have been resolved as reported on under separate cover.
The purpose of the 8/7/3 review is to examine the final design and
identify any shortcomings which may need correction prior to proceeding
with manufacturing, assembly, commissioning, and operation.
An additional review in September will assess cost and schedule issues
related to the TF recovery effort. It is highly desirable that the
August review establish that the technical basis is sound and not in
question in September.
As stated at the beginning of the recovery effort, the Project seeks a
more robust design which will not suffer from the shortcomings of the
original design. Toward this end, the re-design activity must:
- *factor in lessons learned from failure*
- *ensure that all engineering aspects analyzed at appropriate level
of detail*
- *perform testing as necessary for engineering input and design
verification*
- *reduce dependence on precision manufacturing/assembly*
- *facilitate ease of maintenance*
Figures 1, 2, and 3 depict the main elements of the joint and serve to
identify the nomenclature. The scope of this review is limited to the
following elements:
- *Inner Leg / Flag Interface*
- *Flag*
- *Flag Fasteners (threaded inserts, studs, washers, nuts, etc.)*
- *Flag Structural Supports (Boxes, Shear Shoes)*
- *Hub Assembly/Torque Collar*
- *Instrumentation Features Built-in to Above*
Other aspects may be discussed but are out of scope.
{width="5.179166666666666in"
height="3.332638888888889in"}
Figure 1 -- TF Coil System
{width="5.182638888888889in"
height="3.1104166666666666in"}
Figure 2 -- Elements Related to TF Inner Leg --to- Flag Joint
{width="4.823611111111111in"
height="4.866666666666666in"}
Figure 3 -- Flag Fasteners and Structural Support
As shown in Figure 4, recovery activities have consisted of three main
thrusts:
- *Design (drawing) development*
- *Finite Element Analysis*
- *Testing*
{width="6.309722222222222in"
height="3.4430555555555555in"}***Figure 4 -- Joint Recovery
Activities***
The testing is subdivided into "component" tests and "prototype" tests.
The component tests are designed to provide information necessary for
the engineering design. The prototype tests are designed to confirm the
design. Ideally, all testing would be complete prior to design review.
However, due to schedule constraints and resource limitations, prototype
testing will not take place until after the review.
Component testing consists of:
- *Pull-out tests on threaded inserts (one time and 50,000 cycle at
100^o^C)*
- *Pull-out tests on bolts threaded directly in copper (one time and
50,000 cycle)*
- *Friction coefficient and electrical resistance tests for silver
plated copper*
- *Shear tests on simulated torque collar attachment*
Prototype testing consists of:
- *Mechanical mock-up tested for 50,000 cycles*
- *Electrical mock-up tested at full current and I^2^T*
Since prototype testing will follow after the design review, and since
chit resolution will also follow, another checkpoint is identified in
the plan which will ensure that all design issues have been closed out.
Most likely this will consist of a review by the PPPL Activity
Certification Committee.
# PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
The base GRD requirement is for B~t~=[3kG]{.underline} at R~0~=0.854m
with 4.5 sec flat top, corresponding to 35580 Amp with the 36 turn coil.
There is also a "high field" GRD requirement for [6kG]{.underline} at
R~0~=0.854m with 0.6 sec flat top, corresponding to 71160 Amp with the
36 turn coil. Waveforms are shown in Figure 5.
{width="5.9944444444444445in" height="5.26875in"}
Figure 5 -- Current Waveforms
(Shot 108712 was an actual 6kG Test Shot)
Allowing for the possibility of a power supply fault at the end of flat
top from full current, the *I^2^T* requirements imposed by the waveforms
are of order 6.0 x 10^9^ A^2^-sec. However the coil design anticipates a
maximum of 6.5 x 10^9^ A^2^-sec, corresponding to an 80^o^C rise in the
main conductor.
The 6kG pulse is the design driver, not only because the forces are 4x
higher than at 3kG, but also because of the short duration of the 6kG
pulse, where minimal time is available for heat diffusion. This is the
most severe condition in terms of peak local temperature rise at the
joint. Figure 6 shows the result of a finite element analysis which
shows how the temperature distribution tends to peak at the corner of
the joint, where the current bunches up. Simulations have shown that
this current bunching effect is due primarily to resistive effects, and
that inductive effects are not significant.
{width="5.425in" height="4.047916666666667in"}
***Figure 6 -- Temperature Distribution***
The TF system is driven by a 1kV power supply, so the voltage is of
order 30V/turn. However, the TF conductor faces structure which can be
biased to 1kV during Coaxial Helicity Injection (CHI) operations, so the
groundwall insulation needs to anticipate 2kV. Thus the hipot
requirement is 2E+1=5kV.
# OPERATIONAL HISTORY
Approximately 7200 shots were executed with the original TF Inner Leg
Assembly prior to failure. A spectrum is shown if Figure 7. The test
shots, performed at 50% and 100% of the operating envelope in effect,
are evident, along with the plasma shots which comprise the vast
majority.
{width="6.336111111111111in" height="4.5375in"}
Figure 7 -- TF Operational History
It is noted that the early shots were mainly at 3kG, and that most of
the machine operations have been conducted at 4.5kG. The number of 6kG
shots was quite limited. In this context it is noted that the forces
present during the 3kG and 4.5kG shots are 25% and 50%, respectively, of
those at 6kG.
# FAILURE OF ORIGINAL TF ASSEMBLY
On February 14, 2003, following our morning test shots, the first plasma
attempt of the day resulted in a loud bang (heard on thecontrol room
audio monitors) accompanied by a plume of smoke (visible on the control
room video monitors). Waveforms of the prior 100% test shot and the
failed shot are shown superimposed in Figure 8.
{width="5.999305555555556in"
height="4.170833333333333in"}
Figure 8 -- TF Operational History
The target flat top level was 53.4kA which produces Bt=4.5kG. The fault
occurred just prior to flat top as the current passed 50kA.Several
protective devices tripped:
- *TF power supply fault detector section overcurrent*
- *TF Analog Coil Protection (ACP) overcurrent*
- *TF Rochester Instrument System (RIS) overcurrent*
- *TF ground fault current relay*
Initial inspection revealed that one of the TF "flags" had been
displaced radially by about 1 inch as shown in Figure 9. Subsequent
inspection revealed the extent of the damage as shown in Figure 10.
{width="5.059027777777778in"
height="3.7534722222222223in"}
Figure 9 -- Radially Displaced Flag
{width="6.055555555555555in"
height="3.9930555555555554in"} ***Figure 10 -- Peak Damage Area***
Analysis of the electrical signals led to the following postulated fault
scenario:
- *An open circuit fault (the flag joint opening up) led to
turn-to-turn (inner and outer legs) and turn-to-ground faults (to
the hub and umbrella assemblies*
- *This fault condition led to a spike of fault current from the power
supply which shunted the coil inner/outer leg assembly.*
- *Once the power supply tripped, the current spike decayed.*
- *This was followed by an L/R decay which can be modeled by an arc
with V=125V and R=500µΩ.*
- *The energy dissipated in the arc was of order 1.4MJ.*
A combination of factors are thought to have led to the failure as
follows.
[Design Factors]{.underline}
> *- hub stiffness not adequate to react moment*
*- communication of load from flag to hub uncertain with G10 shims*
> *- bolt thread and shoulder engagement too small*
>
> *- bolts necked down too far at threads, not enough on shaft*
>
> *- dual shear/preload function of bolts*
>
> *- torque collar connection to hub too stiff for vertical and radial
> displacement*
>
> *- lack of feature to facilitate joint resistance measurement without
> disassembly*
[Quality Factors]{.underline}
> *- frequent manual reworking of contact surfaces*
>
> *- non-planar flag surfaces*
>
> *- shoulder bolt concentricity*
[Operational Factors]{.underline}
- *monitoring of joint integrity too infrequent, too imprecise (1µΩ
resolution)*
All of the above factors have been addressed in the new design.
# KEY DESIGN DRIVERS
Electrical contact resistance vs. pressure behavior is a key design
driver. The contact pressure requirement drives the structural design,
and the contact resistance determines heating and limits flat top time.
The project has made precision measurements of contact resistivity vs.
pressure for silver plated copper joints as shown in figure 11.
{width="5.997916666666667in"
height="5.664583333333334in"}
Figure11 -- Contact Resistance Data
As shown in Figure 12 the contact resistance and temperature allowable
will essentially dictate the realizable system performance in terms of
flat top time.
{width="6.001388888888889in"
height="4.110416666666667in"}
##### Figure 12 --Effect of Contact Resistance on Temperature
In actuality, since contact pressure and resistance vary across the
joint, the situation is more complex. However, this result suggests the
general trend.
The following design guidelines have been established:
- *Structural systems shall maintain 1ksi minimum contact pressure
across joint*
- *Silver plated joint with R ≤ 2μΩ-in^2^ @ P ≥ 1ksi*
*- Peak local temperatures to be limited to 120^o^C*
Future measurements (prototype joints and actual installation) will
provide more data and ultimately establish the operating envelope.
#
# SUMMARY OF FORCES
The in-plane EM forces on the flags and links (contribution out to
half-way through flex link) at 6kG (71.2kA/turn) are given in the
following table.
**Summary of In-Plane Forces and Moments at 6kG**
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | F~v | dR from | Moment |
| | ertical~ | effective point | |
| | | of application | (in-lbs) |
| | (lbs) | to flag inboard | |
| | | edge | |
| | | | |
| | | (in) | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Outer Layer, Inner | 7380 | 4.3 | 31719 |
| Tier Flag | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Outer Layer Inner | 1855 | 13.8 | 25652 |
| Tier Link | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Total Per Inner Tier | 9235 | 6.2 | 57371 |
| Flag/Link | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Inner Layer, Outer | 1845 | 4.3 | 7930 |
| Tier Flag | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Inner Layer, Outer | 464 | 13.8 | 6413 |
| Tier Link | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Total Per Outer Tier | 2309 | 6.2 | 14343 |
| Flag/Link | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Total from All Turns | 249325 | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
Clearly the forces on the inner tier (associated with the 24 turn outer
layer) are much higher than the outer tier.
The out-of-plane EM forces on the flags and links (contribution out to
half-way through flex link) at 6kG (71.2kA/turn), with OH and all PF
coils at maximum current, are given in the following table. Note that a
significant fraction of these forces are due to the OH which is
bi-directional.
**Summary of Out-of-Plane Forces and Moments at 6kG**
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | F~ | dR from | Moment |
| | lateral~ | effective point | |
| | | of application | (in-lbs) |
| | (lbs) | to flag inboard | |
| | | edge | |
| | | | |
| | | (in) | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Outer Layer, Inner | 3174 | 8.9 | 28286 |
| Tier Flag | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Outer Layer Inner | 1523 | 17.9 | 27323 |
| Tier Link | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Total Per Inner Tier | 4698 | 11.8 | 55609 |
| Flag/Link | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Inner Layer, Outer | 1979 | 9.1 | 18061 |
| Tier Flag | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Inner Layer, Outer | 1060 | 18.2 | 19113 |
| Tier Link | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Total Per Outer Tier | 3039 | 12.2 | 37174 |
| Flag/Link | | | |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Total from All Turns | 149198 | 11.9 | 1.78e6 |
| | | | |
| | | | (148392 ft-lbs) |
+-----------------------+----------+-----------------+-----------------+
The out-of-plane EM forces on the inner leg bundle at 6kG (71.2kA/turn),
with OH and all PF coils at maximum current result in a net torsional
moment of 40870 ft-lbs. Note that a significant fraction of this force
is due to the OH which is bi-directional.
It is noted that thermal displacements potentially result in additional
forces and stresses. The significant effects are as follows:
- *Temperature of inner leg conductor rises from 12^o^C to 29^o^C
SOFT, 66^o^C EOFT, 95^o^C EOP (worst case)*
- *Vertical length of inner leg bundle from bottom to top increases by
approximately 0.35"due to inner leg temperature rise during a pulse*
- *Vertical length of inner leg from torque collar to top of bundle
increases due to inner leg temperature rise, whereas flag and hub
remain relatively cool*
- *Radius of inner leg bundle increases bundle increases by
approximately 0.006" during a pulse*
- Flag heats modestly during a pulse (∆T \~ 5^o^C) but can ratchet by
as much as ∆T ≤25^o^C with rated I^2^T pulsing at 300 second rep
rate, corresponding to an increase in length of approximately
0.005".
# LOAD PATHS
A simplified diagram of the in-plane force application and the elements
available to react the load is given in Figure 13.
{width="5.0569444444444445in"
height="3.817361111111111in"}
***Figure 13 -- Load Paths***
The four primary load paths are 1) the bolted joint friction, 2) the
shear shoe, 3) the torque collar, and 4) the hub/spline/VV. At the
bolted joint, contact pressure results in friction which takes part of
the shear load. In addition, shear keys or the bolts themselves can be
used to take part of the load. At the torque collar, a maximum torsional
load of 22480 lbf will add to any additional vertical load from the hub.
At the joint, the radial pressure exerted by the fasteners results in a
frictional response to vertical loads on the flag, depending on the
coefficient of friction. In addition, the shear shoe, which is bolted on
to the ends of the inner leg conductor, provides a vertical stop.
The torque collar is attached to the inner leg bundle via a wet lay-up
of room temperature cure epoxy. This collar serves to transmit the
torque generated on the inner leg bundle to the hub assembly. The collar
is connected to the hub at anchor points which are designed to transmit
torque, but not vertical or radial load.
The hub assembly takes the vertical moment generated on the flags. In
addition, it communicates the torsional load from the collar and the
lateral load on the flags out to the vacuum vessel by way of the spline.
The spline is designed to transmit torque, but not vertical or radial
load.
# DESCRIPTION OF NEW DESIGN
The ideal design would have the following attributes:
- *Perfect communication of flag load through insulation/potting to
hub*
- *Infinitely stiff hub*
- *Full vertical load shear capability at the inner leg/flat
interface*
- *All inner leg torsion shunted away from flag via torque collar*
- *Contact pressure everywhere along the joint ≥ minimum allowable
over the full temperature range*
These design goals guide in the selection of the various design features
and dimensions.
Several views of the new design are given in Figures 14-16. The
following are some highlights of the design features:
- *Solid flags (no split) are insulated with two half-lapped layers of
Kapton, then glass tape wrapped and potted (Hysol RE2039 & HD3561)
in 304SS boxes. Communication of in-plane and out-of-plane forces
from flag to hub is very efficient.*
- *Boxes are bolted to the hub disks using 5/8" diameter hardware,
forming a very stiff "I-beam" type hub structure.*
- *Mold release agent is used so that potting is not bonded to the
box, thereby allowing for thermal displacement of the flag.*
- *Potting is accomplished "in place" with boxes flags already
installed and tightened so as to ensure best possible contact
surface fit. However, potted flag-boxes can be removed as necessary
when sliding TF Inner Leg Assembly into OH Coil Tension Tube*
- *Flags are attached to inner legs using 3/8" dia. Inconel
studs(Alloy 718, 5% Cold Worked, Aged,UTS 210ksi, Yield 185ksi) in
threaded inserts and preloaded to 5000lbf each. Washer plate is used
under tee at end of flag. Belleville washer and nut then complete
the attachment. The total force of 20000lbf provides for high
contact pressure leading to excellent electrical conductivity and
frictional load bearing capability.*
- *Flag fasteners are necked down over their length to enhance
elasticity. In this regard the Belleville washers are a redundant
feature to ensure that fasteners remain tight after load cycling.*
- *Shear shoe located on outer edge of flags is bolted to ends of
inner leg conductor using A286 SS bolts, one oriented directly for
the vertical load and the other angled for the moment reaction. The
shoe provide a load path for the vertical EM force and also provides
a means of registering the vertical position of the flags during
assembly.*
- *Torque collar consists of three segments attached with two 1/2"
diameter bolts w/Belleville washers at each joint, attached to
Scotchply groundwall using 0.180" thick wet lay-up glass epoxy
(Hysol E-120HP) wrap. Collar is sized to provide modest compression
to enhance shear capability of wet lay-up while still accommodating
radial thermal expansion of bundle.*
- *Collar transmits torque to hub structure at three anchor points
which are designed to slide in vertical and radial directions to
accommodate anticipated displacements (0.020" and 0.006",
respectively). Low friction coatings (e.g. Magnaplate HMF) are under
evaluation to minimize wear and friction.*
- *Redundant voltage probes are located on each side of the flag in
grooves half way up. These spring loaded probes provide a very
effective means for monitoring joint resistance during maintenance
periods (200A injected) and voltage drop during actual machine
operations.*
{width="5.988888888888889in" height="3.5625in"}
***Figure 14 -- Cross Section of New Design (Top of Machine)***
{width="4.850694444444445in"
height="3.7583333333333333in"}
#####
##### Figure 15 -- Torque Collar
{width="3.2131944444444445in"
height="4.877777777777778in"}
***Figure 16 -- Isometric View of New Design***
{width="3.3305555555555557in"
height="2.5965277777777778in"}
***Figure 17 -- Isometric View of Inner Conductor,***
***Flag, Shoe, and Accessories***
# COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW DESIGNS
Features of the old and new designs are compared in the following table.
----------------- ------------------------------- --------------------------
**Old Design** **New Design**
**Hub Stiffness** Not adequate; lacking stiff Very stiff. Boxes form
linkages between disks because webs with disks like
flags could slide w.r.t. disks I-beams.
**Bolts/Studs** Shoulder engagement was too Shear Shoe using two 3/8"
small (4 bolts x 0.1 depth = .4 dia bolts
@ 1/2\" dia, Area = 0.18 in\^2)
** ** Bolt 5/16" thread was necked Studs necked down to root
down too far to 0.232\" dia of 3/8\" bolt =
0.314\"
** ** 0.438" shank diameter was too Neck down to root dia of
large, bolt was not compliant 3/8\" bolt = 0.314\"
for thermal cycling
** ** No back-up to bolt compliance Belleville washer,
to accomodate creep initially flattened
** ** Torsion in long bolts during Studs with nuts used in
tightening, inaccurate place of long bolts, stud
tensioning tensioner
** ** Dual purpose bolts, combined Loose fitting clearance
tension and shear functions, holes for studs, separate
tolerance issues, shear shoes
torque(tension) uncertainty
** ** Four 5/16\" bolts @ 2500#, Four 3/8\" studs @ 5000#,
marginal friction to carry doubling of preload
shear (4\*2500=10000lbf applied (4\*5000=20000lbf)
vs. 9230lbs, requires mu \~1.0)
** ** Thin washers under bolt heads 1/4\" thick washer plate
at tee-ends over Belleville washers at
tee-ends
**Inserts** Keensert type, thread Taplok type, thread
engagement = 0.113\" engagement \> 0.5\"
**Shimming** Manually selected and inserted Hysol/glass tape potting
G10 shim stock in boxes, mold released to
permit thermal growth
**Out-of-Plane Wedged G10 blocks with pusher Flags potted in boxes,
Load Path** bolts boxes bolted to hub disks
**Torque Collar** Two piece collar bolted Three piece collar with
directly to hub. Wet lay-up sliding contact with hub
0.25" thick Hysol RE2039 & for torsion-only
HD3561. Holes in collar for connection. Wet lay-up
epoxy outflow to enhance 0.180" thick Hysol E-120HP
adhesion. (improved adhesive
strength). Serrations in
collar to enhance
adhesion.
**Joint 10A Biddle measurement via 200A precision measurement
Resistance connection to two half flags on using voltage taps in situ
Measurement** disassembled joint
----------------- ------------------------------- --------------------------
# ANALYSIS
The primary means of analyzing joint behavior and guiding the design is
a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using the NASTRAN package which includes
suitable features for non-linear behavior such as the friction
interfaces. In-plane and out-of-plane forces and SOFT, EOFT, and EOP
temperatures were calculated separately using ANSYS and input to the
NASTRAN analysis.
{width="5.426388888888889in"
height="4.386805555555555in"}
***Figure 17 -- NASTRAN Finite Element Model***
The model consists of a 1/24^th^ segment of the joint and represents all
significant features including both tiers of flags, out-of-plane load
path through the spline, as well as an axisymmetric equivalent model of
the torque collar with torsion-only connection to the hub. The model
neglects load transfer through the flex links to the outer legs
(conservative for the joint).
A large number of cases were run to test the model in stages as features
were added. Simplified spreadsheet calculations were performed when
possible as a parallel check. The model was used as a design tool and
influenced the final selection of features and dimensions.
Cases were run with friction coefficient equal to 0.2 and 0.4, and with
temperatures corresponding to SOFT, EOFT, and EOP.
Key outputs from the model include the following:
- contact pressure distribution over joint
- tension in flag studs and shear shoe bolts
- shear stress in wet lay-up
- displacements
Additional analysis was performed on the box bolts, collar bolts, flag
fasteners, etc.
# TESTING
Test results are summarized in the following table.
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 18%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Type</td>
<td>Load</td>
<td>Cycles</td>
<td>Temp</td>
<td>Samples</td>
<td>Avg</td>
<td>3σ</td>
<td>Avg-3σ</td>
<td><p>Yield/</p>
<p>Failure</p></td>
<td>Comment</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Insert Pull-out in Copper</td>
<td>To Failure</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>RT</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>12714</td>
<td>2898</td>
<td>9817</td>
<td>0.84</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td> </td>
<td><p>5000-</p>
<p>6000lbf</p></td>
<td>> 50000</td>
<td>100C</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>No Failures</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td> </td>
<td>To Failure</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>RT</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>13003</td>
<td>2156</td>
<td>10847</td>
<td> </td>
<td>After Cycling</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Bolt Pull-out in Copper</td>
<td>To Failure</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>RT</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>12658</td>
<td>2641</td>
<td>10016</td>
<td>0.82</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td> </td>
<td><p>5000-</p>
<p>6000lbf</p></td>
<td>> 50000</td>
<td>RT</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>No Failures</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td> </td>
<td>To Failure</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>RT</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>12828</td>
<td>2734</td>
<td>10094</td>
<td> </td>
<td>After Cycling</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Wet Lay-Up Shear</td>
<td>To Failure</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>RT</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>2617</td>
<td>746</td>
<td>1871</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Normalized to Zero Compression, w/o peaking</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td> </td>
<td>0 to 1800psi, up to1000psi compression</td>
<td>> 50000</td>
<td>RT</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>No Failures</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>Various load and compression combinations</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Friction</td>
<td>Up to 7560lbf</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>RT</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>0.41</td>
<td>0.04</td>
<td>0.36</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Coefficient of Friction</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
In regard to the wet lay-up shear tests, a rectangular sample
configuration was used. Stress analysis was performed using ANSYS to
determine the peak-to-average stress level for the test sample
configuration, as shown in figures 18 and 19.
{width="4.905555555555556in"
height="3.7118055555555554in"}
***Figure 18 -- Shear Test Sample Configuration***
{width="4.5256944444444445in" height="3.4in"}
***Figure 19 -- Distribution of Shear Stress (xz):max= 45.4MPa
(6.6ksi)***
This analysis indicates a peak-to-average stress ratio of 1.65 for the
test samples. An additional factor to be considered in interpretation of
the shear data is the level of normal compression, which was varied from
test to test. To account for compression, the following model was
used...
$$s_{\text{failure}} = s_{0} + k_{N}s_{N}$$
where:
σ~failure~ = shear stress to failure
σ~0~=shear stress to failure with zero compression
k ~N~ =coefficient applied to normal stress
σ~N~=normal stress
In interpreting the raw test data, values of σ~0~ and k ~N~ were first
determined using a least squares curve fit. Then, based on this k ~N~, a
σ~0~ value was determined for each data point, and a average and
standard deviation was taken of these values. Using these results a peak
stress failure model is....
$${\hat{s}}_{\text{failure}} = k_{\text{PA}}\left\lbrack {\overline{s}}_{0} - 3s + k_{N}s_{N} \right\rbrack$$
where:
${\hat{s}}_{\text{failure}}$ = peak shear stress to failure
${\overline{s}}_{0}$ = average shear stress to failure with zero
compression = 2617psi
σ = standard deviation of ${\overline{s}}_{0}$= 746psi
k ~N~ =coefficient applied to normal stress = 1.27
σ~N~ =normal stress
k ~PA~ =peak/average ratio for test sample configuration = 1.65
These results are shown in figure 20.
{width="4.552777777777778in"
height="3.236111111111111in"}
***Figure 20-- Interpretation of Shear Test Data***
It is important to note that the wet lay-up does not experience elevated
temperature coincident with high shear loads. This justifies testing at
room temperature.
To demonstrate this, an analysis was performed which simulated radial
thermal diffusion from the inner leg copper, through the CTD turn
insulation, Scotchply ground insulation, Hysol wet lay-up, and stainless
steel torque collar. As shown in figure 21, the temperature rise of the
Hysol is minimal during the pulse.
{width="4.442361111111111in"
height="3.245138888888889in"}
***Figure 21 - Temperatures vs. Time***
*Copper (Cu), Turn Insu. (CTD), Ground Insul. (SP), Wet Lay-up (HS) and
Collar (SS)*
# SUMMARY OF DESIGN MARGINS
Design margins are summarized in the following table. In those cases
where the margins are derived from test data...
- the average --3σ results were used
- for the wet lay-up, 1000psi compression is assumed
- for the yield loads, test data for yield/failure was used
In the case of loads derived from the FEA, the worst of the four
"nominal" cases (friction coefficient =0.2, 0.4 and temperature at SOFT,
EOFT) was used.
------------ ---------- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- ---------
Component Material Max Load Max Yield Safety Failure Safety
(lbf) Stress Stress Factor on Stress Factor on
(psi) (psi) Yield (psi) Failure
Flag Studs Inconel 6181 79771 185000 2.3 210000 2.6
718
Insert Copper 6181 14579 19412 1.3 23152 1.6
pullout
Shear Shoe A286 5279 68125 102000 1.5 146000 2.1
Bolt
Shear Shoe Copper 5279 11971 18701 1.6 22713 1.9
Bolt pullout
Wet Lay-up Hysol 123848 1532 5197 3.4
Peak Shear
(Bond Plane)
Wet Lay-up Hysol n.a. 3000 5197 1.7
Peak Shear
(Combined)
Collar Bolts A286 9084 64018 102000 1.6 146000 2.3
Box Bolts 304SS 5068 19800 31200 1.6 73200 4.4
Box Bolt 304SS 5068 7303 15600 2.1 36600 5.0
Pullout
Box Friction 304/304 4700 2.5
------------ ---------- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- ---------
In addition to the above, it is noted that the flag threaded inserts ,
the shear shoe bolts, and the wet lay-up samples have been exposed to
50,000 cycles at or above their design loads, without failure.
Finally, mechanical and electrical prototype tests will provide further
design verification prior to commencing machine operation.
# SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE
FEA runs using ANSYS, with contact pressure distribution from NASTRAN
runs, were made for the SOFT and EOFT conditions. The results indicate
that the variation in contact pressure does not result in significant
deviations from earlier runs which assume constant pressure distribution
and joint resistivity of 1 micro-ohm-in^2^. This is due in part to the
fact that the pressure is maintained at high levels across the joint,
plus the fact that the current takes the path of least resistance, so
that the phenomenon is somewhat self-correcting. See following figures.
---------- ------- ------------- ------- ------- ---------- ------- ------------- -------
SOFT SOFT EOFT EOFT
Pressure Resistivity Pressure Resistivity
(psi) (μΩ-in^2^) (psi) (μΩ-in^2^)
14727 11877 0.336 0.366 15662 12639 0.328 0.357
10092 7835 0.390 0.431 10152 7808 0.389 0.431
9022 6719 0.408 0.458 8707 6344 0.413 0.468
7752 5380 0.433 0.499 7137 4736 0.447 0.525
6903 4513 0.453 0.535 6083 3732 0.476 0.576
6683 4272 0.459 0.547 5774 3453 0.486 0.594
6793 4408 0.456 0.540 5869 3617 0.483 0.583
6478 4068 0.464 0.557 5534 3297 0.494 0.605
5696 3215 0.488 0.611 4689 2393 0.527 0.686
5054 2552 0.512 0.669 3928 1631 0.565 0.797
4858 2329 0.520 0.693 3624 1313 0.583 1.228
5033 2519 0.512 0.672 3803 1512 0.572 0.821
4840 2295 0.520 0.697 3836 1528 0.570 0.818
4207 1587 0.550 0.806 3681 1286 0.579 1.285
3840 1202 0.570 1.458 4011 1554 0.560 0.812
3985 1312 0.562 1.230 4995 2505 0.514 0.674
4316 1633 0.544 0.797 6219 3719 0.472 0.577
4060 1503 0.558 0.823 6923 4417 0.452 0.539
3005 917 0.627 2.049 6364 3904 0.467 0.566
2087 306 0.724 3.318 6681 3013 0.459 0.627
---------- ------- ------------- ------- ------- ---------- ------- ------------- -------
##### Figure 22 --FEA Element Pressures and Resistivities
{width="5.983333333333333in"
height="4.351388888888889in"}
Figure 23 --Temperature Simulation
It is noted that the above simulation is for a 0.7 second flat top (vs.
0.6 second requirement), but does not attempt to model the effect of the
bolt holes. From prior runs using constant pressure and resistivity,
this effect is noted to add approximately 10^o^C to the peak
temperature. In any case it is clear that the new design meets the
criteria of 0.6 second flat top at 6kG with peak temperature below 120
^o^C.
#
#
# INSTRUMENTATION
Joint voltage drop measurements are considered to be the top priority.
They provide the best "end result" indication as to whether all of the
various elements of the system are working properly. Voltage drop
measurements during maintenance with a low current (200A) injected
continuously will provide an excellent and precise means of assessing
the condition of the joints, albeit without large EM loads applied.
Voltage drop measurements made during actual pulsing will provide a
real-time indication that the structural support systems are working
properly, maintaining adequate contact pressure on the joints. Although
non-trivial due to 5kV voltage isolation requirement, low signal level,
and high noise environment, prior experience on MAST and C-MOD indicate
that these measurements can be made successfully. NSTX envisions the
trending of the real-time voltage drop signals, at least from the daily
test shots (where noise from RF, NBI, and plasma is absent), as a means
of monitoring joint integrity between maintenance intervals.
As shown in figure 24, voltage probes will be used to measure joint
resistance. These are type IDI100526 spring loaded probes which are
manufactured in large quantities for the semiconductor test industry.
(ref. [www.idinet.com](http://www.idinet.com/)) Although only one is
shown in the figure, two will be implemented per flag, one on each side
of the joint.
{width="5.165972222222222in"
height="3.7979166666666666in"}
***Figure 24 --Voltage Probe Configuration***
Sensitivity to locally high contact resistance was examined using ANSYS
(ref. NSTX-CALC-13-21, "TF Joint Voltage vs. Contact Resistivity").
Results are given in figures 25 and 26, which show the difference in
probe measurement as a function of nominal contact resistivity for
between a joint with constant contact resistivity and one where the
corner region of the joint is at 1.1x and 2x nominal resistivity, for
various lengths extending beyond the corner (0 length corresponding to
no abnormal region at all).
{width="4.913194444444445in"
height="3.4923611111111112in"}
***Figure 25 -- Sensitivity for 1.1x High Resistivity***
{width="4.93125in" height="2.9791666666666665in"}
Figure 26 -- Sensitivity for 2x High Resistivity
Tests are underway to quantify the resolution the joint resistance
measurement system which is being designed to measure joint voltage drop
while 200A is injected through the TF coil system during maintenance.
This measurement is challenging, due to the low voltage and various
effects such as thermoelectric potentials in the wiring, bulk resistance
changes in copper resistivity vs. temperature, etc.. We expect to
experience nominal joint contact resistivity on the order of 2
micro-ohm-in^2^ or less, in which case the typical joint voltage drop at
200A should be of order 100 microvolt. Based on preliminary results,
however, it is expected that the system will be able to resolve down to
5 microvolt or better. On this basis, from the above two figures, 110%
resistivity regions in the corner of the joint will be marginally
detectable, but 200% abnormalities will be easily detected.
A fiber optic measurement system, which can in principle measure
temperature, strain, and displacement in real time, is under evaluation.
If implemented, a few (e.g. 4) channels would be procured but
temperature, strain, and displacement transducers (e.g. 4 of each, 12
total) would be installed, positioned and plugged into the channels as
required. If the fiber optic system is not procured and implemented,
then some type of measurement scheme will be adopted for the spline
axial and angular displacement. It would probably consist of two linear
potentiometers with voltage source and buffered output.
#########
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[Federal Register: February 22, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 35)]
[Notices]
[Page 8717-8718]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr22fe00-70]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Food and Drug Administration
Food and Drug Administration/Industry Exchange Workshop on Scale-
Up and Postapproval Changes (SUPAC), Supplements, and Other
Postapproval Changes; Public Workshop
AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.
ACTION: Notice of workshop.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Office of the
Commissioner, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Center for Drug Evaluation
and Research, and the Central Region Small Business Office, and the
Northeast Region Small Business Office, in cooperation with the
International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE) is
announcing the following workshops: FDA/Industry Exchange Workshops on
Scale-Up and Postapproval Changes (SUPAC), Supplements, and Other
Postapproval Changes. The workshops are intended to review the
scientific, regulatory, and quality basis of SUPAC; discuss current
issues; and provide attendees with information on the impact of the
SUPAC guidances that have been finalized, as well as future agency
efforts in this area.
Date and Time: See Table 1 following the ``Location'' section of
this document.
Location: See Table 1 below.
Table 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Workshop Address Date and Local Time FDA Contact Person
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newark Airport Marriot, Newark Monday, March 20, 2000, from 9 a.m. Marie T. Falcone
International Airport, Newark, NJ to 5 p.m.
07114, 1-800-882-1037, FAX: 973-623-
7618
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago Marriott Schaumburg, 50 Monday, April 10, 2000, from 9 a.m. Do.
North Martingale Rd., Schaumburg, to 5 p.m.
IL 60173, 847-240-0100, FAX: 847-
240-2388
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Providence Marriott, One Ohms St., Thursday, May 4, 2000, from 9 a.m. Do.
Providence, RI 02904, 1-800-937- to 5 p.m.
7768, FAX: 401-861-3550
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Persons needing hotel rooms should mention that they are attending
the ISPE, FDA/SUPAC workshop.
Contact: Marie T. Falcone, Industry and Small Business
Representative, FDA, rm. 900 U.S. Customhouse, Second and Chestnut
Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106, 215-597-2120, ext. 4003, e-mail:
[email protected].
Registration: Send registration information (including name, title,
firm name, address, telephone, and fax number), along with a $295 check
(member) or $450 (nonmembers) (which will cover refreshments, lunch,
and materials) made payable to ISPE, 3816 W. Linebaugh Ave., suite 412,
Tampa, FL 33624, 813-960-2105, or visit the ISPE at the Internet at
http://www.ispe.org. Registrations are due 1 week prior to the start of
each course. Space is limited, therefore, interested parties are
encouraged to register early. Limited on-site registration may be
available. Please arrive early to ensure prompt registration. If you
need special accommodations due to a disability, please contact ISPE at
least 7 days in advance.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The workshops further implement the FDA Plan
for Statutory Compliance (developed under Section 406 of the FDA
Modernization Act (21 U.S.C. 393)) by working more closely with
stakeholders, maximizing the availability of, and clarifying
information about the process for review and submissions, and ensuring
access to needed scientific and technical expertise.
The topics to be discussed include the following: (1) The history
of SUPAC development; (2) comparison of SUPAC immediate-release solid
dosage forms, modified-release oral dosage forms, and semisolid-topical
dosage forms; (3) bulk actives postapproval changes; (4) postapproval
changes sterile aqueous solutions; (5) FDA field staff's involvement in
SUPAC; (6) description
[[Page 8718]]
and use of the equipment addenda to SUPAC; and (7) facts, figures, and
future directions.
The workshop also complies with the Small Business Regulatory
Enforcement Fairness Act (Public Law 104-121), which requires outreach
activities by government agencies directed to small businesses.
Dated: February 16, 2000.
William K. Hubbard,
Senior Associate Commissioner for Policy, Planning, and Legislation.
[FR Doc. 00-4158 Filed 2-16-00; 4:19 pm]
BILLING CODE 4160-01-F
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Environmental Health. HHS, CDC, DHS, FEMA, and EPA logos.
Environmental Health
Formaldehyde Exposure in Homes:
A Reference for State Officials to
Use in Decision-making
Background
The issue of formaldehyde exposure in homes is long-standing and has been studied
over time. Formaldehyde is frequently used in plywood, fiberboard, resins, glues,
and several other construction components. In the past, formaldehyde was also used
in insulation of many homes. In March of 1982, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC) called for a ban on urea foam formaldehyde insulation (UFFI). (US
Consumer Product Safety Commission, March 1982, Release # 82-005) While this ban
was challenged by several commercial groups citing that formaldehyde exposure was
greater from carpets and other building materials, UFFI use had dropped precipitously
by the mid 1980s. However, homes built before or around the time of the ban of UFFI
still had this insulation in their homes.
Changes in
formaldehyde
use in home
construction
The 1982 ban on UFFI is one factor contributing to decreased levels of formaldehyde
that are found in more recent studies. Another factor is a change in the type of pressed
wood products containing formaldehyde resins or glues. In the past, pressed wood
products often contained urea-formaldehyde resins. These resins are not as widely used
today. Instead, many pressed wood products are constructed with phenol-formaldehyde
products (commonly known as exterior grade products). Phenol-formaldehyde products
emit much less formaldehyde.
Temperature, humidity, ventilation, and age of the house also contribute to differences
in formaldehyde levels measured. Studies demonstrated that formaldehyde emission
rates were constant over the first eight months after construction but then began to
decline, suggesting formaldehyde off-gassing continues for extended periods of time
but decreases as the age of the home increases. Other studies show that older homes
have lower formaldehyde levels than newer homes (Hodgson et al., 2000; Gordon et al.,
1999).
Awareness about the health risks of formaldehyde is increasing, and exposure exists for
all housing types across America. An early U.S. study conducted in 1985 investigated
formaldehyde levels in different types of housing. That study demonstrated that
formaldehyde levels in 38 conventional U.S. homes averaged 40 parts per billion (ppb)
with highs of 140 ppb. Nineteen apartments and 11 condominiums were also studied
and had formaldehyde levels averaging 80 ppb and 90 ppb, respectively, with highs
of 290 ppb (Stock & Mendez, 1985). A more recent study of new homes found the
geometric mean formaldehyde level was 34 ppb in manufactured homes and 36 ppb in
site-built homes (Hodgson et al., 2000). This study also suggested that formaldehyde
concentrations in conventional homes have decreased greatly since the 1980s due to
decreased use of plywood paneling and reduced emissions from the composite wood
products used.
Environmental Health
In another study conducted by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the
National Human Exposure Assessment Survey found 189 Arizona homes had a median
formaldehyde level of 17 ppb with a high of 332 ppb. (Gordon et al., 1999) The most
recent study of 184 single family homes in different several cities (RIOPA, 2005) found
a mean concentration of formaldehyde in outdoor ambient air of 3 ppb and in housing
of 17 ppb. That same study found a mean level of formaldehyde for mobile homes or
trailers ranging from 15.5 to 24.7 ppb.
These studies show a trend: while all homes have some level of formaldehyde,
formaldehyde levels in general seem to have been decreasing since the early 1980s.
Another trend is that traditional stand-alone homes tend to have lower levels than
do manufactured homes. Lower ventilation rates in manufactured homes, due to
construction differences, may play a role in this trend.
Major healtheffects of
formaldehyde
exposure
Acute and chronic health effects of formaldehyde vary depending on the individual. The
typical threshold for development of acute symptoms due to inhaled formaldehyde is
800 ppb; however, sensitive individuals have reported symptoms at formaldehyde levels
around 100 ppb (Main et al, 1983; Bender et al., 1983).
Additional studies also have supported that health effects can occur in sensitized
individuals at 100 ppb when they are exposed chronically to formaldehyde. (Ritchie IM,
et al 1987) These sensitized individuals can have exacerbations of symptoms without
the appreciation of odor, giving the individual little or no warning of exposure. Typically,
olfactory recognition occurs around 500 ppb, leaving the average exposure from a home
below the olfactory detection limit (Kulle et al., 1987; RIOPA, 2005).
The common symptoms from acute exposure to formaldehyde manifest as irritation of
the throat, nose, eyes, and skin. This upper respiratory tract irritation can potentially
exacerbate asthma symptoms and other respiratory illnesses (Main et al., 1983; Bracken
et al., 1985; Kilburn et al., 1985; Imbus et al., 1985; Anderson et al., 1979).
In addition to acute health effects of formaldehyde, chronic exposures in occupational
settings also have been extensively studied. Respiratory symptoms of chronic runny
nose, chronic bronchitis, and obstructive lung disease all have been suggested (Malaka
et al., 1990; Alexandersson et al., 1982; Holness, 1989).
Studies that have attempted to quantify pulmonary symptoms with formal pulmonary
function testing have demonstrated conflicting results (Alexandersson et al., 1982). One
study demonstrated a small decrease in forced expiratory volume (FEV-1) and forced
vital capacity (FVC) but noted the changes to be reversible (Alexandersson et al., 1989).
However, several additional studies that also utilized formal pulmonary function testing
have demonstrated no statistical difference in pulmonary parameters (Horvath,1988;
Holness et al., 1989).
Environmental Health
The carcinogenicity of formaldehyde has been extensively studied over the last 30 years.
In June 2004, The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reclassified
formaldehyde from probably carcinogenic to humans to carcinogenic to humans.
(http://www.iarc.fr/ENG/Press_Releases/archives/pr153a.html). IARC asserts that there
is now sufficient evidence that formaldehyde causes nasopharyngeal cancer in humans,
a rare cancer in developed countries. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) continues
to classify formaldehyde as, reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen in humans for
nasopharyngeal cancer (http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s089form.pdf).
A discussion of the current status of quantitative cancer risk estimation for formaldehyde
involves several complexities beyond the scope of this fact sheet. Uncertainty remains
as to how to quantitatively relate measured air concentrations of formaldehyde to cancer
risk. Since many other factors play a role in the development of cancer and since we
are all exposed to formaldehyde every day in our environment, no definitive level can
be drawn that places individuals in a high risk category. The safest way to reduce an
individuals risk of cancer is to limit exposure. Clinically useful biologic markers, such as
blood or urine tests, are also lacking, which further complicates the ability to tie exposure
to outcome. In general, the lower the level and shorter the duration of exposure, the less
risk of cancer and other health effects.
Government
standards in
occupational
settings
The information in this section is provided as a reference only. Occupational levels
are not appropriate for application to residential settings for a variety of reasons. For
example, the population in residential settings is more diverse (e.g., children, elderly) and
may have greater susceptibility as a result of pre-existing health conditions (e.g., age,
infirmity, chronic illness). Exposure times in homes can vary substantially from those in
occupational settings as can the circumstances of exposure. Most occupational settings
have ongoing monitoring programs in place and may have safety requirements related to
reduction of exposure.
At present, there is no generally agreed upon standard for formaldehyde concentrations
in residential settings. Several different governmental agencies and other organizations
have established occupational definitions and levels for formaldehyde. Regulatory levels
differ significantly among agencies.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), has set legal permissible
exposure limits (PELs) to regulate worker exposure to formaldehyde in occupational
settings. A PEL is usually given as a time-weighted average (TWA) over an 8-hour
period, although can be given as a short term exposure limit (STEL). OSHA defines
the PEL/TWA as 750 ppb in air for formaldehyde. The PEL/TWA may not capture high
exposures during brief periods of time so OSHA also has established PEL/STELs. PEL/
STELs regulate the concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a
short period of time (15 minutes) without suffering health effects. OSHA has set the PEL/
STEL at 2000 ppb in air for formaldehyde.
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) uses the same
definition for TWA, but its levels differ. NIOSH defines the TWA as 16 ppb. Since the
IARC reclassified formaldehyde as a carcinogen, NIOSH recommends limiting exposures
to levels below the limit of detection.
Environmental Health
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), a non
governmental organization, uses different definitions from either OSHA or NIOSH.
ACGIH defines acceptable occupational exposures by using a term threshold limit value.
This value is defined as the reasonable level to which a worker can be exposed without
adverse health effects. ACGIH has set this level at 300 ppb.
In addition to the occupational definitions, the US Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD), has regulated formaldehyde emissions from wood products. HUD
uses the regulatory term maximum allowable concentration, which is the maximum
concentration of formaldehyde emissions allowed from a wood product. HUD has set
this level at 300 ppb. It should be emphasized that this standard is based upon emission
rates which relate to a chamber test.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a guideline for formaldehyde in
non-occupational settings at 100 ppb (0.1 mg/m3) for 30 minutes. This guideline was
developed to protect against sensory irritation in the general population, but WHO
states that it also represents an exposure level at which there is negligible risk of upper
respiratory tract cancer in humans (WHO, 1989).
The State of California Office of Health Hazard Assessment (OHHEA) established
guideline indoor concentration values, called Chronic Reference Exposure Levels
(CRELs), for 80 chemicals. The OEHHA CREL list addresses health effects of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with known chronic health effects and provides
concentrations below which chronic health effects have not been observed in studies.
Due to the fact that OEHHA determined that the CREL for formaldehyde is less than
typical ambient levels, they recommended an office concentration level of 23 ppb, based
upon the concept of as low as reasonably achievable. The OHHEA reference materials
can be found at: www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html.
March, 2008
Environmental Health
References
Alexandersson R, Hedenstierna G, Kolmodin-Hedman B. 1982. Exposure to formaldehyde: effects on pulmonary
function. Archives of Environmental Health Sep-Oct;37(5):279-84.
Alexandersson R, Hedenstierna G. 1989. Pulmonary function in wood workers exposed to formaldehyde: a prospective
study. Archives of Environmental Health Jan-Feb;44(1):5-11.
Anderson RC, Stock MF, Sawin R, Alarie Y. 1979. Toxicity of thermal decomposition products of urea formaldehyde and
phenol formaldehyde foams. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Oct;51(1):9-17.
Baselt RC, Cravey RH. 1995. Formaldehyde. In: Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 4th ed. Foster City,
CA: Chemical Toxicology Institute. p. 346-348.
Bender JR, Mullin LS, Graepel GJ, Wilson WE. 1983. Eye irritation response of humans to formaldehyde. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Jun;44(6):463-5.
Bracken MJ, Leasa DJ, Morgan WK. 1985. Exposure to formaldehyde: relationship to respiratory symptoms and
function. Canadian Journal of Public Health Sep-Oct;76(5):312-6.
Gordon SM, Callahan PJ, Nishioka MG, Brinkman MC, ORourke MK, Lebowitz MD, et al. 1999. Residential
environmental measurements in the national human exposure assessment survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona:
preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology SepOct;
9(5):456-470.
Hodgson AT, Rudd AF, Beal D, Chandra S. 2000. Volatile organic compound concentrations and emission rates in new
manufactured and site-built houses. Indoor Air Sep;10(3):178-92.
Holness DL, Nethercott JR. 1989. Health status of funeral service workers exposed to formaldehyde. Archives of
Environmental Health Jul-Aug;44(4):222-8.
Horvath EP Jr, Anderson H Jr, Pierce WE, Hanrahan L, Wendlick JD. 1988. Effects of formaldehyde on the mucous
membranes and lungs. A study of an industrial population. Journal of the American Medical Association Feb
5;259(5):701-7.
Imbus HR. 1985. Clinical evaluation of patients with complaints related to formaldehyde exposure. Journal of Allergy and
Clinical Immunology Dec;76(6):831-40.
International Agency for Research on Cancer; World Health Organization. 2004. IARC classifies formaldehyde as
carcinogenic to humans. Press release no. 153. Lyon, France [June 15; accessed 2008 Mar 21]. Available from:
http://www.iarc.fr/ENG/Press_Releases/archives/pr153a.html.
Kilburn KH, Warshaw R, Boylen CT, Johnson SJ, Seidman B, Sinclair R, et al. 1985. Pulmonary and neurobehavioral
effects of formaldehyde exposure. Archives of Environmental Health Sep-Oct;40(5):254-60.
Kulle TJ, Sauder LR, Hebel JR, Green DJ, Chatham MD. 1987. Formaldehyde dose-response in healthy nonsmokers.
JAPCA Aug;37(8):919-24.
Main DM, Hogan TJ. 1983. Health effects of low-level exposure to formaldehyde. Journal of Occupational Medicine
Dec;25(12):896-900.
Malaka T, Kodama AM. 1990. Respiratory health of plywood workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. Archives
of Environmental Health Sep-Oct;45(5):288-94.
Ritchie IM, Lehnen RG. 1987. Formaldehyde-related health complaints of residents living in mobile and conventional
homes. American Journal of Public Health Mar;77(3):323-8.
Stock TH, Mendez SR. 1985. A survey of typical exposures to formaldehyde in Houston area residences. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Jun;46(6):313-7.
Sullivan JB, Krieger GR, editors. 2001. Formaldehyde. In: Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1006-1014.
US Consumer Product Safety Commission. 1982. CPSC bans urea formaldehyde foam insulation. Press release no.
82-005. Washington, DC [Mar; accessed 2008 Mar 21]. Available from: http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/
prhtml82/82005.html.
Environmental Health
US Department of Health and Human Services; Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. 2005.
Formaldehyde (gas) [substance profile]. Research Triangle Park, NC [Jan 31; accessed 2008 Mar 21]. Available
from: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s089form.pdf.
Weisel CP, Zhang J, Turpin BJ, Morandi MT, Colome S, Stock TH, et al. 2005. Relationships of indoor, outdoor, and
personal air (RIOPA). Part I. Collection methods and descriptive analyses. Research Report (Health Effects Institute).
Nov;130 Pt 1:1-107;109-27.
World Health Organization Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Formaldehyde; United Nations Environment
Programme, International Labour Organisation, World Health Organization, and International Program on Chemical
Safety. 1989. Environmental health criteria for formaldehyde. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Resources for Evaluating Formaldehyde Concentrations in Indoor Environments
1. US Environmental Protection Agency
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/formalde.html
Basic Information: Formaldehyde.
Brief discussion with emphasis on the indoor environment. This site includes information about sources
of formaldehyde, health effects, levels in homes, steps to reduce exposure, as well as a link to other
resources.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/base/index.html
Building Assessment and Evaluation Study (BASE)
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/base/summarized_data.html#Volatile%20Organic%20Compounds
Summarized data of formaldehyde concentrations in 100 randomly selected U.S. office buildings.
http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0419.htm
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
A compilation of electronic reports on specific substances found in the environment and their potential to
cause human health effects. IRIS initially was developed for EPA staff in response to a growing demand
for consistent information about substances for use in risk assessments, decision-making, and regulatory
activities. The information in IRIS is intended for those without extensive training in toxicology but with
some knowledge of health sciences.
2. US Consumer Products Safety Commission.
http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/725.html
An Update on Formaldehyde (1997)
3. US Department of Energy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
http://eetd.lbl.gov/ied/pdf/LBNL-51715.pdf
Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air: A Review of Concentrations Measured in North America since
1990: Contains central tendency and upper limit concentrations of VOCs including formaldehyde in
residential and office buildings.
08_118152B
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# ESP Forecast Information
#
# Analysis Period: 9/28/2008 06 - 12/27/2008 24 (PST)
# Forecast Parameters: River Flow (Mean) - (CFSD)
#
# Forecast Interval: 1 Day
# Forecast Point: WELLS DAM
#
# WELLS DAM 0.90 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.10 Units
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
09/28/2008 06 - 09/29/2008 06 48028.61 48028.61 48028.61 48028.61 48041.86 (CFSD)
09/29/2008 06 - 09/30/2008 06 46433.04 46433.04 46433.04 46433.04 46447.09 (CFSD)
09/30/2008 06 - 10/01/2008 06 44890.89 44890.89 44890.89 44890.89 44905.38 (CFSD)
10/01/2008 06 - 10/02/2008 06 43806.38 43806.41 43806.41 43806.44 43820.94 (CFSD)
10/02/2008 06 - 10/03/2008 06 42696.46 42697.11 42699.79 42711.10 42747.59 (CFSD)
10/03/2008 06 - 10/04/2008 06 41961.26 41974.23 41995.54 42226.14 43138.80 (CFSD)
10/04/2008 06 - 10/05/2008 06 41124.91 41238.71 41403.52 43104.77 46611.27 (CFSD)
10/05/2008 06 - 10/06/2008 06 40369.39 40622.88 41215.76 42565.59 49171.03 (CFSD)
10/06/2008 06 - 10/07/2008 06 39711.80 40110.82 41047.73 44850.93 48652.34 (CFSD)
10/07/2008 06 - 10/08/2008 06 39122.17 39684.89 40993.15 45442.52 50611.61 (CFSD)
10/08/2008 06 - 10/09/2008 06 38661.05 39298.81 41619.87 45757.25 53235.45 (CFSD)
10/09/2008 06 - 10/10/2008 06 38313.81 38871.21 41562.92 45546.06 54541.21 (CFSD)
10/10/2008 06 - 10/11/2008 06 38074.05 38883.40 41331.66 44167.17 59052.70 (CFSD)
10/11/2008 06 - 10/12/2008 06 37702.75 38425.95 41851.82 47361.79 62812.78 (CFSD)
10/12/2008 06 - 10/13/2008 06 37610.56 38691.82 42743.40 49943.79 64049.64 (CFSD)
10/13/2008 06 - 10/14/2008 06 37479.16 38431.30 42261.85 54147.43 63363.54 (CFSD)
10/14/2008 06 - 10/15/2008 06 37238.09 38190.82 43827.39 54887.25 66589.29 (CFSD)
10/15/2008 06 - 10/16/2008 06 36730.50 38111.98 44362.04 56597.36 63584.09 (CFSD)
10/16/2008 06 - 10/17/2008 06 36309.22 38275.05 43288.51 56820.62 70963.31 (CFSD)
10/17/2008 06 - 10/18/2008 06 36147.52 37925.54 43147.23 55585.49 71297.00 (CFSD)
10/18/2008 06 - 10/19/2008 06 35761.07 37078.96 43128.53 52599.86 68670.27 (CFSD)
10/19/2008 06 - 10/20/2008 06 35275.56 36919.23 42431.66 54082.85 65499.56 (CFSD)
10/20/2008 06 - 10/21/2008 06 35156.62 37554.03 44601.82 55176.58 69052.36 (CFSD)
10/21/2008 06 - 10/22/2008 06 35536.84 37797.02 45382.39 55449.46 68952.67 (CFSD)
10/22/2008 06 - 10/23/2008 06 35206.20 38844.07 47375.02 61263.44 70661.98 (CFSD)
10/23/2008 06 - 10/24/2008 06 34882.71 38502.34 45870.47 65087.11 73285.27 (CFSD)
10/24/2008 06 - 10/25/2008 06 34938.16 38421.12 46033.62 62337.70 72146.55 (CFSD)
10/25/2008 06 - 10/26/2008 06 34794.64 38015.48 47640.86 62018.77 76685.18 (CFSD)
10/26/2008 06 - 10/27/2008 06 34879.61 38189.35 48042.10 60435.50 82867.07 (CFSD)
10/27/2008 06 - 10/28/2008 06 35588.76 38261.96 50135.63 62085.10 83810.04 (CFSD)
10/28/2008 06 - 10/29/2008 06 35328.99 37796.67 49377.83 61799.65 85129.64 (CFSD)
10/29/2008 06 - 10/30/2008 06 35130.64 37701.80 49570.15 60023.36 89792.89 (CFSD)
10/30/2008 06 - 10/31/2008 06 34776.49 37444.92 48863.55 60572.95 84885.70 (CFSD)
10/31/2008 06 - 11/01/2008 06 34314.64 37983.57 48186.26 63259.59 79037.39 (CFSD)
11/01/2008 06 - 11/02/2008 06 34344.97 37646.96 48924.49 63619.90 77340.60 (CFSD)
11/02/2008 06 - 11/03/2008 06 34261.62 37473.27 47844.69 63193.82 79986.84 (CFSD)
11/03/2008 06 - 11/04/2008 06 33888.20 36892.65 47112.37 65499.12 80455.24 (CFSD)
11/04/2008 06 - 11/05/2008 06 34035.55 36409.42 46732.25 63399.28 82125.99 (CFSD)
11/05/2008 06 - 11/06/2008 06 34715.85 38586.79 47347.74 60304.05 87175.51 (CFSD)
11/06/2008 06 - 11/07/2008 06 34409.10 38093.61 46739.44 58332.29 90969.24 (CFSD)
11/07/2008 06 - 11/08/2008 06 33547.75 38808.22 45755.48 56042.21 88943.04 (CFSD)
11/08/2008 06 - 11/09/2008 06 33696.12 38107.70 45193.08 60328.73 87191.02 (CFSD)
11/09/2008 06 - 11/10/2008 06 34049.59 37672.25 44598.41 60639.12 81868.77 (CFSD)
11/10/2008 06 - 11/11/2008 06 33747.32 37226.36 44050.35 61090.93 80528.99 (CFSD)
11/11/2008 06 - 11/12/2008 06 33677.24 37792.91 43967.11 64624.79 84553.77 (CFSD)
11/12/2008 06 - 11/13/2008 06 34225.77 38254.34 44366.16 67576.70 81202.34 (CFSD)
11/13/2008 06 - 11/14/2008 06 34255.95 38752.59 44939.74 66045.08 77379.20 (CFSD)
11/14/2008 06 - 11/15/2008 06 33683.29 38820.54 44717.16 63075.57 76143.45 (CFSD)
11/15/2008 06 - 11/16/2008 06 33032.95 39433.95 44547.12 63307.05 75267.23 (CFSD)
11/16/2008 06 - 11/17/2008 06 32729.85 38472.35 45133.74 61187.69 76244.70 (CFSD)
11/17/2008 06 - 11/18/2008 06 32518.05 39388.77 44903.44 58865.66 78148.74 (CFSD)
11/18/2008 06 - 11/19/2008 06 32669.50 38489.95 45948.35 56821.48 78630.06 (CFSD)
11/19/2008 06 - 11/20/2008 06 32798.41 38259.93 46198.65 55233.30 76978.33 (CFSD)
11/20/2008 06 - 11/21/2008 06 32920.14 37702.40 45464.26 55116.20 73726.07 (CFSD)
11/21/2008 06 - 11/22/2008 06 32973.08 37721.00 44527.64 57535.11 70209.49 (CFSD)
11/22/2008 06 - 11/23/2008 06 32665.07 37162.48 46735.32 56130.48 67388.61 (CFSD)
11/23/2008 06 - 11/24/2008 06 32769.34 37561.58 46157.03 56004.91 65228.30 (CFSD)
11/24/2008 06 - 11/25/2008 06 32850.57 36514.62 46319.74 59181.50 63948.30 (CFSD)
11/25/2008 06 - 11/26/2008 06 32791.50 36268.56 45851.04 57591.25 63444.99 (CFSD)
11/26/2008 06 - 11/27/2008 06 33782.55 36087.98 45835.89 57169.69 64533.66 (CFSD)
11/27/2008 06 - 11/28/2008 06 33404.33 36328.33 44820.97 56221.83 65942.66 (CFSD)
11/28/2008 06 - 11/29/2008 06 32335.24 36373.81 44522.62 58181.07 69172.56 (CFSD)
11/29/2008 06 - 11/30/2008 06 31593.46 36214.24 43675.80 56616.46 70889.24 (CFSD)
11/30/2008 06 - 12/01/2008 06 31295.09 35506.30 43242.11 55006.27 68891.11 (CFSD)
12/01/2008 06 - 12/02/2008 06 31090.05 35028.41 43415.51 53780.31 67057.38 (CFSD)
12/02/2008 06 - 12/03/2008 06 31042.73 34744.82 42999.32 53148.62 64955.30 (CFSD)
12/03/2008 06 - 12/04/2008 06 32106.93 35065.66 43073.54 52574.74 62857.77 (CFSD)
12/04/2008 06 - 12/05/2008 06 32036.46 35310.62 42912.97 51926.12 63486.89 (CFSD)
12/05/2008 06 - 12/06/2008 06 32576.76 35709.89 43529.62 50569.12 69457.73 (CFSD)
12/06/2008 06 - 12/07/2008 06 32360.47 37519.61 44402.23 50496.53 68154.23 (CFSD)
12/07/2008 06 - 12/08/2008 06 32070.91 37912.72 43808.55 50849.94 66019.14 (CFSD)
12/08/2008 06 - 12/09/2008 06 31821.94 37560.47 43198.75 51506.50 63559.34 (CFSD)
12/09/2008 06 - 12/10/2008 06 31610.92 37254.50 43244.69 51421.07 61040.26 (CFSD)
12/10/2008 06 - 12/11/2008 06 31421.64 37337.07 42794.46 50382.30 58772.57 (CFSD)
12/11/2008 06 - 12/12/2008 06 31256.53 37215.66 42810.28 50334.82 57022.58 (CFSD)
12/12/2008 06 - 12/13/2008 06 31298.96 36949.11 42574.23 51016.79 55768.20 (CFSD)
12/13/2008 06 - 12/14/2008 06 31447.31 36747.35 43726.78 48351.53 54590.32 (CFSD)
12/14/2008 06 - 12/15/2008 06 31345.63 36579.68 43996.54 50526.82 53552.54 (CFSD)
12/15/2008 06 - 12/16/2008 06 31159.35 36381.40 43302.98 50520.12 56270.18 (CFSD)
12/16/2008 06 - 12/17/2008 06 31010.65 35887.98 42649.37 49445.07 59180.80 (CFSD)
12/17/2008 06 - 12/18/2008 06 30981.21 35555.73 41716.26 48809.45 60699.53 (CFSD)
12/18/2008 06 - 12/19/2008 06 31465.77 35574.93 40858.81 49017.61 61803.31 (CFSD)
12/19/2008 06 - 12/20/2008 06 31555.68 35174.49 40393.52 47567.91 60937.62 (CFSD)
12/20/2008 06 - 12/21/2008 06 31575.06 34829.89 40361.56 46403.05 59083.23 (CFSD)
12/21/2008 06 - 12/22/2008 06 31559.18 34558.98 40604.18 45621.61 58608.58 (CFSD)
12/22/2008 06 - 12/23/2008 06 31373.78 35024.31 40591.17 47127.54 57854.55 (CFSD)
12/23/2008 06 - 12/24/2008 06 31250.25 35576.75 40209.19 49328.11 58312.43 (CFSD)
12/24/2008 06 - 12/25/2008 06 31171.16 35898.31 40040.84 50327.82 60854.30 (CFSD)
12/25/2008 06 - 12/26/2008 06 31095.52 35618.22 40009.30 48820.68 60703.08 (CFSD)
12/26/2008 06 - 12/27/2008 06 31015.94 35232.72 40505.00 49072.03 61894.12 (CFSD)
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917898
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# Presentation: 917898
## Regulatory Considerations in Drug and Device Development: The Process and the Science
**John H. Powers, MD**
***Lead Medical Officer***
***Antimicrobial Drug Development and Resistance Initiatives***
***Office of Drug Evaluation IV***
***Center for Drug Evaluation and Research***
***U.S. Food and Drug Administration***
## Introduction
**Background on U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)**
**mission, goals, and short history**
**current structure of FDA**
**Process of drug development**
**definitions of common terms**
**phases of drug development**
**Process of device development**
## The Scientific Method
**Roger Bacon, monk, philosopher and alchemist**
**Described scientific method in 13****th**** century**
**Repeating cycle of:**
**Observation**
**Hypothesis**
**Experimentation**
**Verification/replication**
**Regulations are based on GOOD SCIENCE**
**Not “hurdles”**
**Not “just for licensing”**
## The Scientific Method
**Science can be an expensive (and dangerous!) business**
**George Wilhemm Richmann was killed by lightning in 1753 attempting to replicate the 1752 kite experiment of Benjamin Franklin**
## Mission and Goals
**The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 affirmed FDA’s public health protection role and defined the Agency’s mission: **
**“****to promote public health by promptly and efficiently reviewing clinical research and taking appropriate action on the marketing of regulated products in a timely manner.****”**
## Background
**U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates a wide range of products including foods, cosmetics, drugs and medical devices**
**FDA regulated products make up 1 trillion dollars worth of products and account for 25% of consumer spending**
**FDA has approximately 10,000 employees**
**FDA HQ located in Washington, DC, and across DC suburbs but soon to move to White Oak, MD in April 2005**
## Background
**Regulatory authority comes from Food, Drugs and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act enacted in 1938 after tragedy with Elixir of Sulfanilamide**
**Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is interpretation of FD&C Act**** **
**Original act specified drug sponsor only had to demonstrate safety of drug product**
**Kefauver-Harris Amendments in 1962 specified that drug product must be effective as well as safe after issues with thalidomide**
**Medical device regulations enacted in 1976**
**FDA determines safety and effectiveness of products**
## Background
**Executive branch of government**
**Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)**
**U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)**
**Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research**
**Center for Devices and Radiological Health**
**Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition**
**Center for Veterinary Medicine**
**National Center for Toxicological Research**
**Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)**
**Office of New Drugs (OND)**
## Regulation of Drugs
## Background
**CDER mission to oversee research, development, manufacture, and marketing of drugs.**
**Review clinical trial evidence of safety and effectiveness of new drugs before approving them for marketing**
**Monitors drugs post-marketing performance for unexpected health risks **
**Ensures that drug labeling, drug information for patients, and drug promotion are truthful, helpful, and not misleading**
## Background
**Each drug reviewed by a multi-disciplinary team**
**Project Manager/Consumer Safety Officer**
**coordinates team**
**point of contact for drug sponsors**
**Biopharmacologists**
**Chemists**
**Clinicians**
**Microbiologists**
**Pharmacology/toxicologists**
**Statisticians**
**Review of primary data, validity of data, chemistry**
## Drug Development Process Definitions
**Drug**** - any substance used to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent a disease (FD&C Act)**
**Disease**** defined in the dictionary as “a condition that results in medically significant symptoms”**
**Effectiveness**** - impact of drug on outcomes clinically relevant to patients, such as how a patient *****feels, functions, or survives***
**Direct measurement of clinical endpoints**
**Surrogate endpoints proven to predict clinical outcomes**
**Safety**** – all drugs associated with some harms**
**all tests reasonably applicable to evaluate**
**describing the adverse events associated with administration of drug**
## Drug Development Process Definitions
**Effectiveness**
**Requirement for “substantial evidence” from “adequate and well controlled trials” since 1962**
**trials of adequate size and design to determine a difference should such a difference exist**
**uncontrolled trials are usually not acceptable**
**testing a hypothesis in a clinical trial, such as “drug X is superior to drug Y by Z%”**
## Adequate and Well-Controlled
**Clear statement of objectives of trial**
**Study design permits valid quantitative comparison with a control**
**Select patients with disease (treatment) or at risk of disease (prevention)**
**Baseline comparability (randomization)**
**Minimize bias (blinding, etc.)**
**Appropriate methods of assessment of outcome with well defined and reliable endpoint**
**Appropriate methods of analysis**
**21 CFR 314.126**
## Drug Development Process Definitions
**Safety**
**no drug is completely safe**
**implies concept or risks of adverse effects compared to benefits of receiving drug**
**takes into account seriousness of disease and available alternative therapies and seriousness and frequency of adverse effects**
## Drug Development Process Definitions
**Safety**
**usually NOT testing a hypothesis but providing descriptive statistics only**
**sample size of clinical trial database often too small to determine rare events**
**“****Rule of three” - no events in a given sample rules out a risk of denominator divided by three**
**e.g. no events in 3000 patients rules out risk of 1:1000 (compare to risk of hepatotoxicity in general population of 1:1,000,000)**
## Drug Development Process Definitions
**Safety**
**Important to look at absolute number of patients potentially experiencing adverse event as well as relative risk**
**risk of visual abnormalities:**
**voriconazole 30% of 5000 patients with invasive aspergillosis is 1500 patients and few available therapies**
## Drug Development Process
## Drug Development Process Overall Development Plan
**Overall goal to prove that drug is safe and effective in treatment and/or prevention of diseases under study**
**Decide which indications to pursue and whether drug is to treat or prevent disease**
** **
**Speak with relevant Division at FDA about overall development plan and number of studies required for approval**
## Development Process Phases of Drug Development
**Pre-clinical data**
***in vitro***** data showing biological activity**
**carcinogenicity **
**animal toxicology (NOAEL) by going to high enough dose to observe some effect**
**Phase 1**
**first introduction of investigational new drug in humans usually performed in healthy volunteers**
**used to determine absorption, metabolism, distribution, elimination in humans**
## Development Process Phases of Drug Development
**Phase 2**
**early controlled clinical trials, dose response**
**preliminary efficacy of drug in patients**
**determine common short term side effects**
**Phase 3**
**pivotal information on safety and efficacy**
**further information on dose**
**adequate and well -controlled trials**
**basis for extrapolating results to general population and product labeling**
**Phase 4**** - post-marketing**
## Drug Development Process
**Investigational New Drug (IND)**** Application**
**needed whenever a sponsor wishes to study a new drug or an approved drug at a new dose, new route of administration in a new population**
**houses all data prior to submission of NDA**
**New Drug Application (NDA)**
**information from IND as well as Phase 3 trials submitted for application to market a drug**
## Drug Development Process
## Drug Development Process
**Fast Track Designation**
**products for serious and life threatening diseases**
**products that have potential to address unmet medical need**
**sponsor can request at time of submission of IND or any time thereafter prior to approval**
**schedule of meeting and written correspondence**
**eligibility for priority review or accelerated approval**
## Drug Development Process
**Accelerated Approval (two forms)**
**serious and life threatening diseases without good alternative therapies**
**approval based on surrogate endpoints reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit**
**contingent on follow-up studies to confirm therapeutic benefits to patients**
**restricted distribution**
**Priority review**
**products with significant improvement in safety or effectiveness**
**not limited to serious and life threatening diseases**
## CDRH Organization
**FDA**
**CDRH**
- CBER
- CFSAN
- CDER
- CVM
- OST
- OHIP
- OSB
- OSM
- OIVD
**ODE**
- DAGID
- DOED
- DRARD
- DGRND
- DCD
## Office of Device Evaluation
- Office of Device Evaluation
**OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR**
**Division of Reproductive, Abdominal, ENT & Radiological Devices**
**Division of Ophthalmic Devices**
**Division of General, Restorative & Neurological Devices**
**Division of Anesthesiology, General Hospital, Infection Control, and Dental Devices**
**Division of Cardiovascular Devices**
**Notes:**
The Office of Device Evaluation is responsible for the premarket review of medical devices.
There are currently five divisions divided by medical specialty area.
Other offices in the Center for Devices and Radiological Health include the Office of Compliance which is responsible for assuring regulatory compliance, the Office of Surveillance and Biometrics which is responsible for postmarket surveillance and the Office of Science and Technology which provides laboratory support and standards development.
## Device Regulations
**FFD&C Act (21 U.S.C 301 et seq.)**
**Device Defined in Sec 201(h): **
**Intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent a disease or condition; **
_**or**_
**Affects the function or structure of the body;**
** **_**and**_
**Does not achieve intended use through chemical action in/on body; and is not metabolized to achieve purpose**
**Notes:**
FDA’s authority to regulate devices is through the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act.
The term device is defined in Section 201 H and includes any product intended to treat or diagnose a disease or condition or affect body function. And the last bullet differentiates devices from drugs in that devices are not metabolized in the body to achieve their intended purpose.
## Center for Devices and Radiological Health Pre-Marketing Review
** ****Devices divided into Classes for purposes of review**
** ****For Class III Devices:**** **
**Premarket Approval Application (PMA) similar to NDA for new drugs**
**Requires clinical trials**
** ****For Class I, II and a few Class III Devices (for which a predicate device exists):**
**Premarket Notification (510k)**** **
**Comparison to previously approved device**** **
**Notes:**
There are basically two types of applications for marketing clearance of new medical devices.
There is the PMA process for new technology devices where predicate devices do not exist. Examples include heart valves, pacemakers, coronary stents, endovascular grafts just to name a few.
The PMA process provides details concerning the device materials, testing, and processing.
The other process to market clearance is referred to as the premarket notification process or 510K. It provides for a comparative information between the new device and predicate device. Details on the comparative testing and modifications to the predicate are provided in this submission.
## FDA APPROVES / DISAPPROVES MARKETING CLEARANCE FOR FINISHED PRODUCTS (DRUGS, DEVICES, BIOLOGICS)
**not technologies**
**not materials**
**not processing techniques**
**not additives **
**Notes:**
FDA reviews and clears products, NOT materials, NOT Technologies, and NOT Processing techniques.
## Combination Product
**Combination Product (21 CFR 3.2(e)):**
**a product comprised of two or more regulated components that are physically, chemically or otherwise combined or mixed as a single entity;**
**two or more separate products packaged together (e.g., drug and device products); or**
**provided separately but intended for use together where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication, or effect and where mutually conforming labeling is needed.**
## Office of Combination Products (Established December 24, 2002)
**Assignment of combination products to “lead center” based on primary mode of action**
**Inter-center consultation/collaboration**
**Ensure timely and effective premarket review **
**Consistent and appropriate postmarket regulation**
**Dispute resolution (timeliness vs. substance)**
**Review/update guidance, agreements, practices**
- P. L. 107-250 -- enacted 10-26-02
## Examples: Antimicrobial Agents in Cleared / Approved Devices
**silver, silver cpds**
**chlorhexidine cpds**
**triclosan**
**nitrofurazone**
**bacitracin zinc**
**minocycline**
**polymyxin B sulfate**
**rifampin**
**methylene blue**
**crystal violet**
**dicloxicillin**
**combinations of these**
**Notes:**
This list shows some examples of the types of antimicrobial agents included in devices that have been cleared or approved.
## Examples: Device Types Cleared / Approved
**catheters - intravascular, urological, peritoneal, etc.**
**wound care products - dressings, etc.**
**dental - toothbrush, floss, instrument covers**
**implanted devices - surgical mesh, orthopedic fixation, ear tube, heart valve**
**Notes:**
FDA has been receiving an increasing number of submissions and inquiries on antimicrobial agents used in devices. The list shows the wide variety of device types that have been cleared or approved.
## Contact Information – Office of Combination Products
**Mark D. Kramer**
**Director, Office of Combination Products **
**15800 Crabbs Branch Way (HFG-3)**
**Rockville, MD 20855**
**(301) 827-9229**
_**[email protected]**_
_**http://www.fda.gov/oc/combination/default.htm**_
## Contact Information for Devices
**Bob Gatling**
**Program Operations**
**Center for Devices and Radiological Health **
**9200 Corporate Boulevard (HFZ-450)**
**Rockville, MD 20850**
**(301) 594-3055**
## Product Development Process
**“****Critical Path” Initiative**
**released by FDA in 2004**
**goal to find better tools to streamline drug development process**
**better predict safety and efficacy of products**
**FDA can provide guidance on what tools may be most helpful**
**www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/criticalpath**
## Conclusions
**Communication is one of keys to drug development process**
**Take advantage of opportunities to discuss options with FDA**
**“****Failing to plan is planning to fail”**
**Develop future tools during current trials**
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351254
|
# Presentation: 351254
## Crisis Response
*Consortium of Nonpublic Schools*
- Intermediate Units 14, 20, 21 & 29
**Jack Clark, Ed.D. **
**Director of Nonpublic School Services**
**Colonial Intermediate Unit 20**
**Easton, Pennsylvania**
**Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Advisory Committee Meeting**
**January 16, 2007 Washington, D.C.**
## Nonpublic School Consortium
## Crisis Response Manual
- Outgrowth of earlier substance abuse manual
- Project of Safe & Drug-Free Advisory Council
- Developed by practitioners
- Reviewed/updated annually
- http://www.ciu20.org/departments/auxiliaryservices
## Standard Process
- Purpose
- What Triggers the Intervention Process?
- Procedures
- A. Identify appropriate procedures
- B. Who does what?
- C. When do you respond?
- D. What will the follow-up be?
- Additional Resources
## Chapter 1 Alcohol, Tobacco, & Other Drugs
- Suspicion
- Usage
- Possession
- Do’s and Don’ts for Parents
- Where to Find Help
- Recommended Websites
- Underage Drinking Brochure
## Chapter 1, cont’d Alcohol, Tobacco, & Other Drugs
- In Loco Parentis definition
- An Example of Policy
- Incident Evaluation Form
- Signs to Watch Out For
- SCA Contact Sheet
## Chapter 2 Child Abuse
- Suspected Child Abuse
- Suspected Child Abuse by School Employee
- Amendments to Child Protective Services Law
## Chapter 3 Death in the School Community
- Chapter 3Death in the School Community
- Death in the School Community
- Sample Letter to Parents
## Chapter 4 Suicide
- Attempt
- Actual
- Model Procedure for Students at Risk for Suicide
- Information for Parents Due to Concern About Risk
- Parent Agreement and Release Form
- Crisis Log
- Risk Factors for Suicide
- Sample Parent Letter
## Chapter 5 Medical Emergency
- Student Medical History
- Administering Medication
- Response
- Communicable Disease Outbreak
- Universal Precautions
- Choking or Cardiac/Respiratory Arrest
- Known Allergy
- Unknown Allergy
## Chapter 5, cont’d Medical Emergency
- Emergency Phone Numbers
- Staff Members with First Aid Training
- Request to Administer Medication Form
- Request to Administer Medication Form (private physician)
- Student Medication Log
- Accident Report Form
- Communicable Diseases
- Incident Evaluation Form
## Chapter 6 Natural Disasters
- Chapter 6Natural Disasters
- Release of Hazardous Materials Outside
- Fire
- Tornado
- Earthquake
- Thunderstorm with Lightning
- Explosion
- Flood
- Technological Emergencies
## Chapter 6, cont’d Natural Disasters
- Bus Accident
- Release of Hazardous Materials Inside
- Traffic Accident/Other Emergency
- Disaster Supply Kit
- Media Telephone Numbers
- Emergency Supplies Checklist
- Reference Books and Websites
- Procedure for Evacuating Building
## Chapter 7 Weapons and Violence
- Student/Intruder with Weapon – Hostage Situation
- Discovery of Ammunition, Knife or Other Weapon
- Verbal/Physical Assault
- Threatening Physical Harm
- Sample Model Procedure
- Sample Parent Agreement and Release Form
## Chapter 7, cont’d Weapons and Violence
- Information for Parents of Students at Risk of Harming Others
- Sample Crisis Log
- Bomb Threats
- Gang Activity
- Gang Membership – FAQ’s
- Gang Prevention Tips
- Firearm Handling
- Legal Definitions
## Chapter 7, cont’d Weapons and Violence
- Gun Free Schools Act of 1994
- Guidance Concerning State and Local Responsibilities
- Bomb Threats
- Staff Members with First Aid Training
- Procedure for Evacuation of Building
- Coded Communication System
- Basic Education Circulars (BEC)
## Threat
Attempt
Commonly Asked Questions
- Attempt
- Commonly Asked Questions
- Chapter 8Custody Issues
## Chapter 9 Missing Child
- Chapter 9Missing Child
- In-School
- Field Trip/Off-Campus Activity
## Follow-Up
- Crisis Manual shared with other private schools in Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania Department of Education Grant
- Distribute on CD to all PA Public School Districts
- Develop Web site from which to download manual
- Flip charts developed for classroom teachers
- Insurance Company Support
- Administrative teams trained
- Incident Command Structure (ICS)
- National Incident Management System (NIMS)
- NIMS Compliant Crisis Manual
- All-Hazards Approach
## Public School Involvement
- Public School Districts adopt the plan format
- School District teams trained in ICS and NIMS
- Develop Flip Charts for Teachers
- Develop Flow Charts for Administrators
## Current Priorities
- Comprehensive All-Hazards Planning
- Learn common language and structure from NIMS
- Assist each other (public and private)
- Work with first responders
- Conduct Table-Top Exercises
- Practice drills (severe weather, etc)
## Major Focus (currently)
- Natural Disasters
- School Security & Violence
- Pandemic Planning
## Government Support
- FEMA, PEMA Web site resources
- ICS, NIMS training through Northampton Community College
- Planning assistance through Northampton Community College
- State Police Vulnerability Assessments and Workshops
## Government Support?
- State Department of Health
- Slow to work with Dept of Education
- Establishing PODs
- No input from local EMAs
- No input from Regional Anti-Terrorism Task Forces
- County support missing!
## Current Status
- Schools are driving disaster preparedness planning
- Conducting research and translating information
- Developing response plans
- Contacting Agencies and Responders
- Working together
- Conducting Drills
## Status
- Schools are very concerned about the safety of students and staff
- Answers are not coming from the state
- Parents expect schools to provide for the safety of their children
- Schools can’t wait to develop solutions
## Next Step
- Coordinate completed plans
- Local responders and agencies
- County EMA
- State Department of Health
- PEMA
- Review and update regularly
- Contact Information:
- Jack Clark, Ed.D.
- Colonial Intermediate Unit 20 – Easton, PA
- 610-515-6471
- [email protected]
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023871
|
Before the
**Federal Communications Commission**
**Washington, D.C. 20554**
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| In the Matter of | * | File No. BPH-19960201MB, |
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| Texas Grace Communications | ) | as modified by |
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| Requests to Toll the Period to | * | BMPH-19990217IB |
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| KRZB(FM) | * | |
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+----------------------------------+---+------------------------------+
**MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER**
**Adopted: February 16, 2005 Released: March 1, 2005**
By the Commission:
1\. The Commission has before it several pleadings from Texas Grace
Communications, permittee of unbuilt station KRZB(FM), Archer City,
Texas. Texas Grace seeks both reconsideration and review of two staff
letters dated January 29, 2004, which denied its requests for additional
construction time.[^1] We dismiss Texas Grace's requests as untimely,
for the reasons discussed below.
**I. BACKGROUND**
2\. Texas Grace received its initial permit to construct KRZB(FM) on
October 7, 1996. In October 2001, the Commission denied Texas Grace's
request for additional time to construct, finding that Texas Grace was
not entitled to "tolling" under Section 73.3598(b) of the Commission's
rules.[^2] The Commission clarified that tolling is appropriate only in
the narrow circumstances enumerated in that rule section. It rejected a
tolling claim based on health problems of Texas Grace's principal. It
also found that KRZB's community of license change from Olney to Archer
City, Texas did not create a new station entitled to a new construction
period, and rejected encumbrance arguments based on associated
rulemaking proceedings.[^3] Nevertheless, the Commission observed that
prior to its clarification therein, "\[a\] permittee, like Texas Grace,
might have concluded that reliance on mere facilities modifications
involving frequency or class would be insufficient to trigger tolling,
but that a facility change coupled with a community of license change
might be treated differently." [^4] To avoid unfairness to Texas Grace,
the Commission modified Texas Grace's existing permit, by waiver, to
provide it with an additional three years to construct. In so doing, the
Commission expressly stated that the construction permit would
automatically cancel unless Texas Grace completed construction and filed
an application to license the authorized facilities by October 26, 2004.
Additionally, the Commission advised that Texas Grace would not be
eligible for further extension of the October 26, 2004, construction
deadline because Texas Grace had already received well in excess of
three unencumbered years to construct.[^5]
3\. In 2003, Texas Grace filed additional requests for tolling, which
the staff denied or dismissed. On January 29, 2004, the staff denied
reconsideration in two separate letters. The first letter (bearing a
staff reference number 1800B3-GDG) found that the staff had properly
concluded that Texas Grace was not entitled to an additional six months
to construct the station as a result of an alleged error by the Federal
Aviation Administration ("FAA") ("*FAA Reconsideration Denial*"). The
second letter (bearing a staff reference number 1800B-IB) affirmed the
initial staff determination that Texas Grace was not entitled to an
additional 17 months based on events in rulemaking proceedings,
including changes in the station's interference protection ("*Rulemaking
Reconsideration Denial*").[^6] The *Rulemaking Reconsideration Denial*
also dismissed as untimely two submissions filed August 21, 2003, (the
"*August Submissions*"). The *August Submissions*, similar in many ways,
both sought to expand Texas Grace's 17-month rulemaking-related claim to
23 months following the July 25, 2003, release of a rulemaking
order.[^7] The two *August Submissions* differed primarily in that one
pleading sought to amend Texas Grace's petition for reconsideration and
the other sought consideration of the same facts as a new tolling
request.
4\. On February 3, 2004, the staff issued a consolidated Public Notice
announcing, among other things, its January 29, 2004 actions on Texas
Grace's various requests.[^8] Applications for Review were due within 30
days of public notice, *i.e.,* by March 4, 2004. On March 8, 2004, Texas
Grace filed three documents: an application for review of the *FAA
Reconsideration Denial*, an application for review of the *Rulemaking
Reconsideration Denial*, and a petition for reconsideration concerning
dismissal of the *August Submission* that Texas Grace had intended as a
tolling request. On March 19, 2004, Texas Grace submitted amendments to
each of these documents.
5\. Texas Grace recognizes that each of its filings ordinarily would be
considered untimely. Nevertheless, Texas Grace argues that its
submissions must be considered timely-filed due to alleged defects[^9]
in the public notice. Specifically, Texas Grace contends that: (1) the
single consolidated notice did not adequately distinguish the separate
actions taken on January 29, 2004; (2) the notice did not correctly
identify the *Rulemaking Reconsideration Denial* by the staff reference
number (1800B-IB) which appeared on the document, but rather by
reference number 1800B[3]{.underline}-IB (adding a number 3 which was
not present on the letter); and (3) the Public Notice, did not give
adequate notice of dismissal of the *August Submissions*, because Texas
Grace intended one of these submissions to be treated as a new tolling
request, but the notice described it as a "Supplement filed 8/21/03."
6\. Based on the alleged defects in public notice, Texas Grace contends
that the February 3, 2004, date of public notice should not be used to
calculate the deadline for filing petitions for reconsideration and
applications for review. Texas Grace suggests that the 30-day deadline
should be counted instead from February 9, 2004, the date on which Texas
Grace's proprietor received copies of the decision letters by both mail
and fax at the address to which he had asked the U.S. Postal Service to
forward his mail. Texas Grace contends that the staff itself attached
some significance to the date of Texas Grace's receipt, by using
certified mail, return receipt requested. Texas Grace also relates that
the staff viewed receipt of documents by Texas Grace's sister company
important in a different proceeding, in which the staff reissued and
redated a decision after learning that the companies' principal had not
received a letter mistakenly addressed to a previous residence. Texas
Grace concludes that the filing deadline should be March 10, 2004, and
therefore that its March 8, 2004, filings were timely.
**II. DISCUSSION**
7\. Petitions for reconsideration, applications for review, and any
supplements thereto must be filed within 30 days of public notice, as
that term is defined in Section 1.4(b) of the rules.[^10] When, as here,
the full text of an action document is not released by the Commission,
but a descriptive document entitled "Public Notice" describing the
action is released, public notice is given on the date on which the
descriptive "Public Notice" is released.[^11] Thus, under the
Commission's rules, deadlines for filing petitions for reconsideration
and applications for review are not dependent in this case upon any
person's receipt of actual notice.[^12] The staff's use of certified
mail in this case does not change the first day to be counted for
determining the filing deadline for seeking review or reconsideration.
The use of certified mail was a mere staff courtesy.
8\. Texas Grace has not shown that the Public Notice in the instant case
was defective. Texas Grace misconstrues the role of the public notice
process in preserving a party\'s right of review of agency actions. A
public notice which initiates the 30-day period for seeking review or
reconsideration is \"adequate only if it alert\[s\] interested parties
to documents which would allow them to determine whether their interests
were implicated.\"[^13] The instant Public Notice, which identifies
letter actions concerning Texas Grace and station KRZB, clearly
satisfies this requirement.
9\. With respect to exact wording of the notice, the Commission and
staff have wide latitude regarding the information included, provided
that the notice gives \"fair warning\" of the scope of the described
action.[^14] The instant notice accurately reflects that the staff
denied reconsideration of two Texas Grace filings dated June 9, 2003,
and December 29, 2003, and also dismissed two August 21, 2003, Texas
Grace filings as untimely. We reject as meritless Texas Grace's
contention that the staff was required to use multiple public notices to
dispose of several Texas Grace submissions. Texas Grace's complaint that
one internal routing code listed in the public notice did not correspond
exactly to the code listed on the letter is equally unpersuasive. The
staff's public notice was sufficient to permit someone exercising
reasonable diligence to identify and locate the action documents
described therein.[^15]
10\. Finally, we address the staff's dismissal as untimely of the
*August Submission* characterized by Texas Grace as a "new and separate"
tolling request. This filing both repeats arguments raised previously
and claims that Texas Grace is entitled to additional time based on the
*2003 Rulemaking Order*. To the extent that this filing relies on the
*2003 Rulemaking Order,* the dismissal was erroneous. It was
timely-filed within thirty days of that *Order.*[^16] However, the
staff's dismissal of the filing as untimely was harmless error, given
that the arguments raised therein were without merit. As the Commission
has held previously with respect to this particular construction permit,
permittees may not rely on rulemaking proceedings, including those
involving changes in allotment reference coordinates, to toll a permit
or waive a construction deadline.[^17] Moreover, when the Commission
waived Section 73.3598 and extended Texas Grace's construction deadline
to October 26, 2004, the permittee had already received an unencumbered
construction period in excess of the three years specified in the rule.
On that basis, the Commission advised Texas Grace it would be ineligible
for any further extension of the October 26, 2004, construction deadline
and that its construction permit would expire automatically on that date
unless it had completed construction and timely filed a license
application.[^18] In these circumstances, no event arising during the
additional three-year period that began October 26, 2001, including the
release of the 2003 *Rulemaking Order*, constituted a tolling event
within the meaning of the rule or provided a basis for a further
extension of the permit's expiration date. In accordance with our *Texas
Grace* order, the KRZB(FM) construction permit automatically cancelled.
11\. In any event, Texas Grace's untimely arguments are without merit.
First, it contends that it is entitled to approximately six additional
months[^19] due to certain FAA problems in 2003 relating to the
termination of a 2001 FAA study of the permitted facilities and a 2003
study which Texas Grace states was needed to "facilitate reinstatement
of KRZB's tower rights."[^20] Those problems, however, related to
studies which were never required. In 1999 the FAA issued a no hazard
determination for the tower specified in the Archer City construction
permit. That determination explicitly stated that the no hazard
determination would remain in effect until "the date prescribed by the
FCC for completion of construction," *i.e.,* October 26, 2004.[^21] This
condition, routinely included by the FAA in determinations associated
with applications for broadcast station construction permits,
establishes that the 1999 no hazard determination was sufficient for
construction of the KRZB facilities and that the 2001 FAA study and 2003
restudy of these same facilities were unnecessary. As the FAA stated
when it terminated the 2003 study, the expiration date of the FAA's 1999
study "became the same as the FCC expiration" date once the Commission
issued the Texas Grace construction permit in 1999, and "\[b\]y FAA
policy, no further study was ever required for this structure."[^22] The
FAA thus terminated the 2003 study after it was advised that Texas Grace
held an FCC construction permit. Providing additional time to construct
based on difficulties encountered by Texas Grace in obtaining a
redundant FAA clearance is clearly unwarranted.
12\. Second, Texas Grace contends that it is entitled to a 23-month
period starting with grant of the new three-year construction period and
ending on the effective date of a staff decision downgrading the Archer
City allotment to Class C2.[^23] In adopting rules establishing a
three-year construction period, the Commission explicitly rejected a
request to toll construction periods during "the pendency of petitions
for rulemaking affecting a station's frequency and/or class . . .
."[^24] Subsequently, the Commission rejected Texas Grace's identical
contention in the *Texas Grace* decision.[^25] Similarly, we conclude
that no additional time to construct is warranted based on the
rulemaking to restore the Class C2 allotment to Archer City.
**III. ORDERING CLAUSES**
13\. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED, that each of the Applications for
Review filed by Texas Grace Communications on March 8, 2004, ARE
DISMISSED as untimely.
14\. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, that the Petition for Reconsideration filed
by Texas Grace Communications on March 8, 2004, IS DISMISSED as
untimely.
15\. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, that the Amendments to the above-referenced
Applications for Review and to the Petition for Reconsideration filed by
Texas Grace on March 19, 2004, ARE DISMISSED AS MOOT.
> **FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION**
Marlene H. Dortch
Secretary
[^1]: The Media Bureau has referred the March 8, 2004, Texas Grace
petition for reconsideration to the Commission pursuant to 47 C.F.R.
§ 1.106(a)(1). *See* paragraph 4, *infra*.
[^2]: *See* 47 C.F.R. § 73.3598(b).
[^3]: *See Texas Grace Communications,* 16 FCC Rcd 19167 (2001) ("*Texas
Grace")*.
[^4]: *Texas Grace,* 16 FCC Rcd at 19171.
[^5]: *Id.* at 19174 n.13.
[^6]: One of Texas Grace's arguments centers on use of staff reference
numbers. Such numbers are generic codes that merely aid the
Commission's staff in identifying the originating Division,
sub-Division unit, and responsible employee for certain - typically
unpublished - decisions. In this case, "1800B" indicates that the
Audio Division originated the item. The digit "3" in "1800B3"
identifies an FM radio matter in the Audio Division.
[^7]: *See Archer City, Texas*, 18 FCC Rcd 15532 (MB 2003) ("*2003
Rulemaking Order*"). Specifically, Texas Grace argues that the three
additional years that the Commission granted in October 2001 should
not begin to run until September 8, 2003, the effective date of an
allotment change made in the *2003 Rulemaking Order.* That change,
which Texas Grace supported, amended the Archer City allotment from
Class C1 to Class C2 and changed the allotment's reference
coordinates. As we have observed, the prior Class C1 designation of
the Archer City allotment arose from Texas Grace's successful
counterproposal in another rulemaking proceeding. *See Texas Grace*,
16 FCC Rcd at 19167 n.2 (citing *Tipton, Mangum, Eldorado and
Granite, Oklahoma; and Archer City, Texas*, 14 FCC Rcd 21161 (MMB
1999) ("*Oklahoma R&O").* Although the *Oklahoma R&O* required Texas
Grace to file an implementing application by April 17, 2000, it
never did so. *Id.*
[^8]: *See Broadcast Applications,* Report No. 25664 (Feb. 3, 2004). The
public notice summarized the history of KRZB's application to modify
its construction permit and added the following new information:
"1/29/04 -- Petition for Reconsideration filed 6/9/03 Denied,
Petition for Reconsideration and Supplement filed 8/21/03 dismissed
as untimely, Ltr action Ref. 1800B3-IB. Petition for reconsideration
filed 12/29/03 Denied, Ltr. action, Ref. 1800B3-GDG."
[^9]: At the time that Texas Grace first alleged defects in the Public
Notice it had not yet seen that Public Notice because Texas Grace
incorrectly expected it to appear in the daily "Broadcast Actions"
reports while the staff routinely gives notice of decisions on
reconsideration in the daily "Broadcast Applications" reports. Texas
Grace thus argued erroneously that the public notice announced only
one action taken on January 29, 2004, without specifying whether
that action was the *Rulemaking Reconsideration Denial* or the *FAA
Reconsideration Denial.* On March 19, 2004, after viewing the public
notice, Texas Grace amended its claims.
[^10]: *See* 47 C.F.R. § 1.106(f) (petitions of reconsideration); 47
C.F.R. § 1.115(d) (applications for review); 47 C.F.R. § 1.4(b).
[^11]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.4(b)(4).
[^12]: 47 C.F.R. § 1.4(b)(5). As Texas Grace observes, the staff has
discretion to reissue a decision on its own motion if the decision
contains a mistake, such as an inaccurate address. No such mistake
occurred here, however, and the circumstances do not provide a basis
for the staff to reissue decisions that were properly addressed and
timely mailed to Texas Grace's official address of record in
Mississippi. Texas Grace acknowledges, and U.S. Postal Service
records confirm, that the January 29, 2004, decisions were received
at Texas Grace's official address in Mississippi on February 5,
2004; Texas Grace, however, had requested that the Postal Service
temporarily forward all mail to an unofficial address in New York.
The Postal Service delivered the forwarded decisions to Texas
Grace's proprietor in New York on February 9, 2004, the same day
that he contacted the staff to request that the decisions also be
sent to him via fax. There is no argument that Texas Grace did not
receive the documents.
[^13]: [*Hispanic Information and Telecommunications Network v. FCC,*
865 F.2d 1289, 1295 (D.C. Cir.
1989).](http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=++++1.0&vr=2.0&DB=350&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1989014646&ReferencePosition=1295)
[^14]: *See* *KOLA, Inc.,* 11 FCC Rcd 14297, 14310 (1996) (citing
[*Ridge Radio Corporation v. FCC*, 292 F.2d 770, 773 (D.C. Cir.
1961)](http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=++++1.0&vr=2.0&DB=350&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&SerialNum=1961114095&ReferencePosition=773)).
For example, where the Commission addresses multiple matters in a
single action document, a public notice identifying the document and
primary action is sufficient. *Id.*
[^15]: *See Thomas W. Tittle*, 5 FCC Rcd 1196, 1197 (1990) (interested
parties must exercise reasonable diligence in reviewing public
notices).
[^16]: *See 2003 Rulemaking Order,* 18 FCC Rcd at 15532. However,
insofar as the filing additionally attempts to "update and adjust" a
November 2002, tolling request which was denied in May 2003, and
relies on other matters occurring more than 30 days prior to the
request, such as rulings between October 2001 and May 2003, those
arguments were untimely. *See* 47 C.F.R. § 73.3598(c). The other
*August Submission,* submitted as an untimely amendment to a
Petition for Reconsideration, was properly dismissed as untimely.
*See* 47 C.F.R. § 1.106(f).
[^17]: *See* *Texas Grace,* 16 FCC Rcd at 19170-71. Nowhere did the
Commission, as Texas Grace suggests, link the running of the
additional three-year period to Texas Grace's restoration of the
Archer City allotment to Class C2. The *2003 Rulemaking Order*'s
substitution of channel 248C2 for channel 248C1 occurred because
Texas Grace voluntarily sought and obtained modification of the
permit to specify channel 248C1, but then failed to timely file the
required implementing application. *See supra* n.7.
[^18]: *Id.* at 19174 n.13.
[^19]: The FAA arguments are based on the period June 5, 2003 through
November 25, 2003.
[^20]: Application for Review of FAA Matters at ii.
[^21]: *Determination of No Hazard to Air Navigation (FAA Aeronautical
Study No. 99-ASW-2013-OE)* (Aug. 13, 1999) at 1 (submitted as
Exhibit F to Application for Review of FAA Matters).
[^22]: *Termination of Aeronautical Study No. 2003-ASW-3016-OE* (Nov.
25, 2003) at 2 (submitted as Exhibit D to Application for Review of
FAA Matters).
[^23]: *See supra.* n.7. The period at issue begins October 26, 2001 and
ends September 8, 2003.
[^24]: *See 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review, Streamlining of Mass Media
Applications, Rules, and Processes,* 14 FCC Rcd 17525, 17538-39
(1999).
[^25]: *Texas Grace*, 16 FCC Rcd at 19170-71.
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546033
|
# Presentation: 546033
## Borrower-Lender Distance, Credit-Scoring, and the Performance of Small Business Loans
Robert DeYoung
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago *
Dennis Glennon
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency *
Peter Nigro
Bryant University
presented at
FDIC/JFSR annual conference
Arlington, VA — September 22, 2005
- Robert DeYoung
- Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago *
- Dennis Glennon
- Office of the Comptroller of the Currency *
- Peter Nigro
- Bryant University
- _presented at_
- FDIC/JFSR annual conference
- Arlington, VA — September 22, 2005
- * The views expressed here are those of the authors, and are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Federal Reserve System, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, or the U.S. Treasury Department.
## The distance between small business borrowers and their lenders has increased substantially in the past decade.
- The distance between small business borrowers and their lenders has increased substantially in the past decade.
- _Motivation_
## The distance between small business borrowers and their lenders has increased substantially in the past decade.
Is increased distance anathema to relationship lending?
Does increased distance require new lending technologies?
Does increased distance affect loan performance?
A growing literature: Cyrnak and Hannan (2000), Stein (2001), Petersen and Rajan (2002), Brevoort and Hannan (2004), Dell-Ariccia and Marquez (2005), Berger, Frame, and Miller (2005), etc.
- Is increased distance anathema to relationship lending?
- Does increased distance require new lending technologies?
- Does increased distance affect loan performance?
- _A growing literature_: Cyrnak and Hannan (2000), Stein (2001), Petersen and Rajan (2002), Brevoort and Hannan (2004), Dell-Ariccia and Marquez (2005), Berger, Frame, and Miller (2005), etc.
- _Motivation_
## The distance between small business borrowers and their lenders has increased substantially in the past decade.
Is increased distance anathema to relationship lending?
Does increased distance require new lending technologies?
Does increased distance affect loan performance?
A growing literature: Cyrnak and Hannan (2000), Stein (2001), Petersen and Rajan (2002), Brevoort and Hannan (2004), Dell-Ariccia and Marquez (2005), Berger, Frame, and Miller (2005), etc.
We construct a theoretical model of how borrower distance and lending technology affects loan supply and loan performance.
We test empirically the loan performance predictions using data on 29,577 SBA 7(a) loans originated in 1984-2001.
- Is increased distance anathema to relationship lending?
- Does increased distance require new lending technologies?
- Does increased distance affect loan performance?
- _A growing literature_: Cyrnak and Hannan (2000), Stein (2001), Petersen and Rajan (2002), Brevoort and Hannan (2004), Dell-Ariccia and Marquez (2005), Berger, Frame, and Miller (2005), etc.
- We construct a theoretical model of how borrower distance and lending technology affects loan supply and loan performance.
- We test empirically the loan performance predictions using data on 29,577 SBA 7(a) loans originated in 1984-2001.
- _Motivation_
## We adapt a theory model from Heiner (1983, 1985, 1986).
Lenders have imperfect information about the creditworthiness of loan applicants (i.e., standard risky loan outcomes).
Borrower-lender distance is our proxy for information imperfection.
Lenders have imperfect ability to make the correct accept/reject decision (i.e., they make both Type I and Type II errors).
Credit scoring is our proxy for decision-making ability.
- Lenders have _imperfect information_ about the creditworthiness of loan applicants (i.e., standard risky loan outcomes).
- _Borrower-lender distance_ is our proxy for information imperfection.
- Lenders have _imperfect ability_ to make the correct accept/reject decision (i.e., they make both Type I and Type II errors).
- _Credit scoring_ is our proxy for decision-making ability.
- _Motivation_
## We adapt a theory model from Heiner (1983, 1985, 1986).
Lenders have imperfect information about the creditworthiness of loan applicants (i.e., standard risky loan outcomes).
Borrower-lender distance is our proxy for information imperfection.
Lenders have imperfect ability to make the correct accept/reject decision (i.e., they make both Type I and Type II errors).
Credit scoring is our proxy for decision-making ability.
Theory predicts that loan default increases with loan subsidies and geographic distance -- and perhaps with credit scoring.
We find empirical support for these predictions in the data.
- Lenders have _imperfect information_ about the creditworthiness of loan applicants (i.e., standard risky loan outcomes).
- _Borrower-lender distance_ is our proxy for information imperfection.
- Lenders have _imperfect ability_ to make the correct accept/reject decision (i.e., they make both Type I and Type II errors).
- _Credit scoring_ is our proxy for decision-making ability.
- Theory predicts that loan default increases with loan subsidies and geographic distance -- and perhaps with credit scoring.
- We find empirical support for these predictions in the data.
- _Motivation_
## S represents states of nature regarding loan performance.
X represents information available to lender about S.
- X represents information available to lender about S.
- _Theory_
- S
- X
- S
- Imperfect Information
## S represents states of nature regarding loan performance.
X represents information available to lender about S.
Actions and indicate loan approval and denial, respectively.
- X represents information available to lender about S.
- Actions and indicate loan approval and denial, respectively.
- _Theory_
- S
- X
- S
- A( or )
- Imperfect Information
- Imperfect Decision-Making
## S represents states of nature regarding loan performance.
X represents information available to lender about S.
Actions and indicate loan approval and denial, respectively.
Lender knows the following:
g is the gain from correctly choosing .
l is the loss from incorrectly choosing .
ps is the unconditional probability that is correct choice.
- X represents information available to lender about S.
- Actions and indicate loan approval and denial, respectively.
- Lender knows the following:
- g is the gain from correctly choosing .
- l is the loss from _in_correctly choosing .
- ps is the unconditional probability that is correct choice.
- _Theory_
- S
- X
- S
- A( or )
- Imperfect Information
- Imperfect Decision-Making
## Theory
- Lender selects if expected gain > expected loss:
- ps rXB g > (1-ps) wXB l
- Where:
- rXB is the joint probability that the lender makes the _right choice_ given the _imperfect information_ in her possession.
- wXB is the joint probability that the lender makes the _wrong choice_ given the _imperfect information_ in her possession.
## Theory
- Lender selects if expected gain > expected loss:
- ps rXB g > (1-ps) wXB l
- Where:
- rXB is the joint probability that the lender makes the _right choice_ given the _imperfect information_ in her possession.
- wXB is the joint probability that the lender makes the _wrong choice_ given the _imperfect information_ in her possession.
- Rearranging, a lender selects if:
- rXB / wXB > (l)(1-ps) / (g)(ps)
- (Joint Reliability Ratio) > (Minimum Performance Bound)
## Theory: Predictions
## Theory: Predictions
## SBA loans: Random sample of 29,577 SBA 7(a) loans originated by 5,535 unique lenders between 1984 and 2001:
Firms are “small” and unable to access financing through other means at similar terms.
Lenders must find the borrowers and underwrite, monitor and service the loans within SBA program guidelines.
SBA shares losses pro rata with lender. (Banks have incentives to screen for creditworthiness and set appropriate rates and terms.)
Fairly active secondary market for guaranteed portions.
Credit scoring data: Atlanta Fed survey of 200 largest U.S. bank holding companies taken in 1998.
Other data: Call Report; Summary of Deposits; Haver.
- _Firms_ are “small” and unable to access financing through other means at similar terms.
- _Lenders_ must find the borrowers and underwrite, monitor and service the loans within SBA program guidelines.
- _SBA_ shares losses *pro rata* with lender. (Banks have incentives to screen for creditworthiness and set appropriate rates and terms.)
- Fairly active secondary market for guaranteed portions.
- _Credit scoring data_: Atlanta Fed survey of 200 largest U.S. bank holding companies taken in 1998.
- _Other data_: Call Report; Summary of Deposits; Haver.
- _Data sources_
**Notes:**
We have a random sample of over 32,000 loans made through the SBA’s flagship 7a program.
The 7a program is the primary policy tool in the U.S. for addressing the credit availability concerns of small business
Firms obtaining guarantees must meet the SBA definition of small which varies by SIC code.
- banks find the borrowers and initiate SBA involvement
Loan guarantees are provided to eligible small firms through SBA qualified lenders.
We have over 5,500 bank lenders in our sample over the 1984 – 2001.
These lenders select the firms to receive loans, initiate SBA involvement, underwrite the loans within SBA guideines, and monitor/service the ;loans on an ongoing basis. They report performance back ot the SBA on a quarterly basis.
In the event of default – lenders and the SBA share losses on a pro rata basis based on the outstanding balance at the time of defualt. The guarantee can be exercised on any loan in arrears 60 days or more.
Should note here the SBA is not in a first loss position.
And tha there is a lot of insitutional detail that we discuss in the paper – including types of SBA approaved lenders and othe runuqie aspects of the program which we don’t have itme to get into detaliu here – but I refer you to the paper.
Historically the guarantee program has been funded by U.S. govt appropriations
## Loan default: Lenders can exercise the SBA guarantee when a loan is in arrears for 60 days or more.
Borrower-lender distance is the straight-line distance between borrower address and lending office address.
Credit-scoring is a dummy variable equal to one if lender was an affiliate of a credit-scoring institution, based on Atlanta Fed survey data. (See Frame, Srinivasan, and Woosley, 2001).
Government subsidy is the percent SBA guarantee rate which varies over time and across loans.
- _Borrower-lender distance_ is the straight-line distance between borrower address and lending office address.
- _Credit-scoring_ is a dummy variable equal to one if lender was an affiliate of a credit-scoring institution, based on Atlanta Fed survey data. (See Frame, Srinivasan, and Woosley, 2001).
- _Government subsidy_ is the percent SBA guarantee rate which varies over time and across loans.
- _Four main variables_
## Distance increased during late 1990s
- 1996
- _Distance increased during late 1990s_
## Increased distance associated with credit-scoring lenders
- _Increased distance associated with credit-scoring lenders_
## Government policy can provide incentives for lenders to make riskier loans at the margin....
....but this does not appear to be driving increased distance, as the average SBA 7(a) subsidy rate declined in recent years.
- ....but this _does not_ appear to be driving increased distance, as the average SBA 7(a) subsidy rate declined in recent years.
- _SBA subsidies declined during late 1990s_
## A discrete time hazard model (“stacked logit”) of loan default:
Pr[Di(t)=1] = F { SBA%i, lnDISTANCEi, SCORERij,
lnDISTANCEi*SCORERij, Z } + ei
Di(t)=1 indicates loan i defaults at time t.
SBA% = percent of loan i principal guaranteed by SBA.
lnDISTANCE = the log of borrower-lender distance (miles).
SCORER = 1 if lending bank j uses scoring models.
Z = controls: lender, borrower, and loan characteristics; macroeconomic conditions; and competitive factors.
F is the logistic cumulative distribution function.
- Pr[Di(t)=1] = **F** { SBA%i, lnDISTANCEi, SCORERij,
- lnDISTANCEi*SCORERij, **Z **} + **e**i
- Di(t)=1 indicates loan i defaults at time t.
- SBA% = percent of loan i principal guaranteed by SBA.
- lnDISTANCE = the log of borrower-lender distance (miles).
- SCORER = 1 if lending bank j uses scoring models.
**Z** = controls: _lender_, _borrower_, and _loan_ characteristics; _macroeconomic_ conditions; and _competitive_ factors.
**F** is the logistic cumulative distribution function.
- _Empirical model_
## SAVE THE DATE! May 17-19, 2006
- SAVE THE DATE!May 17-19, 2006
## Defaults increase with loan guarantees. (Expected profits increase, so banks approve marginal loan applications.)
Defaults increase with distance. (Increased information uncertainty.)
Defaults increase with credit scoring. (Distance held constant, the dominant effect of credit scoring is enhanced lender profit functions.)
Scoring mitigates distance effects. (SCORER*lnDISTANCE < 0.)
- Defaults increase with distance. (Increased information uncertainty.)
- Defaults increase with credit scoring. (Distance held constant, the dominant effect of credit scoring is enhanced lender profit functions.)
- Scoring mitigates distance effects. (SCORER*lnDISTANCE < 0.)
- _Results consistent with theory (Table 3, column 1)_
**Notes:**
Results from our empirical model are presented in Table 3 and 4
Consisitent with theory model that bob outlined
1.
Although loan defaults increase with borrower-lender distance, the adoption of credit-scoring models dampens this relationship.
Transition
## a 10 percentage point increase in %SBA 5.6% increase in loan default probability.
a doubling of distance (for non-scoring banks) 2.8% increase in loan default probability.
a doubling of distance (for scoring banks) 1.1% decrease in loan default probability.
adopting credit scoring 22.1% increase in loan default probability.
- a doubling of distance (for non-scoring banks) 2.8% increase in loan default probability.
- a doubling of distance (for scoring banks) 1.1% _decrease_ in loan default probability.
- adopting credit scoring 22.1% increase in loan default probability.
- _Economic effects are non-trivial (marginals)_
## Alternative definitions of SCORER and DISTANCE.
Sub-sampling by time period, loan size, and lender size.
Robust standard errors that allow for intra-group correlations or “clusters” (e.g., across loans or lenders).
Some results worth mentioning:
Impact of DISTANCE declines over time.
Impact of SBA guarantee is weaker at small lenders.
Impact of SBA guarantee is stronger for small loans.
- Sub-sampling by time period, loan size, and lender size.
- Robust standard errors that allow for intra-group correlations or “clusters” (e.g., across loans or lenders).
- Some results worth mentioning:
- Impact of DISTANCE declines over time.
- Impact of SBA guarantee is weaker at small lenders.
- Impact of SBA guarantee is stronger for small loans.
- _Results are robust to the following tests...._
## Theoretical model: Substantial empirical support for theoretical predictions for loan default. (Hypotheses for loan supply are not tested here.)
Distance: More distant borrowers are more difficult to screen and monitor. Continued role for local banks and/or “local banking.”
Credit scoring: Helps offset distance problems, but primary effect may be on the profit function. (Implied) expanded loan supply. Higher default rates are inconsistent with relationship lending.
Government loan guarantees: (Implied) expanded loan supply, but are higher default rates efficient? As SBA moves off-budget, can it remain viable (e.g., use scoring to reduce expenses) but keep serving “opaque” small firms?
- Distance: More distant borrowers are more difficult to screen and monitor. Continued role for local banks and/or “local banking.”
- Credit scoring: Helps offset distance problems, but primary effect may be on the profit function. (Implied) expanded loan supply. Higher default rates are inconsistent with relationship lending.
- Government loan guarantees: (Implied) expanded loan supply, but are higher default rates efficient? As SBA moves off-budget, can it remain viable (e.g., use scoring to reduce expenses) but keep serving “opaque” small firms?
- _Conclusions and Implications_
## Borrower-Lender Distance, Credit-Scoring, and the Performance of Small Business Loans
Robert DeYoung
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago *
Dennis Glennon
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency *
Peter Nigro
Bryant University
presented at
FDIC/JFSR annual conference
Arlington, VA — September 22, 2005
- Robert DeYoung
- Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago *
- Dennis Glennon
- Office of the Comptroller of the Currency *
- Peter Nigro
- Bryant University
- _presented at_
- FDIC/JFSR annual conference
- Arlington, VA — September 22, 2005
- * The views expressed here are those of the authors, and are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Federal Reserve System, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, or the U.S. Treasury Department.
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# Presentation: 337380
## Efficacy of Acamprosate: Clinical Issues
- Celia Jaffe Winchell, M.D.
- Medical Team Leader
- Addiction Drug Products
**Notes:**
I’m Celia Winchell from the FDA, and I’m going to speak to you this morning about the clinical review of the efficacy of acamprosate.
I want to let you know that we approached this data hopefully. We knew before the application came in that the American trial hadn’t worked out, but it isn’t unusual for an application to contain some trials that worked and some trials that weren’t able to show a difference from placebo. But this time, we had some older, less rigorous, foreign studies that worked, against a recent, domestic, and REALLY GOOD study that didn’t. It was hard to overlook that.
We had some reservations about the conduct of the European trials but we looked at them in a few different ways and were able to find encouraging results. And then both the statistical reviewer, Dr. Wang, and I dug into the American trial data. We really hoped there would be some explanation for the outcome that would have some face validity and that could tell us something about the circumstances in which Acamprosate works and the circumstances in which it doesn’t, and that would give us confidence that we could accept the European studies.
For about the next half-hour, I’m going to take you through the process of looking at the efficacy data and show you where it led us.
## Questions
- How can the discrepant results between the older, European studies and the more recently conducted American study be reconciled?
- Do the data support any conclusions regarding subgroups of patients more likely to benefit from acamprosate?
- Given the conflicting results, is there sufficient evidence of the efficacy of acamprosate in the treatment of alcoholism to warrant approval?
**Notes:**
The questions on the slide are the ones you’ve been asked to consider this morning. You’ve heard some comments from Lipha on the matter. Before I begin, I’ll point out that there are two ways of casting the questions. It’s been suggested that the reason the European trials were able to demonstrate the effect of acamprosate and the American trial wasn’t is that the populations differed. The European subjects were all randomized to treatment after completing an inpatient detox. There were few polysubstance abusers in the Eurpean studies. And the European studies either assumed or required a high level of motivation for abstinence. Lipha was able to identify a subset of the American population that they felt was most like the European subjects, and they feel this group did demonstrate the effect of acamprosate.
So, one could put it the questions on this slide this way:
“Given the positive findings throughout Europe, how should we weigh the results of the U.S. trial, upon consideration of our explanatory analyses based on population differences?”
On the other hand, I found a number of aspects of the European data that gave me pause during my review, and I was completely unable to find a way to explain the results of the American trial. As you saw in the materials provided in the backgrounder, I defined a number of population subsets that I thought could account for the differences. For statistical reasons, I restricted myself to the use of pre-randomization characteristics. And no matter how I sliced it, there was no treatment effect of acamprosate at the proposed dose. And it was not a matter of “failure to reach statistical significance” due to the small sizes of the samples. There was really NO difference, or, occasionally, there were differences that trended in the direction of favoring placebo. I would be inclined to put the questions this way:
“In view of the failure of the carefully-conducted American trial, which we are unable to explain through analyses directed at various sub-populations, can we accept the findings from the European studies, knowing that the data was collected much less systematically?”
## Overview
- Why CAD is not persuasive in European trials
- Conclusions supported by European trials
- Exploratory analysis of American trial
**Notes:**
In the next few minutes, I’m going to lead you through the review of the efficacy data submitted to the FDA for review. I’ll cover how we concluded that the primary outcome variable identified by the sponsor for the European pivotal trials, the cumulative abstinence duration, could not be viewed with confidence. Then I’ll give you the good news about what we were able to make out of those trials. Then I’ll walk you through the American trial, which was not able to show an effect of acamprosate, and our attempts to resolve the discrepancies between these bodies of data.
## What is the Problem with CAD In These Studies?
- No systematic capture of drinking data day-by-day
- Retrospective reconstruction of large periods of time
- Mathematical imputation based on extensive assumptions
**Notes:**
So, first, what is the problem with cumulative abstinence duration?
The primary outcome variable analyzed by the sponsor in the European pivotal trials was cumulative abstinence duration, measured in days, or what was called “corrected” cumulative abstinence duration, which amounts to percent days abstinent. In your briefing book, you read that we rejected this variable on review. I should remind you that these studies were complete at the time the IND was opened--we never discussed the design and analysis of these trials prospectively, so there was not an opportunity to comment prior to the NDA review.
Now, let me say that I have no problem with these measures in theory. They are attractive because they capture the picture of drinking behavior even for those subjects who don’t abstain for the entire observation period, which we know is most of them. The problem with the use of these measures in the European studies is that they amount to a false precision. These studies collected the drinking data in a non-systematic way at widely-spaced visits and used various data handling rules to convert the data so collected into numbers of days of abstinence and days of drinking. Upon examining the protocols, the case report form fields, and the data handling rules, I concluded that the CAD in the three pivotal European studies (and in all the European studies other than the British study, for that matter) was a highly imputed value that went beyond the precision of the data actually collected. I’ll walk you through the three pivotal studies to show you what I mean.
## Pelc-II
- 7 visits over 90-day treatment period
- Intervisit interval NMT 15 days
- Outcome measure: Fields calling for “Avg daily consumption” and “Avg frequency of alcohol consumption”
- subjects with “zero” = abstinent
- Conservative imputation of non-abstinence for all days in inter-visit interval
- Obscures differences between one drinking day and many
**Notes:**
The first study, known as Pelc-II, was a short-term study involving 90 days of treatment. This study had 7 visits on-treatment, with visits occurring every one to two weeks. However, at each visit, the investigator was asked to estimate the subject’s “average daily consumption” on drinking days, and “average frequency of consumption.” There wasn’t a systematic approach, like the time-line follow-back method, used to reconstruct this information. The real problem, though, is the data handling rules. Anyone who had any number other than zero listed for frequency and amount was considered to have been drinking during the entire inter-visit interval. So any number between 1 drinking day and 15 drinking days was transformed to 15 drinking days. If a visit was missed, drinking days were imputed all the way back to the previous visit. This method collapses a fairly wide range of responses into two possibilities--zero or 15. I find this troubling when the result is then mathematically summed and a mean is calculated to the tenths place and compared statistically.
## Paille
- 9 visits over 1 year of treatment
- Intervisit interval
- 30 days for on-treatment visits 1-6
- 60 days for on treatment visits 7-9
- Outcome measure: physician estimate
- CAD calculated by subtracting physician’s estimate of non-abstinent days and summing remaining days
- Relies on nonsystematic reconstruction of as much as 60 days of drinking data
**Notes:**
Now, the Paille study was more problematic. This study had a one-year treatment period but there were only 9 visits on-treatment. The interval between visits was as much as 60 days. At these visits, the investigator was again expected to come up with an estimate of the number of days of non-abstinence and the drinks per drinking day without a systematic technique for reconstructing the data. But unlike the Pelc study, which used a very conservative approach, the Paille study data handling rules just took that estimate on its face and put it into the calculations of CAD. I’m skeptical about the precision of these numbers.
## PRAMA
- 6 visits over 48 weeks of treatment
- Inter-visit interval
- 4 weeks for OT visits 1, 2, and 3
- 12 weeks for OT visits 4, 5, and 6
- Outcome measure “physician’s global assessment” of abstinence
- Complex mathematical reconstruction of number of days drinking/abstinent
- Strains credibility of calculated CAD
**Notes:**
The PRAMA study had only SIX visits over 48 weeks of treatment, and for half the visits, the inter-visit interval was three months. At these visits, there was a “global assessment” by the physician, and the physician was also supposed to try to determine if a relapse occurred, and classify it as short-term or long-term. The data handling rules for the calculation of CAD are so complex that I have had to put them on a separate slide, which I know is still too small to read.
## Calculation of CAD: PRAMA
- If the physician’s global assessment indicated success, then all days since the previous visit were considered abstinent. When failure was indicated, then the number of abstinent days was determined using the patient’s and relative’s report on drinking, where the higher category was used if there was a difference between the two and the patient’s report if the categories reported were the same. When there was no reported category of relapse, then half of the days between visits were considered abstinent. When the relapse was considered to have started as a continuous relapse between visits, all days between visits were considered non-abstinent. The number of brief relapses plus three times the number of longer relapses were subtracted from the number of days since the previous visit if either type of relapse was indicated; if either type of relapse was indicated and no numbers were provided, it was assumed that the patient was abstinent for half of the days.
- Several methods of determining the number of abstinent days were used when there was no physician global assessment provided. In cases where there were two consecutive post-baseline visits with the assessment missing but there was a nonmissing assessment later, then both time visit intervals were considered abstinent if either the prior or next visit was indicated as a success by the physician’s global assessment; both visit intervals were considered non-abstinent if both visits were indicated as failures by the physician’s global assessment. When no assessment was made for Visit 1, the patient was assumed to have been abstinent half of the days. For all other cases, a missing global assessment following a successful one was considered to indicate abstinence for half the period, while a missing global assessment following a successful one was considered to indicate abstinence for half the period, while a missing global assessment following a missing or failure was considered to indicate non-abstinence for the period.”
**Notes:**
Here it is. I know you can’t read it. I’m just trying to make the point that there is a very complicated set of mathematical rules here that transforms a rough estimate of what’s happened over the past three months into specific number of days of drinking vs. abstinence. I just feel that this is a false precision that goes beyond what was really known.
## What CAN we make out of the European studies?
- Continuous Abstinence Throughout Treatment
- Non-Continuous Abstinence: number of visits at which subject was assessed as abstinent
**Notes:**
So, that’s the bad news. But there is good news. I looked at the datasets and tried to see what I could conclude based on the data collected. I considered how many people were assessed by the investigator as continuously abstinent, but I realize this is a very high standard and doesn’t really capture all of the clinical effect that might be considered relevant. So I wanted a way, other than CAD, to look at periods of abstinence, even if they were interrupted by periods of drinking. Each study called for an assessment of drinking vs abstinence at each visit. So I went through and counted how many people had 0 visits at which they were assessed as abstinent, how many had 2, and so on, and compared across treatment groups. I realize that with an inter-visit interval of 90 days, the binary assessment of abstinence vs. non-abstinence is still a little suspect, but I think it does mean something if the subject can convince the investigator he hasn’t had a drink in three months.
## Results: Continuous Abstinence
**Notes:**
Here, I have laid out the results of the continuous abstinence analysis. This lists the number and percent of subjects in each treatment arm who were assessed as continuously abstinent throughout the treatment period.
In each of these studies, Acamprosate was superior to placebo, and the differences were statistically significant.
## Results: Non-Continuous Abstinence Pelc-II
**Notes:**
I also wanted to look at results that included non-continuous abstinence as clinically relevant. So I tabulated for each study how many subjects were assessed by the investigator as abstinent at zero visits, one visit, two visits, and so on. I’ll show the tables for each study one by one on the next few slides. The differences are statistically significant in favor of acamprosate 1998 mg in all the studies. If you look very closely, it seems that for the most part the superiority of acamprosate is driven primarily by the subjects who were continuously abstinent. There may be a little greater tendency for the placebo subjects to very few abstinent visits.
Here are the results from Pelc-II. Now, there were supposed to be 9 visits but for some reason there are no subjects with 9 abstinent visits and the numbers who had 8 abstinent visits match up with the continuous abstinence numbers. I haven’t really been able to explain this. You’ll see there was a tendency for more of the placebo subjects to have 0, 1, or 2 visits where they were assessed as abstinent. And, of course, consistent with the results on the continous abstinence analysis, there are a lot more acamprosate treated subjects with 8 visits at which they were assessed as abstinent.
## Results: Non-Continuous Abstinence Paille
**A t-test shows a statistically significant difference between acamprosate 1998 mg and placebo.**
**Notes:**
Here is the analysis for the Paille study. There were 9 visits, and the 85 continuously abstinent subjects are shown here as having 9 visits assessed as abstinent. This was the study that had the most marginal result on the continuous abstinence measure. You can see that if you added in the subjects with 8 visits assessed as abstinent, the finding is strengthened, with 44 in each acamprosate group (that’s 24-25%) having 8 or 9 abstinent visits, vs 22 in the placebo group, or 12%. At the other end of the spectrum, the difference is less obvious, with 54% of the placebo group having 2 or fewer abstinent visits, as compared to 47% of the acamprosate low-dose group and 40% of the acamprosate 1998 mg/day group.
## Results: Non-Continuous Abstinence PRAMA
**A**** ****t-test of this data shows that the groups are different at a level of p < 0.0003**
**Notes:**
Here is the data from PRAMA. There were only 6 visits in this one-year study, and, as Dr. Wang will discuss, there were many dropouts and dropout occurred at different rates across treatment groups. Since missing visits could not be assessed as abstinent visits, this analysis is vulnerable to the dropout problem. Understanding that many fewer placebo subjects attended 6 visits, acamprosate subjects had more opportunities to be assessed as abstinent. Therefore, some caution is in order in examining this data. The superiority of acamprosate over placebo at the most successful end of the spectrum is clearly driven by subjects with continuous abstinence, or 6 abstinent visits--there is no difference across groups in the number being assessed as abstinent at 4 or 5 visits. However, the difference between treatments is also apparent at the other end of the success spectrum. 63 subjects, or 46%, in the placebo group, had zero or ONE visit at which they were assessed as abstinent, as compared to 39, or 29% in the acamprosate group.
## Evidence of Efficacy from European Studies
- Continuous Abstinence
- Non-Continuous Abstinence
- Number of visits where subjects were assessed as abstinent
**Notes:**
So, in summary, it does look as if the three European studies demonstrate an effect of acamprosate in maintaining abstinence after detoxification.
## Study US 96.1
- 500 mg tablet
- 6 months of treatment
- 8 on-treatment visits, 4 weeks apart
- TLFB reconstruction of drinking data at each visit
- patient diaries
- collateral informant interviews
- BAC,
- “Worst case” chosen
- Standardized, manual-guided social tx
**Notes:**
Let’s turn to the American study. As you’ve already heard, this was a multicenter study involving 601 subjects at 21 centers throughout the U.S. 260 subjects were randomized to placebo, 258 to acamprosate 2000 mg/day, and 83 to acamprosate 3000 mg/day. This study used a different formulation from the one in the European trials. In those studies, a 333 mg tablet was used, with subjects taking two tablets three times daily with meals. In this study, a compositionally proportional 500 mg tablet was tested, with subjects taking two tablets on arising and at bedtime. Lest you be concerned about the effect of the dosing regimens, this is a very long half-life drug, and t.i.d. dosing was employed only because it is apparently easier to get people to take two tablets at once than to take three. Neither b.i.d nor t.id dosing is needed for maintenance of steady-state. Furthermore, although there is a food effect in single dose studies, the effect of food is to lower systemic exposure, so if anything the dosing in the American study should have exposed subjects to a higher total daily dose, even though the nominal doses, 2 g and 1998 mg, are essentially the same.
This was a carefully-conducted and closely monitored study. The features included 6 months of treatment with 8 on-treatment visits, most of which were at 4 week intervals. Subjects brought drinking diaries to each visit which were used to help reconstruct day-by-day drinking data using the Time-Line Follow-Back method. Breath alcohol was measured at each visit, and collateral informant data was also collected at intervals, and this information was used to modify the drinking data when it conflicted with the subject’s information. Subjects received a standardized brief psychosocial therapy that was oriented to reinforcing medication compliance.
## Corrected Cumulative Abstinence Duration (% Days Abstinent) Calculation
- Timeline Follow Back (TLFB)
- Missing data on the TLFB (prior to discontinuations or loss to follow-up) was assigned the average of the previous 7 days of non-missing data as follows: the number of days with missing data was multiplied by the percent of the previous 7 days that were non-abstinent
- Denominator for % Days Abstinent:
- Completers: total treatment duration
- Premature d/c associated with EtOH per blinded rating panel: anticipated duration of the treatment phase (the “uncensored” duration)
- Premature d/c not associated with EtOH: actual time the patient participated in the treatment phase (the “censored” duration)
**Notes:**
The primary outcome measure was the percent of study days which were non-drinking days, referred to here as the corrected cumulative abstinence duration. The number of non-drinking days was calculated from the time-line follow-back data as modified by other information such as BAC and collateral informant data, and there was an algorithm for assigning values to missing days that occurred prior to discontinuation or loss to follow-up. A fairly rigorous protocol for locating subjects was in place to minimize the amount of data that had to be imputed. Discontinuations were evaluated by a blinded panel of raters to determine if they were related to drinking or not. If they were related to drinking, all the days after discontinuation were considered drinking days but if the discontinuation was not considered related to drinking, the denominator was adjusted so that the days after dropout weren’t considered in the calculation of percent days abstinent.
## Results: Intent-to-Treat Population
- _Percent Days Abstinent_
**Table prepared by reviewer from datasets US_CAD and US_POP using CCADTX**
**Notes:**
Here are the results that I get from the sponsor’s datasets submitted to us for review. Considering the entire ITT population, the mean percent days abstinent for the placebo group was 51%. The small group that was randomized to 3000 mg/day had about the same result, at 50%. The group that got the recommended dose of acamprosate, 2000 mg/day, had a mean percent days abstinent of 46%. Looking at the medians, placebo also outperformed acamprosate.
So, why did this happen? If acamprosate worked in the European studies, why didn’t it seem to work here?
## Potential Explanations
- European studies required abstinence at baseline
- European subjects assumed to have a high level of motivation (required for entry in some studies)
- European populations have a low prevalence of polysubstance abuse
**Notes:**
Here were the simplest and most attractive explanations.
First, the European subjects had been detoxed and were abstinent at baseline, but the American subjects were not required to undergo detox and, probably as a consequence of the current climate in our medical care delivery system, only about 10% of them got it. Furthermore, by the time study medication treatment begain, about half the subjects were actively drinking. So the first idea that springs to mind is that maybe acamprosate is just a relapse prevention agent of some kind--it keeps alcoholics from taking the first drink, but it can’t seem to put the brakes on if someone is actively drinking. So of course, I looked at the subset that was abstinent at baseline, which is about half the subjects.
The second difference was in level of motivation. Some of the European studies actually required as a condition of entry that the subject be committed to abstinence. Others did not, but it’s been assumed that the subjects must have been motivated because they were willing to go through inpatient detox. I’m not sure about that because I don’t know about the health care delivery system in Europe, either now or at the time these studies were done over 10 years ago, and it’s possible that inpatient detox was pretty standard and readily available and that willingness to go into the hospital for three days wasn’t really a marker for high levels of motivation, but let’s say it was. In the American study, subjects were asked to indicate at screening what their goal was for treatment. They could choose from a list that ranged from “total abstinence” to “no goal,” and it included things like “temporary abstinence” and “controlled drinking.” According to Lipha, “most” of the patients were unmotivated because they didn’t choose “total abstinence.” But there was another option on there-- “total abstinence, but I realize a slip is possible,” which I regard as just as motivated as identifying a goal of “total abstinence,” but just a little more realistic. So I put those two together, and that includes 72% of the subjects.
Finally, the high rate of polysubstance abuse in the American trial was striking, given that a positive urine tox for anything other than marijuana was exclusionary. Only PRAMA gives information about other substance abuse history in the subjects--in PRAMA, 20% of the subjects had any history of other drug use. In the U.S. population, only 20% did NOT have a history of illicit drug use of any kind.
## Sponsor-Defined Population “Motivated Efficacy Evaluable”
- All randomized patients who:
- took double-blind study medication for at least 7 days,
- returned for at least one post-baseline visit,
- did not have a positive urine test for a drug of abuse at any time after randomization,
- were at least 75% compliant for the duration of the treatment phase,
- a had a treatment goal of “complete abstinence”
- Includes <30% of randomized population
- % days abstinent: 70% acamprosate vs. 63% placebo
**Notes:**
As you’ve heard, Lipha was able to find a subset that they thought resembled the European population. This population is defined by post-randomization compliance with visits and medication, as well as a treatment goal of “complete abstinence.” In this group, the acamprosate arm had 70% days abstinent and the placebo group had 63%.
The problem here is that this appears to be the only population that demonstrates an effect of acamprosate, and it is defined primarily by post-randomization behavior such as medication compliance and observed use of substances. All post-hoc analyses make us a little uncomfortable, because if you do enough of them, you are bound to find one that comes out significant--which actually makes it particularly worrisome that we couldn’t. But subset analyses, whether post-hoc or plannes, that rely on groups defined by post-randomization factors are particularly troubling. Finding that a drug was particularly effective in a group with a certain set of post-randomization behaviors really doesn’t give us any information we can use for patient selection.
Furthermore, this population definition doesn’t even take into account the issue of abstinence at baseline, which he proposed label indication now indicates is the important feature of patient selection. So I am neither convinced by this finding nor happy with this population definition. As you read, I conducted a series of subset analyses of my own, using populations that seemed to make sense.
## Reviewer-Defined Populations: Based on pre-randomized variables
- Abstinent at baseline
- Motivated: identified goal of “total abstinence” or “total abstinence but I realize a slip is possible”
- Non-polysubstance abusing
- Several definitions possible
- No drug use past year/no drug use past year other than marijuana most useful for analysis
- Subjects meeting all three criteria comprise less than 20% of randomized population
**Notes:**
So these are my analysis populations.
I analyzed the subset of subjects that were abstinent for at least 5 days at baseline, the subset that identified a goal of abstinence, whether or not they indicated that they realized a slip was possible, and I tried to figure out the best way to define the non-polysubtance abusing population. There was something called an “illicit drug use index” calculated for each subject--if they had no history whatsoever of illicit drug use, that was 0. So I looked at that group but it was very small--about 20% of the randomized population. I decided that past year drug use was probably a reasonable indicator of current polysubstance abuse, so I looked at the group with no illicit drugs in the past year. This enlarged the subset to about 40% of the randomized population. But because subjects were excluded for tox screens positive for anything other than marijuana, looking at the group that had no past-year use of anything EXCEPT marijuana gave me 80% of the randomized population. I should note that we asked Lipha to broaden the inclusion criteria to allow for a positive tox for marijuana at entry, because we were concerned that the actual target population probably had a pretty high prevalence of polysubstance abuse. And I guess we were right. People were screened out for current dependence on any substance other than alcohol, and for urines positive for anything else, and despite this, we have a population where 14% had a history of opiate use and 49% had a history of cocaine use.
I also looked at the results of the urine toxes done during the study, but I am not very convinced that is useful. With monthly study visits, tox screens are unlikely to pick up all the illicit drug use in the study. Furthermore, nothing can be predicted about the results of urine tox screens that were not done because subjects dropped out of the study. Therefore, selecting subjects who lacked urine tox evidence of drug use does not necessarily select a population that did not use drugs during the study or was not prone to do so after study discontinuation. In addition, urine tox data is only included for 525 subjects.
Ultimately, I decided to focus on the subjects whose only illicit drug use in the past year had been marijuana. From now on, when I say, “no past year illicit drug use,” I’m actually going to be referring to subjects who used no illicit drugs OTHER THAN MARIJUANA.
And then I put together the subset that was abstinent at baseline, motivated, and had no past year illicit drug use, which was a small group.
## Results: % Days Abstinent No Explanation Based on Pre-Randomization Variables
**Notes:**
And here are my results. You’ll see that no subset I analyzed demonstrated a better result on percent days abstinent for the acamprosate group than the placebo group. These are actually all going in the wrong direction. I have to say that going into this I was really hoping that the rubber was going to meet the road somewhere--that I was going to be able to say, “Aha! It only works in pure alcoholics!” Or “See, as long as you’re abstinent at baseline, it works.” Unfortunately, these analyses just don’t bear out any conclusion about patient selection that suggest why acamprosate didn’t work in this study.
## Results: No Explanation in Motivated/Abstinent Subsets
**Notes:**
And looking at the subset that was abstinent AND motivated, and the subset that was abstinent, motivated AND had no past year illicit drug use, I still could not find an effect of acamprosate.
## Other Measures
- Complete Abstinence
- Categorical Analysis of “Good Response”
**Notes:**
I looked at a few other measures, too. Complete abstinence was not very useful because there were so few subjects--33, to be exact--who were abstinent for the entire trial--and 20 of them were on placebo. A categorical analysis of “good response, which looked at how many subjects had at least 90% days abstinent was interesting, because the sponsor-defined motivated ITT population showed the acamprosate group coming out the same as the placebo group, and the sponsor-defined motivated efficacy-evaluable population actually showed acamprosate BEATING placebo, but as it turned out, my analysis populations didn’t fare as well. The placebo group did better than the acamprosate group in all the populations I tried.
## Abstinence From Sustained Heavy Drinking
- Table prepared by reviewer from datasets US_RELAP, US_POP
**Notes:**
.
So next I looked at a fairly liberal definition of success. There was a dataset in which relapse was flagged “if the patient relapsed into having at least 5 drinks a day for 5 of the next 7 days.” So I took a look at how many subjects never had a relapse as so defined. Success by this criterion is fairly common. In this slide, you’ll see that the ITT population looks slightly promising, but neither the abstinent subset, the motivated subset, the no past year illicit drugs subset, nor the group that met all three criteria show an effect of acamprosate on this measure. It is interesting to note that the sponsor-defined motivated efficacy evaluable population does, though.
## Other Explorations
- Drinking History: Very Heavy Drinkers
- Drinking History +
- motivation
- baseline abstinence
- no past year illicit drug use
**Notes:**
Just in case I missed something, I pored over the demographics from the different trials to find another explanation.
I looked at drinking history, and I noted that the duration of alcohol dependence was not terribly dissimilar across studies, but the American population contained many fewer people in the >10 drinks/drinking day category. About 30% of the subjects were in this category in the American study, while in the European studies, the very heavy drinkers in the various treatment groups ranged from a low of 64% to a high of 87%, and all three European studies had a similar number. But whether I looked at all the very heavy drinkers, or the motivated ones, or the ones who were abstinent at baseline, or the ones who were motivated, abstinent, and had no past year illicit drug use, there was no effect of acamprosate on the percent days abstinent.
## Summary
- European studies indicate effect of acamprosate on continuous or non-continuous abstinence
- U.S. study data does not demonstrate efficacy of acamprosate in any subset defined by pre-randomization variables meaningful for patient selection
**Notes:**
In summary, the European studies indicate an effect of acamprosate on either continuous abstinence or non-continuous abstinence, while the American study data does not demonstrate the efficacy of acamprosate in any subset defined by pre-randomization variables that would be useful for patient selection.
## Questions
- Can the discrepant results between the older, European studies and the more recently conducted American study be reconciled?
- Do the data support any conclusions regarding subgroups of patients more likely to benefit from acamprosate?
- Given the conflicting results, is there sufficient evidence of the efficacy of acamprosate in the treatment of alcoholism to warrant approval?
**Notes:**
So I’ll put the questions back up here. I’ve gone through some of the concerns about the data from the European trials--the non-systematic data collection, the low frequency of study visits, and some of the ways in which the European trial populations differed from the American population. Then I went through the exploratory analyses I undertook to try to select a subgroup from the American study who resembled the European subjects on important measures such as level of motivation, baseline drinking status, and polysubstance abuse. And I showed you that I was not able to identify any population that demonstrated an effect of acamprosate on measures of percent days abstinent, categorical “good” response, or even the fairly low bar of surviving the trial without 5 heavy drinking days in a single week.
So I’ll reiterate my way of looking at the questions we’ve posed to you:
“In view of the failure of the carefully-conducted American trial, which we are unable to explain through analyses directed at various sub-populations, can we accept the findings from the European studies, knowing that the data was collected much less systematically?”
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# Presentation: 527183
## caCORE: Infrastructure for communal biomedical informatics
**Peter A. Covitz, Ph.D.**
**Director, Bioinformatics Core Infrastructure**
**NCI Center for Bioinformatics**
## Supported initiatives
- Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP)
*ESTs, SAGE, SNPs, Pathways*
*20% of human ESTs in GenBank from CGAP*
- Gene Expression Data Portal
*Tumor classification microarray data*
- Cancer Models
*Mouse cancer disease models*
- Clinical Trials
*Protocols, agents, targets, patient cases*
## caCORE
**Enterprise Vocabulary**
**Common Data Elements**
**Biomedical Objects**
## Enterprise Vocabulary Services
**Enterprise Vocabulary**
## Enterprise Vocabulary Services
**Services and resources that address NCI's needs for controlled vocabulary**
**Vocabulary Products**
**NCI Thesaurus**
**NCI Metathesaurus**
**External vocabularies maintained**
**Collaborations and Outreach**
**RxNORM – VA National Drug File**
**HL7 Vocabulary**
**MAGE Ontology**
## NCI Thesaurus
- Reference Vocabulary for NCI
- Broad coverage of cancer domain
- Neoplastic disease
- Anatomy
- Agents, drugs, chemicals
- Oncogenes
- Mouse cancer models
- Research techniques, management
## NCI Thesaurus
- Description-logic based
- 18,000 “Concepts” hierarchically organized
- “Roles” establish semantic relationships between Concepts
- Developed/served using Apelon software
- Available through dynamic caBIO APIs, flatfile, and OWL XML format.
## NCI Metathesaurus
**UMLS Metathesaurus extended with cancer-oriented vocabularies**
**800,000+ concepts, 2,000,000 terms and phrases**
**Mappings among over 50 vocabularies**
**Rich synonymy: Over 40,000 terms for “cancer” mapped to 7,000 concepts**
**Used as online dictionary, thesaurus, and for document indexing, through dynamic caBIO APIs**
## Cancer Data Standards Repository (caDSR)
**Common Data Elements**
## Common Data Elements (CDEs)
- Data descriptors or “metadata” for cancer research
- Precisely defining the questions and answers
- What question are you asking, exactly?
- What are the possible answers, and what do they mean?
- Using controlled vocabularies from EVS
- Describing data objects and attributes used for presentation to scientific applications
- Ongoing projects covering various domains
- Clinical Trials
- Imaging
- Biomarkers
- Genomics
## ISO/IEC 11179 Metadata Standard
_**Data Element**_
**Bladder Tumor Clinical N Stage**
_**Conceptual Domain**_
**Diagnosis**
_**Valid Values**_
**N0**
**N1**
**N2**
**N3**
**NX**
_**Classifications**_
_**Context**_
**CTEP**
_**Data Element Concept**_
**Tumor Description**
_**Value Domain**_
**Bladder Tumor **
**Clinical N Stage**
_**Value Meanings**_
**[Definitions]**
## Example “Question” CDE
- *Question *
- What is the bladder tumor clinical nodal stage?
- *Permissible Answers *
- N0
- NO REGIONAL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS
- N1
- METASTASIS IN A SINGLE LYMPH NODE, 2 CM OR LESS IN GREATEST DIMENSION
- N2
- METASTASIS IN A SINGLE LYMPH NODE, MORE THAN 2 CM BUT NOT MORE THAN 5 CM IN GREATEST DIMENSION; OR MULTIPLE LYMPH NODES, NONE MORE THAN 5 CM IN GREATEST DIMENSION
- N3
- METASTASIS IN A LYMPH NODE MORE THAN 5 CM IN GREATEST DIMENSION
- NX
- REGIONAL LYMPH NODES CANNOT BE ASSESSED
## Example “Data Class” CDE
- _UML/Object_ _ISO/IEC 11179_
- Data Class == Data Element Concept
- Gene
- Data Class Attribute == Data Element
- Gene Symbol
- Attribute Values == Value Domain
- P53, GSK, etc.
## Cancer Data Standards Repository
- Registry for Common Data Elements
- ISO/IEC 11179 + extensions
- Extensions support “Forms” and “Protocols”
- Public ID + Version = Unique Identifier
- Interactive Tools:
- CDE Curation – Integrated with EVS to draw terms from controlled vocabulary
- CDE Browser – search and export
- Form Compliance with CDEs
- Interfaces:
- Java, SOAP, HTTP-XML [via caBIO]
## Cancer Bioinformatics Infrastructure Objects (caBIO)
**Bioinformatics Objects**
## caBIO Overview
- caBIO modeled in UML and implemented in J2EE
- Genomics, Genetics
- Clinical Trials
- Access to data hosted at NCI and federated from other sites
## Development Process: UML
- Use Cases
- Class Diagrams
- Sequence Diagrams
- Iterative Development
## caBIO Development Tools
- Today
- Rose for UML
- Quava for code generation
- End of 2004
- Poseidon for UML
- Axgen for code generation
- Low/no cost, better support for open standards
## Architecture
**EVS**
**caDSR**
**UCSC DAS**
**Data Access**
**Objects**
**Object Managers**
**Biomedical**
**Objects**
**[****Gene****, ****Disease****, ****etc****.]**
**RMI**
**Web Server**
_**Tomcat**_
**Servlets**
**JSPs**
**SOAP**
_**UI Bean**_
**XML**
**XSL/XSLT**
**HTML/XML Clients (Browsers)**
**SOAP Clients**
**Java Applications**
**Data**
**Object**
**Presentation**
**Client**
**NCI**
**NCI**
**NCI**
## caBIO APIs
- Java
- Query/retrieve biomedical objects directly via RMI
- SOAP
- SOAP client in any language/environment can send request to NCICB server for object data
- SOAP-XML envelope and payload returned
- HTTP-XML
- Properly formed URLs in any web browser/client can retrieve XML-formatted object data directly
## Java API
**Gene**** myGene = new Gene();**
**GeneSearchCriteria**** criteria = new GeneSearchCriteria();**
**criteria.setSymbol("pTEN");**
**SearchResult**** result = myGene.search(criteria);**
**Gene[] genes = (Gene[]) result.getResultSet();**
- Domain objects have companion
*SearchCriteria* objects
## Nested SearchCriteria
- *SearchCriteria *from one object type can be fed as parameters into *SearchCriteria* of another type.
- Complex queries without any SQL
## Complex Queries on Objects
- Find me the Pathways,
- with Genes that are expressed,
- in tissues with a particular Histopathology that includes
- a particular Organ and a particular Disease.
## Traverse Relationships in Model
**Genes**
**Pathways**
**Disease**
**Organ**
**Histopathology**
**INPUT**
**OUTPUT**
## findPathway
** ****public Pathway[] findPathway(String ****disease****, String ****organ****)**** {**
** **
** ****DiseaseSearchCriteria diseaseCriteria = **
** ****new DiseaseSearchCriteria(); **
** ****OrganSearchCriteria organCriteria = **
** ****new OrganSearchCriteria(); **
** ****HistopathologySearchCriteria histoCriteria = **
** ****new HistopathologySearchCriteria();**
** ****GeneSearchCriteria geneCriteria = **
** ****new GeneSearchCriteria();**
** ****PathwaySearchCriteria ****pathCriteria**** = **
** ****new PathwaySearchCriteria();**
** **
- Input disease, organ; create *SearchCriteria* Objects:
## findPathway (cont’d)
**.**
**diseaseCriteria.setName(****disease****);**
**organCriteria.setName(****organ****);**
** **
**histoCriteria.putSearchCriteria(diseaseCriteria,CriteriaElement.AND);**
**histoCriteria.putSearchCriteria(organCriteria, CriteriaElement.AND);**
** **
**geneCriteria.putSearchCriteria(histoCriteria, CriteriaElement.AND);**
** **
**pathCriteria****.putSearchCriteria(geneCriteria, CriteriaElement.AND);**
**Pathway myPathway = new Pathway();**
**myPathwayList = myPathway.searchPathways(****pathCriteria****);**
**}**
- Nest the *SearchCriteria*, then do the search:
## Web Services: SOAP
## SOAP API
**use SOAP::Lite;**
**$s = SOAP::Lite**
** ****->uri(urn:nci-gene-service)**
** ****->proxy("http:caBIO.nci.nih.gov/soap/servlet/rpcrouter");**
**my %****searchCriteria****=();**
**$searchCriteria{symbol}=“****PTEN****”;**
**$som=$s->****getGenes****(SOAP::Data->type(map =>\%****searchCriteria****));**
**$xmldoc = $som->result;**
**Perl Example**
## HTTP API
- Two types of HTTP methods:
**http://cabio.nci.nih.gov:80/servlet/GetXML**
** ****?****operation****=****Gene****&****Symbol****=****PTEN**
**Class**
**Attribute**
**Value**
**http://cabio.nci.nih.gov:80/servlet/GetXML?****query****=****Sequence****&****crit_genes_id****=****25499**
**Class**
**Related Class**
**Attribute**
**Value**
## caBIO XML output
- caBIO XML is serialized objects
## http://cmap.nci.nih.gov
## BIOgopher
- Map local data to queries and results without programming
- MS Excel format
- http://biogopher.nci.nih.gov
## Professional Documentation
## caCORE Team
**EVS**
- Frank Hartel
- Sherri De Coronado
- Gilberto Fragoso
- Margaret Haber
- Larry Wright
*Kevric Corporation*
*Apelon, Inc.*
**caDSR**
- Denise Warzel
- NCI Division Partners
*Oracle Corporation*
*ScenPro, Inc.*
*EMMES, Inc.*
**caBIO**
- Tara Akhavan
- Himanso Sahni
- Mike Connelly
*SAIC*
**NCICB**
- Ken Buetow
- Sue Dubman
- John Qu
## caCORE Availability
- http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/core
- caCORE Release Schedule
- ver. 1.0 August 2002
- 1.1 February 2003
- 1.2 June 2003
- 2.0 October 2003
- 2.1 May 2004
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Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation
59 Route 10
East Hanover, NJ 07936
Appendix 4:\
ONJ in Clinical Studies
Zometa^®^ (zoledronic acid) Injection
and
Aredia^®^ (pamidronate disodium) Injection
Submitted: February 1, 2005
Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting
March 4, 2005
Property of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation\
All rights reserved\
**Available for public disclosure without redaction**
###### Table 1 - Pivotal bone metastases studies included in the search for terms related to ONJ using MedDRA terms
------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------ -------- -------- -------- --------------- -----------
**Phase I\ **Indication** **No. **Study **Zol\ **Zol\ **Zol\ **Zol/Aredia\ **Aredia\
Study No.** patients** duration** 0.4/8 2/8 mg** 4/8 mg** 90 mg** 90 mg**
mg**
CZOL4460007+E^1)^ BCa, MM 288 9mo/21mo 62 62 59 30 75
------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------ -------- -------- -------- --------------- -----------
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| **Phase III | ** | ** | **S | **T | | | |
| randomized\ | Indica | No. | tudy | reat | | | |
| Study No.** | tion** | p | du | ment | | | |
| | | ati | rati | Gr | | | |
| | | ent | on** | oups | | | |
| | | s** | | (No. | | | |
| | | | | pat | | | |
| | | | | ient | | | |
| | | | | s)** | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| | | | | ** | * | * | **P |
| | | | | Zol\ | *Zol | *Are | lace |
| | | | | 4 | 8 | dia\ | bo** |
| | | | | mg** | mg/\ | 90 | |
| | | | | | 4 | mg** | |
| | | | | | mg** | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| ZOMETA studies | | | | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| CZOL4460010+E | MM, | 1 | 25 | 564 | 526 | 558 | NA |
| | BCa | 648 | mo | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| CZOL4460011+E | Solid | 773 | 21 | 257 | 266 | NA | 250 |
| | tumors | | mo | | | | |
| | ( | | | | | | |
| | except | | | | | | |
| | BC | | | | | | |
| | a+PCa) | | | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| CZOL4460039+E | PCa | 643 | 24 | 214 | 221 | NA | 208 |
| | | | mo | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| CZOL4460704 | PCa | 405 | 38.7 | 49 | 155 | NA | 201 |
| | | | mo | | | | |
| | | | ^2)^ | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| Total Zometa | | 3, | | 1 | 1 | 558 | 659 |
| studies | | 469 | | ,084 | ,168 | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| | | | | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| AREDIA studies | | | | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| CARD233AP12 | MM | 392 | 21 | NA | NA | 203 | 189 |
| | | | mo | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| CARD233AP18 | BCa | 371 | 24 | NA | NA | 182 | 189 |
| | | | mo | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| CARD233AP19 | BCa | 382 | 24 | NA | NA | 185 | 197 |
| | | | mo | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| **Total Aredia | | **1 | | | | **5 | **5 |
| studies** | | ,14 | | | | 70** | 75** |
| | | 5** | | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| **TOTAL (Z+A | | **4 | | * | * | * | * |
| Phase III)** | | ,61 | | *1,0 | *1,1 | *1,1 | *1,2 |
| | | 4** | | 84** | 68** | 28** | 34** |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
| ^1)^ After the | | | | | | | |
| 9 month core | | | | | | | |
| study patients | | | | | | | |
| who entered | | | | | | | |
| the extension | | | | | | | |
| study were | | | | | | | |
| switched from | | | | | | | |
| lower Zometa | | | | | | | |
| doses to 8 mg | | | | | | | |
| Zometa or | | | | | | | |
| Aredia. | | | | | | | |
| Patients in | | | | | | | |
| the Aredia | | | | | | | |
| group | | | | | | | |
| continued to | | | | | | | |
| receive | | | | | | | |
| Aredia. | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| ^2)^ Study was | | | | | | | |
| terminated | | | | | | | |
| earlier. The | | | | | | | |
| maximum | | | | | | | |
| duration on | | | | | | | |
| study was 38.7 | | | | | | | |
| months. | | | | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-----+------+------+------+------+------+
###### Table 2 -- Pivotal Zometa hypercalcemia studies included in the search for terms related to ONJ using MedDRA
----------- ---------------- ------------ ------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
**Phase I\ **Indication** **No. **Study **Zol\ **Zol\ **Zol\ **Zol\ **Zol\
Study No.** patients** duration** 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.04
mg/kg** mg/kg** mg/kg** mg/kg** mg/kg**
CHJC1^1)^ Cancer 33 5 weeks 3 3 4 5 18
----------- ---------------- ------------ ------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------ --------- --------- -----------
**Phase II\ **Indication** **No. **Study **Zol\ **Zol\ **Aredia\
Study No.** patients** duration** 4 mg** 8 mg** 90 mg**
CZOL446036^2)^ Cancer 144 Max. 3 mo 46 48 50
CZOL446037^2)^ Cancer 138 Max. 3 mo 40 47 51
**Total Phase 2** **282** **84** **95** **101**
^1)^Single
infusion\
^2)^Hypercalcemia
of malignancy (HCM)
study: patients
received a single
dose of Zometa 4 mg
or 8 mg or Aredia.
Patients with HCM
that was refractory
or had relapsed
after the first
dose received a
second infusion of
Zometa 8 mg
------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------ --------- --------- -----------
###### Table 3 -- Non-pivotal bone metastases studies included in the search for terms related to ONJ using MedDRA
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 16%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><strong>Phase I –III<br />
Study No.</strong></th>
<th><strong>Indication</strong></th>
<th><strong>No. patients</strong></th>
<th><strong>Study duration</strong></th>
<th><strong>Zol<br />
≤ 2 mg</strong></th>
<th><strong>Zol<br />
4 mg</strong></th>
<th><strong>Zol<br />
8/4 mg</strong></th>
<th><strong>Zol<br />
8 mg</strong></th>
<th><strong>Zol<br />
16 mg</strong></th>
<th><strong>Are<br />
90 mg</strong></th>
<th><strong>Placebo</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CZOL4460001<sup>1)</sup></td>
<td>M. Paget</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>14 d</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CZOL4460002<sup>1)</sup></td>
<td>M. Paget</td>
<td>175</td>
<td>3 mo</td>
<td>140</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>35</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CZOL4460003+E</td>
<td>Cancer</td>
<td>59</td>
<td>3mo/48mo</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CZOL4460035+E</td>
<td>NSCLC, PCa</td>
<td>42</td>
<td>2mo/ max. 31.6 mo</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>8<sup>2)</sup></td>
<td>10<sup>3)</sup></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CZOL4460503+E</td>
<td>Cancer</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>1 mo/~3 y</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CZOL4460506+E</td>
<td>Cancer</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>3 mo/2 yrs</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>19</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CZOL4460510</td>
<td>MM, PCa</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>6 mo/1 y</td>
<td colspan="5"><p>Core: 1x4 mg, 2x8mg, 2x12 mg, 1x4mg sequentially</p>
<p>Extention: 4 mg (investigator may decide to give 8 or 12 mg)</p></td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>CZOL4460705</td>
<td>PCa</td>
<td>106</td>
<td>12 mo</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>55</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>51</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CZOL446IA03</td>
<td>MM, BCa</td>
<td>240</td>
<td>15-20 weeks</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>115</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>125</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Total</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>713</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>217</strong></td>
<td><strong>101<sup>4)</sup></strong></td>
<td><strong>115<sup>4)</sup></strong></td>
<td><strong>27<sup>4)</sup></strong></td>
<td><strong>22<sup>4)</sup></strong></td>
<td><strong>125</strong></td>
<td><strong>86</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| **Phase IV\ | **In | **Zometa 4 mg\ | **Study Duration** |
| Single Arm\ | dication** | No. of | |
| Study No.** | | Patients** | |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446EDE02 | Cancer | 604 | 36-48 weeks |
| | | | (follow-up until |
| | | | week 60) |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446EIT01 | BCa | 312 | 48 weeks |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446EAU05 | PCa | 184 | 36-48 weeks |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446EAU07 | MM | 11 | 16 weeks |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446GAU09 | MM | 2 | 12 months |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446EGB01 | BCa | 101 | 9 months |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446EIN01 | Cancer | 73 | 3 months |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446EPH01 | BCa, PCa, | 70 | 6 months |
| | MM | | |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446GFR02 | BCa | 102 | 12 months |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| CZOL446EUS24 | PCa | 257 | 12 months |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| **Total** | **1,716** | | |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
| ^1)^Zometa | | | |
| administered | | | |
| as single dose | | | |
| | | | |
| ^2)^After the | | | |
| 8-26 months 5 | | | |
| patients | | | |
| switched from | | | |
| 8 mg Zometa to | | | |
| 4 mg Zometa | | | |
| | | | |
| ^3)^2 patients | | | |
| from the 16 mg | | | |
| Zometa group | | | |
| switched to | | | |
| Aredia after | | | |
| 18 months | | | |
| | | | |
| ^4)^Patient | | | |
| numbers of | | | |
| study | | | |
| CZOL4460510 | | | |
| are not | | | |
| included due | | | |
| to non-uniform | | | |
| dose regimem | | | |
+----------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+
###### Table 4 -- Osteonecrosis/osteomyelitis cases (related to jaw or with unknown location) reported in pivotal bone metastases and hypercalcemia trials
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| ** | ** | * | * | **D | **Di | **S | **AE | **Possible |
| Cen | Ind | *T | * | ate | agnosis | tart/end | re | risk |
| ter | ica | re | N | Fi | / | date** | port | fac |
| /** | tio | at | o | rst | Loc | | ing/ | tors^2)^** |
| | n** | me | . | I | ation** | | s | |
| ** | | nt | i | nfu | | | tudy | |
| Sub | | ** | n | sio | | | drug | |
| jec | | | f | n** | | | re | |
| t** | | * | . | | | | lati | |
| | | *G | ^ | | | | onsh | |
| | | ro | 1 | | | | ip** | |
| | | up | ) | | | | | |
| | | ** | ^ | | | | | |
| | | | * | | | | | |
| | | | * | | | | | |
+=====+=====+====+===+=====+=========+==========+======+============+
| ** | | | | | | | | |
| CZO | | | | | | | | |
| L44 | | | | | | | | |
| 6G0 | | | | | | | | |
| 007 | | | | | | | | |
| (n= | | | | | | | | |
| 288 | | | | | | | | |
| )** | | | | | | | | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| 60 | Mu | Z | 2 | 4N | Aseptic | Mar | Not | Che |
| 9/2 | lti | ol | 8 | ov1 | n | 1999/ | ser | motherapy; |
| 023 | ple | 0 | | 996 | ecrosis | | ious | cortic |
| | m | .4 | ( | | bone / | Data not | / | osteroids; |
| | yel | m | 1 | | m | a | not | candidal |
| | oma | g/ | 0 | | andible | vailable | s | infection |
| | | | + | | | | uspe | ( |
| | | Ar | 1 | | | | cted | 4Dec1996); |
| | | ed | 8 | | | | | tooth |
| | | ia | ) | | | | | abscess |
| | | 90 | | | | | | ( |
| | | mg | | | | | | 12Aug1997) |
| | | ^3 | | | | | | |
| | | )^ | | | | | | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| 62 | Mu | Z | 1 | 24O | Osteom | 9 | Not | Che |
| 7/2 | lti | ol | 7 | ct1 | yelitis | Apr1998/ | ser | motherapy; |
| 382 | ple | 4 | | 996 | (tend | | ious | cortic |
| | m | /8 | ( | | erness) | c | / | osteroids; |
| | yel | mg | 1 | | / | ontinued | not | 1 cm |
| | oma | | 0 | | | | s | ra |
| | | | + | | mandi | | uspe | diolucency |
| | | | 7 | | ble^4)^ | | cted | at |
| | | | ) | | | | | mandible |
| | | | | | | | | seen on a |
| | | | | | | | | radiograph |
| | | | | | | | | of the |
| | | | | | | | | skull |
| | | | | | | | | (3 |
| | | | | | | | | 1Jul1997); |
| | | | | | | | | jaw |
| | | | | | | | | infection |
| | | | | | | | | (start |
| | | | | | | | | date |
| | | | | | | | | unknown); |
| | | | | | | | | oste |
| | | | | | | | | oarthritis |
| | | | | | | | | (medical |
| | | | | | | | | histor |
| | | | | | | | | y/ongoing) |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| ** | | | | | | | | |
| CZO | | | | | | | | |
| L44 | | | | | | | | |
| 6G0 | | | | | | | | |
| 010 | | | | | | | | |
| ( | | | | | | | | |
| n=1 | | | | | | | | |
| 648 | | | | | | | | |
| )** | | | | | | | | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| 2 | Mu | Z | 2 | 10M | Ost | 5 | Not | Che |
| 264 | lti | ol | 8 | ay1 | eomyeli | Mar2001/ | ser | motherapy; |
| /11 | ple | 4 | | 999 | tis^5)^ | c | ious | cortic |
| 160 | m | mg | | | / Jaw | ontinued | / | osteroids; |
| | yel | | | | | | not | ulcer |
| | oma | | | | | | s | mouth |
| | | | | | | | uspe | (Oct2000); |
| | | | | | | | cted | cyst under |
| | | | | | | | | chin |
| | | | | | | | | (Apr2000); |
| | | | | | | | | infection |
| | | | | | | | | of the gum |
| | | | | | | | | and teeth, |
| | | | | | | | | lesions in |
| | | | | | | | | the |
| | | | | | | | | mandible |
| | | | | | | | | (not |
| | | | | | | | | related to |
| | | | | | | | | myeloma, |
| | | | | | | | | no exposed |
| | | | | | | | | bone |
| | | | | | | | | (5Mar2001) |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| 2 | Mu | Z | 1 | 27M | Oste | 17 | Not | Che |
| 346 | lti | ol | 2 | ay1 | onecros | Apr2000/ | ser | motherapy; |
| /10 | ple | 8 | | 999 | is,bone | | ious | corti |
| 594 | m | /4 | ( | | n | c | / | costeroids |
| | yel | mg | 1 | | ecrosis | ontinued | not | |
| | oma | | 2 | | / not | | s | |
| | | | + | | specif | | uspe | |
| | | | 0 | | ied^6)^ | | cted | |
| | | | ) | | | | | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| 2 | Bre | Z | 2 | 14J | Oste | 18 | Not | Radiation |
| 346 | ast | ol | 2 | un1 | oradion | Dec2000/ | ser | (date |
| /20 | can | 8 | | 999 | ecrosis | | ious | unknown); |
| 593 | cer | /4 | ( | | / jaw | c | / | tooth |
| | | mg | 1 | | | ontinued | not | extraction |
| | | | 4 | | | | s | (1 |
| | | | + | | | | uspe | 6Apr1999); |
| | | | 8 | | | | cted | mouth |
| | | | ) | | | | | sores |
| | | | | | | | | (Jul1999); |
| | | | | | | | | p |
| | | | | | | | | eriodontal |
| | | | | | | | | disease |
| | | | | | | | | (28Jan00); |
| | | | | | | | | che |
| | | | | | | | | motherapy; |
| | | | | | | | | corti |
| | | | | | | | | costeroids |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| ** | | | | | | | | |
| CZO | | | | | | | | |
| L44 | | | | | | | | |
| 6G0 | | | | | | | | |
| 704 | | | | | | | | |
| (n= | | | | | | | | |
| 398 | | | | | | | | |
| )** | | | | | | | | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| 052 | Pr | Z | 2 | 29D | Osteom | 26 | Not | Dental |
| 1/0 | ost | ol | 0 | ec1 | yelitis | Mar2002/ | ser | abscess |
| 002 | ate | 8 | | 999 | / | | ious | ( |
| | can | /4 | ( | | | co | / | 8Nov2001), |
| | cer | mg | 7 | | jaw | ntinuing | not | tooth |
| | | | + | | | | s | extraction |
| | | | 1 | | | | uspe | (date |
| | | | 3 | | | | cted | unknown); |
| | | | ) | | | | | oral |
| | | | | | | | | fistula |
| | | | | | | | | (2 |
| | | | | | | | | 6Mar2002); |
| | | | | | | | | arthritis |
| | | | | | | | | (1994, |
| | | | | | | | | active |
| | | | | | | | | problem); |
| | | | | | | | | hormone |
| | | | | | | | | therapy |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| **C | | | | | | | | |
| ARD | | | | | | | | |
| 233 | | | | | | | | |
| AP1 | | | | | | | | |
| 2** | | | | | | | | |
| ( | | | | | | | | |
| n=3 | | | | | | | | |
| 92) | | | | | | | | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| M6 | MM | Ar | 1 | 20A | Osteom | 21 | Not | Che |
| 596 | | ed | 4 | ug1 | yelitis | Oct1992/ | ser | motherapy; |
| P/6 | | ia | | 991 | / | | ious | cortic |
| | | 90 | | | | ongoing | / | osteroids; |
| | | mg | | | jaw | | not | dentition |
| | | | | | | | s | poor |
| | | | | | | | uspe | (1 |
| | | | | | | | cted | 0Jul1992); |
| | | | | | | | | denuded |
| | | | | | | | | bone in |
| | | | | | | | | posterior |
| | | | | | | | | aspect of |
| | | | | | | | | mandible |
| | | | | | | | | ( |
| | | | | | | | | 15Sep1992) |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| * | | | | | | | | |
| *CA | | | | | | | | |
| RD2 | | | | | | | | |
| 33A | | | | | | | | |
| P19 | | | | | | | | |
| (n= | | | | | | | | |
| 380 | | | | | | | | |
| )** | | | | | | | | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| M | BCa | P | 3 | 7O | Osteom | 30N | Not | Che |
| 748 | | la | | ct1 | yelitis | ov1992/2 | ser | motherapy; |
| 8U/ | | ce | | 992 | / not | 9Dec1992 | ious | hormone |
| 101 | | bo | | | sp | | / | therapy; |
| | | | | | ecified | | not | sepsis |
| | | | | | | | s | ( |
| | | | | | | | uspe | 19Oct1992) |
| | | | | | | | cted | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| * | | | | | | | | |
| *CZ | | | | | | | | |
| OL4 | | | | | | | | |
| 460 | | | | | | | | |
| 037 | | | | | | | | |
| (H | | | | | | | | |
| ype | | | | | | | | |
| rca | | | | | | | | |
| lce | | | | | | | | |
| mia | | | | | | | | |
| )** | | | | | | | | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| M1 | SSC | Zo | 1 | 16J | Osteon | 28 | Not | Ch |
| 694 | Hea | me | | ul1 | ecrosis | Jul1999/ | seri | emotherapy |
| E/1 | d&N | ta | | 992 | / | | ous/ | |
| 303 | eck | 8 | | | Maxilla | ongoing | not | |
| | | mg | | | (cancer | | s | |
| | | | | | r | | uspe | |
| | | | | | elated) | | cted | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
| ^ | | | | | | | | |
| 1)^ | | | | | | | | |
| Num | | | | | | | | |
| ber | | | | | | | | |
| of | | | | | | | | |
| inf | | | | | | | | |
| usi | | | | | | | | |
| ons | | | | | | | | |
| re | | | | | | | | |
| cei | | | | | | | | |
| ved | | | | | | | | |
| bef | | | | | | | | |
| ore | | | | | | | | |
| dia | | | | | | | | |
| gno | | | | | | | | |
| sis | | | | | | | | |
| of | | | | | | | | |
| o | | | | | | | | |
| ste | | | | | | | | |
| omy | | | | | | | | |
| eli | | | | | | | | |
| tis | | | | | | | | |
| /ne | | | | | | | | |
| cro | | | | | | | | |
| sis | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| ^2) | | | | | | | | |
| ^In | | | | | | | | |
| m | | | | | | | | |
| edi | | | | | | | | |
| cal | | | | | | | | |
| h | | | | | | | | |
| ist | | | | | | | | |
| ory | | | | | | | | |
| or | | | | | | | | |
| as | | | | | | | | |
| c | | | | | | | | |
| urr | | | | | | | | |
| ent | | | | | | | | |
| con | | | | | | | | |
| dit | | | | | | | | |
| ion | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| ^ | | | | | | | | |
| 3)^ | | | | | | | | |
| The | | | | | | | | |
| p | | | | | | | | |
| ati | | | | | | | | |
| ent | | | | | | | | |
| re | | | | | | | | |
| cei | | | | | | | | |
| ved | | | | | | | | |
| 10 | | | | | | | | |
| inf | | | | | | | | |
| usi | | | | | | | | |
| ons | | | | | | | | |
| of | | | | | | | | |
| Zom | | | | | | | | |
| eta | | | | | | | | |
| 0.4 | | | | | | | | |
| mg | | | | | | | | |
| bef | | | | | | | | |
| ore | | | | | | | | |
| swi | | | | | | | | |
| tch | | | | | | | | |
| ing | | | | | | | | |
| to | | | | | | | | |
| Are | | | | | | | | |
| dia | | | | | | | | |
| (18 | | | | | | | | |
| i | | | | | | | | |
| nfu | | | | | | | | |
| sio | | | | | | | | |
| ns) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| ^4) | | | | | | | | |
| ^Ex | | | | | | | | |
| cis | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | |
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| eve | | | | | | | | |
| nts | | | | | | | | |
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| ndi | | | | | | | | |
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| vol | | | | | | | | |
| vem | | | | | | | | |
| ent | | | | | | | | |
+-----+-----+----+---+-----+---------+----------+------+------------+
###### Table 5 -- ONJ cases reported in ongoing beone metastases studies
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
| **C | ** | * | ** | **D | **D | **S | **AE | **Possible |
| ente | Ind | *Tr | No. | ate | iagn | tart | re | risk |
| r/** | ica | eat | i | Fi | osis | /end | port | fa |
| | tio | men | nf. | rst | / | da | ing/ | ctors^2)^** |
| **S | n** | t** | ^1) | I | Lo | te** | s | |
| ubje | | | ^** | nfu | cati | | tudy | |
| ct** | | | | sio | on** | | drug | |
| | | | | n** | | | re | |
| | | | | | | | lati | |
| | | | | | | | onsh | |
| | | | | | | | ip** | |
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
| ** | | | | | | | | |
| CZOL | | | | | | | | |
| 446G | | | | | | | | |
| 2408 | | | | | | | | |
| ( | | | | | | | | |
| ongo | | | | | | | | |
| ing, | | | | | | | | |
| 1036 | | | | | | | | |
| pati | | | | | | | | |
| ents | | | | | | | | |
| e | | | | | | | | |
| nrol | | | | | | | | |
| led, | | | | | | | | |
| 6Ja | | | | | | | | |
| n200 | | | | | | | | |
| 5)** | | | | | | | | |
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
| 1/10 | Bre | Zom | M | 2 | O | May | Ser | Ch |
| 0055 | ast | eta | ax. | 6Ja | steo | 2004 | ious | emotherapy; |
| | can | 4 | 4 | n04 | necr | | / | corti |
| | cer | mg | | | osis | | s | costeroids; |
| | | | | | / | | uspe | gingival |
| | | | | | jaw | | cted | infection |
| | | | | | | | | (9Feb2004); |
| | | | | | | | | dental |
| | | | | | | | | extraction |
| | | | | | | | | (16Feb2004) |
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
| ** | | | | | | | | |
| CZOL | | | | | | | | |
| 446E | | | | | | | | |
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| led, | | | | | | | | |
| 14Ja | | | | | | | | |
| n200 | | | | | | | | |
| 5)** | | | | | | | | |
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
| 20/9 | Pr | Zom | M | 2 | O | Alr | Ser | Preexisting |
| | ost | eta | ax. | 5Fe | steo | eady | ious | os |
| | ate | 4 | 9 | b03 | myel | pre | / | teomyelitis |
| | can | mg | | | itis | sent | not | of the jaw |
| | cer | | | | / | at | s | |
| | | | | | jaw | s | uspe | |
| | | | | | | tudy | cted | |
| | | | | | | e | | |
| | | | | | | ntry | | |
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
| **CZ | | | | | | | | |
| OL44 | | | | | | | | |
| 6EDE | | | | | | | | |
| KR02 | | | | | | | | |
| ( | | | | | | | | |
| ongo | | | | | | | | |
| ing, | | | | | | | | |
| 40 | | | | | | | | |
| pati | | | | | | | | |
| ents | | | | | | | | |
| enro | | | | | | | | |
| lled | | | | | | | | |
| Ja | | | | | | | | |
| n200 | | | | | | | | |
| 5)** | | | | | | | | |
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
| 1/11 | Bre | Zom | M | 2 | O | A | Ser | Ch |
| | ast | eta | ax. | 5Ju | steo | fter | ious | emotherapy; |
| | can | 4 | 4 | l03 | myel | 6Jan | / | chronic |
| | cer | mg | | | itis | 2004 | not | gingivitis |
| | | | | | / | | s | (6Jan2004); |
| | | | | | jaw | | uspe | seq |
| | | | | | | | cted | uestrectomy |
| | | | | | | | | (20Apr2004) |
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
| ** | | | | | | | | |
| CZOL | | | | | | | | |
| 446E | | | | | | | | |
| DE01 | | | | | | | | |
| ( | | | | | | | | |
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| ing, | | | | | | | | |
| 101 | | | | | | | | |
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| e | | | | | | | | |
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| led, | | | | | | | | |
| 14Ja | | | | | | | | |
| n200 | | | | | | | | |
| 5)** | | | | | | | | |
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
| ? | Mu | Zom | ? | ? | O | ? | Not | ? |
| | lti | eta | | | steo | | ser | |
| | ple | 4 | | | necr | | ious | |
| | m | mg | | | osis | | / ? | |
| | yel | | | | / | | | |
| | oma | | | | jaw | | | |
+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+------+-------------+
|
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002411
|
# Presentation: 002411
## A Tale of Two Integrated Science Centers
- Your Logo Here
- The** Florida Integrated Science Center**
- and the
**Alaska Science Center **
## Conversations with FISC staff have made it clear we need to know more about the situation at the Alaska Science Center (ASC)—the other large-scale attempt to develop an integrated science center, and one that pre-dates the FISC. Conversations with the Alaska Center Director and some of the staff indicate clearly that the integrated center there has not failed. Change has been difficult for some, and others have resisted change. But many have embraced or accepted change and are moving forward. The following is a comparison of the two centers. The comparisons are not one to one. They are two different centers in personality, size, distribution and mission.
- Questions about the Alaska Science Center
## Purpose of the Integrated Science Center
**ASC: Create a single USGS organization where there were four in order to better address for the natural resource issues & hazards assessments in Alaska & circumpolar regions, with emphasis on those important to the DOI.**
**FISC: Bring together Florida-based units of the USGS in ways that will provide better natural science to the DOI and the people of Florida, the Southeast, and the Nation.**
## Organizational Structure: ASC 236 employees, 7 locations
**ASC has Office Chiefs instead of Deputy Directors.**
**Facilities and Warehouse are part of Administrative Services.**
## Organizational Structure FISC 480 employees, in 12 locations
## Identified Hurdles to be Overcome
**ASC**
**Most scientists & support staff in Anchorage located in two buildings several miles apart**
**Cultural differences among the four disciplines**
**Few common business practices**
**Differing levels of admin. support for the disciplines**
**No centralized line authority**
**No major ongoing efforts in integrated science**
**FISC**
- **Scientists & support staff in 12 locations across 480 miles**
** ****Cultural differences among our three disciplines**
** ****Few common business practices**
** ****Differing levels of admin. support for the disciplines**
** ****No common vision**
** ****Consolidating IT, Pubs and Outreach**
## Communication Musts: ASC
**The Center Director is officially a Deputy Regional Director and a member of Western Leadership Team **
**DRD/Center Director is senior USGS official in AK; meets regularly with senior DOI officials; provides scientific leadership for Secretary & DOI bureaus in AK **
**Office Chiefs (OC) represent ASC at discipline meetings & with cooperators **
**DRD/CD represents Secretary on North Pacific Research Board**
**Engage Western Region External Affairs to highlight USGS activities and products**
**Create fledgling ASC website**
**Create a new ASC fact sheet & poster**
## Communication Musts:FISC
**A single Regional Executive represents FISC to the Regional Leadership Team**
**We must use mechanisms (e.g. e-mail aliases) to communicate same information to all FISC staff at the same time**
**We must continue to use our Intranet site to provide up-to-date information that is easily accessible to everyone**
**We must constantly improve all forms of communication, outreach, and information technology **
**We must identify roles and responsibilities and sources of directives and requests: Reston, FISC, CARS, CWRS, CCWS**
**We must expedite development of FISC fact sheets for partners and the public**
**We must try harder!!!**
## Ongoing and Future Directions: ASC
**Enhance the effectiveness & efficiency of the ASC’s admin services to ASC staff**
**Implement USGS common business practices**
**Capitalize on opportunities to more fully integrate USGS science in AK**
**Participate in the USGS science planning process to increase the width & depth of USGS science in AK**
**Finalize draft ASC strategic plan**
**Develop plan for construction of new science building**
**Increase public awareness of utility of USGS science in AK & the Arctic**
**Detail the product models available and list specific prices for each model and additional options.**
## Ongoing and Future Directions:FISC
**Enhance integrated science activities underway where needed;**
**Identify other needs and opportunities for integrated science;**
**Develop more effective ways of working together across disciplinary boundaries;**
**Apply a greater range of expertise to priority issues and problems;**
**Acquire a fuller understanding of natural systems and their responses;**
**Seek effective partnerships with universities that give us access to specialized expertise and scientific support services and help us to meet our facility needs;**
**Continue to provide our customers and constituents with traditional services and make them aware of our enhanced capabilities in interdisciplinary and integrated science.**
## Lessons Learned: ASC
**Communicate**
**Team Build**
**Strive for consensus**
**Be flexible**
**Think “out of the box”**
**Empower subordinates**
**Get & maintain strong support from top USGS leaders**
**Think integration**
**Exercise “organizational patience”**
## Lessons Being Learned: FISC
**Communicate the vision of the FISC**
**Listen to and heed what staff have to say**
**Strive for consensus, but don’t shrink from making hard decisions when necessary**
**Break out of the box**
**Think integration when looking for science needs and opportunities**
**Win and maintain the support of regional and national USGS leadership **
**Develop a strategic science plan as soon as possible so decisions can be evaluated in terms of science goals**
**Find ways to increase efficiency of support services while delivering more effective services to scientists**
## Rules for Success: ASC
**The ASC was created for the good of the bureau**
**Line supervision through disciplinary supervisors to the DRD; in consultation with Regional Executives (REXs)**
**Staffing decisions of disciplinary supervisors will be collaborative between DRD and REXs**
**Programmatic leadership & responsibility will be the responsibility of the REXs; in consultation with DRD**
**Historic responsibilities will be honored**
**Relationships to customers, clients, & partners will be fostered by the ASC, not impaired**
**The Western Region will continue to find opportunities for increased program support in AK for all USGS scientists**
## Rules for Success: FISC
**Remember that the FISC was created for the good of the bureau and for the public it is committed to serve.**
**Do nothing unless it will benefit our PEOPLE, our PROGRAMS, and our PARTNERS; we must make:**
**new opportunities for career development and enhancement;**
**excellence and relevance of science a major goal in all decisions;**
**ever better products for our customers.**
**Empower our scientists to make important decisions concerning the future of our organization.**
**Be prepared to change course when mistakes are made**
**Continue to rely on the Eastern Region to find opportunities for increased program support of the FISC and our scientists**.
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152 ANCESTRY, LIFE, AND TIMES OF
sional Globe, unsurpassed by any ever heard by congressional
ears. To attempt to analyze it is to destroy it, it is so agglu-
tinated in the progress and the process of its thought. The
problem before the government, with respect to the Indian,
Mr. Sibley declared to involve but two alternatives in its so-
lution, either (1) the entire civilization of the Indian tribes,
or (2) their entire extermination, a solution intimately con-
nected with the peace, safety, and prosperity, or oncoming
unparalleled disaster of the territories in whose midst, or on
whose frontiers, the Indian tribes are found. He reviews the
policy of the government, reminding the nation that it is not
now what it was in earlier times. He suggests the remedy for
existing evils. As to the policy of the government, it is one
of injustice, cruelty, treachery, violation of treaties the most
sacred, stipulations and promises being regarded as conven-
ient means of public robbery and private fraud, the will of
the stronger ever the rule of action, the dictation of the pur-
chaser ever the price of the soil, the red man forced to sur-
render his possessory rights in immemorial tenures of country
endeared by the traditions and graves of his tribe, or bayo-
neted, rifled, shot, or driven from one so-called "reservation"
to another, until, at last, turning enraged on his foe, he sought
vengeance in massacre, crime, and deeds of brutality, for
which the government itself, and its horde of vagabond
"Indian agents," worse than the Indians themselves, were
alone responsible. "With great power, he pointed the house
to the fact that, unlike the ancient Greeks and Romans, and
later Franks, or the British Empire, who never withheld from
their conquered captives the means to endow them with privi-
leges indispensable to their existence and civilization, it re-
mained for the Anglo-Saxons, and even the sons of the Pil-
grim Fathers, escaped from persecution, to wrest by cruelty
and crime the soil itself that gave to the red man birth, nur-
tured his youth, and cheered his manhood, and contained in its
breast the ashes of his sires, without even once seeking to lift
him to a level high as their own, or laboring to incorporate
him into their own community. Still more, under no other
nation of conquerers were the conquered ever known to
become extinct, while under the policy of the American Gov-
ernment, a race of men of noble natural virtues, with whose
heroic efforts in defense of their wives and children, their
homes and rights, history had dealt falsely, were fast becom-
|
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Updated as of May 23, 2004
Africa Bureau
Recommended Acceptable Language and Formats (RALF)
to Use in Preparing Requests for Categorical Exclusions and IEEs
**CONTENTS**
[**INTRODUCTION**](#introduction)
- [Classification Prior to
IEE](#classification-of-activities-prior-to-iee) (Deferral,
Exemption, Categorical exclusion, "*a priori"* Positive
Determination)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- [Threshold
determinations](#classification-of-activities-within-an-initial-environmental-examination-iee)
within IEE (Negative Determination, Positive Determination,)
[**Monitoring and compliance
assurance**](#monitoring-and-compliance-assurance)
- [ADS
references](#ads-references-to-compliance-assurance-esp.-at-end-of-face-sheet-summary-and-other-relevant-places-adapted),
e.g. regarding SO Team responsibility for IEE compliance monitoring
- [Sub-grants and other funds
transfers](#sub-grants-or-other-funds-transfers-by-implementing-partners-made-consistent-with-the-iee)
made consistent with the IEE
- Other stipulations for [monitoring and
compliance](#other-monitoring-and-compliance-assurance-requirements)
assurance
- [Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSE, SME), Business
Development Services (BDS),](#_Micro,_Small,_and) etc.
- [Financial Intermediation, Intermediate Credit Institutions (ICI),
Microfinance Institutions
(MFI)](#financial-services-financial-intermediation-intermediate-credit-institutions-ici-microfinance-institutions-mfi)
[**Sector-specific conditions**](#sector-specific-conditions)
- [Biotechnology:](#_Biotechnology:)
- [Financial Services, Financial Intermediation, Intermediate Credit
Institutions (ICI), Microfinance Institutions
(MFI)](#financial-services-financial-intermediation-intermediate-credit-institutions-ici-microfinance-institutions-mfi)
- [Insecticide Treated Nets](#_[For_programs_involving), Materials for
Prevention of Malaria Transmission
- [Livestock production](#livestock-production)
- [Medical waste](#medical-waste)
- [Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSE, SME), Business
Development Services (BDS), etc.](#_Micro,_Small,_and)
- [Pesticides:](#_Pesticides:)
- [Small-scale Construction](#_Small-scale_Construction:)
- [Studies, research with human subjects and/or
animals](#research-or-studies-with-human-subjects-andor-animals)
- [Roads](#Roads)
- [Sub-grant environmental screening](#Env_Screening)
- [Water and Sanitation](#_Water_and_Sanitation)
**Africa Bureau's *Environmental Guidelines for Small-scale Activities
in Africa* (EGSSAA)("egg salad")**
- [General use of environmental
guidelines](#general-use-of-environmental-guidelines)
**Templates, Guidance Annotations**
- [Face Sheet for IEE and/or Categorical Exclusion Request -
template](#face-sheet-template-for-ieece-remove-this-line)
- [Annotated IEE Outline](#annotated-iee-outline)
- [Annotated Request for Categorical
Exclusion](#annotated-outline-for-requests-for-categorical-exclusion)
- [IEE Narrative Section Examples](#selected-iee-narrative-examples)
> Section 1. Background and Activity/Program Description
>
> [Section 1.1 Purpose and Scope of IEE](#Purpose_Scope_IEE)
>
> Section 1.2 Background
>
> Section 1.3 Description Of Strategic Objective, Results Framework
>
> 1.3.1 Results Framework
>
> 1.3.2 So x IRs And Activities Summarized
>
> Section 2.0 Country & Environmental Information
>
> 2.1 Locations Affected
>
> 2.2 National \[Or Applicable\] Environmental Policies & Procedures
>
> Section 3.0 Evaluation Of Project/Program Issues With Respect To
> Environmental Impact Potential
>
> Section 4.0 Recommended Threshold Decisions & Mitigation Actions
> (Including Monitoring & Evaluation)
>
> 4.1 Recommended Threshold Decisions and Conditions
>
> 4.2 [Mitigation, Monitoring and Evaluation](#Mit_Mon_Responsibilities)
[**Style Tips for IEE Writers**](#style-tips-for-iee-writers)
[**Acceptable Table Formats for Presenting Threshold Decisions and
Mitigation Conditions**](#Threshold_Decisions_Tables)
**[Streamlined IEE Preparation Approaches](#_Streamlined_IEE_Formats:)**
(May 20, 2004)
[**USAID Biosafety Requirements**](#_USAID_Biosafety_\“First)
[**Pesticides: PERSUAP Guidance**](#_USAID/AFR_guidance:_preparing)
### INTRODUCTION
This "[Recommended Acceptable Language and Formats
(RALF)](http://encap.sharepoint.afr-sd.org/envofficers/Shared Documents/Frequently encountered issues and other IEE guidance/AFR Recommended Acceptable Language File for IEEs - RALF.doc)"
is a resource and tool intended for use by IEE drafters, and it is where
"standard" paragraphs, phrases and citations that are commonly employed
and reused in the drafting of IEEs are stored. This content is primarily
useful in the preparation of IEE section *3.0 Evaluation Of
Project/Program Issues With Respect To Environmental Impact Potential*,
and section *4.0 Recommended Threshold Decisions and Mitigation Actions
(Including Monitoring and Evaluation*).
In this document are a few snippets that are unchanging, such as
citations from 22CFR216 (Reg. 216), as well as many paragraphs and
phrases that are subject to periodic revision and refinement, such as
recommended sets of conditions for various types of activities. This
collection is therefore constantly changing, and persons who undertake
to prepare an IEE for a USAID program in Africa should take care to
access the most recent version of this document from the ENCAP website
via the link above.
The objectives of this document are multifold:
1. Save time and effort for IEE writers, allowing more time for
analysis and monitoring;
2. Promote consistency across the region of IEE language used and of
risk management decisions, which are embodied in the conditions
proposed;
3. Increase the likelihood of IEEs being cleared without substantial
edits or rewriting.
The use of this language is recommended, not required. Its use, in part
or in whole, is up to the discretion of the IEE author. But in the
interest of the above objectives, [IEE authors are strongly encouraged
to start with RALF language]{.underline}, if appropriate to the
situation, and then amend/abridge/add to as needed.
The content of this document is informed by all the Environmental
Officers in the Africa region as well as the General Counsel's office.
Maintenance of the document is primarily the responsibility of
AFR/Office of Sustainable Development, with REDSO/ESA, and questions or
comments should be addressed to [Brian
Hirsch](mailto:[email protected]), AFR/SD or [Walter
Knausenberger](mailto:[email protected]?subject=RALF inquiry),
REDSO/ESA.
### CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES PRIOR TO IEE:
A **positive determination** is recommended per 22 CFR 216.2(d)(2), and
an Environmental Assessment will be prepared, per 22 CFR 216.6.
**NOTE:** this applies when the classes of action involved are
considered *a priori* to have a high potential for adversely affecting
the environment, and normally would require an EA (as listed in the
section cited above), and no IEE need be prepared.
A **deferral of a threshold determination,** per 22 CFR
216.3(a)(7)(iii), is recommended pending clearer identification of the
activities to be undertaken. The activity(ies) involved may not proceed
until the IEE is amended to remove the deferral, once sufficient detail
about these activities is known, and the appropriate environmental
review of these activities has occurred.
An **exemption from environmental examination** is recommended for these
activities per 22CFR216.2(b)(1)(i) \[international disaster assistance\]
. NOTE: This applies only when an official declaration of emergency has
been made.
**Acceptable format for citing Categorical Exclusions:**
A **categorical exclusion** is recommended for these activities, per...
22CFR216.2(c)(2)(i) \[education, technical assistance, training\]
22CFR216.2(c)(2)(ii) \[controlled experimentation\]
22CFR216.2(c)(2)(iii) \[analyses, studies, workshops and meetings\]
22CFR216.2(c)(2)(v) \[document and information transfer\].
22CFR216.2(c)(2)(viii) \[nutrition, health care or population and family
planning services\], and,
22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(xiv) \[programs to develop capability of recipient
countries and organizations in development planning\].
**But preferred is the following approach (the most commonly used ones
are listed first, a-g):**
**A** **Categorical Exclusion** is recommended for activities under IRs
x.x, x.x, \..., except to the extent that the activities directly affect
the environment (such as construction of facilities), pursuant to:
a\) 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i), for activities involving education, training,
technical assistance or training programs;
b\) 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(ii), for activities involving controlled
experimentation exclusively for the purpose of research and field
evaluation which are confined to small areas (for this IEE, defined as
an area which is smaller than 4 hectares) and carefully monitored;
c\) 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(iii), for activities involving analyses, studies,
academic or research workshops and meetings;
d\) 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(v), for activities involving document and
information transfers;
e\) 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(viii), for programs involving nutrition, health
care, or family planning services except to the extent designed to
include activities directly affecting the environment (such as
construction of facilities, water supply systems, waste water treatment,
etc.);
\(f\) 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2(xi) Programs of maternal or child feeding
conducted under title II of Pub. L. 480; and
\(g\) 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(xiv), for studies, projects or programs
intended to develop the capability of recipient countries and
organizations to engage in development planning.
**Categorical Exclusions rarely used \[or appropriate\] in today's
assistance environment:**
\(iv\) Projects in which \[USAID\] is a minor donor to a multidonor
project and there is no potential for significant effects upon the
environment of the United States, areas outside any nation\'s
jurisdiction or endangered or threatened species or their critical
habitat;
\(vi\) Contributions to international, regional or national
organizations by the United States which are not for the purpose of
carrying out a specifically identifiable project or projects;
\(vii\) Institution building grants to research and educational
institutions in the United States such as those provided for under
section 122(d) and title XII of chapter 2 of part I of the FAA (22 USCA
2151 p. (b) 2220a. (1979));
\(ix\) Assistance provided under a Commodity Import Program when, prior
to approval, \[USAID\] does not have knowledge of the specific
commodities to be financed and when the objective in furnishing such
assistance requires neither knowledge, at the time the assistance is
authorized, nor control, during implementation, of the commodities or
their use in the host country.
\(x\) Support for intermediate credit institutions when the objective is
to assist in the capitalization of the institution or part thereof and
when such support does not involve reservation of the right to
review and approve individual loans made by the institution;
\(xii\) Food for development programs conducted by food recipient
countries under title III of Pub. L. 480, when achieving \[USAID\'s\]
objectives in such programs does not require knowledge of or control
over the details of the specific activities conducted by the foreign
country under such program;
\(xiii\) Matching, general support and institutional support grants
provided to private voluntary organizations (PVOs) to assist in
financing programs where \[USAID\]\'s objective in providing such
financing does not require knowledge of or control over the details of
the specific activities conducted by the PVO;
**Categorical Exclusion never appropriately applied, because there have
never been any such design criteria or standards officially approved:**
\(xv\) Activities which involve the application of design criteria or
standards developed and approved by \[USAID\].
### CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES WITHIN AN INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)
For the "grey areas" when it is not obvious that an activity falls into
one of the above categories, it is necessary to prepare an IEE to make
that determination. Mission Environmental Officers and Regional
Environmental Officers can assist in the preparation of the IEE, and
recommending threshold decisions (or determinations). Bureau
Environmental Officers approve the Threshold Decisions based on the IEE.
**22 CFR CITATIONS FOR THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS**
A **negative determination (with or without conditions)** is recommended
per 22CFR216.3(a)(2)(iii).
Conditions are not specifically cited in Reg. 216. They represent an
adaptation by the Africa Bureau to identify those mitigation conditions
needed to ensure that the risk of environmental harm stay within
acceptable bounds.
With conditions
A **positive determination** is recommended per 22CFR216.3(a)(2)(iii)
A **deferral of a threshold determination,** per 22 CFR
216.3(a)(7)(iii), is recommended pending clearer identification of the
activities to be undertaken. The activity(ies) involved may not proceed
until the IEE is amended to remove the deferral, once the appropriate
environmental review has occurred.
An **exemption from environmental examination** is recommended for these
activities per 22CFR216.2(b)(1)(i) \[international disaster assistance\]
### MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE
#### [ADS references to compliance assurance \[esp. at end of face sheet summary and other relevant places, adapted\]:]{.underline}
As required by ADS 204.5.4, the SO team will actively monitor ongoing
activities for compliance with approved IEE recommendations, and modify
or end activities that are not in compliance. If additional activities
are added to this program that are not described in this document, an
amended environmental examination must be prepared.
OR...
As required by ADS 204.5.4, the SO team will actively monitor ongoing
activities for compliance with approved IEE recommendations, and modify
or end activities that are not in compliance. If the activities in this
program are materially modified, the SO team is responsible for assuring
that the active environmental documentation is amended appropriately.
Or...
As required by ADS 204.5.4, the SO team and activity implementing
partners will \"actively monitor and evaluate whether the environmental
features designed for the activity resulting from the 22 CFR 216 process
are being implemented effectively and whether there are new or
unforeseen consequences arising during implementation that were not
identified and reviewed in accordance with 22 CFR 216.\" If additional
activities not described in this document are added to this program, an
amended environmental examination must be prepared and approved.
#### [Sub-grants or other funds transfers by implementing partners made consistent with the IEE]{.underline}
Any grants or other fund transfers made organizations receiving USAID
funds to other organizations (e.g., subgrants) to support this program's
activities must incorporate provisions that the activities to be
undertaken will be within the envelope of the environmental
determinations and recommendations of this IEE. This includes assurance
that the activities conducted via those transfers fit within the
description of activities described in an approved IEE or IEE amendment
covering this program, and that any mitigating measures required for
those activities be followed.
#### [Other monitoring and compliance assurance requirements]{.underline}
- Implementing partners\' annual reports and, as appropriate, progress
reports shall contain a brief update on mitigation and monitoring
measures being implemented, results of environmental monitoring, and
any other major modifications/revisions in the development
activities, and mitigation and monitoring procedures.
- USAID/(Country) will report to the REO and the BEO on an annual
basis on the status of environmental screening and review and the
implementation of mitigation and monitoring requirements. This
report should draw upon implementing partners\' progress and annual
reports, as well as on periodic site visits by the MEO and REO.
- USAID/(Country) is responsible for monitoring and evaluation of
activities after implementation with respect to environmental
effects, a process that should be integrated into the SO\'s
pertinent Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Plan and which
should also involve periodic field visits.
- USAID/(Country) is responsible for assuring that implementing
partners have the human capacity necessary to incorporate
environmental considerations into program planning and
implementation and to take on their role in the Environmental
Screening Process. Implementing partners should seek training as
needed, such as through participation in the Africa Bureau's
regional ENCAP training courses.
#### **[Financial Services, Financial Intermediation, Intermediate Credit Institutions (ICI), Microfinance Institutions (MFI)]{.underline}**
#### [Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSE, SME), Business Development Services (BDS), etc.]{.underline}
**Loan funds, microfinance, and microenterprise support. A Negative
Determination with Conditions** recommended pursuant to 22 CFR
216.3(a)(2)(iii) for support to microfinance institutions and MSEs (IR
x.x, x.x).
**Conditions:** MFI and MSE credit and service providers are urged to
institutionalize their own environmental reviews of credit and service
projects and individual activities. MSE & environment guidelines can be
used to improve the effectiveness, on a case-by-case basis, of reviewing
and mitigating the adverse environmental impacts of MSEs, so there
should be scope for factoring in some screening criteria in the loan
provision process.
It is recommended that for all activities relating to the expansion of
microfinance and or micro enterprise to be subjected to environmental
review. The Environmental Review Form in the EGSSAA can be tailored as
needed, to assist in identifying potential environmental impacts that
are likely to occur as a result of such micro enterprise activities. The
ERF helps to classify such potential impacts into low risk medium risk
and high risk categories. Mitigation measures must be identified for all
medium and high risk categories. Again, the USAID Bureau for Africa's
*[Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in
Africa](http://www.encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm)* (EGSSAA)
Part III, "Guidelines for Micro and Small enterprises." In addition, the
SO team leader shall visit all such projects during implementation to
ensure that they are not likely to cause any adverse environmental
impacts, with a view to correcting and or initiating additional
mitigation measures.
### SECTOR-SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
#### [Pesticides:]{.underline}
This examination does not cover pesticides, including their procurement,
use, transport, storage or disposal. Any pesticide activity considered
under this program would necessitate the preparation of a Pesticide
Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP), in accordance
with AFR Bureau guidance and fulfilling all analytical elements required
by 22CFR216.3(b), USAID's Pesticide Procedures.
[\[Need to include reference to how one determines what activities must
follow the Pesticide Procedures. Where is that defined? See the
EPTM/EDM.. WIK\]]{.mark}
**Except as provided below, this IEE does not cover the procurement of
pesticides**. Activities that entail the promotion or use of pesticides
for activities involving controlled experimentation exclusively for the
purpose of research and field evaluation which are confined to small
areas (\< 4 ha) and carefully monitored, shall be within the parameters
of 22 CFR 216.3(b)(2)(iii) ((Exceptions to Pesticide Procedures). All
activities that fall outside of the category of controlled
experimentation exclusively for the purpose of research and field
evaluation under 22 CFR 216.2(c )(2)(ii) and entail the procurement or
use, or both, of pesticides shall be analyzed in accordance with USAID
Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b) and no funds shall be obligated or
expended for the procurement or use of pesticides unless they are
specifically approved through an amendment to this IEE in accordance
with 22 CFR 216.3(b).
#### [\[For programs involving support for]{.underline} [insecticide-treated nets...\] [\[this needs beefing up...WIK\]]{.mark}]{.underline}
If the program will include support for the acquisition, distribution or
marketing of insecticide treated bednets (ITNs), the \[Health\] Team and
partner organizations will be required to use reliable brands of
long-lasting treated nets and adhere to all relevant stipulations made
in the USAID Africa Bureau [Programmatic Environmental Assessment for
Insecticide-Treated Materials in USAID Activities in Sub-Saharan
Africa](http://www.afr-sd.org/documents/iee/docs/32AFR2_ITM_PEA.doc)
(ITM PEA). If a need for net treatment or retreatment arises, the Team
will draft and gain approval for a "Pesticide Evaluation Report and
Safer Use Action Plan" (PERSUAP) for the ITN program.
#### [Fertilizers:]{.underline}
Only fertilizers that are approved by both the \[local regulatory
authority, e.g. Ugandan Crop Chemicals Board\] and the USEPA can be
introduced and utilized. Further, because of the environmental risks
inherent in improper handling, storage, use and application,
implementing partners must assure that potential users are trained in
proper handling, storage, use and application techniques.
#### [Biotechnology:]{.underline}
This examination does not cover genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) or
life-modified organisms (LMOs). Any support for laboratory- or
field-based research, multiplication, or dissemination of GMOs or LMOs
shall be subject to review under the Agency's Biosafety procedures.
OR...
All USAID-funded interventions involving biotechnologies must be
subjected to a USAID biosafety review prior to implementation, under
procedures applicable at that time. (Contact the USAID Biosafety Officer
for current guidance.)
Biotechnology interventions to be carried out will have to follow
existing regulations and guidelines governing recombinant DNA research,
testing and commercialization, and transboundary movement of GMOs as
outlined in the *National Institute of Health (NIH) Guidelines*. These
guidelines, "NIH Guidelines For Research Involving Recombinant DNA
Molecules (NIH Guidelines), April 2002" may be accessed at:
<http://www4.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines_02/NIH_Guidelines_Apr_02.htm>
A Negative Determination with Conditions, pursuant to 22 CFR
216.3(a)(2)(iii), is recommended for activities involving the use,
experimentation, promotion or distribution of genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) and/or biotechnology products. The conditions are as
follows:
1) the Mission shall ensure (e.g. through the inclusion of appropriate
provisions in SO 5 implementation instruments (contracts, grants,
cooperative agreements, etc. and sub-agreements issued under such
instruments) that the criteria set forth in the \"Biosafety
Procedures for Genetic Engineering Research,\" which is included as
Annex 1 to this IEE are followed. In particular this guidance
details the required written approval procedures needed before
transferring or releasing GMO or biotechnology products;
2) the Mission shall ensure (e.g. through the inclusion of appropriate
provisions in SO 5 implementation instruments (contracts, grants,
cooperative agreements, etc. and sub-agreements issued under such
instruments) that all applicable national laws, regulations and
guidelines governing recombinant DNA research, testing and
commercialization, and the use, production or distribution,
including in research, of GMOs or biotechnology products are
followed, and no GMO and/or biotechnology testing or release of any
kind, including planting, shall take in a host country until the
authorized agency or department of the national government of such
country have APPROVED, IN WRITING, IN ADVANCE, such testing or
release based on national laws, regulations or guidelines governing
GMO and/or biotechnology and biosafety;
3) the Mission shall ensure (e.g. through the inclusion of appropriate
provisions in SO 5 implementation instruments (contracts, grants,
cooperative agreements, etc.) and sub-agreements issued under such
instruments) that the United States *National Institute of Health
(NIH)Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules*
guidelines are followed. These guidelines may be located at:
[**http://www.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines_02/NIH_Guidelines_Apr_02.htm**](http://www.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines_02/NIH_Guidelines_Apr_02.htm).
\[check citation, this link does not work. The correct link may be:
http://www4.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines/guidelines.html.\]
4) the Mission shall ensure (e.g. through the inclusion of appropriate
provisions in SO 5 implementation instruments (contracts, grants,
cooperative agreements, etc.) and sub-agreements issued under such
instruments) that all international laws governing recombinant DNA
research, testing and commercialization, and the use, production or
distribution, including in research, of GMOs or biotechnology
products are followed.
OR...
Conditions precedent to dissemination of GMO products:
\- SO 5 will not support the transfer of bioengineered materials
intended for planting without the host government's explicit advanced
informed consent (indeed REDSO will promote such deliberative review
processes).
-SO 5 must assure that its grantees and contractors comply with national
and international laws applicable to biotechnology research and testing.
\- No biotechnology interventions of any kind are to begin until the
host countries and regional institutions involved have drafted and
approved a regulatory framework governing biotechnology and biosafety;
-All USAID-funded interventions which involve biotechnologies are to be
informed by the ADS 211 series governing \"Biosafety Procedures for
Genetic Engineering Research\". In particular this guidance details the
required written approval procedures needed before transferring or
releasing GE products to the field.
\- Biotechnology interventions to be carried out will have to follow
existing regulations and guidelines governing recombinant DNA research,
testing and commercialization, and transboundary movement of GMOs as
outlined in the *National Institute of Health (NIH) Guidelines*:
<http://www.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines_02/NIH_Guidelines_Apr_02.htm>.
OR\...
The Africa Regional Agricultural Biotechnology Support activities are
recommended for a Negative Determination, per 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii),
with the following conditions:
1) All USAID-funded interventions which involve biotechnologies are to
be informed by the draft ADS 211 series governing \"Biosafety
Procedures for Genetic Engineering Research\". In particular this
guidance details the required written approval procedures needed
before transferring or releasing GE products to the field.
2) Biotechnology interventions to be carried out at the institutional
will have to follow existing host country national regulations and
guidelines governing recombinant DNA research, testing and
commercialization, and of GMOs as outlined in the *National
Institute of Health (NIH) Guidelines*. These guidelines may be
located at:
[**http://www.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines_02/NIH_Guidelines_Apr_02.htm**](http://www.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines_02/NIH_Guidelines_Apr_02.htm).
3) No biotechnology testing or release of any kind are to take place
within an assisted country until the host countries involved
have made formal decisions to APPROVE such testing or release based
on national guidelines or regulatory framework governing
biotechnology and biosafety;
4) SO 5 must assure that its grantees and contractors comply with
national and international laws applicable to biotechnology research
and testing.
5) SO 5 will not support the transfer of bioengineered materials
intended for planting without the host government's explicit
advanced informed consent (indeed REDSO will promote such
deliberative review processes).
OR...
A **Negative Determination with Conditions** is recommended for all
other program activities. Under section 1.3, numbers 1, 2 and 3, these
activities include development and commercialization of sweet potatoes
resistant to the feathery mottle virus, development of maize resistant
to the maize weevil and the large grain borer, development and
commercialization of animal disease vaccines and diagnostic kits.
The conditions (explained in Section 3 and listed in Section 4 of this
IEE Amendment) are that:
- The program activities will be required to follow existing
regulations and guidelines governing recombinant DNA research,
testing and commercialization of products thereof, and
trans-boundary movement of GMOs outlined in the *National Institute
of Health (NIH) Guidelines*[^1], *Regulations and Guidelines for
Biosafety in Biotechnology for Kenya* of the National Biosafety
Committee and the USAID ADS 211-*Biosafety Procedures for Genetic
Engineering Research* (Annex I)[^2].
- These guidelines require that field trials or any such release into
the environment is not conducted until both Kenyan and USAID written
approval is obtained.
- This will require the submission of a specific proposal for the
activity to the Kenyan NBC and USAID biosafety officer.
- Approval cannot be granted for the field release until the specific
experiments are developed, and documentation is submitted to the
Agency Biosafety Committee, hence the needs to require this step at
the later date, according to the procedures of ADS 211 (Annex I).
#### [Small-scale Construction:]{.underline}
[]{#Roads .anchor}*Roads:*
> 1\. **Negative Determinations with Conditions are recommended,** per
> 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii) for the following ...activities:
>
> **Re-opening and maintenance of existing roads** (IR 1.1) No new road
> construction is planned. Existing tertiary and secondary roads will be
> repaired using established best practices as reflected in Chapter 14
> on Rural Roads in USAID/AFR *Environmental Guidelines for Small Scale
> Activities in Africa* (EGSSAA) located at:
> *(*<http://www.encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm>). Also useful
> guidance for road construction, maintenance and rehabilitation are
> guidelines given in *Low-Volume Roads Engineering: Best Management
> Practices Field Guide*, by Gordon Keller and James Sherar, by the US
> Forest Service for USAID and in collaboration with USDA. (July 2003)
> (see same ENCAP website, or <http://www.fs.fed.us/global>, or
> [[http://www.zietlow.com/]{.underline}](http://www.zietlow.com/)).
> Further, *a certified roads engineer will be employed* to oversee
> activities and report to the MEO/USAID as necessary.
*Small-scale Construction*
Potential adverse impacts from small scale construction activities can
be summarized as follows:
> *The details of the construction carried out in support of any
> particular development activity or site will have a number of unique
> aspects. Construction activities in general, however, share a set of
> common features and potential adverse environmental impacts.*
>
> *Potential Adverse Impacts of Construction Projects*
>
> *• Damage to ecosystems*
>
> *• Sedimentation of streams and surface water*
>
> *• Contamination of water supplies*
>
> *• Social impacts*
>
> *• Spread of disease*
>
> *• Damage to aesthetics of area*
>
> *EGSSAA [Chapter 3: Small-Scale
> Construction](http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAAsectionsJan04/Env Guidelines Chapter 3 Construction.pdf)*
Example 1:
> *Small scale construction conditions \[version of 22 April 2004\]*
- All construction activities will be conducted following principles
for environmentally sound construction, as provided in [*Chapter 3:
Small Scale
Construction*](http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAAsectionsJan04/Env Guidelines Chapter 3 Construction.pdf)
of the USAID Environmental Guidelines for Small-scale Activities in
Africa, which can be found at
[www.encapafrica.org](http://www.encapafrica.org/).
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- For the construction of any facilities exceeding a total surface
area of 10,000 square feet (1,000 square meters), the program will
conduct a supplemental environmental review according to guidance
found in "Attachment to Annex G: Environmental Screening and Report
Form for NGO/PVO Activities and Grant Proposals," found in [Annex
G](http://www.encapafrica.org/EPTM/annex_G.pdf) of the Africa Bureau
Environmental Procedures Training Manual (EPTM). Construction may
not begin until such a review is completed and approved by the
Mission Environmental Officer. Alternate reporting and review
procedures may also be utilized if agreement to do so is reached
between the Mission and the Regional Environmental Officer.
#### [Water and Sanitation]{.underline}
Potential environmental impacts:
The human health benefits of water and sanitation activities are
enormous, and generally far outweigh any potential negative impacts of
such activities. Still, the potential for adverse environmental impacts
from water and sanitation activities exists, and it is the
responsibility of program designers and implementers to avoid such
impacts to the extent possible. Potential adverse impacts from water and
sanitation activities can be summarized as follows:
> *Potential adverse impacts from water supply activities:*
>
> *1. Depletion of fresh water resources (surface and groundwater)*
>
> *2. Chemical degradation of the quality of potable water sources
> (surface and groundwater)*
>
> *3. Creation of stagnant (standing) water*
>
> *4. Degradation of terrestrial, aquatic, and coastal habitats*
>
> *5. Increased human health risks (e.g. from arsenic content in
> groundwater)*
>
> *Potential adverse impacts from sanitation activities:*
>
> *1. Increased human health risks from contamination of surface water,
> groundwater, soil, and food by excreta, chemicals and pathogens*
>
> *2. Ecological harm from degradation of stream, lake, estuarine and
> marine water quality and degradation of land habitats*
*EGSSAA [Chapter 16: Water Supply and
Sanitation](http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAAsectionsJan04/Env Guidelines Chapter 16 Water_Feb25.pdf)*
*Water and Sanitation conditions:*
Both water supply and sanitation activities should be conducted in a
manner consistent with the good design and implementation practices
described in *EGSSAA [Chapter 16: Water Supply and
Sanitation](http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAAsectionsJan04/Env Guidelines Chapter 16 Water_Feb25.pdf)*.
The SO Team and implementing partners should closely examine this
chapter, as it provides a thorough discussion of program design and
implementation issues that can help avoid numerous preventable problems.
Another useful reference to consult for good water and sanitation design
and implementation principles is the document, "Guidelines for the
Development of Small Scale Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in
Ethiopia," by Catholic Relief Services and USAID, July 31, 2003.
Water quality testing is essential for determining that the water from a
constructed water source is safe to drink and to determine a baseline so
that any future degradation can be detected. Among the water quality
tests which must be performed are tests for the presence of arsenic. Any
USAID-supported activity engaged in the provision of potable water must
adhere to Guidance Cable State 98 108651, which requires arsenic
testing. That 1998 cable also anticipates "practical guidelines on
sampling and testing for arsenic" that were then under development. The
EGAT Bureau completed these guidelines, and the Africa Bureau has
packaged them in a document titled, "[Guidelines for Determining the
Arsenic Content of Ground Water in USAID-Sponsored Well Programs in
Sub-Saharan
Africa](http://www.encapafrica.org/docs/Watsan/Arsenic testing guidelines AFR.doc)."
The SO team must assure that the standards and testing procedures
described in this guideline document are followed for potable water
supply activities under this program.
### General Use of Environmental Guidelines
As noted above, a key resource which should inform the SO and its
implementing partners in their design and implementation of \[these\]
activities is the Africa Bureau *Environmental Guidelines for
Small-Scale Activities in Africa (EGSSAA)
(*<http://www.encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm>). The SO team
should assure that implementing partners have access to these and other
appropriate Africa Bureau and generic environmental assessment
resources. Such resources will help these partners to determine what
potential impacts to guard against for different types of development
activities in various settings.
EGSSAA chapters of particular relevance to the SO's program are the
following (select or delete rows as appropriate):
**PART II - Sector Specific Guidelines**
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| C | Chapter Title | PDF | HTML |
| hapter | | | |
| | | | |
| \# | | | |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| 1 | Introduction | [p | |
| | | df](../.. | |
| | | /../../.. | |
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| | | elines%20 | |
| | | BW%20Part | |
| | | %20II%20I | |
| | | ntro.pdf) | |
| | | (8K) | |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| 2 | Agriculture and Irrigation | [pdf | |
| | | ](javascr | |
| | | ipt:if(co | |
| | | nfirm('ht | |
| | | tp://www. | |
| | | encapafri | |
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| | | Asections | |
| | | March2003 | |
| | | /agricult | |
| | | ure.pdf') | |
| | | (804K) | |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| 3 | Community-Based Natural Resource | [pdf | [ |
| | Management (CBNRM) | ](../../. | html] |
| | | ./../../. | (../. |
| | | ./../../E | ./../ |
| | | :%5CENCAP | ../.. |
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| | | onsMarch2 | %5Cww |
| | | 003%5CEnv | w.enc |
| | | %20Guidel | apafr |
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| | | %20Chapte | rg%5C |
| | | r%203%20C | secto |
| | | BNRM.pdf) | rs%5C |
| | | (318K) | CBNRM |
| | | | .htm) |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| 4 | Construction | [p | [ht |
| | | df](../.. | ml](. |
| | | /../../.. | ./../ |
| | | /../../.. | ../.. |
| | | /E:%5CENC | /../. |
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| | | BW%20Chap | %5Cse |
| | | ter%204%2 | ctors |
| | | 0Construc | %5Cco |
| | | tion.pdf) | nstru |
| | | (902K) | ction |
| | | | .htm) |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| 5 | Ecotourism | [pdf](../ | [ |
| | | ../../../ | html] |
| | | ../../../ | (../. |
| | | ../E:%5CE | ./../ |
| | | NCAP%5Cww | ../.. |
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| | | rism.pdf) | rs%5C |
| | | (5256K) | ecoto |
| | | | urism |
| | | | .htm) |
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| 6 | Energy Sources for Development | [pdf] | [ht |
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| 7 | Fisheries and Aquaculture | [pdf](.. | |
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| 8 | Forestry: Including Forest Management, | [pdf] | |
| | Plantations, and Agroforestry | (../../.. | |
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| 9 | Healthcare Waste: Generation, | [pdf](../ | [htm |
| | Handling, Treatment and Disposal | ../../../ | l](.. |
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| | | (4422K) | waste |
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| 10 | Housing | [zip] | |
| | | (../../.. | |
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+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| 11 | Humanitarian Response Programs and the | [p | |
| | Environment | df](../.. | |
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| 12 | Pest & Pesticide Management I: | | |
| | Integrated Pest Management (IPM) | | |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| 13 | Pest & Pesticide Management II: Safer | | |
| | Pesticide Use | | |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| 14 | Livestock | [pdf] | |
| | | (../../.. | |
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| 15 | Rural Roads | [pdf](.. | [ |
| | | /../../.. | html] |
| | | /../../.. | (../. |
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| 16 | Safer Pesticide Use | | |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
| 17 | Solid Waste | [pdf | |
| | | ](../../. | |
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| 18 | Water Supply and Sanitation | [pdf] | [h |
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| | | (4803K) | atsan |
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+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------+-------+
PART III - Guidelines for Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs)
--- --------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Title Download English Version
1 Introduction - MSEs & the Environment [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%201.pdf) (314K)
2 Mechanisms for MSEs to Control Environmental [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%202.pdf) (316K)
Impact
3 Integrating Environmental Considerations into [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%203.pdf) (599K)
MSE Assistance Activities
4 Sub-Sector Specific CP Briefings [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%204%20main.pdf) (392K)
4.1 Brick & Tile Production [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%204%20Brick%20and%20Tile.pdf)
(493K)
4.2 Food Processing [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%204%20Food%20Processing.pdf)
(518K)
4.3 Leather Processing [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%204%20Leather.pdf) (483K)
4.4 Metal Finishing [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnvGuidelines%203.4G%20Metal%20Finishing.pdf) (322K)
4.5 Small-Scale Mining [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%204%20Mining.pdf) (509K)
4.6 Wet Textile Operations [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%204%20Wet%20Textile.pdf) (500K)
4.7 Wood Processing and Furniture Making [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%203.4F%20Wood%20and%20Furniture.pdf) (291K)
5 References [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CEnv%20Guidelines%20MSE%20Chapter%205.pdf) (148K)
6 Annexes [pdf](../../../../../../../../E:%5CENCAP%5Cwww.encapafrica.org%5CEGSSAAsectionsMarch2003%5CMSE%20Chapter%206.pdf) (472K)
--- --------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
### ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING
[]{#Env_Screening .anchor}
> [\[NOTE: include alternative of Environmental Review Report (ERR)
> format, as now in the EGSSAA Part III
> ([www.encapafrica/SmallScaleGuidelines](http://www.encapafrica/SmallScaleGuidelines)/.
> Use the most recently revised version of the , which WIK revised in
> April 2004...\]]{.mark} -- How to deal with this, link to where?
(Adapted from 33Rwanda2_SO1_DG_amend.doc)
Given that \[the nature of the activities is not well know\] \[details
about the proposed activities are not yet fully developed, e.g.
siting\], the grantee or sub-grantee will be required to subject \[the
referenced activities\] to an environmental screening process intended
to identify potential environmental problems, appropriate mitigation
measures, and to trigger supplemental environmental review if
appropriate. The SO team has the responsibility to ensure that the
environmental screening and review process is applied in conformity with
the procedures described below:
- Implementing partners will screen proposed activities according to
***the Africa Bureau Screening and Environmental Review Process***,
which is described in the Bureau's Environmental Procedures Training
Manual, "[Annex G: Umbrella IEEs and Subgrant Environmental
Screening](http://www.encapafrica.org/EPTM/annex_G.pdf)." As
described in that chapter, screening categories include the
following: **Category 1**. Activities that would normally qualify
for a categorical exclusion under Reg. 216; **Category 2**.
Activities that would normally qualify for a negative determination
under Reg. 216; **Category 3**. Activities that have a clear
potential for undesirable environmental impacts and typically under
Reg. 216 require an Environmental Assessment; **Category 4**.
Activities that either USAID cannot fund or for which specific
findings must be made in an Environmental Assessment prior to
funding.
> The MEO shall be responsible, first, for clearing the implementing
> partner's category determination. Further, the MEO must approve all
> Category 2 Environmental Reviews individually or in groups. The MEO
> will review and pass on to the REO and BEO any Category 3 reviews and,
> as he/she determines the need, Category 2 documentation. All Category
> 3 Environmental Reviews must be approved by the BEO. Any activities
> that fall within Category 4 will be immediately referred to the REO
> and BEO, unless the MEO rejects them and thereby denies implementation
> of the subject activities.
#### [Medical Waste]{.underline}
*Potential impacts*
Although small-scale healthcare activities provide many important
benefits to communities, they can also unintentionally do great harm
through poor design and management of waste management systems.
Healthcare waste is dangerous. If handled, treated, disposed of
incorrectly it can spread disease, poisoning people, livestock, wild
animals, plants and whole ecosystems.
Currently, little or no management of healthcare wastes typically occurs
in small-scale facilities in Africa. Training and supplies are minimal.
Common practice in urban areas is to dispose of healthcare waste along
with the general solid waste or, in peri-urban and rural areas, to bury
waste, without treatment, in an unlined pit. In some cities small
hospitals may incinerate waste in dedicated on-site incinerators, but
often they fail to operate them properly. Unwanted pharmaceuticals and
chemicals may be dumped into the local sanitation outlet, be it a sewage
system, septic tank or latrine.
*Conditions*
For \[identify affected activities -- involving the potential for
generation of medical waste\], the SO team must work with its
implementing partners to assure, to the extent possible, that the
medical facilities and operations involved have adequate procedures and
capacities in place to properly handle, label, treat, store, transport
and properly dispose of blood, sharps and other medical waste. The USAID
Bureau for Africa's Environmental Guidelines for Small Scale Activities
in Africa (EGSSAA) Chapter 8, "Healthcare Waste: Generation, Handling,
Treatment and Disposal" (found at this URL:
<http://encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm>) contains guidance
which should inform the Team's activities to promote proper handling and
disposal of medical waste, particularly in the section titled, "Minimum
elements of a complete waste management program." Other important
references to consult in establishing a waste management program are
"WHO's Safe Management of Wastes from Healthcare Activities"
<http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/medicalwaste/wastemanag/en/>
and the State Department cable "1993 State 264038: Model Guidance on
Health Projects Involving HIV Screening and Handling of Blood." The
ability of the Team to assure such procedures and capacity is understood
to be limited by its level of control over the management of the
facilities and operations that USAID/\[country\] is supporting.
[\[Also consider including a "Minimal Program Checklist and Action Plan"
with the IEE and adding this text...WIK\]]{.mark}
**Annex A** was adapted from the above EGSSAA chapter. It presents a
representative and appropriate "Minimal Program Checklist and Action
Plan" for handling healthcare waste, and should be further adapted for
use in USAID/Sudan programs.
#### [Livestock production]{.underline}
*Potential impacts*
Properly managed, livestock production can enhance land and water
quality, biodiversity, and social and economic well-being. However, when
improperly managed, livestock production may cause significant economic,
social and environmental damage. As described in the [Livestock
Production
chapter](http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAAsectionsJan04/Env Guidelines Chapter 11 Livestock.pdf)
of the EGSSAA, following are the types of environmental problems often
associated with livestock production:
- Land degradation;
- Habitat damage and reduced biodiversity;
- Harm to vegetation.
Livestock product processing can also have negative impacts on the
environment. Leather processing, for example, is a particularly
problematic activity associated with livestock production, as described
in EGSSAA "*[Chapter 4.3 Leather Processing: Cleaner Production Fact
Sheet and Resource
Guide](http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAAsectionsMarch2003/Env Guidelines MSE Chapter 4 Leather.pdf)."*
Environmental problems commonly associated with leather processing
include the introduction of toxic chemicals into the environment through
the waste stream, use of large quantities of water, worker health
hazards, odor, and overproduction and inappropriate management of waste.
*Conditions*
For increased livestock production and processing a **Negative
Determination** is recommended per 22 CFR 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) **with
conditions** that include:
The SO team must work with implementing partners to assure that the
livestock production activities are designed and implemented in such a
way as to avoid potential harmful impacts as much as possible. The above
EGSSAA chapters should be used as guides to this analysis. Of particular
utility for such an analysis is the Livestock chapter's table titled,
*Mitigation and Monitoring Issues Environmental Mitigation and
Monitoring Issues for Livestock Projects*. Implementing partners should
monitor for and report on adverse impacts, particularly land and habitat
degradation.
#### [Research or Studies with human subjects and/or animals]{.underline}
To the extent this involves carefully controlled research, but and thus
poses risk factors with respect to human and animal subjects, the
following conditions apply:
- Any issues concerning human research subjects will follow NIH
requirements in consultation with CDC advisors. Procedures must be
consistent U.S. National Institutes for Health (NIH) guidelines for
research involving human subjects. See 45 CFR Part 45. Protection of
Human Subjects. See the URL:
http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm
- Also, recommend following U.S. National Institutes for Health (NIH)
guidelines for research involving live animals. The use of animals
in research is a privilege that carries with it the responsibilities
of proper care and humane treatment of animals. To biomedical
scientists, proper care is in the best interest of the laboratory
animals and is essential to ensure quality research. Consider Public
Law 99-158:Animals in Research:
<http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/hrea1985.htm>.
### ANNOTATED IEE OUTLINE
[]{#Annotated_IEE_Outline .anchor}
# INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION
**PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA**:
[\[For Title II DRP IEEs\]]{.mark}
DRP Program/Activity:
CS Name, Country/Region:
[\[For non-Title II IEEs\]]{.mark}
Program/Activity Number:
Country/Region:
Program/Activity Title:
**1.0 BACKGROUND AND ACTIVITY/PROGRAM DESCRIPTION**
1. **Purpose and Scope of IEE**
What does the IEE cover, why is it needed, is it an amendment, and if
so, why? What other IEEs cover the sector, or SO, if any? .
2. **Background**
Describe why the activity is desired and appropriate, with some relevant
context..
3. **Description of Activities**
Outline the key activities proposed for funding. A current activity
description should be provided, paraphrasing and shortening as much as
needed. Some suggested subheadings:
**1.2.1 Results Framework**
**1.2.2 SO... Activities Results Framework**
2. **COUNTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION (BASELINE INFORMATION)**
Recommended subheadings:
**2.1 Locations Affected**
**2.2 National \[or applicable\] Environmental Policies and Procedures
\[of host country both for environmental assessment and pertaining to
the sector\]**
This section is critical and should briefly assess the current physical
environment that might be affected by the activity. It should draw on
the Country Strategy and supportive analysis (such as the Environmental
Threats and Opportunities Assessment, Conflict Vulnerability Assessment,
etc.). While we are seeking to streamline IEEs, we also need to try to
maintain the integrity of relevant analysis that sheds light on the
interventions in the SO. This may be a standard we cannot always meet.
Our objective should be to add analysis which has a bearing upon the
substance of the sector involved, we don't want irrelevant "fill"
material in here. Ideally some thoughtful analysis should be there, or
at least compact, up-to-date, relevant info to the sector, e.g., on the
environment-conflict links. It is worth drawing attention, in the IEE
(which seeks to ensure that we avoid harm, in the most basic biophysical
sense), to the SO's opportunities for improving environmental management
and governance.
Depending upon the activities proposed, this could include an
examination of land use, geology, topography, soil, climate, groundwater
resources, surface water resources, terrestrial communities, aquatic
communities, environmentally sensitive areas (e.g., wetlands or
protected species), agricultural cropping patterns and practices,
infrastructure and transport services, air quality, demography
(including population trends/projections), cultural resources, and the
social and economic characteristics of the target communities.
The information obtained through this process should serve as an
environmental baseline for future environmental monitoring and
evaluation. Be selective in the country and environmental information
you provide, as it should be specific to the activity being proposed and
more information is not necessarily better.
Finally, indicate the status and applicability of host country, Mission,
and CS policies, programs and procedures in addressing natural
resources, the environment, food security, and other related issues.
*Cross-referencing*. One approach which might be an appropriate
expedient is to refer to an earlier IEE's write-up for this Section, as
long as it is in the same strategy period, and reasonably recent and
relevant (say, less than 3-5 years old). If one were to use this
approach, here's how it should be done, so the file can be found online:
"See IEE for SO1 \-- Increased rule of law and transparency in
governance, 27rwand4.iee, at
<http://www.afr-sd.org/documents/iee/docs/27rwand4.doc>. "
The [BEO Actions Tracker](http://www.afr-sd.org/IEE/) is a reliable
resource, typically kept current within at least six months.
3. **EVALUATION OF PROJECT/PROGRAM ISSUES WITH RESPECT TO ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT POTENTIAL**
> This section of the IEE is intended to define all potential
> environmental impacts of the activity or project, whether they be
> considered direct, indirect, beneficial, undesired, short-term,
> long-term, or cumulative.
**4.0 RECOMMENDED THRESHOLD DECISIONS & MITIGATION ACTIONS (INCLUDING
MONITORING AND EVALUATION)**
**4.1 Recommended Threshold Decisions and Conditions**
**4.2 Mitigation, Monitoring and Evaluation**
*[FOR UMBRELLA IEE, THE FOLLOWING MIGHT BE USED:]{.mark}*
**4.1 Recommended Threshold Decisions and Conditions**
**4.2 Recommended Planning Approach**
**4.3 Environmental Screening and Review Process**
**4.3 Promotion of Environmental Review and Capacity Building
Procedures**
**4.4 Environmental Responsibilities**
**4.5 Mitigation, Monitoring, and Evaluation**
> For each proposed activity or major component recommend whether a
> specific intervention included in the activity should receive a
> categorical exclusion, negative determination (with or without
> conditions), positive determination, etc., as well as cite which
> sections of Reg. 216 support the requested determinations.
>
> Recommend what is to be done to avoid, minimize, eliminate or
> compensate for environmental impacts. For activities where there are
> expected environmental consequences, appropriate environmental
> monitoring and impact indicators should be incorporated in the
> activity's monitoring and evaluation plan.
### SELECTED IEE NARRATIVE EXAMPLES:
**1.1** []{#Purpose_Scope_IEE .anchor}**Purpose and Scope of IEE**
The purpose of this IEE is to update the threshold decisions made for
the former SO 3 "*Increased use of essential PHC & HIV/AIDS services and
practices*" and supercedes the IEE formulated for this SO, covered in
29saf1 (6/17/1999). The latter IEE included the HIV/AIDS/STD HIV/AIDS
Capacity Building Project (CAPACITY) in 28saf2.iee, and the EQUITY
project.
USAID/South Africa has undertaken a technical adjustment of its health
strategy for the period 2003-2010. It addresses the need to adjust the
current health strategy to better account for the expanding HIV/AIDS
epidemic and its impact on the other health challenges facing South
Africa such as TB, ensuring the quality and availability of
reproductive, maternal and child health services to all South Africans.
The adjusted Strategic Objective (now referred to as SO 8) "*Increased
Use of HIV/AIDS and Other PHC Services*" reflects only a minor revision
of the previous SO, but introduces significant scaling up of HIV/AIDS
activities and their integration into primary health care services. The
SO focuses on high-impact prevention, care and support activities that
can be taken to scale and that promote effective public-private
partnerships especially at the community level. The SO also builds on
significant progress made thus far, and expands successful elements of
the existing program and the previous program focus on Primary Health
Care (PHC) and HIV/AIDS. This includes activities implemented with
HIV/AIDS funding under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
(PEPFAR). These activities will be implemented under the SO3/8 Strategic
Objective Agreement (SOAG) with the Government of the Republic of South
Africa (674-008).
This situation provides the opportunity to update the IEE for all of SO
3 to the somewhat revised but greatly expanded SO 8. The 1999 SO 3 IEE
(June 1999), with Categorical Exclusions and a Negative Determination
with Conditions, effectively replaced the two prior IEEs (Table 1) and
provided one vehicle for Reg. 216 monitoring and amendment should new
activities be added in the future.
Table 1. Former IEEs now amended or superceded.x
----------------------- ------------------------------- ----- ---------------- --------- ----------
**SO 8 (SO 3):
Increased Use of
Primary Healthy
Services and HIV/AIDS
Prevention/Mitigation
Practices**
674-0320 SO3 \-- Increased use of CE, 1995&1998-2003 29saf1 06/17/99
essential primary health care NDC
and HIV/AIDS services and
practices (EQUITY). Provided
umbrella ND for all SO 3
activities. Present IEE amends
this one.
674-0324 HIV/AIDS/STD Capacity-Building CE 1998-2003 28saf2 02/09/98
Project (CAPACITY Project)
----------------------- ------------------------------- ----- ---------------- --------- ----------
This amended IEE covers only Phase I, for the period 2003-2006, which
corresponds to the current approved USAID/SA CSP. This IEE does not
address construction, or water and sanitation-related health activities
nor use of pesticides, support for any of which would require amendment
of this IEE.
**4.2** []{#Mit_Mon_Responsibilities .anchor}**Mitigation and Monitoring
Responsibilities \[ & Compliance Assurance\] -- cf. Sect. 4.2, etc.**
\[also see end of Face Sheet Summary\]:
**Caveat:**
In accordance with USAID/SA Mission Order 405 (as amended June 9, 1999)
and ADS 204.5.4, the SO2 team, with assistance from the MEO and REO,
must actively monitor ongoing activities for compliance with approved
IEE recommendations, and modify or end activities that are not in
compliance. If there are any changes which affect the basis on which
these threshold decisions were made, an IEE amendment will be prepared.
The SO team will also ensure that provisions of the IEE concerning
mitigation measures and the conditions specified herein along with the
requirement to monitor be incorporated in all contracts, cooperative
agreements, grants and subgrants.
### ANNOTATED OUTLINE FOR REQUESTS FOR CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION
[\[alternative format if requesting only a Categorical Exclusion, no
extensive narrative needed, normally need not exceed 1-2 pages\]]{.mark}
**Annex 1**
**\[JUSTIFICATION\] REQUEST FOR CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION**
**[SO \# & program / activity title]{.mark}**
1\. **Background and Activity Description**
> More in-depth information than what was provided on the cover sheet,
> especially if activities are relatively diverse, complex, and likely
> to operate for several years. This will allow the environmental
> recommendation to be more self-explanatory and free-standing,
> especially for the BEO's record keeping and tracking purposes.
2\. **Justification for Categorical Exclusion Request**
Refer to appropriate guidance from Reg. 216, especially 22 CFR
216.2(c)...
### [FACE SHEET TEMPLATE FOR IEE/CE -- Remove this line]{.mark}
**INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION**
**OR**
**CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION**
**[PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA]{.underline}:**
**Program/Activity Number:** ( - [)]{.underline}
**Country/Region:**
**Program/Activity Title:**
**Funding Begin:** **Funding End:** **LOP Amount:** \$
**Sub-Activity Amount:** \$
**IEE Prepared By:** **Current Date:**
**IEE Amendment (Y/N):** If \"yes\", Filename & date of original IEE ;
**[ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED:]{.underline}** (Place X where
applicable)
Categorical Exclusion: Negative Determination:
Positive Determination: Deferral:
**[ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS:]{.underline}** (Place X where applicable)
CONDITIONS PVO/NGO:
**[SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:]{.underline}** (please limit to this page
whenever possible, but at most three pages without clearances)
**[APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED:]{.underline}** (Type
name under signature line)
**CLEARANCE:**
Mission Director: Date:
**CONCURRENCE:**
Bureau Environmental
Officer: Date:
Paul des Rosiers (Acting) Approved:
Disapproved:
**Filename:** (USAID/AFR BEO)
**[ADDITIONAL CLEARANCES]{.underline}:** [(Add as appropriate; type name
under signature line)]{.mark}
Mission Environmental Officer: Date:
Activity Manager: Date:
(Cognizant Technical Officer, etc.)
SO Team Leader: Date:
Regional Environmental Officer
[(RCSA,REDSO, WARP):]{.mark} Date:
[Rob Clausen, Walter Knausenberger or Jean Saint-Cyr]{.mark}
Regional Environmental Advisor
(AFR/SD): Date:
[Brian Hirsch]{.mark}
General Counsel
(Africa Bureau): Date:
Regional Legal Advisor: Date:
May 20, 2004
### Streamlined IEE Formats: Experimenting
Some experimentation is underway with streamlining preparation and
review of Reg. 216 documentation.
1. Some preparers contend that Section 2 does not add sufficiently to
the IEEs' substance (very rarely do they achieve "baseline info"
quality), so why not curtail or drop it unless there is a persuasive
reason to include details? But see the annotations to Section 2 in
the [Annotated Template](#Annotated_IEE_Outline) bove.
2. Further, some believe that it is feasible to combine all analysis of
impacts, mitigation conditions and threshold determinations in one
place, a new section 2 or 3, or "the Table."
3. Length: Keep entire length to max. 15 pages (but not to be slavish
about this).
4. Agreement was reached on May 11, 2004 that GC will no longer need to
receive IEEs for review routinely, but only when special or new
issues arise, or Positive Determinations are involved.
So, by ...
· Streamlining Sect. 1 to only essentials to characterize the
program, down to at IR level.
· curtailing Sect. 2, to cover essentials for sector only, with
some info on relevant host country procedures and regulatory system,
application of environmental laws.
· combining Sect. 3-4, and
· dropping Sect. 5, the Summary...
· summarizing the essential decisions and conditions in the
Summary of Findings,
· hyperlinking to EGSSAA resources (mainly, but not only),
· otherwise eliminating anything unnecessarily repeated,
· tightening up the threshold determination language using (an
ever-enhanced) RALF, and
· making resources available on Africa Bureau EOKX,
...the process of preparing IEE can be significantly simplified and
streamlined.
### ACCEPTABLE TABLE FORMATS FOR PRESENTING THRESHOLD DECISIONS AND MITIGATION CONDITIONS
- []{#Threshold_Decisions_Tables .anchor}A single Table, not several
short ones close together
- Landscape or Portrait format, in narrative body or as Annex.
- Table header rows repeated automatically at top of each page (Table
Properties, Row, check box)
ANNEX 1:
Summary Of Threshold Decisions, by IR, for Sudan SO 8: Foundation
Established For Economic Recovery. Refer to Section 4 for Expanded
mitigation and monitoring measures by key issue area.
+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------------+
| **Pr | **Impact Issues & | **Recommended Threshold |
| ogram/Activities** | conditions, | Determination & 22 CFR |
| | mitigation or | Part 216 (Reg. 216) |
| | proactive | citation** |
| | interventions** | |
+====================+=====================+===========================+
| **SO8: Foundation | | |
| Established for | | |
| Economic | | |
| Recovery.** | | |
+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------------+
| **Intermediate | a\) Will not have a | a\) Categorical Exclusion |
| Result 8.1: Food | direct effect on | 22 CFR 216.2 (c)(2)(i), |
| security needs of | the environment. | education, technical |
| vulnerable | | assistance or training; |
| communities met.** | b\) See Sect. 3.2.1 | 216.2 (c)(2)(iii): |
| | and Section 4.2.1 | analyses, studies, |
| a\) The activities | regarding a PEA, | academic or research |
| for: (1) Food aid | and the discussion | workshops and meetings; |
| distributions; | under IR 8.3 below. | 216.2 (c)(2)(v): document |
| supplementary | | and information |
| feeding; training | As apt, activities | transfers; and, 216.2 |
| of agricultural | will be subjected | (c)(2)(viii) for programs |
| extension workers | to a screening | involving nutrition, |
| and community | process to identify | health care or population |
| animal health | appropriate adverse | and family planning |
| workers; and | impact mitigation | services. |
| providing support | and monitoring | |
| for disaster early | measures. | b\) Positive |
| warning systems. | | Determination, per 22 CFR |
| | | 216.2(d)(viii) for road |
| b\) Rehabilitation | | improvement. OFDA funded |
| of roads, except | | activities would not be |
| where this is | | directly implicated. |
| exempted as per 22 | | |
| CFR 216.2 (b) (1) | | Negative Determination |
| ; | | with Conditions, 22 CFR |
| | | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii). See |
| Distributions of | | Section 4.1 for details |
| improved seeds; | | on ND with conditions |
| establishment of | | regarding seed supply. |
| community food | | Conditions: |
| stores and seed | | |
| banks; and, | | Application of |
| encouragement of | | appropriate guidelines as |
| change in crop | | in |
| production choices | | <htt |
| and cultivation | | p://www.encapafrica.org/S |
| techniques. | | mallScaleGuidelines.htm>. |
+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------------+
| **IR 8.2: Market | Will not have a | Categorical Exclusion, 22 |
| support | direct effect on | CFR 216.2 (c)(2)(i), |
| institutions | the environment. | education, technical |
| created and | | assistance or training; |
| strengthened.** | See Sect. 3.2.1 and | 216.2(c)(2)(ii): research |
| | Section 4.2.1 | and experimentation; |
| Technical | regarding a PEA, | 216.2 (c)(2)(iii): |
| assistance, | and the discussion | analyses, studies, |
| training | under IR 8.3 below. | academic or research |
| workshops, | | workshops and meetings; |
| meetings, market | Conditions: | 216.2 (c)(2)(v): document |
| research, | | and information |
| information | Application of | transfers. |
| documentation and | appropriate | |
| analysis, exchange | guidelines as in | Negative Determination |
| of skills and | <http://www.enca | with Conditions, 22 CFR |
| market | pafrica.org/SmallSc | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) |
| information; | aleGuidelines.htm>. | |
| equipment supply, | | |
| commodities, and, | As apt, activities | |
| establishment of | will be subjected | |
| links and networks | to a screening | |
| | process to identify | |
| Rehabilitation and | appropriate adverse | |
| development of | impact mitigation | |
| buildings | and monitoring | |
| involving | measures. | |
| constructions, | | |
| water and | | |
| sanitation | | |
| facilities and | | |
| establishment of | | |
| agribusiness | | |
| training centers. | | |
| Provision of | | |
| sub-grants | | |
+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------------+
| **IR 8.3 : Market | a\. No impacts | a\. Categorical |
| support programs | expected; | Exclusion, 22 CFR 216.2 |
| and services** | commodities will | (c)(2)(i), education, |
| | have no biophysical | technical assistance or |
| **Introduced and | actions on the | training; 216.2 |
| expanded.** | environment | (c)(2)(iii): analyses, |
| | | studies, academic or |
| a\. Technical | b\. A programmatic | research workshops and |
| assistance, | or sectoral EA | meetings; 216.2 |
| training | approach is | (c)(2)(v): document and |
| workshops; | recommended. See | information transfers. |
| equipment supply, | Section 4.2.1. | |
| commodities, | | b\. A **Positive |
| establishment of | c\. An | Determination** is |
| links and | Environmental | recommended per 22 CFR |
| networks; and; | Assessment on the | 216.2(d)(viii) and 22 CFR |
| information | suite of actions | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii), for |
| documentation, | planned is | road improvement. |
| analysis and | recommended. See | Specifically, a |
| transfer. | Sect. 4.2.1. | **Programmatic (or |
| | | sectoral) Environmental |
| b\. Rehabilitation | d\. These | Assessment (PEA) |
| of roads in | activities must | approach** is |
| southern Sudan | follow established | recommended, per 22 CFR |
| under SIP and | environmental | 216.6(d). |
| WFP/GTZ programs, | guidelines, or be | |
| and associated | subjected to a | c\. Positive |
| culverts, bridges, | screening process | Determination, per 22 CFR |
| etc. | to identify | 216.2(d)(i) for river |
| | appropriate adverse | basin development, (ii) |
| c\. Rehabilitation | impact mitigation | irrigation or water |
| of dikes in North | and monitoring | management; and (iv) |
| and South Bor, and | measures. | drainage projects. |
| associated water | | |
| management | e\. An appropriate | d\. Negative |
| infrastructure, | screening process | Determination with |
| incl. pilot | to be designed to | Conditions, per 22 CFR |
| drainage- and | identify | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) |
| irrigation works. | appropriate adverse | |
| | impact mitigation | e\. Negative |
| d\. Rehabilitation | and monitoring | Determination with |
| and development of | measures. | Conditions, per 22 CFR |
| buildings and | | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) |
| minor roads and | | |
| other key | | |
| infrastructure | | |
| (telephone and | | |
| power supply | | |
| networks), | | |
| building | | |
| constructions and, | | |
| water and | | |
| sanitation | | |
| facilities for | | |
| agribusiness | | |
| training centers. | | |
| | | |
| e\. Provision of a | | |
| subgrants, loan | | |
| fund for | | |
| microfinance | | |
| institutions; and | | |
| technical | | |
| assistance and | | |
| sub-grants for | | |
| HIV/AIDS programs | | |
+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------------+
| **IR 8.4: | No potential for | Categorical Exclusion, 22 |
| Transparent | direct impact on | CFR 216.2 (c)(2)(i), |
| policymaking | the environment. | education, technical |
| processes | | assistance or training; |
| encouraged.** | | 216.2 (c)(2)(iii): |
| | | analyses, studies, |
| Technical | | academic or research |
| assistance, | | workshops and meetings; |
| training | | 216.2 (c)(2)(v): document |
| workshops; | | and information |
| meetings, making | | transfers; and |
| policies, | | 216.2(c)(2)(xiv), for |
| regulations and | | studies, projects or |
| laws affecting | | programs intended to |
| ownership and | | develop the capability of |
| utilization of | | recipient countries and |
| natural resources, | | organizations to engage |
| agricultural | | in development planning. |
| production and | | |
| marketing, | | |
| enterprise | | |
| creation and | | |
| profitability, and | | |
| macroeconomic | | |
| policy; funding | | |
| and research and | | |
| analysis in | | |
| economic and | | |
| natural resources | | |
| policy. | | |
+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------------+
TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED THRESHOLD DETEMINATIONS FOR SUDAN SO 7:
INCREASED USE OF HEALTH, WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES.
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **Key Elements of | **Threshold | **Impact Issues & |
| Program/Activities** | Determination &** | Mitigation |
| | | Conditions and/or |
| | **22 CFR 216 | Proactive |
| | Citation** | Interventions** |
+=========================+======================+=====================+
| **SO 7: Increased Use | | |
| of Health, Water and | | |
| Sanitation Services** | | |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **Intermediate Result | Categorical | No biophysical |
| 7.1: Increased access | Exclusion: | interventions |
| to high-impact | | involved |
| services.** | 22 CFR 216.2 | |
| | (c)(2)(i), | CE applies except |
| Technical assistance, | education, technical | to the extent that |
| education and training | assistance or | activities might |
| workshops, meetings, | training; 216.2 | directly affect the |
| information | (c)(2)(iii): | environment (such |
| documentation, analysis | analyses, studies, | as construction of |
| and transfer for | academic or research | facilities, water |
| equipment supply, | workshops and | supply systems, |
| community-based health | meetings; 216.2 | waste water |
| care, child survival; | (c)(2)(v): document | treatment extent |
| maternal and child | and information | designed to include |
| health care; improved | transfer; | activities, etc.) |
| nutrition; and | | |
| improvement drugs | 216.2 (c)(2)(viii) | |
| availability | for programs | |
| | involving nutrition, | |
| | health care or | |
| | population and | |
| | family planning | |
| | services; and | |
| | 216.2(c)(xiv) | |
| | programs intended to | |
| | develop capability | |
| | of recipient | |
| | countries to engage | |
| | in development | |
| | planning. | |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **Intermediate Result | Negative | For activities that |
| 7.1:** cont'd. | Determination with | will increase |
| | | access to quality |
| To the extent they | Conditions | immunization |
| involve health care | | services, the |
| waste management: | 22 CFR 216.3 | program must make |
| vaccinations; | (a)(2)(iii) | reasonable efforts |
| community-based health | | to assure |
| care, child survival; | | development and |
| maternal and child | | implementation of |
| health care | | an adequate medical |
| | | waste management |
| | | program. Consult |
| | | EGSSA |
| | | ([www.encapafr |
| | | ica.org](http://www |
| | | .encapafrica.org/)) |
| | | and utilize the |
| | | Minimal Program |
| | | Checklist (Annex |
| | | A). |
| | | |
| | | (Further details |
| | | re: medical waste |
| | | management |
| | | conditions are |
| | | given following |
| | | this table.) |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **Intermediate Result | Negative | Team responsible |
| 7.1:** cont'd. | Determination with | for the |
| | | construction and |
| Construction of primary | Conditions | related activities |
| health centre units | | is expected to |
| with FFW | 22 CFR 216.3 | apply the Africa |
| | (a)(2)(iii) | Bureau |
| | | *Environmental |
| | | Guidelines for |
| | | Small-scale |
| | | Activities in |
| | | Africa (EGSSAA).* |
| | | The URL is: |
| | | (<http://www.enc |
| | | apafrica.org/SmallS |
| | | caleGuidelines.htm> |
| | | |
| | | (Further details |
| | | re: small scale |
| | | construction |
| | | conditions are |
| | | given following |
| | | this table.) |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.1 cont'd.** | Negative | See conditions |
| | Determination with | under IR 7.3, for |
| Malaria control (using | | increased use of |
| anti-malarial | Conditions | ITNs |
| medications and | | |
| increased use of | 22 CFR 216.3 | |
| insecticide-treated | (a)(2)(iii) | |
| nets). | | |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.2: Increased | Categorical | No biophysical |
| Sudanese capacity, | Exclusion: | interventions |
| particularly women's, | | involved |
| to deliver and manage | 22 CFR 216.2 | |
| health services.** | (c)(2)(i), | CE applies except |
| | education, technical | to the extent that |
| Providing technical | assistance or | activities might |
| assistance; education | training; 216.2 | directly affect the |
| and training workshops | (c)(2)(iii): | environment (such |
| for health workers; | analyses, studies, | as construction of |
| information analysis, | academic or research | facilities, water |
| documentation and | workshops and | supply systems, |
| transfer for | meetings; 216.2 | waste water |
| distribution of | (c)(2)(v): document | treatment extent |
| training materials, | and information | designed to include |
| development of | transfer; | activities, etc.) |
| cost-sharing policy | | |
| modules, acceleration | 216.2 (c)(2)(viii) | |
| of community training, | for programs | |
| establishment of basic | involving nutrition, | |
| public health systems; | health care or | |
| and formulation of | population and | |
| health policies (e.g. | family planning | |
| treatment and control | services; and | |
| of malaria and | 216.2(c)(xiv) | |
| tuberculosis); | programs intended to | |
| | develop capability | |
| | of recipient | |
| | countries to engage | |
| | in development | |
| | planning. | |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.2, cont'd.** | Negative | Must be subjected |
| | Determination with | to a screening |
| Providing sub-grants | | process to identify |
| | Conditions- 22 CFR | appropriate adverse |
| | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) | impact mitigation |
| | | and monitoring |
| | | measures. |
| | | |
| | | (Further details |
| | | regarding the |
| | | environmental |
| | | screening process |
| | | are given following |
| | | this table.) |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.2, cont'd.** | Negative | Team responsible |
| | Determination with | for the |
| Construction of or | | construction and |
| rehabilitation of | Conditions- 22 CFR | related activities |
| community health worker | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii), | is expected to |
| training institutes | as these will have a | consult the Africa |
| | direct effect on the | Bureau |
| | environment | *Environmental |
| | | Guidelines for |
| | | Small-scale |
| | | Activities in |
| | | Africa (EGSSAA).* |
| | | The URL is: |
| | | (<http://www.enc |
| | | apafrica.org/SmallS |
| | | caleGuidelines.htm> |
| | | |
| | | (Further details |
| | | regarding small |
| | | scale construction |
| | | conditions are |
| | | given following |
| | | this table.) |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.3: Increased | Categorical | No biophysical |
| demand for health | Exclusion: | interventions |
| services and | | involved |
| practices.** | 22 CFR 216.2 | |
| | (c)(2)(i), | . |
| Technical assistance; | education, technical | |
| education and training | assistance or | |
| workshops; development | training; 216.2 | |
| of radio communication | (c)(2)(iii): | |
| programs; meetings; | analyses, studies, | |
| and, information | academic or research | |
| documentation analysis | workshops and | |
| and transfer for | meetings; 216.2 | |
| dissemination of health | (c)(2)(v): document | |
| information, support | and information | |
| for primary health care | transfer; and | |
| centers. | | |
| | 216.2 (c)(2)(viii) | |
| | for programs | |
| | involving nutrition, | |
| | health care or | |
| | population and | |
| | family planning | |
| | services. | |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.3, cont'd.** | Negative | Must be subjected |
| | Determination with | to a screening |
| Providing sub-grants | | process to identify |
| | Conditions, 22 CFR | appropriate adverse |
| | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) | impact mitigation |
| | | and monitoring |
| | | measures. |
| | | |
| | | (Further details |
| | | regarding the |
| | | environmental |
| | | screening process |
| | | are given following |
| | | this table.) |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.3 cont'd.** | Negative | If provision of |
| | Determination with | supplies will |
| Malaria control, | | include insecticide |
| through increased use | Conditions, 22 CFR | treated bednets |
| of insecticide-treated | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) | (ITNs), the |
| nets. | | USAID/SFO Health |
| | **Deferred:** | Team and partner |
| Activities to increase | Treatment or | organizations will |
| access and use of | retreatment of nets | be required to use |
| long-lasting | | reliable brands of |
| insecticide treated | | long-lasting |
| bednets (LLITN). | | treated nets and |
| | | adhere to other the |
| Insecticidal treatment | | stipulations made |
| or re-treatment of ITNs | | in the USAID Africa |
| | | Bureau |
| | | [Programmatic |
| | | Environmental |
| | | Assessment for |
| | | Insecticide-Treated |
| | | Materials in USAID |
| | | Activities in |
| | | Sub-Saharan |
| | | Africa](htt |
| | | p://www.afr-sd.org/ |
| | | documents/iee/docs/ |
| | | 32AFR2_ITM_PEA.doc) |
| | | (ITM PEA). |
| | | |
| | | If a need for net |
| | | treatment or |
| | | retreatment arises, |
| | | USAID/SFO will |
| | | draft and gain |
| | | approval for a |
| | | "Pesticide |
| | | Evaluation Report |
| | | and Safer Use |
| | | Action Plan" |
| | | (PERSUAP) for the |
| | | ITN program. If any |
| | | vector control |
| | | measures involving |
| | | pesticides are |
| | | recommended, these |
| | | pesticides must be |
| | | approved by the |
| | | USEPA and the |
| | | GFDRC, and a |
| | | PERSUAP covering |
| | | safe use of these |
| | | pesticides |
| | | prepared. |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.3 cont'd**. | Negative | Mitigating Actions: |
| | Determination with | |
| Establishment of | | For activities that |
| HIV/AIDS voluntary | Conditions, 22 CFR | will involve |
| counseling and testing | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) | expanded provision |
| (VCT) | | of the VCT |
| | | services, the |
| | | development and |
| | | implementation of a |
| | | medical waste |
| | | management program |
| | | is advised. Consult |
| | | EGSSA |
| | | ([www.encapafr |
| | | ica.org](http://www |
| | | .encapafrica.org/)) |
| | | and utilize the |
| | | Minimal Program |
| | | Checklist (Annex |
| | | A). |
| | | |
| | | (Further details |
| | | re: medical waste |
| | | management |
| | | conditions are |
| | | given following |
| | | this table.) |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.4: Improved | Categorical | No biophysical |
| access to safe water | Exclusion: | interventions |
| and sanitation.** | | involved, per se. |
| | 22 CFR 216.2 | |
| Technical assistance | (c)(2)(i), | |
| for water and | education, technical | |
| sanitation maintenance; | assistance or | |
| education and training | training; 216.2 | |
| workshops for public | (c)(2)(iii): | |
| health and hygiene | analyses, studies, | |
| promotion and hand pump | academic or research | |
| maintenance; meetings; | workshops and | |
| dissemination of health | meetings; 216.2 | |
| information, and | (c)(2)(v): document | |
| community | and information | |
| sensitization. | transfer; and | |
| | | |
| | 216.2 (c)(2)(viii) | |
| | for programs | |
| | involving nutrition, | |
| | health care or | |
| | population and | |
| | family planning | |
| | services. | |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.4 cont'd.** | Negative | Must be subjected |
| | Determination with | to a screening |
| Providing grants, and | | process to identify |
| food for work programs | Conditions, 22 CFR | appropriate adverse |
| | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) | impact mitigation |
| | | and monitoring |
| | . | measures |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| **IR 7.4 cont'd.** | Negative | Will have a direct |
| | Determination with | effect on the |
| **Small-scale | | environment. |
| construction, Water & | Conditions, 22 CFR | Mitigation: The |
| Sanitation | 216.3 (a)(2)(iii) | team responsible |
| infrastructure:** | | for the |
| Drilling new boreholes | . | construction and |
| and rehabilitation of | | related activities |
| old boreholes; | | is expected to |
| development of | | consult and apply |
| traditional hand-dug | | the best practices |
| shallow wells; | | and principles in |
| protection of water | | the Africa Bureau |
| catchments areas | | *Environmental |
| (forests); and, | | Guidelines for |
| construction of new | | Small-scale |
| latrines and | | Activities in |
| rehabilitation of old | | Africa (EGSSAA).* |
| latrines | | The URL is: |
| | | (<http://www.enc |
| | | apafrica.org/SmallS |
| | | caleGuidelines.htm> |
| | | |
| | | (Further details |
| | | regarding small |
| | | scale construction |
| | | and water and |
| | | sanitation |
| | | conditions are |
| | | given following |
| | | this table.) |
+-------------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
### Style Tips for IEE Writers[^3]
Last Updated: April 28, 2004
Simple, clear writing helps improve the quality of analysis, and speeds
the review and approval of environmental reviews. The Africa Bureau
Environmental Officer therefore asks that you follow these style tips
for writers preparing IEEs and other environmental documentation that
covers Africa Bureau activities:
- In general, IEEs and/or Requests for Categorical Exclusion should be
prepared at the Strategic Objective or otherwise most inclusive
level possible (e.g., IR). The basic organization of each IEE should
be as given in the attached templates.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- The key organizing principle for the entire document should be a
listing of the activities and/or intermediate results covered by the
SO. Each section, to the extent relevant (mainly Section 1, 3, 4,
and the summary), should refer to the IRs and activities. Use this
organization scheme in 1) describing the activities; 2) analyzing
the potential environmental impact of each activity, 3) recommending
threshold decisions for each IR/activity, and 4) proposing
mitigation measures for each IR's/activity's potential impacts.
- Keep writing simple & clear. Use short sentences. ~~The passive
voice should be avoided~~...Avoid the passive voice.
- For amendments, include the following information in the [first
paragraph]{.underline} of the Summary:
> \-- Identify the IEE being amended;
>
> \-- state the reason for the amendment;
>
> \-- summarize the differences between the amendment & the original in
> terms of activities & environmental determinations.
>
> \-- when some parts of the determinations in the previous IEE are
> being carried forward without amendment, be sure to summarize what
> those parts indicated, and particularly any conditions which must
> still be followed.
- Be brief. Tell what the activity involves, what impact it may have,
& what you propose be done about that. If supporting documents are
needed, attach them &/or refer to them, but there is no need to copy
huge passages into the IEE.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Use bullets, tables & other formatting devices to best organize
information & to reduce verbiage. For example, a table is most often
the best way to present the findings in Section 4, Recommended
Threshold Decisions & Mitigation Actions.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Limit the Summary of Findings section on the face sheets to one page
if at all possible, two pages at a maximum. The Summary of Findings
must include all Threshold Determinations and applicable Conditions,
if any. The Section 5 Summary of Findings may be longer.
- Refer to other IEEs as models when drafting an IEE...but do so
carefully. Look for similar IEEs when harvesting technical
suggestions, but take care to also look for good style examples that
meet the above recommendations.
- Send the IEE to the REO for review and editing before submitting to
the Africa Bureau BEO in Washington for clearance. See Figure 3.3 in
the [EPTM](http://www.encapafrica.org/EPTM.htm) for Africa, IEE
Submission Process.
### USAID Biosafety "First Review, Proposal and Reporting" Requirements
The draft ADS chapter 211 "Biosafety Procedures for Genetic Engineering
Research" is not yet widely available. Summarized here is ADS Section
211.3.1, regarding mandatory procedures for the transfer to, testing of,
or use outside of contained facilities in developing countries of all GE
products (e.g., plants, microorganisms, livestock vaccines, animals, or
insects). Laboratory research involving GE products in both the U.S. and
developing countries is covered under current USAID provisions
referencing National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines. The
mandatory procedures apply to:
- All USAID-funded transfers of GE products from the U.S. to
developing countries for testing or use outside a contained
facility;
- The testing of GE products in the developing country in which they
were developed; and
- The transfer of GE products from one developing country to another.
USAID-funded GE-product development and implementation partners are
prohibited from transferring or releasing GE products prior to obtaining
the required written approval from USAID, as detailed in ADS 211.3.1. In
addition, applicable national laws (e.g., biosafety, shipping/packaging,
sanitary, or phytosanitary standards) must be adhered to.
**Regarding the first review of initial transfer, testing, or use** (ADS
211.3.1), the responsible actors (grantee /contractor, etc.), shall
follow the USAID biosafety review process:
**Proposal.** The implementing parties must: provide a proposal
containing required information on the proposed transfer, testing, or
use that the grantee/contractor. The goes to the USAID Cognizant
Technical Officer (CTO) or Strategic Objective (SO) Team, before
supporting GE products for testing or use. , the grantee/contractor must
submit a proposal for approval by USAID.
**External Review for USAID**. This proposal will be forwarded by the
CTO to the USAID Biosafety Officer for external review. The Biosafety
Officer will arrange for an external biosafety review of the proposal.
**Certification of Host Country Approval**. Documentation must be
provided demonstrating approval by the host country authorities of the
proposed transfer, testing, or use that the grantee/contractor must
provide to the USAID CTO or SO Team. If the country has a national
biosafety authority or focal point (e.g., as required by Parties to the
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety), the letter of approval must come from
this designated authority.
These procedures in this section apply to the first transfer, testing,
or use of a particular GE product under a particular set of conditions.
Streamlined procedures for the subsequent transfer, testing, or use of
the same GE product under the same set of conditions are stated in
211.3.2.
The grantee/contractor or host country collaborator must submit to the
USAID CTO or SO Team a letter or letters from the relevant authority in
the host country approving the transfer and/or release of the GE
product, including any specific conditions imposed by the host country.
USAID will not grant approval of the transfer or testing in the absence
of this letter or letters of approval.
# February 22, 2002
#
### USAID/AFR guidance: preparing PERSUAPs for pesticide programs in Africa
#### [Overview of review requirements]{.underline}
All USAID activities are subject to evaluation via, at minimum, an
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE). And because of risk concerns
presented by pesticides, the USAID environmental regulations require
that at least the 12 factors outlined in the Pesticide Procedures
described in 22 CFR 216.3 (b)(1)(i) (a through l) be addressed in the
IEE for any program that includes assistance for the procurement or use
of pesticides. The Africa Bureau asks that these factors be examined in
a particular type of document, termed a "Pesticide Evaluation Report and
Safer Use Action Plan" (PERSUAP), which is submitted as an attachment to
the IEE. (Note: the IEE itself can be very brief, with the analytical
work contained in the attached PERSUAP.) The PERSUAP focuses on the
particular circumstances of the program in question, the risk management
choices available, and how a risk management plan would be implemented
in the field. Further details about what to include in a PERSUAP are
given below.
Why is a local-level assessment such as a PERSUAP needed for USAID
pesticide programs? To help in understanding the utility, consider the
U.S. system for promoting pesticide safety. When the USEPA registers
pesticides for use in the United States, it specifies the manner in
which the product can be "safely" used (i.e., with an acceptably small
risk), including safety equipment needed when applying the pesticide,
how to apply it, the allowed uses, etc. But the context in which EPA
makes these registration decisions is important to note. An extensive
system of capabilities and resources exist in this country that help
give EPA confidence these specifications will be followed and the
product will be used appropriately. These include a 97% literacy rate
meaning most of the population can read labels; close control by EPA
over the content of the label; training requirements and programs for
those pesticide products that require applicator certification; worker
protection requirements; occupational safety regulations; and relatively
effective federal, state and local enforcement mechanisms. In allowing
the use of certain pesticides in its African programs, USAID cannot rely
on the same societal capabilities and resources that the USEPA does to
assure appropriate use of the product. The preparation of a PERSUAP
gives a program manager the opportunity to consider practical actions by
which to reduce the risks of using pesticide products in a program,
taking into consideration the context in which the products will be
used, the particular elements of the program, and the different
capacities of the partners involved.
#### [Who prepares a PERSUAP?]{.underline}
Program managers are generally responsible for assuring that
environmental review requirements for their programs are met, including
PERSUAPs. As for all environmental reviews, guidance and assistance for
PERSUAPs is available from the the appropriate Mission Environmental
Officer (MEO), Regional Environmental Officer (REO), the Africa Bureau
Environmental Officer (BEO), or the BEO/DCHA if Title II (PL 480) funds
are involved.. Considerable reference materials, as well as examples of
other PERSUAPs, are available through these contacts, or directly from
the Africa Bureau's ENCAP program website, www.encapafrica.org.
#### [Components of an activity-level PERSUAP]{.underline}
A PERSUAP basically consists of two parts, a "PER" and a "SUAP." The
Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) section addresses the 12 informational
elements required in the Agency's Pesticide Procedures. The Safer Use
Action Plan (SUAP) puts the conclusions reached in the PER into a plan
of action, including assignment of responsibility to appropriate parties
connected with the pesticide program.
Below are three annexes which further elaborate the content needed in a
PERSUAP:
*1. Detailed guidance for developing a Pesticide Evaluation Report:*
provides detailed guidance on the information that should be provided in
the Pesticide Evaluation Report, following the 12 informational elements
required by the Pesticide Procedures section of USAID's environmental
regulations.
2\. *Representative Elements for a Safer Use Action Plan*: Describes the
elements needed in a plan that takes action to assure issues resolved in
the Pesticide Evaluation Report are resolved in the implementation of
the development program being reviewed.
***3. "A Practical Guide To Reducing Pesticide Risks in Development
Projects":*** This brief guide was prepared by staff of the UNFAO, and
provides a useful list of problems to watch for as well as practical
responses. USAID programs using pesticides would do well to use this
guide as a checklist to look for problems and as a source of inspiration
for ways to deal with those problems.
*Annex 1: Detailed guidance for the development of a Pesticide
Evaluation Report*
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| USAID "Pesticide | Specific Guidance for Pesticide PERSUAP |
| Procedures" Element and | |
| Description | |
| | |
| (from USAID Pest | |
| Management Guidelines, | |
| 1991) | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| a. **USEPA | In the PERSUAP: *Identify the registration |
| registration status | status in the U.S. and in the host |
| of the proposed | country. Identify the formulated pesticide |
| pesticide**. | product to be used*. |
| Pesticides are | |
| registered in the | USAID is effectively limited to using |
| U.S. by active | pesticide active ingredients registered in |
| ingredient and by | the U.S. by the U.S. Environmental |
| formulation. | Protection Agency for the same or similar |
| "Registration | uses. Other pesticides not registered in |
| status" | the U.S. may be authorized, but only if |
| possibilities of | the USAID program can show that no |
| the active | alternatives are not available, as |
| ingredients and the | required under USAID Pest Management |
| formulated products | Guidelines for the use on non-U.S. |
| include registered, | registered pesticides. Host country |
| never registered, | pesticide registration procedures must |
| and cancelled. | also be identified and followed. |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| b. **Basis for | In the PERSUAP: *Explain the basis for |
| selection of the | selection of the pesticide product to be |
| pesticide**: This | used, including active ingredient and |
| refers to the | formulation.* |
| economic and | |
| environmental | Pesticide product selection may be driven |
| rationale for | by a number of factors, including |
| choosing a | efficacy, price, availability, safety, |
| particular | etc. All things being equal, a program |
| pesticide. In | should choose the pesticide active |
| general, the least | ingredient and formulation that presents |
| toxic pesticide | the least overall risk. |
| that is effective | |
| is selected. | Formulation is a key determinant of |
| | toxicity, and should be considered in |
| | selecting a particular pesticide product. |
| | Formulation can also have an impact on |
| | exposure; for example, solid formulations |
| | can eliminate the potential for poisoning |
| | through accidental exposure to |
| | concentrated liquid product. |
| | |
| | Packaging can have a significant impact on |
| | exposure potential. Large containers |
| | necessarily introduce hazardous product |
| | transfer steps, as well as the possibility |
| | that the product will end up in a smaller, |
| | poorly labeled container. Smaller |
| | containers are generally better for use in |
| | USAID programs. |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| c. **Extent to which | In the PERSUAP: *Describe the extent to |
| the proposed | which the proposed product(s) is/are or |
| pesticide use is, | could be a part of an IPM program. |
| or could be, part | Describe the connection between the USAID |
| of an IPM | activity and regional, national and local |
| program**: USAID | control programs (as appropriate).* |
| policy promotes the | |
| development and use | Integrated pest management, and its public |
| of integrated | health counterpart, integrated vector |
| approaches to pest | management, is USAID policy because it is |
| management whenever | the most effective, economical, and safest |
| possible. This | approach to pest control. "Integrated pest |
| section discusses | management attempts to control pests in an |
| the extent to which | economically and environmentally rational |
| the proposed | manner; it emphasizes non-chemical tactics |
| pesticide use is | which cause minimal disruption to the |
| incorporated into | ecosystem."[^4] USAID programs should |
| an overall IPM | assure that the choice of pesticides was |
| strategy. | made after consideration of other pest |
| | management options available, and that |
| | this is the most effective and |
| | environmentally sound option available. |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| d. **Proposed method | In the PERSUAP: *As stated, describe in |
| or methods of | detail how the pesticide is to be applied |
| application, | and the measures to be taken to ensure its |
| including the | safe use.* |
| availability of | |
| application and | |
| safety equipment**: | |
| This section | |
| examines in detail | |
| how the pesticide | |
| is to be applied | |
| and the measures to | |
| be taken to ensure | |
| its safe use. | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| e. **Any acute and | In the PERSUAP: *Describe measures the |
| long-term | program will take to reduce the potential |
| toxicological | for exposing humans or nontarget organisms |
| hazards, either | to selected pesticides. Also describe |
| human or | monitoring measures that will allow the |
| environmental, | program to identify problems with users |
| associated with the | applying other pesticides.* |
| proposed use, and | |
| measures available | **It is recommended that this be the key |
| to minimize such | section of the PERSUAP, in which the |
| hazards**: This | majority, or perhaps all, of the planned |
| section of the IEE | mitigation measures are described.** To |
| examines the acute | address this element, the PERSUAP should |
| and chronic | summarize the toxicity to humans and other |
| toxicological data | non-target organisms of the pesticide |
| associated with the | products chosen for the program in |
| proposed pesticide. | question, the potential exposure |
| In addition to | opportunities presented by those products, |
| hazards, this | and the risk reduction actions the program |
| section of the IEE | will take to minimize such exposure |
| also discusses | opportunities. The risk reduction actions |
| measures designed | should be described in sufficient detail |
| to mitigate any | to show that they are indeed workable |
| identified | solutions. If protective clothing is |
| toxicological | recommended, for example, assurance should |
| hazards, such as | be provided that a sustainable source of |
| training of | such protective clothing has been |
| applicators, use of | identified, a schedule for its |
| protective | replacement, training in its use, etc. |
| clothing, and | |
| proper storage. | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| f. **Effectiveness of | In the PERSUAP: *Explain what |
| the requested | recommendations or evidence suggests that |
| pesticide for the | the ITM products proposed are effective in |
| proposed use**: | the program area.* |
| This section of the | |
| PERSUAP requires | |
| information similar | |
| to that provided in | |
| item b, but more | |
| specific to the | |
| actual conditions | |
| of application. | |
| This section also | |
| considers the | |
| potential for the | |
| development of pest | |
| resistance to the | |
| proposed | |
| insecticide. | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| g. **Compatibility of | In the PERSUAP: *Describe efforts that are |
| the proposed | being made to minimize environmental |
| pesticide use with | exposure to pesticide products.* |
| target and | |
| non-target | This section should address the toxicity |
| ecosystems**: This | of the products and the environmental risk |
| section examines | mitigation measures that the program will |
| the potential | take. The key options for environmental |
| effect of the | risk mitigation are product choice and |
| pesticide on | exposure reduction. In this section, |
| organisms other | therefore, describe the relative |
| than the target | environmental risk of the product chosen |
| pest (for example, | versus the other options. Also describe |
| the effect on bee | efforts the program will make to reduce |
| colonies kept in | exposure of the environment, through |
| the area). | choice of pesticide product and packaging, |
| Non-target species | preparation of educational materials, |
| of concern also | training, etc. |
| include birds and | |
| fish. The potential | This question might also be covered in |
| for negative impact | response to question (e), and if so, |
| on non-target | simply reference that section without |
| species should be | repeating it. |
| assessed and | |
| appropriate steps | |
| should be | |
| identified to | |
| mitigate adverse | |
| impacts. | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| h. **Conditions under | In the PERSUAP: *Describe the |
| which the pesticide | environmental conditions under which the |
| is to be used, | pesticide is to be used, identifying any |
| including climate, | environmental factors that might be |
| flora, fauna, | particularly sensitive or subject to |
| geography, | contamination from re-treatment |
| hydrology, and | operations.* |
| soils**: This | |
| section examines | This item refers to particular |
| issues such as the | environmental factors that might |
| potential for | accentuate the effects of exposure to |
| contamination of | pesticides, and the potential need for |
| surface and | measures to reduce those risks. Examples |
| groundwater | of special conditions that need to be |
| sources. | noted here include sensitive ecosystems in |
| | the project area and superficial |
| | groundwater tables. |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| i. **Availability of | In the PERSUAP*: Describe other pest |
| other pesticides or | management options being pursued in the |
| non-chemical | geographic area of the activity, either as |
| control methods**: | part of the USAID activity or otherwise, |
| This section | and explain why this particular vector |
| identifies other | control method was chosen over other |
| options for control | available options.* |
| of pests and their | |
| relative advantages | |
| and disadvantages. | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| j. **Host country's | In the PERSUAP: *Summarize the host |
| ability to regulate | country's capacity and structure for the |
| or control the | regulation of public health and |
| distribution, | agricultural pesticides. Identify the |
| storage, use, and | approval/registration status of the |
| disposal of the | pesticide product in the host country.* |
| requested | |
| pesticide**: This | The host country's capacity and structure |
| section examines | for the regulation of public health and |
| the host country's | agricultural pesticides should be |
| existing | summarized. A critical issue for a |
| infrastructure and | pesticide activity supported by the Agency |
| human resources for | is the extent to which the host country's |
| managing the use of | regulatory oversight will help to control |
| the proposed | distribution, storage, use and disposal of |
| pesticide. If the | the pesticide products in question. USAID |
| host country's | activities should always be in compliance |
| ability to regulate | with local environmental and public laws |
| pesticides is | and regulations, but that is not |
| inadequate, the | necessarily enough. If host country |
| proposed action | regulatory systems and institutions are |
| could result in | not sufficient to give a reasonable |
| greater harm to the | expectation that environmentally sound |
| environment. | practices will be enforced, USAID still |
| | bears responsibility for assuring |
| | environmental protection at each of these |
| | steps in the pesticide life cycle. |
| | |
| | Government oversight over pesticides is |
| | important for controlling the quality of |
| | products as well as their |
| | environmentally-sound use and disposal. |
| | USAID programs of substantial size should |
| | generally include an element of |
| | capacity-building work with host country |
| | institutions that govern public health |
| | pesticide use. These measures should be |
| | identified in this chapter of the PERSUAP. |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| k. **Provision for | In the PERSUAP: *Describe the provisions |
| training of users | made to train and educate those who will |
| and applicators**: | be using the pesticides.* |
| USAID recognizes | |
| that safety | |
| training is an | |
| essential component | |
| in programs | |
| involving the use | |
| of pesticides. The | |
| need for thorough | |
| training is | |
| particularly acute | |
| in developing | |
| countries, where | |
| the level of | |
| education of | |
| applicators may | |
| typically be lower | |
| than in developed | |
| countries. | |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| l. **Provision made | In the PERSUAP: *Describe monitoring and |
| for monitoring the | evaluation programs for pesticide use |
| use and | activities, and the health and |
| effectiveness of | environmental safety-related information |
| this pesticide**: | that is collected via this M and E |
| Evaluating the | capacity.* |
| risks and benefits | |
| of pesticide use | Monitoring programs should actively |
| should be an | investigate, to the extent possible, the |
| ongoing, dynamic | following issues: |
| process. | |
| | - Effectiveness of Information, |
| | Education and Communication materials |
| | and activities in promoting safe |
| | handling, use and disposal of |
| | pesticide products. |
| | |
| | - Adverse health and environmental |
| | effects and the frequency and severity |
| | with which they occur. |
| | |
| | - Quality control of pesticide products. |
| | |
| | - Effectiveness of the chosen products |
| | and their alternatives, including |
| | whether or not resistance is |
| | developing. |
| | |
| | - Safe and effective pesticide use and |
| | handling practices by program staff |
| | and end users. |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
#
#### *Annex 1: Representative Elements for Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan*
A pesticide safe use action plan should:
- **Be programmatically linked to national pesticide registration and
pest management programs**
- **Ensure formal national registration of pesticides**
- Establish pesticide quality standards and control procedures
- Provide for enforcement
- Require good packaging and clear and adequate labeling
- **Define and assure safe use practices**
- Identify pesticides appropriate for use, selecting the least
toxic insecticides and formulations possible, and considering
non-pesticide alternatives.
- Define appropriate methods of pesticide handling, storage,
transport, use and disposal.
- Assure accessibility of protective clothing and equipment needed.
- Training, development and distribution of appropriate
information, education and communication
- Specific IEC messages, along with sale and treatment, regarding
the proper handling, use, disposal of pesticides, and related
waste, at the distribution, storage, handling, use, disposal
stages, at all levels, but especially at the village and
household levels.
- **Emphasize operational research & monitoring & evaluation**: Roles
of key actors
- Quality control of insecticide(s)
- Research on alternative insecticides and effectiveness under
local conditions
- Mosquito susceptibility to insecticide(s) of choice
- Safe and effective use of insecticide by parties at all levels
- **Identify Roles and Responsibilities**:
- Public Sector: coordination, regulatory oversight and
management, defining environmental responsibilities, and others
- Commercial Private Sector
- Non-profit private sector, PVOs, NGOs
- **Integrate Mitigation Measures**, for example:
- Choice of USEPA-recommended pesticides
- Avoid disposal of treatment solution in bodies of water
- Avoid washing application equipment where the residues would
impinge on bodies of water
- For bulk pesticides, provisions for spill prevention and
clean-up
- **Disposal provisions for used pesticide containers**
## Annex 2: A Practical Guide To Reducing Pesticide Risks in Development Projects[^5]
**Basic principle of risk reduction**: risk must be evaluated in the
local conditions of the project or activity.
1) **Some common errors**
- Pesticide not registered in the host country
- Pesticide not evaluated/registered in the country of origin (OECD)
- Pesticide not efficacious for the planned use
- Formulation is not stable in tropical conditions
- Formulation not adapted for the available application equipment
- Quantities exceed the real need
- Pesticide is too dangerous for the users
- No label / in a foreign language
- Packaging of an inappropriate volume
- Packaging not strong enough
2) **Basic principles**
- Promote IPM as the preferred approach for pest control
- Reinforce the management of pesticides by the host country
- Use good practices in the provision of pesticides
3) **Constraints to IPM \-- pesticides**
- Aggressive marketing of pesticides
- Policies of government/donors
- Governmental policies / donors promote the use of pesticides
- Economic/financial
- Institutional
- Centralized decision-making in favor of pesticides
4) **Possible responses**
- Put in place a project/program for plant protection/vector control
- Put in place IPM/IVM projects/programs
- Donation/purchase of pesticides
5) **Use of pesticides in development projects \-- some recommendations
if one is obliged to use pesticides.**
**Stage 1 -- phytosanitary problem analysis**
- Is the pest biology known?
- Is the environment and are the farmer practices known?
- Is the pest impact known (financial loss)?
**Stage 2 -- analysis of management options.**
- Has the pesticide efficacy been evaluated for the crop/pest and
locality in question?
- Are agronomic/cultural measures known and applied?
- Is biological control possible?
- Has an IPM system been developed?
**Stage 3 -- risk reduction**
- Risk = toxicity x exposure
- Minimize the risk of the pesticides used by:
- Reducing toxicity of choices
- Reducing the duration of exposure
- Reducing the degree of exposure
6) **Risk reduction measures:**
##### Avoid use
- Avoid pesticide use, if possible.
- Avoid pesticide use as the only control option, if possible.
- Integrate pesticide use into an IPM system \-- minimize the
frequency and dose of applications
- Use pesticides as a last resort
###### Toxicity reduction
- Use the least toxic commercial products available -- basic
principles:
- Products authorized? \-- regulation.
- Products efficacious? \-- regulation / research
- Products acceptables to users? \-- extension / farmers' groups
- WHO acute toxicity classes:
> Ia Extremely hazardous
>
> Ib Highly hazardous
>
> II Moderately hazardous
>
> III Slightly hazardous
>
> U Unlikely to present any acute hazard in normal use
- Lists of concern :
- Products in WHO toxicity classes Ia, Ib (and II)
- Products not registered in OECD countries
- « PIC » or « POP » chemicals
(FAO: will not use Ia/Ib in development projects. World Bank / OECD:
will not finance Ia/Ib/(II) if use is directly by or accessible to small
farmers or in countries without good regulatory programs.)
####### **Exposure reduction**
- Prior to use
- Transport, Packaging, Storage
- During use (« safer use »)
- Training
- Formulation
- Equipment
- Protective material
- Buffer zones
- After use
- Waiting period
- Cleaning / bathing
- Storage
- Disposal
- Monitoring
[^1]: U.S. NIH Guidelines:
<http://www4.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines_02/NIH_Guidelines_Apr_02.htm>
[^2]: ADS 211- Biosafety Procedures for Genetic Engineering Research.
[^3]: Refer to the [Environmental Procedures Training
Manual](http://www.encapafrica.org/EPTM.htm) (EPTM) (AFR Edition),
Chapters 3 & 4 for comprehensive guidance on the choices and
approaches for preparing environmental documentation. See the
attached annotated templates.
Note that the EPTM Annex C presents two IEE formats, one for Title
II (Food for Peace) activities, another for non-Title II activities.
The difference is only in the Face Sheets formats. For historical
reasons, we continue to use two different formats in the Africa
Bureau., thus present both. But the Request for Categorical
Exclusion and the narrative formats are the same for both.
[^4]: USAID. 1990. Integrated Pest Management: A.I.D Policy and
Implementation.
[^5]: Translated from Oct. 2000 presentation at IPM workshop by H. van
der Walk, UNFAO Sahel Regional Program, Bamako, Mali.
|
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