Bookbinding/a_note_on_bookbinding_1904.md

NOTE ON BOOKBINDING
DOUGLAS COCKERELL

SUED BY W. H. SMITH & SON FOR
HEIR BOOKBINDING DEPARTMENT
PRICE ONE PENNY.

MESSRS. W. H. SMITH & SON HAVE ESTABLISHED FULLY EQUIPPED BOOKBINDING WORKSHOPS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF MR. DOUGLAS COCKERELL AND ARE IN A POSITION TO UNDERTAKE THE BINDING OF ANY BOOKS THAT MAY BE ENTRUSTED TO THEM FOR THAT PURPOSE

WHILE THEY WILL UNDERTAKE ALL STYLES OF BINDING, THEY DESIRE TO MAKE A SPECIALITY OF BINDING BOOKS STRICTly In accordance with the recommendations of the Special Committee of the Society of Arts on Leather for Bookbinding

BOOKS FOR BINDING MAY BE HANDED IN AT ANY OF W. H. SMITH & SON'S BOOK-STALLS, OR BRANCHES, OR SENT DIRECT TO THEIR BINDING DEPARTMENT, GOLD-SMITH STREET, DRURY LANE, LONDON

BOOKBINDING.

SOCIETY OF AMERICAN LIBRARIANS
SPECIFIC CATEGORIES
OF PERIODICAL LIBRARY BINDING

A NOTE ON BOOKBINDING
BY DOUGLAS COCKERELL

WITH EXTRACTS FROM THE
SPECIAL REPORT OF
THE SOCIETY OF ARTS ON
LEATHER FOR BOOKBINDING

ISSUED BY W. H. SMITH AND SON, 186
STRAND, LONDON, W.C., FOR THEIR
BOOKBINDING DEPARTMENT, 1904.

[API_EMPTY_RESPONSE]

A NOTE ON BOOKBINDING.

All owners of libraries have to get books bound from time to time, but comparatively few are able to give clear instructions to their binders. It doubtless saves some trouble if a previously bound volume is sent with a binding order, and the new work simply ordered "to pattern," but this habit of sticking to old patterns tends to prevent the binder from improving his work. During the last few years great pains have been taken to improve bookbinding, and it is safe to say that most patterns now in use could be improved upon without increasing their cost.

The late Mr. W. H. H. Bower, member of the Society of Art on " Leather for Bookbinding" has done much to set standards for good work and good materials, and the report, with its detailed specifications, should prove of great assistance to those who have to give orders for binding books.

Books for binding can be roughly divided into three classes:

1st. Books of value, or of special interest to their owners, that require to be bound as well as the binder can do them.

2nd. Books of permanent interest, but of

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Note on Book-binding.
no special value that require to be well and strongly bound, but for which the best and most careful work would be too expensive.

3rd. Books of temporary interest that need to be held together and kept neat and tidy for occasional reference.

In other words, some books must be bound as well as possible regardless of expense, some as cheaply as possible, others bound well and others as well as they can be bound cheaply. Rebinding a valuable old book is, at the best, a regrettable necessity, and if its value is to be preserved, the binder must take infinite pains with every detail. Such work should be done entirely by hand, and the binding built up step by step on the book—" made to measure," as it were—so that each part of the peculiar volume. Work on which a binder is expected to exercise thought and care on every point must take a long time to do, and therefore must be costly. Cheap binding must be done quickly, and to be done quickly it must be treated "in bulk" without much regard to the requirements of any one book. Up to a point there is no objection to work being quickly done, but such work should not be done well and strongly, and such work will suit ninety per cent. of books. It is the exceptional book that takes time to bind. The thought that has to be expended on a single binding in the one case, in the other

<page_number>6</page_number>

case is given to the first model only ; leaving the actual workmen free to work more or less mechanically on repetitions of a model with every detail of which they are familiar.
To take 100 square feet of cloth $1^{1} \times 5^{2}$ in full sealskin or morocco of the best quality, carrying out the " Society of Arts" specification I., and doing the work entirely by hand, and as well as it can be done, would cost from 21- to 25-, with title or no decoration.
If the cloth is finished with a coat of any sizing or washing, or if the cover were decorated with gold tooling, the cost would be a good deal heavier.
As this is too expensive for the binding of any books but those of value or of special interest, it will be necessary to consider what features he can best modify or leave out in order to lessen the cost.

Obviously, the first thing to cut off will be the decoration ; next, by making a " hall," in-stead of a " whole," binding about three-quarters of the coat of the leather can be saved. A little further, by cutting down the backs of the sections a little less nearly, and generally by lowering the standard of finish. By saving in every way, but still working to the specification, perhaps the cost can be halved without taking from the strength of the binding. This gives about 10,6 for the
Note on Book-binding.
<page_number>7</page_number>

Note on Book-binding.
cost of a half-morocco or half-seal binding of a crown 8vo book, sewn flexibly round the bands, and forwarded and lettered by hand.
The cost of the best material on such a binding would be about 1.8, and perhaps half of this could be saved by using inferior leather, mill-boards, etc., but for the sake of 10d. on a half-gumée binding this would be poor economy.
To reduce the cost of binding to this specification much below 10.6 a volume would necessitate a serious and unwarrantable lowering of the standard of work.
Recognising this, the Society of Arts Committee published a second specification for " Leather Binding."
To quote from their report:
"This form of binding (Specification I.) must be expensive, as it takes a long time to do. For most books a cheaper form is needed, and after examining and comparing many bindings that had been submitted, we consider that we have come to the conclusion that the binding of books sewn on tapes, with 'French joints,' generally fulfil the conditions best.
"The points of advantage claimed for a binding carried out under specification H. are:
I. - It need not be expensive.

<page_number>8</page_number>

2. The construction is sound through-out.
Note on Book-binding.
3. A book so bound should open well,
4. The French' joint enables com-
paratively thick leather to be used.
5. In the absence of raised bands
there is no reason for the undue
stretching of the leather in covering.
6. The backs of the sections are not
minded by hand.

By several on tapes instead of cords a smooth back is got, which saves time in the working, as it enables the backing to be done in the backing machine. Further time is saved by cutting the edges with the guillotine instead of with the plough ; in fact, there is a saving of material.

By substituting machine work for hand work in backing and cutting, and system for thought, the cost of a thoroughly strong half-seal binding for a crown 8vo book can be reduced to about 3/6. This allows of the use of the cheaper leather and other inferior materials. Further reductions in this price can only be the result of saving a penny here and a penny there, and unless the work is very roughly done, or the materials are inferior, 3/- or 3/6 is as cheap as any odd volume can be bound to this specification. Whole binding in the same style would cost about 8/- for a <page_number>9</page_number>

Note on crown 8vo book. In all classes of binding where there are large numbers of volumes of the same size to be bound, the work goes through much more quickly, and therefore more cheaply.

For a cheaper class of work it would be impossible to keep strictly to the specification. To save time, the backs of torn sections must be overtack instead of guarded, and pasted planks in instead of being guarded.

For the cheapest work, cases are made apart from the books, and cloth is substituted for leather. The weak point in case work is the pooress of the connection between book and binding, but this can be overcome at a very slight cost by using strong buckram ties, and using soft board like those used for the " Library Binding." Strong buckram bindings can be made in this way for about 1/6 for a crown 8vo, and if what is known as art-vellum or other cloth is used the cost would be about 3d. less.

When boards bound fail to open freely the binder is nearly always blamed for this serious defect, but quite often the fault lies with the choice of paper, which is habitually too thick and stiff for the size of the book. All the binder can do is to get the bend of the leaves as far to the back as possible, and to manage that as few leaves as may be are

<page_number>10</page_number>

beat at each opening. If a book is intended to the back instead of overcast, it should open right back to the sewing. If the back is overcast, or "sawn in," a portion of the backs of the leaves is taken up, and so the book cannot open flat.

When possible, and it would be possible in very many cases, it is better to bind **from** the sheets. Binders can get unbound copies of books from the publisher's stock; these will always be sounder than copies from which the publisher's cases have been removed.

Many modern books are printed on very poor paper. The heavily loaded "Art" paper used for printing half-tone blocks and music upon is perhaps the worst from the binder's point of view. This paper tends to readily flake off, so that anything pasted to it is apt to come away, bringing the surface with it, and as folding breaks the paper at the fold, it cannot be held securely by the sewing thread. This is especially troublesome in the case of many books that are bound which has to stand more than an ordinary amount of rough usage. Something can be done by strengthening the folds with guards, but this is an operation that adds to the cost of binding.

The following leathers are those in general use for binding books.

Note on Book-binding.

<page_number>11</page_number>

**SEALSKIN.**

Note on Binding.
Leather.

When properly prepared from the skin of the Greenland seal this leather is most durable and strongly recommended for library work.

PIGSKIN.

This leather is by nature somewhat firm and stiff, and is only suitable for large and heavy books. Skins which have been injured in the process of manufacture, in order to make them soft and easy to work, should not be used.

MOROCCO.

True moroccos are prepared from goat-skins. They vary in quality and price. The best "levant" moroccos are prepared from the skins of "Cape goats." Every care should be exercised in selecting suitable skins. No imitations shuld be used.

SHEEPSKIN, known as Basal, Ski- ver, etc., etc., and often artificially grained and sold as morocco.

Only specially prepared skins of mountain sheep should be used, as they provide a firmer and more durable leather than the skins of the lowland breeds. Although sheepskin is the cheapest material used for binding it is, if properly prepared, very serviceable. All sheepskins, however manufactured, should be correctly described.

"Persian" leather should not be used as,

<page_number>12</page_number>

although at first mechanically strong, it has little durability.

Note on Binding.
Calfskin is no exception to the general rule that the skin of immature animals are soft and wanting in durability. The early calfskin that has lasted well (15th & 16th Century) shows evidence of considerable growth, and indeed much of it would now be classed as hide.

Russia, prepared in Russia, should not be used at all as its method of manufacture renders it a very poor binding leather.

All leathers should be free from mineral acids, and should not be unduly stretched by the leather manufacturer or bookbinder.

It is an elementary rule of craft honesty that materials should be used as they are. No leather grained to look like a skin of a better quality should be used, as, apart from the fact that such graining by hot plates is very injurious, the process is, in its nature, a fraudulent one.

Sheepskin should be, frankly, sheepskin, and not bogue, morocco or piggskin.

Cloth may be, frankly, a woven material, and not ape the qualities of leather.

Each material has a natural characteristic surface and texture, which a craftsman should respect and make the most of.

<page_number>13</page_number>

HOW TO GIVE ORDERS FOR BINDING.
It is suggested that books for binding should be separated into classes :

Those that require to be treated individually and are worthy of the best hand work, and whole leather covers. This class of binding can be decorated or not, as desired.

I. Those that require individual treatment, but are not worth quite the best work, and for which half-binding will be sufficient.

By S. of Arts Specifi- cation.
The great majority of books that can be treated in bulk.
Books of permanent interest to be bound in whole or half-leather binding, "Library style," and Books of lesser interest to be bound cheaply in cloth.

II. It is well to give a binder definite instructions about the treatment of the edges of books. As a rule the edges of books of value are best left entirely plain, but in many cases that are much used are apt to be inconvenient.

Binders are always glad to have a note of the lettering desired for any unusual books, or books in foreign languages, but such notes are quite useless unless they are clearly written.

<page_number>14</page_number>

NOTES ON THE SPECIAL COM-
MITTEE OF THE SOCIETY OF
ARTS ON LEATHER FOR BOOK-
BINDING.

The Committee appointed by the Society S. of Arts of Arts to investigate the causes that have Com-
led to the premature decay of bookbinding mittec.
leather, consisted of librarians, owners of private libraries, bookbinders, leather sellers, leather manufacturers, and leather trades chemists.

The Committee met from time to time under the chairmanship of The Rt. Hon.
Viscount Cobham. Most of the actual work was done by two Sub-Committees. "The first of these was to visit a selected number of libraries and examine the comparative durability of the various bookbinding leathers used at different periods and preserved under different conditions. . . The second Sub-Com-
mittee was appointed to deal with the scientific side of the matter, to ascertain the cause of any deterioration noticed, and, if possible, to suggest methods for its prevention."

The conclusions at which the Committee arrived are summarised in the report as follows :

1. They consider that the general belief that modern bookbinding leather is inferior to

<page_number>15</page_number>

S. of Arts
Com-
mittee.

that formerly used, is justified, and that the leather now used for binding books is less durable than that employed fifty years ago, and at previous times. They believe that there ought to be no difficulty in providing leather at the present time as good as any previously made, and they hope that the instructions contained in the report of the Sub-Committee, printed as Appendix II., will result in the production of such leather.

2. They think that the modern methods of bookbinding are, to some extent, answerable for the lessened permanence of modern bindings. The practice of shaving down thick skins has been largely abandoned. They think that the adoption of the method of binding recommended in the report of the Sub-Committee, printed as Appendix I., ought to result in a greater permanence of the books treated.

3. They consider that the conditions under which books are best preserved are now fairly well understood, except that the injurious effect of light on leather has not previously been appreciated. They are satisfied that gas fumes are the most injurious of all the influences to which books are subjected. They consider that under proper conditions of ventilation, temperature, and dryness, books may be preserved without deterioration, for

<page_number>16</page_number>

very long periods, on open shelves, but that S. of Arts there is no doubt that, as a general rule, Com-
mittee.
Tightly fitting glass cases conduce to their preservation.

4. The Committee have satisfied them-
selves that it is possible to test any leather in such
a way as to guarantee its suitability for book-
banding. They have not come to any
decision as to the desirability of establishing
any formal or official standard, though they
consider that this is a point which well
deserves future consideration.

The following are the specifications for
binding leather in the report of the first
Sub-Committee:

SPECIFICATION 1., FOR BINDING
HEAVY OR VALUABLE BOOKS.

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td>SHEETS AND PLATES.</td>
<td>All sheets broken at the back to be made sound with guards. Any single leaves or plates to be guarded round adjoining sections. Folded plates guarded with their at folds. No pasting-on to be allowed.</td>
<td>Specification for binding heavy or valuable books.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<page_number>17</page_number>

Specifi-
cation for
binding
books or
valuable
books.

END PAPERS. End papers not to be pasted on or overcast, but to be made with stout linen joint and sewn on as a section. Some system of folding or zigzagging which allows a little play without danger of breaking away is advocated. End papers to be made of good paper.

SEWING. Sewing to be flexible, round the bands and all along the sections. Thread to be unbleached linen, and bands to be of stout hempers cord and at least five in width.

BOARDS. To be of best black mill-board. The edge of the millboard in the joint to be slightly rounded.

LACING IN SLIPS. All five slips to be laced into each board and not reduced unduly. It would be better to sink places in the board to receive the slips than to weaken them by injudicious fraying out.

<page_number>18</page_number>

CUTTING
EDGES.

HEAD-
BANDS.

LINING
UP.

COVER-
ING.

LEATH-
ER.

This will depend on the librarian's orders.
Headbands to be worked on stout cord, vellum, or cat-gut, with very frequent tie-downs, and to be firmly set with stout brown paper, linen or leather.
If it is necessary to line up the back it is best done with leather or linen, leather for preference.
Leather not to be unduly pared down and not made very wet before covering. Care to be taken not to stretch the leather more than necessary. No hollow backs to be used, but the leather to be attached to the back.
See report of Sub-Committee. [Leather to be free from mineral acids, and generally treated as recommended in the Sub-Committee's report.]

Specifica-tion for binding heavy or valuable books.

<page_number>19</page_number>

Specifi-
cation for binding heavy or valuable books.

HAND-LES FOR PULLING OUT OF SHELF.
In the case of very large books that are likely to be much used, it is advisable to have a strap of leather going loosely across the back and each end fastened to a board of the book. The Sub-Committee saw some such arrangement at one or two of the libraries visited, and it seemed that the convenience of the binding resulted from the use.

Note that manuscripts on vellum, or books of special value will, of course, require bindings designed to meet the special conditions.

Specifi-
cation for ordinary library binding.

SHEET'S AND PLATES.
All sheets broken at the back to be made sound with guards, any single leaves or plates to be guarded round all edges. All double plates to be guarded with linen at folds. No pasting-on to be allowed.

SPECIFICATION II., FOR ORDIN-ARY LIBRARY BINDING.

<page_number>20</page_number>

END PAPERS.
SEWING.
BOARDS.
CUTTING
ATTACH- ING.
SLIPS.

To be of good paper sewn on. No pasting-on or over-casting to be allowed.
To be on not less than four unbleached linen tapes, with unbleached linen thread of suitable thickness. Books to be glued up and backed in the ordinary way, or left square.
To be made "split boards" like those vellum binders use. Straw board lined with a thick black board liner.
Slips to be pasted on to waste-end papers which should be cut off about two inches from the back and inserted with slips in the centre of split board. The board to be left about $\frac{1}{8}$ from the back of the book to form a French joint.

Specifi-
cation for
ordinary
library binding.

depend on orders.

<page_number>21</page_number>

Specifi-
cation for
ordinary
library
binding.

HEAD-
BAND-
ING.
Headbands to be worked on round cord or gut with frequent tie-downs, so as to be able to bear the strain of the books being taken from the shelf, or in cases where the expenses of a worked headband is thought to be too great, a piece of string may be inserted into the fold of the leather at the head or tail.

COVER-
ING.
Leather not to be unduly pated. Lower edge of French joint should make it possible to use far thicker leather than is usual. As there are no raised bands on the back the leather need not be unduly stretched in covering. For small books leather from comparatively small skins that will need but little pating should be selected.

These extracts are quoted from the preliminary report published in 1901. It is understood that the committee's final report, based on some four years' work, will be issued early in 1903.

<page_number>22</page_number>

ADVERTISEMENT.

Advertise-
ment.
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son having established fully equipped bookbinding work-
shops are in a position to undertake the binding of any books that may be entrusted to them for that purpose.
While they are prepared to undertake all classes of work, they propose to make a speciality of binding strictly in accordance with the recommendation of the Special Committee of the Society of Arts on Leather for Bookbinding.
The leather used for this work will be British manufacture, and guaranteed by the manufacturer to be free from mineral acids, as recommended by the Committee.
For the best work to Specification I, the best levant morocco or the best seal will be used.
For work to Specification II, sealskin will be used unless other leather is ordered.
For cheaper work to this specification a special Welsh sheepskin of great strength will be used.

FOR NOTES ON LEATHERS
SEE PAGE 12.

Special pains have been taken to procure leather dyed with good and reasonably fast colours.
<page_number>24</page_number>

As what are known as "fancy shades." Advertise-
and, indeed, absolute evenness of colour in ment.
all shades can only be got, at present, with any
certainty, by the use of mineral acid, the range
of colour may be somewhat limited, and such
colours will not always meet with general favour.
It is left that librarians will be glad to put up
with these fancied defects in order to get
leather that can be depended upon to last,
with fair usage, as long as a book holds
together.
All the leather used for this work has been
purchased for the firm by Mr. Douglas
Cockerell, a Member of the Society of Arts
Special Committee, and Mr. Cockerell has
arranged to visit the workshops every week to
see that the work is carried out strictly in
accordance with the special instructions.
Books for sale may be handed in at any
of Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son's Railway
Bookstalls, or branches, and instructions given
to the clerk in charge. Such books will be
returned to the Bookstall carriage free when
bound. Or books can be sent direct to
W. H. Smith & Son,
Binding Department,
Goldsmith Street,
Drury Lane, London.
<page_number>25</page_number>

When the amount of work will justify it,
a strong box, in which to pack books for binding, will be sent to any address on receipt of postcard.

In giving instructions for binding it will only be necessary to quote the letter of the style required from the following price list, with a note to say if the edges are to be entirely uncut, top edge only cut, or cut all round.

For all volumes containing more than one work, and for all books in foreign languages, the letters "B" should be clearly written on a strip of paper and inserted in the book.

W. H. SMITH & SON will supply any recently-published books bound in any style. Such books, when possible, will be bound "from the sheets," and will, therefore, be in better condition than if the publisher's case had had to be removed.

<page_number>26</page_number>

---

W. H. SMITH

RICE LIST FOR BINDING BOOKS IN ACCORDANCE with the following SPECIFICATIONS:

All the leather used for this work is guaranteed to be of the best quality.

SPECIFICATION I. FOR VALUABLE BOOKS. See page 17.
All work done by hand in the best and most careful manner. All materials the best procurable. Books sewn flexibly round five bands.

| Style | Whole leavens |
|---|---|
| A | " seal |
| B | Half leavens |
| C | " seal |
| D | Half leavens |

SPECIFICATION II. FOR LIBRARY BINDING. See page 20.
All sheets broken on the back made good by mending, and all plates guarded. No overcasting or pasting on. Books sewn on tapes, the ends of which are inserted into split boards. Books bound to this specification open freely, and the binding looks well and is very strong.
Note: This bill will be extra charge for binding books that require extra mending, or books in single sheets, or which contain a large number of pages.
Extra thick volumes will be charged as a size larger.

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>E</th>
<th>F</th>
<th>G</th>
<th>H</th>
<th>J</th>
<th>K</th>
<th>L</th>
<th>M</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>HALF seal</td>
<td>" morocco</td>
<td>Half special gilt top.</td>
<td>WHOLE seal</td>
<td>" morroco</td>
<td>Whole special gilt edges.</td>
<td>Whole buckram " Art" canvas</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

EXTRA STRONG CHEAP BINDING.
Broken sections overcast, and plates pasted in in the ordinary way, but sewing on tapes and slips inserted into split boards.

Special terms will be quoted for binding for public and other large libraries for ordinary binding and for binding periodicals in public libraries. In the absence of such quotations to the contrary (see page 26), the edges of all books ordered will be cut at a width of one inch from the spine edge, and the corners rounded off.

H & SON'S
WITH THE SOCIETY OF ARTS SPECIFICATIONS.
the manufacturers to be free from mineral acid.

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>tocco)</td>
    <td>extra.</td>
    <td>Prices for this work must depend upon the time it takes to do. Estimates will be given of the cost of binding any volume submitted in whole or half leather.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>tocco)</td>
    <td>extra.</td>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
</table>

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>ches</td>
    <td>Crown 8vo</td>
    <td>Royal 8vo</td>
    <td>Demy 4to</td>
    <td>Royal 4to</td>
    <td>Folio</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>orportionately.</td>
    <td>7½" x 5"</td>
    <td>10½" x 6½"</td>
    <td>11½" x 9"</td>
    <td>12½" x 10¼"</td>
    <td>16½" x 11¼"</td>
  </tr>
</table>

NDING.
<sup>®</sup> gilt top. ◇
3/6 5/- 8 6 10 6 12.6
<sup>®</sup> shag sheep,
3/- 4/6 6/6 8/9 10.6

NDING.
<sup>®</sup> gilt edges. ◇
8/6 12/6 18/6 25/6 32/6
<sup>®</sup> Welsh sheep,
6/6 8/6 13/- 16/6 18/6

<table>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>1/6</td>
    <td>2/3</td>
    <td>3/6</td>
    <td>4/9</td>
    <td>7/6</td>
  </tr>
</table>

E. is the style recommended for binding library books of permanent interest.
See page 25 for information about ordering.
books will be cut.

[API_EMPTY_RESPONSE]

[API_EMPTY_RESPONSE]

Post-card for ordering box in which to pack books for binding.

Gummed label for parcels of books for binding.

Please send a box in which to pack books for binding, to

SHOPS,

7.C.

Post-card for ordering box in which to pack books for binding.

POST CARD.

W. H. SMITH & SON
BOOKBINDING WORKSHOPS,
GOLDSMITH STREET,
DRURY LANE,
LONDON, W.C.

<img>A postcard with "POST CARD" written at the top.</img>
BLANK FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

<page_number>74</page_number>

Gummed label for parcels of books for banding.

BOOKS WITH CARE.
W. H. SMITH & SON,
BOOKBINDING WORKSHOPS,
GOLDSMITH STREET,
DRURY LANE,
LONDON, W.C.

FROM

Post-card for ordering box in which to pack books for binding.

<watermark>
PS
</watermark>

<img>A postcard with text and checkboxes.</img>

Gummed label for parcels of books for binding.

<page_number>1</page_number>

PRINTED BY W. H. SMITH & SON,
CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHIC AND
GENERAL PRINTERS, AT THEIR
WORKS IN FETTER LANE,
LONDON, E.C.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.

<watermark>
JULY 5 1990
</watermark>

315

LOS ANGELES

<watermark>
Nomination filed by
BAYLOR BRUCE INC.
Pittsburgh, PA
</watermark>

<watermark>
3 1158
</watermark>

<watermark>
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AA 001 199 06
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