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en
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wit-train-topic-000001161
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransMilenio
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TransMilenio
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Older services
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TransMilenio / Infrastructure / Older services
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TransMilenio is a bus rapid transit system that serves Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, and Soacha. The system opened to the public in December 2000, covering Caracas Avenue and 80 street. Other lines were added gradually over the next several years, and as of 2019, 8 lines totaling 114.4 km run throughout the city.
It was inspired by Curitiba's Rede Integrada de Transporte. TransMilenio consists of several interconnected BRT lines, with raised floor stations in the center of a main avenue, or "troncal". Passengers typically reach the stations via a bridge over the street. Usually four lanes down the center of the street are dedicated to bus traffic. The outer lanes allow express buses to bypass buses stopped at a station.
Users pay at the station entrance using a smart card, pass through a turnstile, and wait for buses inside the station, which is typically 5 m wide. The bus and station doors open simultaneously, and passengers board by simply walking across the threshold. The elevated station platform and the bus floor are at the same height.
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The trunk system had three types of services:
The Regular (Corriente) stopped at all stations.
The Express (Expresos) only stopped at the stations determined in its route.
The Super Express (Super Expresos) was established since the end of 2005 by the expansion of the system. Of these there were two classes:
The Asymmetric (Asimetrico) covered the system in one direction. The 201 and 300 went from north to south and the 200 and 301 went from south to north. These services were only in service at peak hours in the morning and evening according to their color.
The Symmetrical (Simetrico) traversed the system in both directions, as route 400.
The Sunday Express (Expreso Dominical) operated only on Sundays and holidays.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001162
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kane_House
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Paul Kane House
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Introduction
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Paul Kane House
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The Paul Kane House is a heritage structure in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Paul Kane, an important early Canadian artist, purchased the property in 1853 and built a cottage on the site.
On May 29, 1855, a fire broke out in Kane's stables, and spread to neighbouring structures.
He and his heirs later expanded the cottage, and clad it in brick. His family owned the property until 1903, after which it served a variety of purposes. It was acquired by a church for the deaf, who constructed a larger structure in front of the house. When a developer demolished the church in the 1970s, it exposed the heritage house, triggering a grass-roots effort to save the house from demolition. The house was bought by the city in 1978 and subsequently designated a heritage structure under the Ontario Heritage Act.
In 1984, the Toronto Star published an article about the building, illustrated by photos showing it boarded up, quoting neighbours calling for it to be demolished.
In 1985, an architect incorporated the house into a new housing cooperative being built on Isabella Street, the street just north of Wellesley. The design only integrated the sound portions of the house, the rear of the original house being damaged by fire.
The city created a small parkette, at 56 Wellesley Street East in what was once Kane's front yard.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001163
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Creek_Township,_Perry_County,_Ohio
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Monday Creek Township, Perry County, Ohio
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Introduction
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Monday Creek Township, Perry County, Ohio
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Monday Creek Township is one of the fourteen townships of Perry County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 671 people in the township.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001164
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Hungary
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List of monastic houses in Hungary
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List of monastic houses in Hungary
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List of monastic houses in Hungary / List of monastic houses in Hungary
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Monastic houses in Hungary include abbeys, priories and friaries, among other monastic religious houses.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)
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Eagles (band)
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1994–2001: Reunion, Hell Freezes Over
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Eagles (band) / History / 1994–2001: Reunion, Hell Freezes Over
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The Eagles are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971. The founding members were Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon and Randy Meisner. With five number-one singles, six number-one albums, six Grammy Awards, and five American Music Awards, the Eagles were one of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s. Their albums Their Greatest Hits and Hotel California rank first and third, respectively, among the best-selling albums in the United States, with 38 million and 26 million album units in sales. The Eagles are one of the world's best-selling bands, having sold more than 200 million records, including 100 million albums sold in U.S alone. They were ranked number 75 on Rolling Stone's 2004 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
Their debut album, Eagles, spawned three top 40 singles: "Take It Easy", "Witchy Woman", and "Peaceful Easy Feeling". Desperado was less successful, only reaching number 41 on the charts; neither of its singles reached the top 40. However, its songs "Desperado" and "Tequila Sunrise" became two of the band's most popular tracks.
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An Eagles country tribute album, titled Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles, was released in 1993, 13 years after the breakup. Travis Tritt insisted on having the Long Run-era Eagles in his video for "Take It Easy" and they agreed. Following years of public speculation, the band formally reunited the following year. The lineup comprised the five Long Run-era members—Frey, Henley, Walsh, Felder, and Schmit—supplemented by Scott Crago (drums), John Corey (keyboards, guitar, backing vocals), Timothy Drury (keyboards, guitar, backing vocals), and former Loggins and Messina sideman Al Garth (sax, violin) on stage.
"For the record, we never broke up, we just took a 14-year vacation," said Frey at their first live performance in April 1994. The ensuing tour spawned a live album titled Hell Freezes Over (named for Henley's recurring statement that the group would get back together "when hell freezes over"), which debuted at number 1 on the Billboard album chart. It included four new studio songs, with "Get Over It" and "Love Will Keep Us Alive" both becoming Top 40 hits. The album proved as successful as the tour, selling six million copies in the U.S. The tour was interrupted in September 1994 because of Frey's serious recurrence of diverticulitis, but it resumed in 1995 and continued into 1996. In 1998, the Eagles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. For the induction ceremony, all seven Eagles members (Frey, Henley, Felder, Walsh, Schmit, Leadon, and Meisner) played together for two songs, "Take It Easy" and "Hotel California". Several subsequent reunion tours followed (without Leadon or Meisner), notable for their record-setting ticket prices.
The Eagles performed at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas on December 28 and 29, 1999, followed by a concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on December 31. These concerts marked the last time Felder played with the band and the shows (including a planned video release) would later form a part of a lawsuit filed by Felder against his former bandmates. The concert recordings were released on CD as part of the four-disc Selected Works: 1972–1999 box set in November 2000. Along with the concert, this set included the band's hit singles, album tracks and outtakes from The Long Run sessions. Selected Works received platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2002. The group resumed touring in 2001, with a line-up consisting of Frey, Henley, Walsh, and Schmit, along with Steuart Smith (guitars, mandolin, keyboards, backing vocals; essentially taking over Felder's role), Michael Thompson (keyboards, trombone), Will Hollis (keyboards, backing vocals), Scott Crago (drums, percussion), Bill Armstrong (Horns), Al Garth (sax, violin), Christian Mostert (sax), and Greg Smith (sax, percussion).
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001166
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Top_14_season
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2011–12 Top 14 season
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Top try scorers
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2011–12 Top 14 season / Statistics / Top try scorers
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The 2011–12 Top 14 competition was a French domestic rugby union club competition operated by the Ligue Nationale de Rugby. Home-and-away play began on August 26, 2011. Two new teams from the 2010–11 Rugby Pro D2 season were promoted to Top 14 this year, Lyon and Bordeaux Bègles in place of the two relegated teams, La Rochelle and Bourgoin.
Toulouse claimed the Bouclier de Brennus as champions for the 19th time, defeating Toulon 18–12 in the final on June 9, 2012 at Stade de France in Saint-Denis. At the other end of the table, Brive and Lyon were relegated.
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Updated 6 May 2012
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001167
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographs_of_Abraham_Lincoln
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List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln
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Introduction
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List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln
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There are 130 known photographs of Abraham Lincoln.
Lincoln's features were the despair of every artist who undertook his portrait. The writer saw nearly a dozen, one after another, soon after the first nomination to the presidency, attempt the task. They put into their pictures the large, rugged features, and strong, prominent lines; they made measurements to obtain exact proportions; they "petrified" some single look, but the picture remained hard and cold. Even before these paintings were finished it was plain to see that they were unsatisfactory to the artists themselves, and much more so to the intimate friends of the man this was not he who smiled, spoke, laughed, charmed. The picture was to the man as the grain of sand to the mountain, as the dead to the living. Graphic art was powerless before a face that moved through a thousand delicate gradations of line and contour, light and shade, sparkle of the eye and curve of the lip, in the long gamut of expression from grave to gay, and back again from the rollicking jollity of laughter to that serious, far away look that with prophetic intuitions beheld the awful panorama of war, and heard the cry of oppression and suffering. There are many pictures of Lincoln; there is no portrait of him.
— John George Nicolay, Secretary to President Lincoln,
See also Wikipedia article on Tad Lincoln for the famous 1864 photograph of Abraham Lincoln with his son Tad, by Anthony Berger.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001168
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany
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Grand Duchy of Tuscany
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Francesco and Ferdinando I
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Grand Duchy of Tuscany / Medici Period / Francesco and Ferdinando I
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The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants.
Initially, Tuscany was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, until the reign of Ferdinando II, which saw the beginning of the state's long economic decline. It peaked under Cosimo III.
Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, for his entire rule. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored.
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Francesco had little interest in governing his realm, instead participating in scientific experiments. The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. He continued his father's Austrian/Imperial alliance, cementing it by marrying Johanna of Austria. Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. He was succeeded by Ferdinando de' Medici, his younger brother, whom he loathed.
Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in Southern Tuscany, and cultivated trade in Livorno. To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of Mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on Mulberry leaves). He shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg candidate since Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. The Spanish reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the island of Elba. To strengthen the new Tuscan alliance, he married the deceased Francesco's younger daughter, Marie, to Henry IV of France. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged. Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister was the incumbent Queen consort). Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan colony in America, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now French Guiana. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence, at dawn of the 17th century, was a mere 75,000 souls, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to be wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty. The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources. The fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.
Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. Leo XI died less than a month later, but fortunately for the Medici his successor Pope Paul V was also pro-Medici. Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Tuscany was overcome with religious orders, all of whom were not obliged to pay taxes. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001169
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81sishka
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Vāsishka
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Ara inscription
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Vāsishka / Inscriptions and statuary / Ara inscription
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Vāsishka was a Kushan emperor, who seems to have had a short reign following Kanishka II.
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Vāsishka appears in the "Ara inscription" of Kanishka III, found in the Indus region, not far south of Attock. In this inscription, he is presented as the father of Kanishka, thought to be Kanishka III,and his name appears in Kharoshthi as "Vajeshka".
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001170
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_line_extension
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East London line extension
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Introduction
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East London line extension
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The East London line extension (ELLX) project was a British railway engineering project in London, managed by Transport for London. The project involved extending the East London Line (formerly part of the London Underground network) and making it part of the mainline London Overground network. This was done by re-opening sections of disused railway line and by converting track electrified by the third-rail system, signalling, lineside signage and communication systems, etc. to mainline standards. New rolling stock was introduced and four new stations built along the route, with a fifth scheduled to be added in the future at New Bermondsey.
The work, costing around £1 billion, began in 2005 and was carried out in two phases. The first phase was completed on 23 May 2010 with a service from Dalston Junction via the historic Thames Tunnel under the River Thames and along part of the Brighton Main Line to West Croydon and Crystal Palace. Trains also go to New Cross, where they make connection with the South Eastern Main Line. On 28 February 2011 the line was connected at its northern end to the North London Line at Highbury & Islington. In the second phase of the project, on 9 December 2012 a branch was connected to the South London Line enabling services to run to Clapham Junction.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford,_Ontario
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Burford, Ontario
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Introduction
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Burford, Ontario
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Burford is a rural community and is part of the County of Brant, in central southwestern Ontario. It has 1,615 residents (2016 Census). It is located eight kilometres west of the City of Brantford along Highway 53, and seventy kilometres east of London, Ontario. It is approximately 100 km southwest of Toronto.
Administrative offices for the County of Brant are located in Burford, making it one of three service hubs for the county (the others being Paris and St. George). Amongst designated heritage properties in the area is the former Burford Armoury, built in 1906, which was important for military training in earlier days when Canada had an active militia force in each county (the role now served by the Canadian Forces Reserves).
Burford is home to the Burford Bulldogs, a junior hockey team that plays in the Provincial Junior Hockey League.
Burford has a local golf course, Burford Golf Links, which was founded in 1980. It has gone through a number of different owners and is now part of the GolfNorth group of golf courses.
Burford also hosts the Burford Fall Fair every year. The fair was established in 1858 and after being hosted in Harley as the World's Fair, was relocated to Burford, when the Burford fair grounds were purchased in 1893. Over the years the Burford fair has grown from a one-day fair in 1893 to its current three days, hosted every Thanksgiving weekend. The fair attracts tourists and visitors from the surrounding towns as well as larger county of Brant and beyond.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001172
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudrasena_II_(Western_Satrap)
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Rudrasena II (Western Satrap)
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Introduction
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Rudrasena II (Western Satrap)
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Rudrasena II (256–278) was a king of the Western Satraps, and the 19th ruler of the Kshatrapa dynasty. The Kshatrapa dynasty seems to have reached a high level of prosperity under his rule.
The region of Sanchi-Vidisha was again captured from the Satavahanas during the rule of Rudrasena II, as shown by finds of his coinage in the area. The region had already been held once by the Western Satraps under Rudradaman (circa 130 CE).
After the conquest of Central India, Western Satraps are then known to have remained in the area well into the 4th century, as shown by the nearby Kanakerha inscription mentioning the construction of a well by the Saka chief and "righteous conqueror" Sridharavarman. They were also in control of the region of Eran, as shown by another inscription.
A marital alliance between the Andhra Ikshvaku and the Western Satraps seems to have occurred during the time of Rudrasena II, as the Andhra Ikshvaku ruler Māṭharīputra Vīrapuruṣadatta seems to have had as one of his wives Rudradhara-bhattarika, the "daughter of the ruler of Ujjain" (Uj(e)nika mahara(ja) balika), possibly king Rudrasena II.
The Western Satraps were finally ousted by Samudragupta (335-75) of the Gupta Empire.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001173
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_the_Berlin_area
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List of railway stations in the Berlin area
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Introduction
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List of railway stations in the Berlin area
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This list covers the railway stations in the Berlin area. These include both passenger stations and marshalling yards, but not goods stations. Because the Berlin S-Bahn network has expanded to include stations in the state of Brandenburg, the table shows only those stations lying within the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg's present-day Berlin ABC fare zones (i.e. those up to about 15 kilometres from the Berlin city boundary), and those formerly served by Berlin's suburban services. The latter ran out beyond the capital's boundaries to the next largest towns along the main and branch lines.
The farthest towns on the lines covered here are listed below:
Rüdnitz (Stettin Railway) – Werneuchen (Wriezen Railway) – Strausberg (Prussian Eastern Railway) – Fürstenwalde (Lower Silesian-Märkisch Railway) – Kablow (Königs Wusterhausen–Grunow) – Königs Wusterhausen (Görlitz Railway) – Mittenwalde (Neukölln–Mittenwalde railway) – Wünsdorf (Dresden Railway) – Thyrow (Anhalt Railway) – Beelitz-Stadt (Brandenburg Ring Railway) – Beelitz-Heilstätten (Wetzlar Railway) – Werder (Berlin-Potsdam railway (Stammbahn) – Wustermark (Lehrte Railway) – Nauen (Hamburg Railway) – Vehlefanz (Kremmen Railway) – Sachsenhausen (Nordb) (Prussian Northern Railway) – Wensickendorf and Wandlitzsee (Heidekraut Railway).
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001174
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Tawstock
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Manor of Tawstock
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Tawstock Court
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Manor of Tawstock / Tawstock Court
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The historic manor of Tawstock was situated in North Devon, in the hundred of Fremington, 2 miles south of Barnstaple, England. According to Pole the feudal baron of Barnstaple Henry de Tracy made Tawstock his seat, apparently having abandoned Barnstaple Castle as the chief residence of the barony. Many of the historic lords of the manor are commemorated by monuments in St Peter's Church, the parish church of Tawstock which in the opinion of Pevsner contains "the best collection in the county apart from those in the cathedral", and in the opinion of Hoskins "contains the finest collection of monuments in Devon and one of the most notable in England".
The manor house, known in the 17th century as Tawstock House and today known as Tawstock Court, is situated at the west end of the parish church and is in the Georgian neo-gothic architectural style, having replaced the former Tudor mansion which was destroyed by fire in 1787. The only survival from the earlier house is the splendid Tudor gatehouse with the 1574 datestone, one of only a few in Devon.
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The Elizabethan mansion re-built by William Bourchier, 3rd Earl of Bath, no longer exists apart from the gatehouse, with date-stone 1574. Four years after Sir Bourchier Wrey, 7th Baronet, inherited the estate the house burned down in 1787 and was rebuilt by him in the Neo-Gothic style by about 1800, when Rev. John Swete described visiting it in his travel journal: "Entering through a gateway of antient date by the stables I arrived in front of Tawstock House the seat of Sir Bourchier Wrey which when completed (for it is now but a shell) will be one of the finest houses in the county". Part of the Elizabethan house survives today on the south front. The north front was re-modelled in 1885.
The principal east front, with crenellated parapet and two end turrets, faces towards St Peter's Parish Church and has an extensive view across the River Taw to Bishops Tawton village and Codden Hill. Sir Robert Bourchier Sherard Wrey, 11th Baronet (1855–1917) was the last to live at Tawstock Court and "to keep house in the old manner". In about 1940 it damaged by fire and was restored and let by the 13th Baronet to St Michael's Preparatory School. His nephew and heir, the 14th Baronet sold Tawstock Court to the school in the 1970s.
The school continued to occupy Tawstock Court until 2012 when it closed due to insolvency. On 17 July 2012 the property with 32 acres was purchased from the administrator by a property investor and developer, as a private residence. As a condition of the sale, the nursery school division of St Michael's School continued to operate (in 2013) in the stable blocks to the immediate west of the house.
A building described as "a folly, built in form of look-out tower" located near the Manor was dubbed "The Tower" in its 1965 Grade II listing report (Entry #1253651). The structure was restored and converted into a home that was listed for sale in 2019/2020 as "Tawstock Castle". Some reports states that the tower was thought to have been built by Sir Bourchier Wrey and subsequently expanded. The Historic England summary simply indicates that it probably originated in the late 18th century. An article in Country Life (magazine) referred to the structure as a "baby Windsor Castle".
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001175
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurigalzu_I
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Kurigalzu I
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Building works
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Kurigalzu I / Building works
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Kurigalzu I, usually inscribed ku-ri-gal-zu but also sometimes with the ᵐ or ᵈ determinative, the 17th king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty that ruled over Babylon, was responsible for one of the most extensive and widespread building programs for which evidence has survived in Babylonia. The autobiography of Kurigalzu is one of the inscriptions which record that he was the son of Kadašman-Ḫarbe. Galzu, whose possible native pronunciation was gal-du or gal-šu, was the name by which the Kassites called themselves and Kurigalzu may mean Shepherd of the Kassites.
He was separated from his namesake, Kurigalzu II, by around forty-five years and as it was not the custom to assign regnal numbers and they both had lengthy reigns, this makes it exceptionally difficult to distinguish for whom an inscription is intended. The later king is, however, better known for his military campaign against the Assyrians than any building work he may have undertaken. It is now thought, however, that it was he who was the Kurigalzu who conquered Susa and was perhaps instrumental in the ascendancy of the Igehalkid dynasty over Elam, ca. 1400 BC.
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Kurigalzu’s construction efforts are attested to at no less than eleven Babylonian cities. He was responsible for rebuilding the Ningal Temple at Ur, incorporating fragments of the Ur-Nammu Stela in buildings on the ziggurat terrace, the Edublal-Maḫ of Sîn buildings, or “house for hanging up the exalted tablets”, and the building of the gateway.
He was the first king to build a royal residence bearing his name, a new capital city founded over an older settlement and built around 1390 BC, named Dur-Kurigalzu, or 'fortress of Kurigalzu', in the far north of Babylonia (modern ‘Aqar Qūf). It was positioned to protect an important trade route that led east across the Iranian plateau to Afghanistan, the source of lapis lazuli. The 170-foot-high ziggurat of Enlil can still be seen on the western outskirts of Baghdad, with its reinforcing layers of reed matting and bitumen and the remains of three temples at its foot. Rawlinson first identified the site in 1861 from the brick inscriptions. Excavated in 1942–45 by Seton Lloyd and Taha Baqir, the city covered 225 hectares and included the Egal-kišarra, or “Palace of the Whole World”, a vast palatial and administrative complex.
In an adoption contract which sternly warns the adoptee, “If [Il]i-ippašra says, ‘you are not my father’, they shall shave his head, bind him and sell him for silver,” the date formula used, “in the month of Šabatu, the 19th day, the year Kurigalzu, the king, built the Ekurigibara,” predates that which was introduced during the reign of Kadašman-Enlil I and that had become de rigueur by the later reign of Kurigalzu II. The Ekurigibara of Enlil was a temple in Nippur.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001176
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_heritage_sites_in_Dinant
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List of protected heritage sites in Dinant
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Introduction
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List of protected heritage sites in Dinant
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This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Dinant. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001177
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLF_and_PAVN_strategy,_organization_and_structure
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NLF and PAVN strategy, organization and structure
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Early effectiveness of the Viet Cong
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NLF and PAVN strategy, organization and structure / Historical development of the NLF and PAVN / Early effectiveness of the Viet Cong
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During the Second Indochina War, better known as the Vietnam War, a distinctive land warfare strategy and organization was used by the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam or better known as the Viet Cong in the West, and the People's Army of Vietnam or North Vietnamese Army to defeat their American and South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam opponents. These methods involved closely integrated political and military strategy – what was called dau tranh. The National Liberation Front, was an umbrella of front groups, sympathizers and allies set up by the rulers of North Vietnam to conduct the insurgency in South Vietnam. The NLF also included fully armed formations- regional and local guerrillas, and the People's Liberation Armed Forces. The PLAF was the "Main Force" – the Chu Luc or full-time soldiers of the NLF's military wing. Many histories lump both the NLF and the armed formations under the term "Viet Cong" or "VC" in common usage. Both were tightly interwoven and were in turn controlled by the North. Others consider the Viet Cong or "VC" to primarily refer to the armed elements.
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By 1964 the VC, supported by smaller numbers of PAVN, were increasingly effective, conducting attacks up to regimental strength. The Battle of Binh Gia (also known as The Battle of Ap Bac in many Western histories), where the victorious VC held the battlefield for 4 days rather than simply melt away as in earlier times is a vivid example of their confidence and effectiveness. Their operations regularly drubbed Diem's troops, and although Diem's forces controlled a number of urban areas and scattered garrisons, the security situation had become critical.
VC confidence also showed in a number of attacks against American installations and troops, from assaults against places where US soldiers and advisers gathered, to sinking of an American aviation transport ship, the USS Card at a Saigon berth in 1964. Viet Cong forces also struck hard at American air assets, destroying or damaging large numbers of US aircraft during daring raids at the Bien Hoa in 1964, and Pleiku in 1965. Viet Cong Main Force units were not the only communist forces on the offensive in the early 1960s. In areas near the North Vietnamese border, PAVN regulars joined in the assault against South Vietnam with strong conventional units, including divisions like the PAVN 304th and 325th, and inflicted severe losses on the ARVN. The communist strategy was to kill as many ARVN effectives as possible, paving the way for a collapse of the South Vietnamese regime before the Americans could arrive in force. In other areas, PAVN regulars operated in disguise as "local farmers" - adopting peasant garb like black pajamas and straw hats, and removing manufacturing marks from weapons made in Soviet Bloc countries and shipped to Vietnam. The PAVN also positioned numerous base camps near South Vietnam's borders from which they sallied out to strike at will. These border zone strike forces were soon to clash with the Americans in one of the war's fiercest battles- at a place called the Ia Drang Valley. Total NLF/PAVN fighting strength is controversially estimated by the American Military Assistance Command- Vietnam (MACV) at around 180,000 men in 1964. Opposing them during the war's early phases were (on paper by various estimates) over 300,000 ARVN troops and a US troop level that stood at around 16,000 in 1964, This was to increase rapidly in later years.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001178
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Lai_(actress)
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Xu Lai (actress)
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After 1949 and death
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Xu Lai (actress) / After 1949 and death
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Xu Lai was a Chinese film actress, socialite, and World War II secret agent. Known as the "Standard Beauty", she was active in the film industry for only three years, and quit acting after the suicide of the great star Ruan Lingyu in 1935. Her first husband was Li Jinhui, the "Father of Chinese pop music".
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Xu and her second husband, Lieutenant General Tang Shengming, ostensibly served under the Japanese-controlled Nanking puppet regime, but secretly worked as agents for the Republic of China resistance based in Chungking.
With the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, Xu and Tang defected to the People's Republic of China, but were severely persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Xu Lai died in prison in 1973; her husband survived and lived until 1987.
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In 1949, as it was becoming clear that Mao Zedong's Communists were winning the Chinese Civil War, Xu Lai moved her family from Shanghai to British Hong Kong, while Tang Shengming went to Changsha to join the surrender of Hunan Governor Cheng Qian to the Communists. His brother Tang Shengzhi also surrendered. In 1950, Tang Shengming was appointed deputy commander of 21st Group Army of the People's Liberation Army and fought battles against the Kuomintang troops in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces.
In 1956, Tang was appointed a counsellor of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and Xu Lai moved with her husband to Beijing.
When the Cultural Revolution started in 1966, Mao's wife Jiang Qing, who had been a minor actress in Shanghai during the 1930s, began persecuting many of her former colleagues who were familiar with her "bourgeois" past. Xu Lai and her husband were both imprisoned for unfounded criminal charges. On 4 April 1973, Xu died in prison after years of torture and maltreatment, at the age of 64. Tang survived the tumultuous period, and lived until 1987.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001179
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford
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Wadham College, Oxford
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Notable people
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Wadham College, Oxford / People associated with Wadham / Notable people
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Wadham College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. It is located in the centre of Oxford, at the intersection of Broad Street and Parks Road.
Wadham College was founded in 1610 by Dorothy Wadham, according to the will of her late husband Nicholas Wadham, a member of an ancient Devon and Somerset family.
The central buildings, a notable example of Jacobean architecture, were designed by the architect William Arnold and erected between 1610 and 1613. They include a large and ornate Hall. Adjacent to the central buildings are the Wadham Gardens.
Amongst Wadham's most famous alumni is Sir Christopher Wren. Wren was one of a brilliant group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s, the Oxford Philosophical Club, which included Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke. This group held regular meetings at Wadham College under the guidance of the warden, John Wilkins, and the group formed the nucleus which went on to found the Royal Society.
Wadham is a liberal and progressive college which aims to maintain the diversity of its student body and a friendly atmosphere.
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In common with many Oxford colleges, Wadham has produced a wide range of graduates in the fields of economics, history, law, physiology, medicine, management, humanities, mathematics, science, technology, media, philosophy, poetry, politics and religion who have contributed significantly to public life.
Notable members of the college in its early years include Robert Blake, Cromwell's admiral and founder of British sea-power in the Mediterranean, the libertine poet and courtier John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester and Sir Christopher Wren. Wren attended the meetings of scientifically inclined scholars which were held by Warden John Wilkins (Cromwell's brother-in-law) in the college in the 1650s. Those attending formed the nucleus of the Royal Society at its foundation in 1662.
John Wilkins invited Robert Boyle to Oxford in 1653, writing that "[I] shall be most ready to provide the best accommodations for you, that this place will afford". Boyle moved to Oxford in 1655, but preferred not to accept Wilkins's offer of accommodation, choosing instead to arrange his own rooms where he could carry out his scientific experiments. Boyle became a member of the Oxford Philosophical Club that met weekly in Wilkins's chambers at Wadham, as did Robert Hooke who became Boyle's assistant after having been a chorister at Christ Church.
Arthur Onslow (1708), a great Speaker of the House of Commons, and Richard Bethell, who became Lord Chancellor as Lord Westbury in 1861, were members of the college.
Two 20th century Lord Chancellors, F. E. Smith (Lord Birkenhead) and John Simon, were undergraduates together in the 1890s, along with the sportsman C. B. Fry; Sir Thomas Beecham was an undergraduate in 1897, though soon abandoning Oxford for his musical career.
Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell, who was Churchill's scientific adviser during the Second World War, was a fellow of the college. Cecil Day-Lewis, later Poet-Laureate, came up in 1923, and Michael Foot, later leader of the Labour Party, in 1931. Sir Maurice Bowra, scholar and wit, was Warden between 1938 and 1970. Robert Moses, the city planner, rose to the college in 1911.
Among recent members have been Dr Rowan Williams, the former Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Dyson, former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and Master of the Rolls, author and broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, writer and journalist Jonathan Freedland, novelists Hari Kunzru and Monica Ali, and Wasim Sajjad, former Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan and twice President of Pakistan. The mathematical physicist and philosopher Sir Roger Penrose was Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics 1973–1999, and is now an emeritus fellow.
Andrew Hodges, the theoretical physicist and author of The Imitation Game, the biography of Alan Turing, is a Tutorial Fellow in mathematics at Wadham. Having taught at Wadham since 1986, Hodges was elected a Fellow in 2007, and was appointed Dean from start of the 2011/12 academic year.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001180
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A6_(Sydney)
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A6 (Sydney)
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Introduction
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A6 (Sydney)
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The A6 is an arterial road linking Cumberland Highway at Carlingford and Princes Highway at Heathcote, via Lidcombe and Bankstown. It was formerly designated as Metroad 6, which was one of the Sydney Metroads.
The A6 provides a link from the northern suburbs to the southern suburbs, and from the Pacific Highway to the Princes Highway. Some stretches such as Silverwater Road, Alfords Point Road, New Illawarra Road and Heathcote Road have very few junctions or are in (currently) rural areas, and the speed limit is therefore relaxed slightly.
The A6 includes two major bridges - the Silverwater Bridge over the Parramatta River, and the Alfords Point Bridge over Georges River.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001181
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_tumour_of_the_atrioventricular_nodal_region
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Cystic tumour of the atrioventricular nodal region
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Introduction
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Cystic tumour of the atrioventricular nodal region
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Cystic tumour of the atrioventricular nodal region is a very rare tumour of the heart in the region of the atrioventricular node. It is also known as mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001182
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame
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List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame
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Members
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List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame / Members
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The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York, honors individuals who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport, and is the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displaying baseball-related artifacts and exhibits. Elections of worthy individuals to be honored by induction into the Hall of Fame commenced in 1936, although the first induction ceremonies were not held until the hall opened in 1939. Through the elections for 2020, a total of 333 people have been inducted, including 235 former major league players, 31 executives, 35 Negro Leagues players and executives, 22 managers, and 10 umpires. Each is listed showing his primary position; that is, the position or role in which the player made his greatest contribution to baseball according to the Hall of Fame.
According to the current rules, players must have at least 10 years of major league experience to be eligible for induction. In addition, they must be retired for at least five years if living, or deceased for at least six months.
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In the table below, "primary team" is based on the inductees' biographies at the Hall of Fame website. This does not necessarily match the cap logo on the inductee's Hall of Fame plaque (if applicable; those inducted as executives are shown without caps, and many early players are depicted without cap logos because logos were not in use during the individuals' careers).
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001183
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Chilean_Army
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List of commanders-in-chief of the Chilean Army
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Presidential republic (1925–1973)
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List of commanders-in-chief of the Chilean Army / Presidential republic (1925–1973)
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The Chilean Army is the land force of Chile. The Chilean Army dates back to 1810.
The current Commander-in-Chief is Army General Ricardo Martínez Menanteau. He was appointed by former President Michelle Bachelet on 9 March 2018.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001184
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eber_F._Piers
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Eber F. Piers
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Introduction
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Eber F. Piers
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Eber F. Piers (June 2, 1889 - December 20, 1961) was an American architect. Between 1911 and 1952, he designed more than 300 buildings in or around Ogden, Utah, including the NRHP-listed El Monte Golf Course Clubhouse in 1934-1935.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001185
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Chih
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Fang Chih
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Ryukyu
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Fang Chih / Ryukyu
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Fang Chih or Fang Zhi, courtesy name: Xikong, was a politician, provincial governor, diplomat, author and a high-ranking Kuomintang official of the Republic of China.
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In 1958, Fang Chih founded and became the president of the Sino-Ryukyuan Cultural and Economic Association, an organization dedicated to maintaining cultural and economic dialogue between the people of Taiwan and Ryukyu-Okinawa.
Following the Japanese surrender at the end of World War Two, the island of Okinawa was administered directly by the U.S. occupation forces from 1950 until May 1972 when the island was turned over to the Japanese government. The severance of official diplomatic relations between Japan and the Republic of China in September 1972 forced the association to effectively become the de facto embassy of the Republic of China in Okinawa. Fang's position at the Association demonstrated the importance the Republic of China placed on Okinawa / Ryukyu which hosted the largest U.S. military presence in the region. The military buildup on the island during the Cold War saw a dramatic increase in the strategic importance of the islands. Under the 1952 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, the USFJ have maintained this large military presence.
A contemporary US Civil Administration report from 1965 described Fang as follows:
...Actually he is one of the greatest brains of the Republic of China, serving as a national policy advisor to the President of the Republic of China and also as chief secretary for the Association for Relief of Compatriots in the Chinese Mainland (FCRA). The fact that he is concurrently serving as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the China-Ryukyu Cultural and Economic Relations Association shows the importance being attached by the Republic of China...
— United States Civil Administration, Office of Public Information, Ryukyu Islands (1965)
The office continues in its function under the same name despite politically motivated attempts in 2006 to rename the office under the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office system.
In October 1985, Fang Chih convened the first Taipei-Naha Symposium which occurs annually alternating between Tokyo and Naha. The meetings were inaugurated after Professor Katsutaro Shimajiri (jp: 島尻勝太郎) of Okinawa University visited Taiwan in October 1983 for the purpose of a cultural exchange.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001186
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Konev
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Ivan Konev
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Monuments
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Ivan Konev / Monuments
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Ivan Stepanovich Konev was a Soviet general and Marshal of the Soviet Union who led Red Army forces on the Eastern Front during World War II, responsible for retaking much of Eastern Europe from occupation by the Axis Powers.
Born to a peasant family, Konev was conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army in 1916 and fought in World War I. In 1919, he joined the Bolsheviks and served in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. After graduating from Frunze Military Academy in 1926, Konev gradually rose through the ranks of the Soviet military. By 1939, he had become a candidate to the Central Committee of the Communist Party.
Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Konev took part in a series of major campaigns, including the battles of Moscow and Rzhev. Konev further commanded forces in major Soviet offensives at Kursk, in the Dnieper–Carpathian and Vistula–Oder offensives. In February 1944, he was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union. On the eve of German defeat, Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front was pitted against the armies of Georgy Zhukov in the Race to Berlin.
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Konev has monuments in Svidník, Kharkiv, Patriot Park (Moscow region), Kirov, Belgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, and Vologda.
On 9 January 1991, his memorial sculpture in Kraków was dismantled. The sculpture was given to the Russian city of Kirov. The memorial plaque in front of the apartment building where he lived (three blocks from the Kremlin) is still mounted on the brick wall.
The Konev monument erected by the Czechoslovakian government in Prague 6 (náměstí Interbrigády) in 1980 became a subject of controversy that escalated in 2018, after which the city administration added explanatory text to the monument, noting the participation of its subject in the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution and the Prague Spring. The monument was removed on 3 April 2020, with the Czech president Miloš Zeman criticising the removal as "an abuse of the state of emergency". Within days, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation announced it would begin a symbolic investigation of the alleged "defiling of symbols of Russia's military glory"; the mayor of the 6th district subsequently went into hiding under police protection, out of concerns of an alleged poison plot for his actions regarding the statue. It was later revealed to have been a hoax.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001187
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Specially_Managed_Area
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Antarctic Specially Managed Area
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List of ASMAs
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Antarctic Specially Managed Area / List of ASMAs
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An Antarctic Specially Managed Area is a protected area on the continent of Antarctica, or on its adjacent islands. ASMAs are managed by the governments of Brazil, Poland, Ecuador, Peru, United States, New Zealand, Australia, Norway, Spain, United Kingdom, Chile, India, Russia, and Romania. The purpose of the ASMA sites are "to assist in the planning and coordination of activities within a specified area, avoid possible conflicts, improve cooperation between ATCPs and minimise environmental impacts. ASMAs may include areas where activities pose risks of mutual interference or cumulative environmental impacts, as well as sites or monuments of recognised historical value." Unlike the Antarctic Specially Protected Areas, ASMAs do not require a permit to enter.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001188
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Crown_Jewels
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Portuguese Crown Jewels
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History
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Portuguese Crown Jewels / History
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The Portuguese Crown Jewels, also known as the Royal Treasure, are the pieces of jewelry, regalia, and vestments that were used by the Kings and Queens of Portugal during the time of the Portuguese Monarchy. Over the nine centuries of Portuguese history, the Portuguese Crown Jewels have lost and gained many pieces. Most of the current set of the Portuguese Crown Jewels are from the reigns of King João VI and King Luís I.
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By the reign of King Manuel I (1495–1521), Portugal had already a lavish set of jewels, the king having been one of the most powerful men in the world at the time and having been known to show off.
In early 1581 King António I fled to France after King Philip I was made the King of Portugal. António I took with him the Portuguese Crown Jewels, including many valuable diamonds. Being well received by the French Queen Consort, Catherine de' Medici, he sold her some of the pieces of the Portuguese Crown Jewels in return for France's support in his plans to reclaim the throne of Portugal and depose Philip I.
After several failed attempts to reclaim the Portuguese Crown, António I fell into poverty. His poverty led him to sell many of the remaining diamonds. The last and finest diamond of the Portuguese Crown Jewels, the Sancy, would be acquired by Nicolas de Harlay, seigneur de Sancy, from whom it would make its way to Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully. From Maximilien, the diamond would finally go to join the French Crown Jewels.
During the Portuguese Restoration War, João II of Braganza sold many of the Portuguese Crown Jewels to finance the war with Spain. When João II became King of Portugal as João IV and deposed the Philippine Dynasty in 1640, he placed his crown with a statue of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception and said that she was the "true Queen of Portugal". Since then, Portuguese monarchs did not have a coronation but instead an acclamation. Before the assumption of the Portuguese throne by the Philippine Dynasty, the Kings of Portugal used to be anointed and crowned in the Jeronimos Monastery in Lisbon.
In 1755 the Great Lisbon earthquake destroyed Lisbon and the Paço da Ribeira, the Portuguese royal residence of the time. With the destruction of the palace, innumerable pieces of the Portuguese Crown Jewels of the time were destroyed, lost, or stolen.
While his court was in Rio de Janeiro, João VI had a new set of Portuguese Crown Jewels made. Constructed by the royal jewelers at the workshop of António Gomes da Silva, the set most notably included a new crown and sceptre, among a plethora of jewelry pieces. The pieces from this era are the majority of the current set of jewels.
When Maria Pia of Savoy became Queen Consort of Portugal, King Luís I ordered many pieces of jewelry to be made, as it was a passion of his wife. Alongside this, he had a new royal mantle produced.
When the Portuguese Royal Family was exiled, many of the jewels were taken with Queen Amélie of Orléans and Queen Mother Maria Pia of Savoy on their respective exiles.
In 2002 a large part of the Portuguese Crown Jewels were stolen from the Museon in The Hague, where they were on loan for an exhibition on European Crown Jewels. Following an investigation by the museum and Dutch authorities, the Dutch government paid a sum of six million euros to the Portuguese government for reparation.
The Portuguese Crown Jewels are currently kept in a secured vault at the Ajuda National Palace, in Lisbon. While the palace is a popular and important museum, the crown jewels are not open to the public. The crown jewels are now only seen at special events concerning them or the palace specifically, a repercussion of the 2002 Hague theft.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001189
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renier_Point
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Renier Point
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Introduction
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Renier Point
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Renier Point (62°36′34″S 59°48′21″W) is a narrow point forming the east extremity of both Burgas Peninsula and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The feature was known to sealers as Point Renier as early as 1821. The name ‘Pin Point’, given by Discovery Investigations personnel on the Discovery II in 1935, has been rejected in favor of the original name.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001190
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchor_de_Aguilera
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Melchor de Aguilera
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Introduction
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Melchor de Aguilera
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Melchor de Aguilera was the Spanish governor of Cartagena, in what is now Colombia, between 1638 and 1641.
Aguilera met and married Maria de Roche, daughter of an Irish exile, in Madrid.
He was assigned to diplomatic and administrative positions in Italy and France before becoming governor of Cartagena de Indias.
Their daughter Teresa married López de Mendizábal, who became governor of New Mexico.
In a report written on 24 August 1639, Aguilera estimated that when a slave trader arrived in Cartagena they had to pay bribes to more than thirty officials and guards, totalling about 14,000 pesos. A governor of Cartagena could make at least 30,000 pesos yearly by accepting bribes to permit illegal import of slaves.
In 1639, Aguilera initiated construction of the Castillo San Felipe de Barajas, an outstanding work of Spanish military engineering,
which was undertaken by Juan Mejía del Valle.
Due to bureaucratic delays the castle was only completed during the governorship of Pedro Zapata de Mendoza,
who named the castle in honor of King Philip IV of Spain.
In 1640, Aguilera resolved to remove the intolerable infestation of pirates in the Providence Island colony on Santa Catalina island, now called Providencia Island. Taking advantage of having infantry from Castile and Portugal wintering in his port, he dispatched six hundred armed Spaniards from the fleet and the presidio, and two hundred black and mulatto militiamen under the leadership of don Antonio Maldonado y Tejada, his Sergeant Major, in six small frigates and a galleon.
The troops were landed on the island, and a fierce fight ensued. The Spanish were forced to withdraw when a gale blew up and threatened their ships.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001191
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_in_architecture
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1869 in architecture
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Buildings completed
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1869 in architecture / Buildings and structures / Buildings completed
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The year 1869 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.
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Churches of St Columba and St Chad, Haggerston in the East End of London, designed by James Brooks.
Rotes Rathaus in Berlin, Germany.
Strangeways Prison in Manchester, England.
Hillfield House in Gloucester, England, designed by John Giles.
Mole Antonelliana in Turin, Italy.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001192
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Satellite_Awards
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10th Satellite Awards
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Television winners and nominees
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10th Satellite Awards / Television winners and nominees
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The 10th Satellite Awards, honoring the best in film and television of 2005, were given on December 17, 2005.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001193
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helm_Place_(Elizabethtown,_Kentucky)
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Helm Place (Elizabethtown, Kentucky)
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Introduction
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Helm Place (Elizabethtown, Kentucky)
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Helm Place is a white-columned, brick mansion built by John LaRue Helm in the 1830s, about one and a half miles north of the center of Elizabethtown, Kentucky. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
In 1831, John LaRue Helm purchased the old homestead of his grandfather, Captain Thomas Helm, from his uncle Benjamin. The purchase included his father's home several miles outside of Elizabethtown. John then sold his father's home and some 500 acres to Reverend Charles J. Cecil and the Sisters of Loretto, who used the property to create a girls boarding school known as Bethlehem Academy.
After that, John began construction of a new home called Helm Place on the site of Helm Station, a wooden stockade fort. Helm Station was one of three forts built by Thomas Helm in 1780s in the form of a triangle, each spaced one mile apart, to protect against Indian raids. The settlers built their homes in between the three forts, forming a small community that developed into Elizabethtown in the 1790s.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001194
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_proof_(philately)
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Die proof (philately)
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Introduction
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Die proof (philately)
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In philately a Die Proof is a printed image pulled directly from the master die for an engraved stamp.
As a stamp is engraved it is necessary to check progress and a series of proofs are printed or 'pulled' from the die. These are known as progressive or contemporary die proofs.
Progressive proofs also form part of the design and approval process for a stamp. Any changes made during this process turn the proofs into essays which may be identified retrospectively because they differ from the issued stamp. Die proofs for engraved stamps are normally printed under great pressure onto oversized card and, as they are printed from the master die, they are normally of high quality. By contrast they may also be printed on India Paper, a strong, thin, opaque paper. The proofs are not necessarily in the same colour(s) as the issued stamp. A proof on India or other paper mounted on a die-sunk card is known as a hybrid proof.
Once the die is completed, it is transferred multiple times to the plate from which the stamps are printed.
Any pulls from the master die after the stamp has been printed are known as posthumous die proofs and are normally produced for presentation purposes, as samples of the printer's work or to satisfy philatelic demand (demand for the item amongst collectors of stamps).
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001195
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Canning
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Division of Canning
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Members
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Division of Canning / Members
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The Division of Canning is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001196
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takanobu_Nishikawa
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Takanobu Nishikawa
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Introduction
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Takanobu Nishikawa
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Takanobu Nishikawa (born January 14, 1992) is a Japanese professional basketball player who plays for the San-en NeoPhoenix of the B.League in Japan. He played college basketball for Meiji University. He represented his country for the 2018 William Jones Cup.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Tripepi
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Luigi Tripepi
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Introduction
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Luigi Tripepi
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Luigi Tripepi (21 June 1836 – 29 December 1906) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and poet. He was one of the most important Roman Catholic apologists of the 19th century.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001198
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer
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Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
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Full sky views by WISE
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Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer / Gallery / Full sky views by WISE
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Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer is a NASA infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope launched in December 2009, and placed in hibernation mode in February 2011. It was re-activated in 2013. WISE discovered thousands of minor planets and numerous star clusters. Its observations also supported the discovery of the first Y Dwarf and Earth trojan asteroid.
WISE performed an all-sky astronomical survey with images in 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 μm wavelength range bands, over ten months using a 40 cm diameter infrared telescope in Earth orbit. After its hydrogen coolant depleted, a four-month mission extension called NEOWISE was conducted to search for near-Earth objects such as comets and asteroids using its remaining capability.
The All-Sky data including processed images, source catalogs and raw data, was released to the public on March 14, 2012, and is available at the Infrared Science Archive. In August 2013, NASA announced it would reactivate the WISE telescope for a new three-year mission to search for asteroids that could collide with Earth.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Isle_of_Man_TT
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2014 Isle of Man TT
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Introduction
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2014 Isle of Man TT
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The 2014 Isle of Man TT Festival was held between Saturday 24 May and Friday 6 June 2014 on the 37.73-mile Isle of Man TT Mountain Course. The main races were six solo motorcycle races and two sidecar races. The festival also included Pre-TT Classic Races held on 23, 24 & 26 May 2014 at the Billown Circuit in Castletown. Post-TT races scheduled for 7 June 2014 were cancelled by race organisers on safety grounds due to a thunderstorm and heavy overnight rain.
The blue ribbon event of the 2014 races, the Senior TT, was won by Michael Dunlop marking the 75th Anniversary of the only solo TT race victory by a factory BMW Motorrad machine ridden by Georg Schorsch Meier during the 1939 500 cc Senior Isle of Man TT Race.
The 2014 TT races were again dominated by Michael Dunlop, repeating his 2013 IOM TT feat of winning four races within a week, riding a 1000 cc BMW in the Superbike TT and Superstock TT classes and a 600 cc Honda in Supersport TT Race 2. The 2014 Joey Dunlop TT Championship was won for the second consecutive year by Michael Dunlop with 116 points, with Bruce Anstey having 82 points and Dean Harrison in third place scoring 54 points. Michael Dunlop also scored a Junior/Senior TT double win during the 2014 TT Races raising his tally of Isle of Man TT race wins to 11 victories and 1 Classic TT win.
Gary Johnson won the Supersport TT Race 1 riding a three-cylinder 675 cc Triumph at an average race speed of 124.526 mph, the first victory by a British machine since Bruce Anstey, also on a Triumph, won the 2003 600 cc Junior TT Race. The 2014 TT Zero Race was won by John McGuinness at a race-average speed of 117.366 mph, raising his tally of Isle of Man TT race wins to 21, the first win in the TT electric motorcycle category for the Shinden San / Mugen factory team.
The Sidecar TT produced another maiden winner, with Race 1 being won by Conrad Harrison/Mike Aylott on a Shelbourne Honda 600 cc outfit at a race-average speed of 113.987 mph. The Lightweight TT Race also produced another maiden winner in Dean Harrison, after race favourite and fastest in practice Ivan Lintin retired on lap 1 at Union Mills with an electrical problem. With his father Conrad Harrison winning the Sidecar Race 1 and Dean Harrison's Lightweight win this was the first occasion of father/son winners in different classes of during the same race week.
The Sidecar TT Race 2 was won by Dave Molyneux/Patrick Farrance riding a 600 cc DMR Kawasaki outfit at a race-average speed of 113.147 mph, raising his TT wins to 17. Molyneux also celebrated the 25th anniversary of his first win in the 1989 Isle of Man TT Sidecar Race 'A' with passenger Colin Hardman at an average race speed of 104.56 mph.
A new outright course lap record was set by Bruce Anstey, with a time of 17 minutes, 06.682 seconds at an average speed of 132.298 mph during lap 6 of the 2014 Superbike TT Race. A further race lap record was set by Michael Dunlop, recording a new class record for the Senior TT class of 17 minutes, 11.591 seconds, at an average speed of 131.668 mph. The Vernon Cooper Trophy for Fastest Newcomer was won by Peter Hickman, riding a 1000 cc BMW, during lap 6 of the Senior TT with a time of 17 minutes, 32.078 seconds at an average speed of 129.104 mph. After completing a number of practice laps, Mark Higgins broke his own car record for the Snaefell Mountain Course driving a 2015 Subaru WRX STI with a lap time of 19 minutes, 15.88 at an average speed of 117.510 miles per hour (189.114 km/h)
The 2014 TT Festival held a Lap of Honour of the Snaefell Mountain Course in memory of Simon Andrews who earlier had suffered a fatal crash during the 1000 cc Superstock event of the 2014 North West 200 races in May. A fatal accident to veteran Manx Grand Prix and TT competitor Bob Price occurred at Ballaugh Bridge during the Supersport TT Race 1. Former British Supersport champion Karl Harris crashed fatally at the 26th Milestone while competing in the Superstock TT Race.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001200
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_The_Gorge
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Listed buildings in The Gorge
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Buildings
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Listed buildings in The Gorge / Buildings
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The Gorge is a civil parish in the district of Telford and Wrekin, Shropshire, England. It contains 215 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, two are listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, 13 are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The River Severn runs through the parish and, together with a tributary running from the north, form Ironbridge Gorge, which contains the town of Ironbridge, and the villages of Coalbrookdale, Coalport and part of Jackfield.
Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution the parish was rural, and the listed buildings from this period consist of timber framed houses and cottages. In 1708 Abraham Darby I moved to Coalbrookdale and took over an disused blast furnace. He developed this into The Old Furnace in which he smelted iron with coke for the first time in the world in 1709. From this, Coalbrookdale Ironworks developed and a number of buildings associated with it are listed.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001201
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustia_(plant)
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Rustia (plant)
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Introduction
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Rustia (plant)
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Rustia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. There are about 14 species distributed in Central and South America. They are shrubs and trees up to 15 metres (49 ft) tall.
Species include:
Rustia alba
Rustia angustifolia
Rustia bilsana
Rustia condamineoides
Rustia costaricensis
Rustia dressleri
Rustia formosa
Rustia gracilis
Rustia haitiensis
Rustia kosnipatana
Rustia occidentalis
Rustia rubra
Rustia schunkeana
Rustia simpsonii
Rustia thibaudioides
Rustia venezuelensis
Rustia viridiflora
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001203
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Bizkaia_Kutxa
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Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa
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Introduction
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Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa
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Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa (BBK) (Basque for 'Bilbao Biscay Savings Bank') is a Spanish savings bank based in the province of Biscay in the Basque Country, Spain. Its full name is Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa, Aurrezki Kutxa eta Bahitetxea (in Spanish Caja Bilbao Vizcaya, Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad). It was formed in 1990 when the Caja de Ahorros Municipal de Bilbao and the Bizkaiko Aurrezki Kutxa-Caja de Ahorros Vizcaína were merged. The company headquarters are in Bilbao. On 1 January 2012 it merged with other Basque financial entities (a "loose merger"), Kutxa and Caja Vital Kutxa, to form Kutxabank.
BBK won a bid to take over CajaSur on July 16, 2010. The transaction created the 7th largest financial institution of Spain.
The savings bank has minority investments in the following companies: Iberdrola 6,84%, Euskaltel 33,99%, Enagas 5%, Red Eléctrica 2,2%.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001204
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Books
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Square Books
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Gallery of Interior views, 2016
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Square Books / Gallery of Interior views, 2016
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Square Books is a general independent bookstore in three separate historic buildings on the town square of Oxford, Mississippi, widely known among readers as the hub of William Faulkner's "postage stamp of native soil," Yoknapatawpha. The main store, Square Books, is in a two-story building with a cafe and balcony on the second floor; Off Square Books is a few doors down from the main store and has lifestyle sections such as gardening and cookbooks; and Square Books Jr, the children's bookstore, is in a building adjacent to the historic Neilson's Department Store, which has continuously operated since 1839. Square Books is known for its strong selection of literary fiction, books on the American South and by Southern writers, a large inventory of bargain books, and its emphasis on books for children. The store hosts the popular Thacker Mountain radio show and over 150 author events a year, and is a founding co-sponsor of the Oxford Conference for the Book.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001205
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Historic_Property_Register
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Phoenix Historic Property Register
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Individual properties
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Phoenix Historic Property Register / Individual properties
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The Phoenix Historic Property Register is the official listing of the historic and prehistoric properties in the city of Phoenix, the capital and largest city, of the U.S. state of Arizona.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001206
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptures_by_Ligier_Richier
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Sculptures by Ligier Richier
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"Mise au Tombeau", St Ėtienne
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Sculptures by Ligier Richier / The entombment / "Mise au Tombeau", St Ėtienne
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Ligier Richier was a 16th-century religious sculptor working in Lorraine, France and known in particular for his depictions of scenes from the "Passion of Christ". The various episodes of the Passion, between the arrest and the crucifixion of Christ, as recounted in the Gospels, were increasingly subject to representation in the Arts towards the end of the Middle Ages, in tandem with the growing popularity of the staging of theatrical mystery plays.
Little is known of Ligier Richier's personal life as a consequence of the scarcity of records available. Thus attribution of works to him faces the same constraints and often relies on the scholarship of people such as Paul Denis, particularly his thesis "l’artiste et son œuvre" published in Paris and Nancy in 1911. A good example of the scarcity of information available is the extent to which researchers have relied on the writing of the Troyes pilgrim Chatourop, recorded through the writings of dom Calmet, for information on the works at Notre Dame in Bar-le-Duc and Saint Pierre in Saint Mihiel. Paul Denis rejects the idea that Richier travelled to Italy and had contact with Michelangelo.
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Saint Mihiel is located by the Meuse and gave its name to a monastery which the mayor of Austrasie had had built on a hill near the town. This was later moved nearer Saint Mihiel which was originally called Saint-Michel but was corrupted over the years to Saint-Mihiel.
The church of St Ėtienne in St Mihiel is a very old one, was destroyed and rebuilt several times and in one of the various excavations necessary when the church was being rebuilt the thirteen statues which make up the St Ėtienne "Mise au Tombeau" or "Sépulcre" were discovered. These thirteen statues are the depictions of those who placed Jesus Christ in his tomb after the body had been brought down from the Cross. Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus are shown "portent avec precaution leur precieux fardeau" (carefully carrying their precious package").
They are assisted by Martha and Salomé who have prepared the linen cover for the inside of the tomb. In describing the work, LePage writes
"Madeleine, à genoux aux pieds du Christ, attire prinicipalement l'attention du visiteur; c'est, je crois, le morceau capital de l'oeuvre. Sous la femme convertie on devine la courtisane. Sa toilette est riche, sa poitrine opulente, et sous ces grands yeux qui pleurent la mort du Maître on sent une vague reminiscence de la femme d'autrefois; cependant une douleur immense est peinte sur sa figure, L'artiste a admirablement saisi cette physionomie de Madeleine, qui a toujours tenté les peintres de toutes les époques"
In Richier's composition Sainte Monique is shown holding the crown of thorns which Jesus' persecutors had placed on his head. John and Mary Cleophas are shown supporting the Virgin Mary who is clearly distraught and overcome with grief. An angel carrying the Cross looks on, as does the centurion who "contemple d'un oeil étonné cette scène de douleur" and two soldiers who roll dice on the top of a drum.
It is said that the winner would have won Jesus' tunic. Scholars believe this to be Richier's final work and it was completed between 1554 and 1564 the year Richier left France to travel to Geneva. He is thought to have left it to his son Gerard to carry out the installation in the chapel of Saint-Ėtienne church and possibly add some finishing touches to the work. It stands in the south side-aisle. The figures involved are more than life-size and carved from a fine-grained Meuse limestone.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001207
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Carl_Frieseke
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Frederick Carl Frieseke
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Collections
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Frederick Carl Frieseke / Collections
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Frederick Carl Frieseke was an American Impressionist painter who spent most of his life as an expatriate in France. An influential member of the Giverny art colony, his paintings often concentrated on various effects of dappled sunlight. He is especially known for painting female subjects, both indoors and out.
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Frieseke's work is in many major collections including:
Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts
Art Institute of Chicago
Brigham Young University Museum of Art, Provo, Utah
Brooklyn Museum, New York City
Butler Institute of American Art, Ohio
Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia
Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, California
Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens, Jacksonville, Florida
Detroit Institute of Arts
Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, Georgia
Grand Rapids Art Museum
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D.C.
Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Indianapolis Museum of Art
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Maier Museum of Art at Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Minneapolis Institute of Arts
Musée franco-américain du château de Blérancourt
Musée Léon Dierx, Saint-Denis, Réunion
Museo d'Art Moderna de Ca' Pesaro, Venice
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Museum of the National Academy of Design, New York City
Musée des Impressionnismes (formerly the Musée d'Art Américain), Giverny
National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
National Museums Liverpool
New Britain Museum of American Art, Connecticut
North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Shiawassee Arts Center, Owosso, Michigan
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D.C.
Telfair Museum of Art, Savannah, Georgia
Terra Foundation for American Art, Chicago
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond
Wichita Art Museum
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001208
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy
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Cinema of Italy
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Giallo (Thriller/Horror) (1960s-1970s)
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Cinema of Italy / History / 1960s / Giallo (Thriller/Horror) (1960s-1970s)
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The Cinema of Italy comprises the films made within Italy or by Italian directors. The first Italian director is considered to be Vittorio Calcina, a collaborator of the Lumière Brothers, who filmed Pope Leo XIII in 1896. Since its beginning, Italian cinema has influenced film movements worldwide. As of 2018, Italian films have won 14 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film as well as 12 Palmes d'Or, one Academy Award for Best Picture and many Golden Lions and Golden Bears.
Italy is a birthplace of Art Cinema and the stylistic aspect of film has been the most important factor in the history of Italian movies. In the early 1900s, artistic and epic films such as Otello, The Last Days of Pompeii, L'Inferno, Quo Vadis, and Cabiria, were made as adaptations of books or stage plays. Italian filmmakers were utilizing complex set designs, lavish costumes, and record budgets, to produce pioneering films. One of the first cinematic avante-garde movements, Italian Futurism, took place in Italy in the late 1910s. After a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of sound film.
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During the 1960s and 70s, Italian filmmakers Mario Bava, Riccardo Freda, Antonio Margheriti and Dario Argento developed giallo horror films that become classics and influenced the genre in other countries. Representative films include: Black Sunday, Castle of Blood, Twitch of the Death Nerve, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, Deep Red and Suspiria.
Due to the success of the James Bond film series the Italian film industry made large amounts of imitations and spoofs in the Eurospy genre from 1964-1967.
Following the 1960s boom of shockumentary "Mondo films" such as Gualtiero Jacopetti's Mondo Cane, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, Italian cinema became internationally synonymous with violent horror films. These films were primarily produced for the video market and were credited with fueling the "video nasty" era in the United Kingdom.
Directors in this genre included Lucio Fulci, Joe D'Amato, Umberto Lenzi and Ruggero Deodato. Some of their films faced legal challenges in the United Kingdom; after the Video Recordings Act of 1984, it became a legal offense to sell a copy of such films as Cannibal Holocaust and SS Experiment Camp. Italian films of this period are usually grouped together as exploitation films.
Several countries charged Italian studios with exceeding the boundaries of acceptability with their late-1970s Nazi exploitation films, inspired by American movies such as Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS. The Italian works included the notorious but comparatively tame SS Experiment Camp and the far more graphic Last Orgy of the Third Reich (Italian: L'ultima orgia del III Reich). These films showed, in great detail, sexual crimes against prisoners at concentration camps. These films may still be banned in the United Kingdom and other countries.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001209
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtus
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Myrtus
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Garden history
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Myrtus / Garden history
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Myrtus, with the common name myrtle, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae, described by Swedish botanist Linnaeus in 1753.
Over 600 names have been proposed in the genus, but nearly all have either been moved to other genera or been regarded as synonyms. The genus Myrtus has three species recognised today:
Myrtus communis – Common myrtle; native to the Mediterranean region in southern Europe.
Myrtus nivellei – Saharan myrtle; native to North Africa.
Myrtus phyllireaefolia
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001210
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_starfrontlet
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Rainbow starfrontlet
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Introduction
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Rainbow starfrontlet
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The rainbow starfrontlet (Coeligena iris) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, at elevations of 1500 – 3300 m, and heavily degraded former forest. They can be seen along the edges of forests and adjacent shrubby areas.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001211
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollie
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Nollie
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Helipop
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Nollie / Variations / Helipop
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In skateboarding, a nollie, short for "nose ollie", is an ollie executed at the front of the board while the rider is positioned in his/her natural stance. Professional skateboarders Karl Watson, Shuriken Shannon, Tuukka Korhonen, and Sean Malto have been recognized for their ability to perform the nollie trick. A nollie can be easily confused with a fakie ollie, whereby the rider uses his/her original foot position but is instead riding backwards.
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Also known as a 'nollie backside 360' (not caballerial, caballerial is fakie), this is a nollie variation whereby the skateboarder and the skateboard rotate 360-degrees after leaving the ground. The trick was invented by Rodney Mullen and can be seen in the Almost: Round Three video during the section when Mullen is skateboarding on the Hollywood Stars in Los Angeles, California, United States (US).
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001212
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Bruce_Health_Services
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Grey Bruce Health Services
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Additional images
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Grey Bruce Health Services / Additional images
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Grey Bruce Health Services is an amalgamation of health services in Grey and Bruce counties in Ontario, Canada.
The current hospital location opened June 26th, 1986. The hospital has the capacity for 400 beds, however only receives funding for 169.
It includes six hospitals:
Lion's Head Hospital
Markdale Hospital
Meaford Hospital
Southampton Hospital
Wiarton Hospital
Owen Sound Hospital
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001213
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_India
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Military history of India
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Indus Valley Civilisation
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Military history of India / Indus Valley Civilisation
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The predecessors to the contemporary Army of India were many: the sepoy regiments, native cavalry, irregular horse and Indian sapper and miner companies raised by the three British presidencies. The Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century by taking the erstwhile presidency armies, merging them, and bringing them under the Crown. The British Indian Army fought in both World Wars.
The armed forces succeeded the military of British India following India's independence in 1947. After World War II, many of the wartime troops were discharged and units disbanded. The reduced armed forces were partitioned between India and Pakistan. The Indian armed forces fought in all three wars against Pakistan and a war with the People's Republic of China. India also fought in the Kargil War with Pakistan in 1999, the highest altitude mountain warfare in history. The Indian Armed Forces have participated in several United Nations peacekeeping operations and are presently the second largest contributor of troops to the peacekeeping force.
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Fortified towns have been excavated from Indus Valley Civilisation with thick and tall walls. Banawali is among the earliest sites in the world where moats have been discovered. These forts also feature square and round bastion and contain a citadel constructed at an elevated height. Sites such as Mohenjo Daro and Dholavira exhibit some outstanding examples of Bronze Age Indian fortifications with their thick tall walls, with the walls made of burned bricks at some places solid mud-brick embankment have been discovered which run for twenty five feet (7.5 meters) without reaching the bottom. Sites such as Desalpar, Dholavira's have yielded massive stone fortifications and the acropolis is extensively fortified with tall standing walls and furnished with ramparts and gateways.
An excavation at Sinauli's necropolis has yielded copper swords, helmets and chariots, dating from 2000-1800 BC, which suggests the presence of a warrior class of people in the region during the Copper-Bronze Age (3300 BC–1200 BC).
An Indus seal depicting a soldier firing a composite bow was unearthed in Shortugai, Afghanistan, which indicates that Indus people were already familiar with it long before they were depicted in ancient Indian reliefs. Another copper seal from Mohenjo Daro shows a horned hunter holding a composite bow.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001214
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6144_Kondojiro
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6144 Kondojiro
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Orbit and classification
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6144 Kondojiro / Orbit and classification
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6144 Kondojiro is an asteroid discovered on March 14, 1994 by Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at the Kitami Observatory in eastern Hokkaidō, Japan. It is named after Jiro Kondo, a Japanese Egyptologist and professor of archaeology at Waseda University.
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The orbit of 6144 Kondojiro is unusual for a number of reasons, including:
An eccentricity greater than 0.3,
A semi-major axis between that of an outer main-belt asteroid (3.2 AU < a < 4.6 AU) and a Jupiter trojan (4.6 AU < a < 5.5 AU),
A relatively low inclination for a Jupiter-crossing minor planet, and
A lack of proper orbital elements due to recurring perturbations by Jupiter.
It is difficult to classify an object with such a peculiar orbit using a conventional definition. Despite this, the Minor Planet Center (MPC) lists it as a main-belt asteroid, even though both the orbital and physical properties of 6144 Kondojiro suggest that it may be an extinct comet rather than a true asteroid. The JPL Small-Body Database lists only 33 such objects that have an observation arc greater than 30 days.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001215
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_influences_on_alluvial_fans
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Tectonic influences on alluvial fans
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Development of fans through tectonic uplift
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Tectonic influences on alluvial fans / Development of fans through tectonic uplift
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Tectonic forces have been shown to have major influences on alluvial fans. Tectonic movements such as tectonic uplift are driving factors in determining the development, shape, structure, size, location, and thickness of alluvial fans and influence the formation of segmented fans. By understanding the tectonic influences, the geologic history can be determined by taking information from an alluvial fan and determining the tectonic history of the region.
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Alluvial fan development is highly influenced by Tectonic uplift based on the rate of uplift through fan development. As shown in the figure, if tectonic uplift during deposition is greater than the flow of the stream depositing the sediment, then the alluvial fan's deposition will form closer to the mountain range in a more concentrated state. However, if the rate of tectonic uplift is not as significant as the flow of the stream depositing the sediment, this results in a more spread out, flatter alluvial fan which has a greater distance from the mountain range it is formed from.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001216
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland,_Florida
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Maitland, Florida
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Demographics
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Maitland, Florida / Demographics
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Maitland is a suburban city in Orange County, Florida, United States, part of the Greater Orlando area. The population was 15,751 at the 2010 census. The area's history is exhibited at the Maitland Historical Museum. The city also hosts the Maitland Art Center, and examples of Mayan Revival architecture and Fantasy Architecture, the Maitland Telephone Museum and the William H. Waterhouse House Museum. A SunRail station is located in Maitland on Highway 17-92. The city is named for Fort Maitland.
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As of the census of 2000, there were 12,019 people, 4,825 households, and 3,242 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,589.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,000.1/km²). There were 5,104 housing units at an average density of 1,099.5 per square mile (424.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 85.22% White, 9.73% African American, 0.12% Native American, 2.18% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.16% from other races, and 1.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.97% of the population.
There were 4,825 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $62,500, and the median income for a family was $69,504. Males had a median income of $53,542 versus $30,256 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,290. About 3.5% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001217
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoverpa_armigera
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Helicoverpa armigera
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Lifecycle
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Helicoverpa armigera / Lifecycle
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The cotton bollworm, corn earworm, or Old World bollworm is a moth, the larvae of which feed on a wide range of plants, including many important cultivated crops. It is a major pest in cotton and one of the most polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest species. It should not be confused with the similarly named, related species Helicoverpa zea.
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The female cotton bollworm can lay several hundred eggs, distributed on various parts of the plant. Under favourable conditions, the eggs can hatch into larvae within three days and the whole lifecycle can be completed in just over a month.
The eggs are spherical and 0.4 to 0.6 mm in diameter, and have a ribbed surface. They are white, later becoming greenish.
The larvae take 13 to 22 days to develop, reaching up to 40 mm long in the sixth instar. Their colouring is variable, but mostly greenish and yellow to red-brown. The head is yellow with several spots. Three dark stripes extend along the dorsal side and one yellow light stripe is situated under the spiracles on the lateral side. The ventral parts of the larvae are pale. They are rather aggressive, occasionally carnivorous and may even cannibalise each other. If disturbed, they fall from the plant and curl up on the ground.
The pupae develop inside a silken cocoon over 10 to 15 days in soil at a depth of 4–10 centimetres (1.6–3.9 in), or in cotton bolls or maize ears.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzano_Mountain_cottontail
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Manzano Mountain cottontail
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Introduction
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Manzano Mountain cottontail
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The Manzano mountain cottontail (Sylvilagus cognatus) is a species of cottontail rabbit endemic to the Manzano Mountains in New Mexico, United States. It occurs in coniferous forests in high elevation. It was previously thought to be a subspecies of the Eastern cottontail.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001219
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding_(memory)
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Encoding (memory)
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Long-Term Potentiation
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Encoding (memory) / Long-Term Potentiation
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Memory has the ability to encode, store and recall information. Memories give an organism the capability to learn and adapt from previous experiences as well as build relationships. Encoding allows a perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain and recalled later from long-term memory. Working memory stores information for immediate use or manipulation which is aided through hooking onto previously archived items already present in the long-term memory of an individual.
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Encoding is a biological event that begins with perception. All perceived and striking sensations travel to the brain's thalamus where all these sensations are combined into one single experience. The hippocampus is responsible for analyzing these inputs and ultimately deciding if they will be committed to long-term memory; these various threads of information are stored in various parts of the brain. However, the exact way in which these pieces are identified and recalled later remains unknown.
Encoding is achieved using a combination of chemicals and electricity. Neurotransmitters are released when an electrical pulse crosses the synapse which serves as a connection from nerve cells to other cells. The dendrites receive these impulses with their feathery extensions. A phenomenon called long-term potentiation allows a synapse to increase strength with increasing numbers of transmitted signals between the two neurons. For that to happen, NMDA receptor, which influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation in most hippocampal pathways, need to come to the play. For these NMDA receptors to be activated, there must be two conditions. Firstly, glutamate has to be released and bound to the NMDA receptor site on postsynaptic neurons. Secondly, excitation has to take place in postsynaptic neurons. These cells also organize themselves into groups specializing in different kinds of information processing. Thus, with new experiences the brain creates more connections and may 'rewire'. The brain organizes and reorganizes itself in response to one's experiences, creating new memories prompted by experience, education, or training. Therefore, the use of a brain reflects how it is organised. This ability to re-organize is especially important if ever a part of the brain becomes damaged. Scientists are unsure of whether the stimuli of what we do not recall are filtered out at the sensory phase or if they are filtered out after the brain examines their significance.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001220
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_dishes
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List of Thai dishes
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Salads
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List of Thai dishes / Shared dishes / Salads
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This is a list of dishes found in Thai cuisine.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001221
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albay
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Albay
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Languages
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Albay / Demographics / Languages
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Albay is a province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Luzon. Its capital is the city of Legazpi, the regional center of the whole Bicol Region, which is located in the southern foothill of Mayon Volcano, the symbol most associated with the province. This perfectly symmetrical active stratovolcano forms a magnificent, scenic backdrop to the city of Legazpi and is visible throughout the municipalities and cities of Albay including the surrounding provinces.
The province was added to the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves in March 2016.
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Albay is home to several languages and host to different native languages of Bicol Region. Out of seven Bikol languages (excluding the Bisakol languages, which are Bisayan languages), only Pandan Bikol of northern Catanduanes is not used or which the origin is not from Albay. The languages in the province is very diverse which includes the languages of Albay Bikol group which comprises the languages of West Miraya, East Miraya, Libon and Buhinon. Of the four Albay Bikol languages, Buhinon is the only one not used in Albay but rather in Buhi, Camarines Sur.
Rinconada Bikol is a minority language in the province and used by people in barangays of Libon and Polangui that are near the boundary of Bato and Iriga City in Camarines Sur. Another primary language used in the province is Central Bikol which is the native-tongue of the population on the eastern coast of the Bicol Peninsula. Both Albay Bikol languages and Rinconada Bikol are members of Inland Bikol group of languages while Central Bikol is a language member of Coastal Bikol. The Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon dialect of Central Bikol is spoken in Legazpi City, Tabaco City and neighboring municipalities on the east side of Albay, and some parts of northern Sorsogon (especially in Sorsogon City).
The majority of the inhabitants also understand English and Filipino as second languages.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001223
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR5AK2
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OR5AK2
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Introduction
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OR5AK2
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Olfactory receptor 5AK2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR5AK2 gene.
Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001224
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assassin%27s_Creed_characters
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List of Assassin's Creed characters
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Mary Read
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List of Assassin's Creed characters / Helix Player saga / Characters of Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag / Mary Read
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This list of characters from the Assassin's Creed franchise contains only characters that are considered part of Assassin's Creed canon. Some of them are completely fictional and some are partially based on real-world historical figures.
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Mary Read (c. 1685–1721) was an English pirate and member of the Assassin Order, trained by the Mentor of the Caribbean Assassins, Ah Tabai. She was also one of the founders of the Pirate Republic of Nassau. In order to facilitate her career as a pirate, she posed as James Kidd, an illegitimate son of the late William Kidd.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001225
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBB_Fernsehen
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RBB Fernsehen
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Introduction
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RBB Fernsehen
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RBB Fernsehen (stylized as rbb fernsehen) is a German free-to-air television channel owned and operated by Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB) and serving Berlin and Brandenburg. It is one of the seven regional "third programmes" that are offered within the federal ARD network.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001226
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Si-yeol
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Song Si-yeol
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Gallery
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Song Si-yeol / Gallery
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Song Siyeol, also known by his pennames Uam and Ujae or by the honorific Songja, was a Joseon statesman and a Neo-Confucian scholar and philosopher. Born in Okcheon, North Chungcheong, he was known for his concern with the problems of the common people. He served in governmental service for more than fifty years, and his name features over 3,000 times in the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, the greatest frequency that any individual is mentioned. He was executed by the royal court for writing an inflammatory letter to the king.
There is a monument to him in his hometown.
He is also known as the calligrapher who inscribed an epitaph in dedication of Admiral Yi Sunsin, which is preserved at the Chungryeolsa Shrine.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001227
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancini_family
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Mancini family
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Introduction
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Mancini family
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Mancini was one of the oldest families of Roman nobility. Their titles and fiefs were numerous: Duke of Nevers and Donzy, Prince of Vergagne and of the Holy Roman Empire with the treatment of Serene Highness, French Peer, Spanish Grandee, Marquis of Fusignano, Count of Montefortino, Viscount of Clamecy, Baron of Tardello, Tumminii and Ogliastro, Lord of Claye-Souilly, Roman noble and Venetian patrician. They were knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece, of the Order of the Holy Spirit, of the Order of Saint Michael, of the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem and many more. The humanist Marco Antonio Altieri (1457–1537) includes them in Li Nuptiali, an important collection of news about Rome in the 16th century. The family was granted the Honneurs de la Cour of France.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001228
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogen
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Entheogen
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Ancient times
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Entheogen / History / Ancient times
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An entheogen is a psychoactive substance that induces alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior for the purposes of engendering spiritual development in sacred contexts. The religious, magical, shamanic, or spiritual significance of entheogens is well established in anthropological and modern contexts; entheogens have traditionally been used to supplement many diverse practices geared towards achieving transcendence, including divination, meditation, yoga, sensory deprivation, asceticism, prayer, trance, rituals, chanting, hymns like peyote songs, drumming, and ecstatic dance.
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R. Gordon Wasson and Giorgio Samorini have proposed several examples of the cultural use of entheogens that are found in the archaeological record. Hemp seeds discovered by archaeologists at Pazyryk suggest early ceremonial practices by the Scythians occurred during the 5th to 2nd century BCE, confirming previous historical reports by Herodotus.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001229
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker
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Icebreaker
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Ice resistance and hull form
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Icebreaker / Characteristics / Ice resistance and hull form
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An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller vessels, such as the icebreaking boats that were once used on the canals of the United Kingdom.
For a ship to be considered an icebreaker, it requires three traits most normal ships lack: a strengthened hull, an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through sea ice.
Icebreakers clear paths by pushing straight into frozen-over water or pack ice. The bending strength of sea ice is low enough that the ice breaks usually without noticeable change in the vessel's trim. In cases of very thick ice, an icebreaker can drive its bow onto the ice to break it under the weight of the ship. A buildup of broken ice in front of a ship can slow it down much more than the breaking of the ice itself, so icebreakers have a specially designed hull to direct the broken ice around or under the vessel.
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Icebreakers are often described as ships that drive their sloping bows onto the ice and break it under the weight of the ship. In reality, this only happens in very thick ice where the icebreaker will proceed at walking pace or may even have to repeatedly back down several ship lengths and ram the ice pack at full power. More commonly the ice, which has a relatively low flexural strength, is easily broken and submerged under the hull without a noticeable change in the icebreaker's trim while the vessel moves forward at a relatively high and constant speed.
When an icebreaker is designed, one of the main goals is to minimize the forces resulting from crushing and breaking the ice, and submerging the broken floes under the vessel. The average value of the longitudinal components of these instantaneous forces is called the ship's ice resistance. Naval architects who design icebreakers use the so-called h-v-curve to determine the icebreaking capability of the vessel. It shows the speed (v) that the ship is able to achieve as a function of ice thickness (h). This is done by calculating the velocity at which the thrust from the propellers equals the combined hydrodynamic and ice resistance of the vessel. An alternative means to determine the icebreaking capability of a vessel in different ice conditions such as pressure ridges is to perform model tests in an ice tank. Regardless of the method, the actual performance of new icebreakers is verified in full scale ice trials once the ship has been built.
In order to minimize the icebreaking forces, the hull lines of an icebreaker are usually designed so that the flare at the waterline is as small as possible. As a result, icebreaking ships are characterized by a sloping or rounded stem as well as sloping sides and a short parallel midship to improve maneuverability in ice. However, the spoon-shaped bow and round hull have poor hydrodynamic efficiency and seakeeping characteristics, and make the icebreaker susceptible to slamming, or the impacting of the bottom structure of the ship onto the sea surface. For this reason, the hull of an icebreaker is often a compromise between minimum ice resistance, maneuverability in ice, low hydrodynamic resistance, and adequate open water characteristics.
Some icebreakers have a hull that is wider in the bow than in the stern. These so-called "reamers" increase the width of the ice channel and thus reduce frictional resistance in the aftship as well as improve the ship's maneuverability in ice. In addition to low friction paint, some icebreakers utilize an explosion-welded abrasion-resistant stainless steel ice belt that further reduces friction and protects the ship's hull from corrosion. Auxiliary systems such as powerful water deluges and air bubbling systems are used to reduce friction by forming a lubricating layer between the hull and the ice. Pumping water between tanks on both sides of the vessel results in continuous rolling that reduces friction and makes progress through the ice easier. Experimental bow designs such as the flat Thyssen-Waas bow and a cylindrical bow have been tried over the years to further reduce the ice resistance and create an ice-free channel.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001230
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alamosa_County,_Colorado
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Alamosa County, Colorado
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Current listings
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Alamosa County, Colorado / Current listings
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This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Alamosa County, Colorado.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alamosa County, Colorado, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
There are 15 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted July 17, 2020.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001231
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IV
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Kamehameha IV
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Introduction
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Kamehameha IV
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Kamehameha IV (Alekanetero ʻIolani Kalanikualiholiho Maka o ʻIouli Kūnuiākea o Kūkāʻilimoku; anglicized as Alexander Lihoiho) February 9, 1834 – November 30, 1863), reigned as the fourth monarch of Hawaii under the title Ke Aliʻi o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina of the Kingdom of Hawaii from January 11, 1855 to November 30, 1863.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001232
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_column
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Victory column
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Monumental columns
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Victory column / Monumental columns
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A victory column, or monumental column or triumphal column, is a monument in the form of a column, erected in memory of a victorious battle, war, or revolution. The column typically stands on a base and is crowned with a victory symbol, such as a statue. The statue may represent the goddess Victoria; in Germany, the female embodiment of the nation, Germania; in the United States either female embodiment of the nation Liberty or Columbia; in the United Kingdom, the female embodiment Britannia, an eagle, or a war hero.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001233
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo
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Brewster F2A Buffalo
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British Commonwealth (Malaya)
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Brewster F2A Buffalo / Operational history / British Commonwealth (Malaya)
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The Brewster F2A Buffalo is an American fighter aircraft which saw service early in World War II. Designed and built by the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation, it was one of the first U.S. monoplanes with an arrestor hook and other modifications for aircraft carriers. The Buffalo won a competition against the Grumman F4F Wildcat in 1939 to become the U.S. Navy's first monoplane fighter aircraft. Although superior to the Grumman F3F biplane it replaced, and the early F4Fs, the Buffalo was largely obsolete when the United States entered the war, being unstable and overweight, especially when compared to the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero.
Several nations, including Finland, Belgium, Britain and the Netherlands, ordered the Buffalo. The Finns were the most successful with their Buffalos, flying them in combat against early Soviet fighters with excellent results.
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Facing a shortage of combat aircraft in January 1940, the British government established the British Purchasing Commission to acquire U.S. aircraft that would help supplement domestic production. Among the U.S. fighter aircraft that caught the Commission's attention was the Brewster. The remaining 32 B-339 aircraft ordered by the Belgians, suspended at the fall of France, were passed on to the United Kingdom. Appraisal by Royal Air Force acceptance personnel criticized it on numerous points including inadequate armament and lack of pilot armor, poor high-altitude performance, engine overheating, maintenance issues, and cockpit controls, while it was praised for its handling, roomy cockpit, and visibility. With a top speed of about 323 mph (520 km/h) at 21,000 ft (6,400 m), but with fuel starvation issues over 15,000 ft (4,600 m), it was considered unfit for duty in western Europe. Still desperately in need of fighter aircraft in the Pacific and Asia for British and Commonwealth air forces, the UK ordered an additional 170 aircraft under the type specification B-339E. The aircraft were sent to Royal Australian Air Force, RAF and Royal New Zealand Air Force fighter squadrons in Singapore, Malaya and Burma, shortly before the outbreak of war with Japan.
The B-339E, or Brewster Buffalo Mk I as it was designated in British service, was initially intended to be fitted with an export-approved Wright R-1820-G-105 Cyclone engine with a 1,000 hp (745.7 kW) (peak takeoff) engine. The Brewster aircraft delivered to British and Commonwealth air forces were significantly altered from the B-339 type sold to the Belgium and French forces in accordance with their purchase order. The Brewster factory removed the Navy life raft container and arrestor hook, while adding many new items of equipment, including a British Mk III reflector gun sight, a gun camera, a larger fixed pneumatic tire tail wheel, fire extinguisher, engine shutters, a larger battery, and reinforced armor plating and armored glass behind the canopy windshield.
The Brewster Model B-339E, as modified and supplied to Great Britain was distinctly inferior in performance to the F2A-2 (Model B-339) from the original order. It had a less powerful (1,000 hp (745.7 kW)) engine compared to the F2A-2's 1,200 hp (895 kW) Cyclone, yet was substantially heavier due to all of the additional modifications (some 900 lb/400 kg). The semi-retractable tail wheel had been exchanged for a larger fixed model, which was also less aerodynamic. Top speed was reduced from 323 mph (520 km/h) to 313 mph (504 km/h) at combat altitudes.
In its original form, the B-339 had a theoretical maximum speed of 323 mph (520 km/h) at a rather unrealistic 21,000 ft (6,400 m), but fuel starvation problems and poor supercharger performance at higher altitudes meant that this figure was never achieved in combat; the B-339E was no different in this regard. Its maneuverability was severely impaired (the aircraft was unable to perform loops), and initial rate of climb was reduced to 2,300 ft/min. The Wright Cyclone 1890-G-105 engine designated for use in the Brewster Mk I was in short supply; many aircraft were fitted with secondhand Wright engines sourced from Douglas DC-3 airliners and rebuilt to G105 or G102A specifications by Wright. In service, some effort was made by at least one Brewster squadron to improve the type's sluggish performance; a few aircraft were lightened by some 1,000 lb (450 kg) by removing armor plate, armored windshields, radios, gun camera, and all other unnecessary equipment, and by replacing the .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns with .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns. The fuselage tanks were filled with a minimum of fuel, and run on high-octane aviation petrol where available. At Alor Star airfield in Malaya, the Japanese captured over 1,000 barrels (160 m³) of high-octane aviation petrol from British forces, which they promptly used in their own fighter aircraft.
Many of the pilots assigned the Buffalo lacked adequate training and experience in the type. A total of 20 of the original 169 Buffalos w
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001234
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Wilmington
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University of North Carolina Wilmington
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History
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University of North Carolina Wilmington / History
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The University of North Carolina Wilmington is a public research university in Wilmington, North Carolina. It is part of the University of North Carolina System and enrolls 16,747 undergraduate and graduate students each year.
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UNCW opened its doors on September 4, 1947 as Wilmington College. At the time the school operated as a junior college, offering freshman-level courses to 238 students during the first school year, 75% of whom were veterans returning from military service following World War II. Under the control of the New Hanover County Board of Education, Wilmington College earned accreditation from the North Carolina College Conference in 1948 and became a member of the American Association of Junior Colleges. Further accreditation came in 1952 from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
In 1958, Wilmington College was placed under the Community College Act of North Carolina, passing control from the New Hanover County Board of Education to a board of trustees as a state-supported college under the supervision of the North Carolina Board of Higher Education.
Wilmington College became a four-year liberal arts college on July 1, 1963, when the North Carolina General Assembly passed legislation allowing the school to award bachelor's degrees. Six years later, July 1, 1969, the school was elevated to university status under its present name, becoming the fifth campus of the University of North Carolina system. On August 22, 1977, UNCW was authorized to offer its first graduate programs at the master's level.
The school offers 55 bachelor's degrees, 35 master's degrees and four doctoral degrees: Ed.D. Educational Leadership; Ph.D. Marine Biology and Psychology and a Doctorate in Nursing Practice.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001235
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court
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North Carolina Supreme Court
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History
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North Carolina Supreme Court / History
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The Supreme Court of the State of North Carolina is the state's highest appellate court. Until the creation of the North Carolina Court of Appeals in the 1960s, it was the state's only appellate court. The Supreme Court consists of six associate justices and one chief justice, although the number of justices has varied from time to time. The primary function of the Supreme Court is to decide questions of law that have arisen in the lower courts and before state administrative agencies.
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The first North Carolina appellate court, created in 1799, was called the Court of Conference and consisted of several North Carolina Superior Court (trial) judges sitting en banc twice each year to review appeals from their own courts. In 1805 it was named the Supreme Court, and a seal and motto were to be procured.
From the time the North Carolina General Assembly created the Court as a distinct body in 1818 until 1868, the members of the Court were chosen by the General Assembly and served for life, or "during good behavior." The legislature appointed John Louis Taylor, Leonard Henderson, and John Hall as the first Supreme Court judges. The three judges were allowed to select their own Chief Justice, and they chose Taylor. The Court first met on January 1, 1819.
Since the adoption of the 1868 state constitution, each justice has been elected (separately, including a distinct Chief Justice position) by the people to an eight-year term. There are no term limits. The General Assembly made Supreme Court elections non-partisan starting with the 2004 elections, but later made them partisan again after the 2016 elections.
Susie Sharp became the court's first female justice in 1962 (and later, she became its first female chief justice). In 2011, the court had a female majority for the first time (that majority ended in 2014 with the retirement of Chief Justice Sarah Parker).
The Supreme Court is housed in the Law and Justice Building, located across from the North Carolina State Capitol in Raleigh, North Carolina. The building was built in 1940 and underwent major renovations in 2005–2007.
In 1975, a new seal was adopted. The old Latin phrase Suum cuique was amended to Suum cuique tribuere.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001236
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Gaffney
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James J. Gaffney
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Introduction
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James J. Gaffney
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James J. Gaffney (June 18, 1863 – November 30, 1946), most often known as J. J. Gaffney, was an American architect in Louisville, Kentucky.
A number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Works include:
Adath Jeshurun Temple and School, 749-757 S. Brook St., Louisville, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
Bosler Fireproof Garage (later called the Morrissey Garage), 423 S. 3rd St., Louisville, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
Gaffney House (1910-1927), River Road between Longview Lane and Boxhill Lane, Louisville, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
Highlands Historic District, Louisville, Kentucky. Gaffney is credited with several homes in the district, including those located at 703 Rubel Avenue (built 1899), 1411 Highland Avenue (built 1898), 2017-19 Murray Avenue (built 1907), and probable attribution to the homes at 1222 and 1224 East Broadway (built 1901).
Marmaduke Building, 520 S. Fourth Ave., Louisville, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
Repton, 314 Ridgedale Rd., Louisville, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
St. James Roman Catholic Church, Rectory, and School, 1430 Bardstown Rd., 1826 and 1818 Edenside Ave., Louisville, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
Taggart House, 5000 Bardstown Rd., Buechel, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
Thierman Apartments, 416-420 W. Breckinridge St., Louisville, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
Waverly Hills Tuberculosis Sanitarium, later known as Waverly Hills Geriatrics Center, 8101 Dixie Hwy., Louisville, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001237
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_Melbourne_tram_extensions
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Proposed Melbourne tram extensions
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Route 58 to Hartwell
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Proposed Melbourne tram extensions / Proposals / Route 58 to Hartwell
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Numerous proposals have been made for improvements to the Melbourne tram network, the largest such network in the world. Nearly all of these have been for track extensions of existing lines to connect with nearby railway station or to service new areas and suburbs.
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The PTUA has proposed a continuation of Route 58 from its current terminus east down Toorak Road, terminating near to where it would join the current Route 75 and the Alamein train line at Hartwell station. It would cover just over 4 km.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001238
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Subdray
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Le Subdray
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Introduction
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Le Subdray
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Le Subdray is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001239
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_26
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New York State Route 26
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Madison and Oneida counties
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New York State Route 26 / Route description / Madison and Oneida counties
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New York State Route 26 is a north–south state highway that runs for 203.80 miles through Central New York in the United States. Its southern terminus is located at the Pennsylvania state line south of the town of Vestal in Broome County, where it becomes Pennsylvania Route 267. Its northern terminus is located at a junction with NY 12 in the village of Alexandria Bay in Jefferson County. NY 26 serves three cities along its routing; one directly and two via other roadways. NY 26 also intersects several other primary routes including I-81 in Barker, an overlap with U.S. Route 20 in Madison, NY 12 in Lowville, and an overlap with US 11 in the Jefferson County town of Philadelphia.
NY 26, as a single route, was established in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York; however, portions of the route had been signed state routes since the 1920s. Since 1930, the route has been realigned several times in the North Country, resulting in a modern routing significantly different from its initial alignment. For a brief period during the 1970s, NY 26 ended in Carthage.
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The overlap extends for 2.5 miles (4.0 km) into Madison County to the hamlet of Georgetown, where NY 80 forks to the northwest into a narrow creek valley. NY 26, meanwhile, runs northeast from Georgetown through the Otselic River valley, which begins to narrow as the river approaches its source in the northern part of the town. While the river tapers off, NY 26 climbs slightly in elevation to wind its way northeastward around a series of mountains and hills. The road descends into a narrow creek valley at West Eaton, and the highway proceeds east along Eaton Brook to the hamlet of Eaton on the Chenango River. The stream ends here, leaving the route to traverse another set of mountains to reach a low-lying, marshy area near Bouckville. Here, NY 26 crosses NY 46 ahead of a junction with US 20. NY 26 turns east at the junction, following US 20 through Bouckville toward the village of Madison.
US 20 and NY 26 pick up NY 12B at a junction east of Bouckville, and all three routes run east–west through Madison as Main Street. The brief stretch of homes and businesses along Main Street quickly fades outside the village limits, and NY 12B and NY 26 leave US 20 soon afterward. While US 20 continues to the east, NY 12B and NY 26 proceed northeast into Oneida County and the village of Oriskany Falls on the county's southern edge. The routes head along Madison Street to the community's central business district, where NY 26 doubles back to the southwest on Main Street. It continues on this track to the western fringe of the village, where it returns to a northwesterly track and heads for less developed parts of the town of Augusta. The route goes across rolling farmland for several miles before entering the town of Vernon and its hamlet of Vernon Center, where NY 31 terminates at a traffic circle in the center of the community.
About one mile (1.6 km) north of Vernon Center, NY 26 intersects NY 5 at a rural junction two miles (3.2 km) east of the village of Vernon. From here, NY 26 traverses more open farmland, crossing over the New York State Thruway in Westmoreland before entering the outer district of the city of Rome. The route passes the Oneida and Mohawk correctional facilities just ahead of a junction with NY 365, a four-lane divided highway. NY 26 turns east here, overlapping with NY 365 for just under two miles (3.2 km) to a directional T interchange with NY 49 and NY 69. While NY 365 continues northeastward around the perimeter of downtown Rome, NY 26 exits the highway and immediately begins an overlap with both NY 49 and NY 69. The three routes head north on the four-lane East Erie Boulevard, passing a handful of industrial warehouses before crossing over CSX Transportation's Mohawk Subdivision rail line and the Erie Canal on their way into downtown.
The highway runs through a commercial strip for several blocks to an intersection with Black River Boulevard and NY 46. While NY 46 southbound joins NY 49 and NY 69 to the northwest, NY 26 turns northeast to overlap with NY 46 northbound along the four-lane Black River Boulevard, passing along the southeastern edge of the Fort Stanwix National Monument. The overlap continues for several commercial and residential blocks to East Bloomfield Street, at which point NY 26 turns northward to follow the two-lane East Bloomfield and Turin streets across the mostly residential northern part of the city. The homes become more sporadic as the highway leaves Rome for the town of Lee, home to several hamlets along the west side of Delta Lake. North of the reservoir, the route crosses gradually less developed and more open areas as it crosses into Lewis County.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001240
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Rawson
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Franklin Rawson
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Work
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Franklin Rawson / Work
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Benjamin Franklin Rawson was an Argentine painter
who belonged to the first generation of Argentine painters called the "precursors".
His best known works are the Assassination of Manuel Vicente Maza and Rescue in the Cordillera.
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Rawson painted figures and scenes of his time, always characterized with a sense of balance.
Most of his work consists of portraits and miniatures, lucrative genres because the wealthy social sector paid well to preserve their images.
Three of his works are surprising for their realism: his self-portrait (1838), the oil painting of William Rawson (1839) and the young Sarmiento (1842).
His portraits were very expressive, well-observed character studies, such as his portrait of Don Eustaquio Díaz Vélez.
Among the female images is that of doña Tránsito Oro de Lerma, sister of the bishop Oro de Lerma,
of Jacinta Paz Rojo and Paz Sarmiento de Laspiur.
He also painted infants, such as the portrait of Adan Aberastain as a child.
Rawson also made several historically themed productions.
Rescue in the Cordillera (1855) is a well-known work where his friend Sarmiento and McDonald appears in a heroic episode in which he was not actually involved,
in distributing aid from Chile to the survivors of the Unitarian forces that were defeated at the Battle of Rodeo del Medio, surprised by a snowstorm.
The hero gives out bread to help them overcome the natural elements.
The Flight of Malon (1860) shows a father, mother and son on horseback leaving behind their house, which has been set of fire by Indians.
The most important creation of the historical genre was also painted by the artist in 1860 and is called the Murder of Manuel Vicente Maza,
which reproduces a moment in the murder of the former governor of Buenos Aires Province.
Among the few religious works of the painter, the Immaculate Conception (1845) is notable, oil on canvas more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) long.
Everyday scenes include El Escobero (1865) and La Cometa (1868), one of his last works.
The San Juan Museum of Fine Arts, which houses one of the most important collections in Argentina, has taken his name since 1938 at the initiative of Alfredo Martin Palma, a member of the Commission of Fine Arts.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001241
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Terrain
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GMC Terrain
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Second generation (2018–present)
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GMC Terrain / Second generation (2018–present)
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The GMC Terrain is a crossover SUV by American manufacturer General Motors under its sub-brand GMC. The Terrain was built on GM's Theta platform, like the Chevrolet Equinox. It is now built on the Delta platform. It replaced the Pontiac Torrent which was often sold in the same dealerships prior to GM dropping the Pontiac brand. The Terrain is GMC's smallest vehicle slotted below the Acadia.
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On January 8, 2017, the second generation GMC Terrain was unveiled at the 2017 North American International Auto Show as a 2018 model. The second generation went on sale in Summer 2017 and will be available in three engine choices, and standard features such as a 7-inch touchscreen and LED daytime running headlights and taillights. There is also a more luxurious variant called the GMC Terrain Denali.
Available features include Apple CarPlay and Android Auto functionality, Wi-Fi hotspot capability, and safety technology such as surround vision camera system, GM's vibrating Safety Alert Seat, forward-collision alert, low-speed forward automatic braking, and lane-keep assist with lane-departure warning.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001242
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)
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Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
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The new ruler
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Siege of Jerusalem (1099) / The new ruler
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The Siege of Jerusalem took place from June 7 to July 15, 1099, during the First Crusade. The climax of the First Crusade, the successful siege saw the Crusaders take Jerusalem from the Fatimid Caliphate and laid the foundations for the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The siege is notable for the mass slaughter of Muslims and Jews perpetrated by the Christian crusaders, which contemporaneous sources suggest was savage and widespread.
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On 17 July, a council was held to discuss, Who shall be crowned the king of Jerusalem? On 22 July, Godfrey of Bouillon (who played the most fundamental role in the city's conquest) was made Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri ("advocate" or "defender of the Holy Sepulchre") on July 22, refusing to be named king in the city where Christ had died, saying that he refused to wear a crown of gold in the city where Christ wore a crown of thorns. Raymond had refused any title at all, and Godfrey convinced him to give up the Tower of David as well. Raymond then went on a pilgrimage, and in his absence Arnulf of Chocques, whom Raymond had opposed due to his own support for Peter Bartholomew, was elected the first Latin Patriarch on August 1 (the claims of the Greek Patriarch were ignored). On August 5, Arnulf, after consulting the surviving inhabitants of the city, discovered the relic of the True Cross.
On August 12, Godfrey led an army, with the True Cross carried in the vanguard, against the Fatimid army at the Battle of Ascalon. The Crusaders were successful, but following the victory, the majority of them considered their crusading vows to have been fulfilled, and all but a few hundred knights returned home. Nevertheless, their victory paved the way for the establishment of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The siege quickly became legendary and in the 12th century it was the subject of the Chanson de Jérusalem, a major chanson de geste in the Crusade cycle.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001243
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevillea_acerata
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Grevillea acerata
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Distribution and habitat
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Grevillea acerata / Distribution and habitat
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Grevillea acerata, is a plant in the family Proteaceae and which is endemic to New South Wales. It is a spreading shrub with more or less linear leaves and groups of woolly cream-coloured to grey flowers in groups on the ends of the branches. It is similar to Grevillea sphacelata and is only known from the Gibraltar Range National Park and nearby Glen Elgin.
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This grevillea grows in woodland, forest and heath in soils derived from granite. It is only known from the Gibraltar Range National Park and nearby Glen Elgin, east of Glen Innes.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001244
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts
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Royal Academy of Arts
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Activities
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Royal Academy of Arts / Activities
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The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. It has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the visual arts through exhibitions, education and debate.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001245
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Square
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Palmer Square
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History
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Palmer Square / History
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Palmer Square is a public square and planned development in the heart of Princeton, New Jersey across from Nassau Street and Princeton University that today forms a collection of shops, restaurants, offices and residential spaces.
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Originally built from 1936 to 1939 by Edgar Palmer, heir to the New Jersey Zinc fortune, the Square was created by architect Thomas Stapleton in the Colonial Revival style as the town's complement to Princeton University, which sits directly across Nassau Street from the Square.
In order to build the original Square, Baker Street was removed in 1929 and its houses, the center of the original African-American neighborhood of Princeton, were moved to Birch Avenue. Construction of the Square was delayed until 1936 by the depression, and plans to extend the Square past Hulfish Street were put on hold after the initial phase of construction was completed, and were not realized until the 1980s, along with an expansion of the Nassau Inn.
The Nassau Inn, which was formerly located directly on Nassau Street, was the centerpiece of the development. A small park sits in front of the Inn, which includes the Borough's Christmas tree. Between the park and Nassau Street, a smaller square holds a bronze statue of a tiger.
Thomas Stapleton assembled a variety of styles including a bit of old Newport, Philadelphia, Annapolis and Williamstown. The plan of the Square however is a mini-version Rockefeller Center. The early plans for Rockefeller Center contemplated an Opera House at the end while Palmer had the Playhouse Movie Theater.
Edgar Palmer's vision was to provide jobs during the depression and create a fully integrated mixed-use downtown that would act as a commercial complement to Princeton University. The plans included the playhouse, the Princeton Post Office, and even the Borough Hall, though this structure was never built.
Over 75 years the different components of Palmer Square have come together, with a new addition or component being added approximately every decade since the 1930s.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001246
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_Wellington_County,_Ontario
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List of historic places in Wellington County, Ontario
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List of historic places
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List of historic places in Wellington County, Ontario / List of historic places
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This is a list of historic places in Wellington County, Ontario, containing heritage sites listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places, all of which are designated as historic places either locally, provincially, territorially, nationally, or by more than one level of government.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001247
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong_Bridge
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Mong Bridge
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Introduction
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Mong Bridge
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The Mong Bridge (Cầu Mống in Vietnamese, "Rainbow bridge") is a steel bridge across the Bến Nghé River, connecting District 1 and District 4 of Ho Chi Minh City. It is one of the oldest bridges in that city. Originally named Pont des Messageries maritimes, it was built in 1893-1894 by the French construction company Levallois Perret (the company formerly led by Gustave Eiffel) for the merchant shipping company Messageries maritimes. The bridge was completely removed in 2005 during the construction of the Saigon River Tunnel and afterwards rebuilt, turning it from a road bridge into a footbridge. In addition, the previous statue of An Duong Vuong holding a magic crossbow was also dismantled.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001248
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi
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Sanchi
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Pillar 35
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Sanchi / Later periods / Pillar 35
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Sanchi Stupa is a Buddhist complex, famous for its Great Stupa, on a hilltop at Sanchi Town in Raisen District of the State of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in 46 kilometres north-east of Bhopal, capital of Madhya Pradesh.
The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the oldest stone structures in India, and an important monument of Indian Architecture. It was originally commissioned by the emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha. It was crowned by the chhatri, a parasol-like structure symbolising high rank, which was intended to honour and shelter the relics. The original construction work of this stupa was overseen by Ashoka, whose wife Devi was the daughter of a merchant of nearby Vidisha. Sanchi was also her birthplace as well as the venue of her and Ashoka's wedding. In the 1st century BCE, four elaborately carved toranas and a balustrade encircling the entire structure were added. The Sanchi Stupa built during Mauryan period was made of bricks. The composite flourished until the 11th century.
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The massive pillar near the North Gateway, numbered 35 in the plan, was erected during the Gupta period. Every feature, whether structural, stylistic or technical, is typical of
Gupta workmanship. Most of the shaft has been destroyed, but the stump still remains in situ, and the foundations are intact. The form, too, of the platform around its base is sufficiently clear, and the capital and statue which it is said to have supported, are both relatively well-preserved. What remains of the shaft is 9 ft. in length, 3 ft. 10 in. of which, measured from the top, are circular and smooth, and the remainder, constituting the base, square and rough-dressed. In the Gupta age, it was the common practice to keep the
bases of such monolithic columns square, whereas those of the Maurya age were invariably circular. The columns of the Maurya period are distinguished by its exquisite dressing and highly polished surface; but in this case the dressing of the stone is characterized by no such lustrous finish.
The Persepolitan capital and square abacus ornamented with a balustrade in relief are cut entire from a single block of stone. So, too, is the statue
which was found lying alongside the capital and which is believed to have belonged to the same pillar. This statue represents a man clad in a dhoti and adorned with bracelets, earrings, bejewelled necklace and headdress. The hair falls in curls over the shoulders and back, and beneath it at the back fall the ends of two ribbons. It is thought that the statue represents Vajrapani. The attribution to Vajrapani is indicated by the stub of a vajra thunderbold in the right hand and a halo of 24 rays. The dedication of the Vajrapani pillar is also mentioned in a 5th-century inscription.
An interesting feature of the image is the halo which is pierced with twelve small holes evenly disposed around its edge. Manifestly the halo, is too small in proportion to the size of the statue, and these holes were no doubt intended for the attachment of the outer rays, which were probably fashioned out of copper gilt, the rest of the statue itself being possibly painted or gilded. This statue stood on the summit of the pillar, and is a work of the Gupta period. The statue is currently in the Sanchi Archaeological Museum and is attributed to the 5th century CE.
Following the destruction of the Guptas by the Alchon Huns, and with the decline of Buddhism in India, Buddhist artistic creation at Sanchi slowed down.
Temple 45 was the last Buddhist temple built during the mid to late 9th century. Another point to be noted is that at that time the monuments were enclosed within a wall.
With the decline of Buddhism in India, the monuments of Sanchi went out of use and fell into a state of disrepair. In 1818, General Taylor of the Bengal Cavalry recorded a visit to Sanchi. At that time the monuments were left in a relatively good condition. Although the jungle had overgrown the complex, several of the Gateways were still standing, and Sanchi, being situated on a hill, had escaped the onslaught of the Muslim conquerors who had destroyed the nearby city of Vidisha (Bhilsa) only 5 miles away.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick_(INXS_album)
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Kick (INXS album)
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Tour
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Kick (INXS album) / Tour
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Kick is the sixth studio album by the Australian rock band INXS, released in 1987 by WEA in Australia, Atlantic Records in the United States and Mercury Records in Europe.
As the band's most successful studio album, Kick has been certified six times platinum by the RIAA and spawned four US top 10 singles. At the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards, the band took home five Moonmen for the "Need You Tonight"/"Mediate" video.
The album was produced by British producer Chris Thomas and recorded by David Nicholas in Sydney, Australia, and in Paris, France. The album was mixed by Bob Clearmountain at Air Studios in London.
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Following the release of Kick, INXS embarked on a sixteen-month global tour playing arenas and stadiums in major cities across North America, Europe, Japan and Australia. The band started off their Kick tour on August 14 with a number of secret warm-up shows being played across south-eastern and north-eastern Australia, before setting off on a three leg tour of the US beginning in East Lansing, Michigan on September 16. The first American leg ran right through to November, followed by UK dates in December.
With the growing popularity of Kick, and the release of its first single, "Need You Tonight", all twelve songs from the album quickly became staples of the tour's setlists, with "Don't Change" being regularly played during a show's encore.
The US tour resumed in March with the band playing three sold-out shows at Radio City Music Hall in New York City from March 18 to March 20. Fleets of trucks were hired to transport the band's equipment, lighting and wardrobe across thousands of miles of road over the next three months. During the band's time spent commuting across America, Andrew began writing and playing new material with a guitar. According to INXS: The Official Inside Story of a Band on the Road, Andrew said, "Prior to the Kick tour I'd never written on the road – mainly because I didn't have time I guess. But with Kick I started writing with a guitar, and I was kind of proud that I'd taught myself to do that". INXS finished up the second leg of the American tour with a hand-full of shows being played in key cities across the California state, including San Francisco, Fresno and San Diego.
In October, INXS made a brief stopover in Japan to play a small number of shows and festivals in Tokyo and Yokohama, before flying on to Australia to finish the last segment of the Calling All Nations tour.
Since the culmination of the Kick tour in November 1988, INXS agreed to a one-year respite. This one-year break allowed the members time off to spend with their families and to work on side projects.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001250
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richhill_Township,_Greene_County,_Pennsylvania
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Richhill Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania
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Introduction
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Richhill Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania
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Richhill Township is a township in Greene County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 896 at the 2010 census, down from 1,062 at the 2000 census. Ryerson Station State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on Duke Lake in the township.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001251
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bergen
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University of Bergen
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Notable alumni
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University of Bergen / Notable academics and faculty / Notable alumni
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The University of Bergen is a public university located in Bergen, Norway. The university today serves approximately 17,000 students, and is one of eight universities in Norway.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001252
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesickness
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Homesickness
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Introduction
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Homesickness
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Homesickness is the distress caused by being away from home. Its cognitive hallmark is preoccupying thoughts of home and attachment objects. Sufferers typically report a combination of depressive and anxious symptoms, withdrawn behavior and difficulty focusing on topics unrelated to home.
In its mild form, homesickness prompts the development of coping skills and motivates healthy attachment behaviors, such as renewing contact with loved ones. Indeed, nearly all people miss something about home when they are away, making homesickness a nearly universal experience. However, intense homesickness can be painful and debilitating.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001253
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_19th_Bundestag
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List of members of the 19th Bundestag
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Current members
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List of members of the 19th Bundestag / Current members
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This is a list of members of the 19th and current Bundestag, the parliament of Germany. The session started on 24 October 2017 with members determined in the 2017 federal election. The legislative period is four years; the Next German federal election is expected to be held between August and October 2021.
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Constituencies and vote percentage are given for the members directly elected (first past the post) in the 299 Bundestag constituencies. The remaining members are elected via party lists in each state. Members who leave parliament are replaced by the next person on their party's state list.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001254
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_of_money
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Velocity of money
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Introduction
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Velocity of money
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The velocity of money (or the velocity of circulation of money) is a measure of the number of times that the average unit of currency is used to purchase goods and services within a given time period. The concept relates the size of economic activity to a given money supply and the speed of money exchange is one of the variables that determine inflation. The measure of the velocity of money is usually the ratio of gross national product (GNP) to a country's money supply.
If the velocity of money is increasing, then transactions are occurring between individuals more frequently. The velocity of money changes over time and is influenced by a variety of factors.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001255
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticillium_nonalfalfae
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Verticillium nonalfalfae
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Host and Symptoms
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Verticillium nonalfalfae / Host and Symptoms
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Verticillium nonalfalfae is a soilborne fungus in the order Hyppocreales. It causes verticillium wilt in some plant species, particularly Ailanthus altissima. It produces yellow-pigmented hyphae, while producing resting mycelium. It is most closely related to V. albo-atrum and V. alfalfae.
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Verticillium nonalfalfae has a wide host range including hops, kiwifruit, spinach, solanaceous plants like eggplants and potatoes, and tree of heaven (A. altissima). Systemic infections appear on most hosts showing vascular wilts caused by xylem blockage. Additional symptoms including vascular discoloration and defoliation show almost exclusively on A. altissima. V. nonalfalae tends not to infect non-target plants. Unlike V. alfafae, it does not infect alfalfa.
The symptoms of V. nonalfalfae include vascular wilting due to the blockage of vascular system and defoliation and these symptoms may occur at the same time. V. nonalfalfae is a soilborne fungus whose infecting structures can be pulled up by plants’ vascular system and plug up xylem tissues of hosts.
One important host of V. nonalfalfae is hops. The symptoms of hosts infected by V. nonalfalfae on hops are categorized into two pathotypes: mild and lethal. Mild pathotypes primarily cause symptoms of curling and leaf tissue death. Hops infected by V. nonalfalfae with the mild pathotype generally can survive the infection. For the lethal pathotype of V. nonalfalfae on hops, hosts suffer from rapid weakening that ultimately leads to death. The lethal form was discovered in hops in the 1940s in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Europe later. Two pathotypes share similar peroxidase, which are thought to be contribute to their pathogenicity.
Another important host of V. nonalfalfae is Ailanthus altissima, also known as tree of heaven. This species of Ailanthus was introduced in the northeastern United States from the 1790s. Spreading widely and quickly, it is considered to be an Invasive species. V. nonalfalfae is being studied as a biological control of A. altissima. Symptoms of verticillium wilt on tree of heaven appear quickly after inoculation, according to studies.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001256
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brooklyn
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn
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Current listings
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn / Current listings
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List of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County, New York
This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Brooklyn, New York. The locations of National Register properties and districts may be seen in a map by clicking on "Map of all coordinates".
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted August 14, 2020.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001257
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Flight_Museum
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Olympic Flight Museum
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Aircraft on display
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Olympic Flight Museum / Aircraft on display
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The Olympic Flight Museum is an aviation museum at the Olympia Airport in Olympia, Washington, USA. The museum has more than 10 vintage planes and helicopters on display, most of which are in airworthy condition. The museum also hosts the annual Olympic Air Show, featuring a selection of heritage and current military aircraft demonstrations.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causative_alternation
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Causative alternation
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Basic example
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Causative alternation / Basic example
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In linguistics, causative alternation is a phenomenon in which certain verbs that express a change of state can be used transitively or intransitively. A causatively alternating verb, such as "open", has both a transitive meaning and an intransitive meaning. When causatively alternating verbs are used transitively they are called causatives since, in the transitive use of the verb, the subject is causing the action denoted by the intransitive version. When causatively alternating verbs are used intransitively, they are referred to as anticausatives or inchoatives because the intransitive variant describes a situation in which the theme participant undergoes a change of state, becoming, for example, "opened".
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Example of the causative alternation with the English verb 'break':
(1) English
(1a) Transitive Use (Causative): John broke the vase.
(1b) Intransitive Use (Anticausative): The vase broke
The general structure of the causative and anticausative variants of the causative alternation in English:
(2) The Causative Alternation:
(2a) Causative: agent Verb-transitive theme
(2b) Anticausative: theme Verb-intransitive
The causative alternation is a transitivity alternation. The verb “break” demonstrates causative alternation because it can alternate between transitive (in the causative) and intransitive use (in the anticausative) and the transitive alternate “John broke the vase’' indicates the cause of the intransitive alternate “the vase broke.” In other words, the transitive use denotes that it was John that caused the vase to break. The causative alternative has an external argument (“John”), which bears the theta role agent which is not present in the intransitive alternative. The object of the causative alternative (“the vase”) bears the same thematic role of theme as the subject of the anticausative alternative (also “the vase”).
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001259
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Penalty
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Love's Penalty
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Introduction
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Love's Penalty
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Love's Penalty is a 1921 American drama film written and directed by John Gilbert. The film stars Hope Hampton, Irma Harrison, Mrs. Phillip Landau, Percy Marmont, John B. O'Brien, and Virginia Valli. The film was released in June 1921, by Associated First National Pictures.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001260
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Brownlee_sex_scandal
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John Edward Brownlee sex scandal
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John Brownlee's story
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John Edward Brownlee sex scandal / John Brownlee's story
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The John Brownlee sex scandal occurred in 1934 in Alberta, Canada, and forced the resignation of the provincial Premier, John Edward Brownlee. Brownlee was accused of seducing Vivian MacMillan, a family friend and a secretary for Brownlee's attorney-general in 1930, when she was 18 years old, and continuing the affair for three years. MacMillan claimed that the married premier had told her that she must have sex with him for his own sake and that of his invalid wife. She had, she testified, relented after physical and emotional pressure. Brownlee called her story a fabrication, and suggested that it was the result of a conspiracy by MacMillan, her would-be fiancé, and several of Brownlee's political opponents in the Alberta Liberal Party.
MacMillan and her father sued Brownlee for seduction. After a sensational trial in June 1934, the six-man jury found in favour of the plaintiffs, awarding them $10,000 and $5,000, respectively. In an unusual move, trial judge William Ives disregarded the jury's finding and dismissed the case. The Supreme Court of Canada eventually overturned the decision and awarded MacMillan $10,000 in damages.
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Brownlee denied absolutely MacMillan's claims. He said that there had been no sexual activity between him and MacMillan, likening their relationship instead to that of an uncle and his favourite niece. To claims that he had induced MacMillan to move to Edmonton and arranged a position for her in the Attorney General's office, he asserted "in the thirteen years I have been in public life I have never promised any person in this Province a position." He denied having convinced MacMillan to move to Edmonton and stated that he had not even known that she had done so until Christopher Pattinson, Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Edson, told him. He further claimed that his sex life with Mrs. Brownlee was what he would consider normal for a husband and wife (which was corroborated by his wife).
He acknowledged that he had been driving MacMillan around the evening of July 5, 1933, when he was followed by Caldwell and MacLean, but gave a dramatically different account of his reasons for doing so. According to him, there had been talk of MacMillan joining his family at their rental cottage at Sylvan Lake that weekend provided that she could get the necessary time off work, and that evening he called her to see whether or not she had been able to. During the ensuing phone conversation, MacMillan told him that she had other problems bothering her, and asked if Brownlee would take her for a drive to discuss them. He agreed to do so, and it was during this drive that he noticed that he was being followed.
In support of this story, Brownlee pointed to investigational work by Harry Brace, a private detective in the employ of Attorney General John Lymburn. According to Brace, Caldwell had told at least three witnesses that he expected to soon receive a large amount of money from someone "high up in political life". He also specifically told one of Brace's agents that he had deliberately set out to frame Brownlee, that in selecting Neil MacLean as his lawyer he had deliberately chosen a Liberal (the Liberals were considered the major opposition to Brownlee's government at the time), and that if the Liberals won the next election there would be "nothing I want I won't be able to get". Disappointingly for Brownlee, Brace did not uncover evidence that MacMillan was lying about the affair itself: Caldwell, based on his comments to Brace's men, seemed very much under the impression that the affair had occurred exactly as claimed. Moreover, Brace found that Carl Snell, MacMillan's one-time suitor, claimed to have been told in 1932 that MacMillan was having a consensual affair with the premier.
Brownlee's defenders called into doubt MacLean's motivation for involvement in the case: according to rumour, MacLean had been involved in a drunk driving incident several years previous in which he had driven his car into a ditch. When another motorist had pulled him out, MacLean had attempted unsuccessfully to drive away with the chains still attached to his vehicle, for which he was charged. He had reputedly asked Brownlee, then the Attorney General, to have the charges dropped. Upon Brownlee's refusal, he had allegedly vowed to "get" him. Finally, Brownlee made a point of noting that, as a medical student, Caldwell would have been well-positioned to coach MacMillan on her claims about the pills she was taking to avoid pregnancy. According to Brownlee, the events alleged were a complete fabrication, the result of scheming by an opportunistic young medical student and his impressionable girlfriend, encouraged by a vindictive lawyer and unscrupulous political opponents.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001261
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Alabama
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Climate of Alabama
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Temperature
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Climate of Alabama / Temperature
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The state of Alabama is classified as humid subtropical under the Köppen climate classification. The state's average annual temperature is 64 °F. Temperatures tend to be warmer in the state's southern portion with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while its northern portions, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler. Alabama generally has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. The state receives an average of 56 inches of rainfall each year and experiences a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in its southern portion. Hailstorms occur occasionally during the spring and summer here, but they are seldom destructive. Heavy fogs are rare, and they are confined chiefly to the coast. Thunderstorms also occur year-around. They are most common in the summer, but they are most commonly severe during the spring and late autumn. That is when destructive winds and tornadoes occur frequently, especially in the northern and central parts of the state.
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Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States, with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in many parts of the state. In the extreme south, summer's heat is tempered slightly by winds from the Gulf of Mexico which often blow inland by up to 10–15 miles. In parts of northern Alabama, the elevation above sea level similarly tempers the summer heat. In summer, average afternoon high temperatures are especially high in Montgomery and Tuscaloosa (both averaging 92 °F (33 °C) in July and August). The average nighttime humidity is highest in southwest Alabama, which results in the highest average (high plus low temperature) for reporting stations in the state. While afternoon highs in Mobile are slightly cooler than those in
Alabama's inland cities, the warm nights produced by proximity to the Gulf of Mexico results in the average annual temperature for Mobile being the highest in the state. Cool morning temperatures help keep the northeast highlands among the more temperate locations in the state and lowest in the northeast among the highlands. Thus at Mobile the annual mean is 67 °F (19 °C), the mean for the summer 81 °F (27 °C), and for the winter 52 °F (11 °C); and at Valley Head, in DeKalb county, the annual mean is 59 °F (15 °C), the mean for the summer 75 °F (24 °C), and for the winter 41 °F (5 °C). At Montgomery, in the central region, the average annual temperature is 66 °F (19 °C), with a winter average of 49 °F (9 °C), and a summer average of 81 °F (27 °C). The average winter minimum for the entire state is 35 °F (2 °C), and there is an average of 35 days in each year in which the thermometer falls below the freezing-point. At extremely rare intervals the thermometer has fallen below 0 °F (−18 °C), as was the case in the extreme cold wave of 12–13 February 1899, when an absolute minimum of −17 °F (−27 °C) was registered at Valley Head. The highest temperature ever recorded was 112 °F (44 °C) in Centreville, on September 6, 1925 (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records). During the exceptional August 2007 heat wave, three instances of official 108 °F (42 °C) heat were recorded at Maxwell AFB in Montgomery, each tying the all-time record for the capital city. Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around 40 °F (4 °C) in Mobile, around 31 °F (−1 °C) in Huntsville, around 35 °F (2 °C) in Montgomery, and around 33 °F (1 °C) in Birmingham.
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en
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wit-train-topic-000001262
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Fire_and_Rescue_Services
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Israel Fire and Rescue Services
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History
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Israel Fire and Rescue Services / History
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The Israel Fire and Rescue Services is the national Israeli fire and rescue organization. The organisation also provides rescue services from terror attacks, car accident and dangerous substance spillages, along with Magen David Adom, the National EMS. They are also involved in public education and awareness campaigns. The service is accessed by calling 102 from any phone. As of 2010, the director of the services is Shimon Romach.
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After a fire in Zikhron Ya'akov in 1897, the first firefighting company was established by the Baron Rothschild. The company had 32 members, and equipment was brought from Paris, including pumps, hoses, ladders, axes and uniforms with shiny copper helmets and leather belts.
Another company was formed in Tel Aviv in 1925 following a flood in the Brenner neighbourhood, and was based in the first dedicated fire station in the country, a shed near the police station. Throughout the following years, more firefighting companies and fire stations were established throughout the Yishuv. By Israeli independence in 1948 there were fire stations in most Jewish settlements; Petah Tikva, Jerusalem, Haifa, Hadera, Rehovot, Nahariya, Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan, Givatayim, Afula, Herzliya, Kfar Saba, Holon, Netanya and Rishon LeZion.
After Israeli independence, fire stations were built in several other cities, including Acre and Beersheba, at Lod Airport, the oil refineries in Haifa and at the ports of Port of Haifa and Port of Ashdod.
The Firefighting Services Law was passed in 1959 and took effect in 1960. It established a fully professional firefighting force, as until then, firefighters had previously been volunteers.
Israel Fire and Rescue Services operates 5 fire stations in Jerusalem. The main station is in Givat Mordechai, with branches in Romema, Wadi al-Joz, Givat Ram and Neve Ya'akov.
Since the Carmel Fire of December 2010, Israel's fire and rescue services have been transformed and upgraded from a municipal based structure into a national force. All firefighters and rescue personnel are now government employees under the Ministry Of Public Security.
The reform is described on the National Firefighting Authority's homepage as follows:
The Fire Reform – Creating a National Fire Authority
On July 25, 2012, the Knesset approved a law establishing a National Fire Authority. The law entails dismantling the local fire authorities and creating 7 districts under the control of the Fire Commission, within the Ministry of Public Security.
Fire and Rescue Services
National Fire Authority
The law followed a government decision from January 2011, which, in light of the Mt. Carmel forest fire, called for the establishment of a National Fire Authority under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Security.
Main Points of the Law:
The law changes the structure of the fire service from a municipality-based, divided force, into a single, unified, national force. The law also broadens the authority of the Fire Commissioner, who will now command over the force, determine the number and location of fire stations, and decide on the size of the force. As a result of the move to the Ministry of Public Security, all firefighters will now become government employees. In addition, the jurisdiction over hazardous materials will be transferred from the Environmental Protection Ministry to the Fire Commission. According to the government decision, the law must be implemented by February 1, 2013.
Making Changes:
In light of the new units being developed to meet the needs of the National Fire Authority, 300 new firefighters have been enlisted and an additional 30 positions in the fire commission were approved, including a deputy commissioner, head of operations and head of investigations. In addition, 22 units for special rescue missions involving heights and water have been established. Finally, an aerial firefighting unit was established under the command of the Air Force, and consists of eight aircraft, each with a capacity of 3,000 liters of water or foam.
Apart from recruiting new personnel, the Fire Service has also made significant advancements in the field of technology. First, a national, state-of-the-art control center was constructed at the fire commission headquarters. In addition, the fire and rescue academy was renovated, including new dormitories, new lecture halls, a workout room, and new training equipment. Additionally, plans are in the works for designing a multi-purpose training facility which will include fire and smoke simulations. So fa
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