video_id
string | title
string | description
string | publishedAt
string | transcript
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
TyuGBi6joxY
|
Is Chandigarh a perfectly planned city? - Vikramāditya Prakāsh
|
Explore the construction of the futurist city Chandigarh, a project of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and planned by Le Corbusier.
--
In 1947, India achieved independence from British rule — but this freedom came at a tremendous cost. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, was eager to usher his country towards a brighter, united future. And one of the projects that would prove most essential to realizing this vision was the construction of Chandigarh. Vikramāditya Prakāsh details the creation of the futurist city.
Lesson by Vikramāditya Prakāsh, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-chandigarh-a-perfectly-planned-city-vikramaditya-prakash
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-chandigarh-a-perfectly-planned-city-vikramaditya-prakash/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang and Chau Hong Diem.
|
2024-02-08T16:01:31Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "In the late 1700s, a German doctor named\nSamuel Hahnemann began publishing"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 12.467,
"text": "articles about a new treatment\napproach he called homeopathy."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 17.638,
"text": "Hahnemann’s theory had\ntwo central hypotheses."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 21.225,
"text": "First, the treatment for an ailment\nshould be a dose of something"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 24.896,
"text": "that might cause that ailment."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 27.19,
"text": "And second, diluted medicines are more\npowerful than concentrated ones."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 33.071,
"text": "So, a homeopathic remedy for insomnia"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 36.449,
"text": "might include an extremely diluted\nsolution of caffeine."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 41.496,
"text": "Over the following 300 years,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 43.623,
"text": "numerous physicians and patients\nturned to homeopathy,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 47.293,
"text": "and entire hospitals were built\nto focus on homeopathic treatments."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 51.839,
"text": "But despite all this, many studies have\nshown that homeopathy"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 55.843,
"text": "has no therapeutic effect,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 57.887,
"text": "and homeopathic treatments often\nperform no better than placebos."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 62.85,
"text": "So why do so many practitioners\nand institutions"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 66.479,
"text": "still support this practice?"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 69.44,
"text": "The answer is that homeopathy\nis a pseudoscience—"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 72.902,
"text": "a collection of theories, methods,\nand assumptions"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 75.78,
"text": "that appear scientific,\nbut aren’t."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 78.324,
"text": "In the worst cases, pseudoscience\npractitioners encourage this confusion"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 82.954,
"text": "to exploit people."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 84.288,
"text": "But even when they’re well-intentioned,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 86.165,
"text": "pseudoscience still prevents people\nfrom getting the help they need."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 90.795,
"text": "So how are you supposed to tell what’s\nscience and what’s pseudoscience?"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 95.716,
"text": "This question is known as\nthe demarcation problem,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 98.803,
"text": "and there's no easy answer."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 100.68,
"text": "Part of the issue is that defining\nscience is surprisingly tricky."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 104.934,
"text": "There's a common idea that all science\nshould, in some form or another,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 108.729,
"text": "be related to testing\nagainst empirical evidence."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 112.191,
"text": "But some scientific activities\nare primarily theoretical,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 115.987,
"text": "and different disciplines\napproach empiricism"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 118.865,
"text": "with varying goals, methodologies,\nand standards."
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 123.161,
"text": "20th century philosopher Karl Popper\ntried to solve the demarcation problem"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 128.04,
"text": "with a simple rule."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 129.709,
"text": "He argued that in order\nfor a theory to be scientific"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 133.004,
"text": "it must be falsifiable,\nor able to be proven wrong."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 137.842,
"text": "This requires a theory to make\nspecific predictions—"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 141.387,
"text": "for example, if you’re theorizing\nthat the Earth revolves around the Sun,"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 145.6,
"text": "you should be able to predict the path of\nother celestial bodies in the night sky."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 150.479,
"text": "This could then be disproven\nbased on whether or not"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 153.482,
"text": "your prediction corresponds\nto your observations."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 157.278,
"text": "Popper’s falsification criterion \nis a great way"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 160.615,
"text": "to identify pseudoscientific fields\nlike astrology,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 164.118,
"text": "which makes overly broad predictions\nthat adapt to any observation."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 168.706,
"text": "However, falsification alone doesn't\ncompletely solve the demarcation issue."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 174.17,
"text": "Many things we now consider science\nwere once untestable"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 178.257,
"text": "due to a lack of knowledge or technology."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 182.011,
"text": "Fortunately, there are other factors\nwe can use to identify pseudoscience,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 186.599,
"text": "including how a field responds\nto criticism."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 190.394,
"text": "Scientists should always be open\nto the possibility"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 193.731,
"text": "that new observations could change\nwhat they previously thought,"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 197.902,
"text": "and thoroughly disproven theories should\nbe rejected in favor of new explanations."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 203.866,
"text": "Conversely, pseudoscientific theories are\noften continually modified"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 208.829,
"text": "to explain away any contradictory results."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 212.333,
"text": "This kind of behavior shows a resistance"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 214.919,
"text": "to what philosopher Helen Longino\ncalls transformative criticism."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 220.091,
"text": "Pseudoscientific fields don't seek\nto address their internal biases"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 224.553,
"text": "or meaningfully engage\nin transparent peer review."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 229.016,
"text": "Another key marker of science\nis overall consistency."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 233.229,
"text": "Science relies on a network\nof shared information"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 236.357,
"text": "that ongoing research \ndevelops across disciplines."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 240.027,
"text": "But pseudoscience often ignores\nor denies this shared pool of data."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 245.032,
"text": "For example, creationists claim\nthat animals didn’t evolve"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 248.828,
"text": "from a common ancestor,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 250.246,
"text": "and that Earth is\nless than 20,000 years old."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 253.165,
"text": "But these claims contradict\nhuge amounts of evidence"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 256.043,
"text": "across multiple scientific disciplines,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 258.379,
"text": "including geology, paleontology,\nand biology."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 262.675,
"text": "While the scientific method\nis our most reliable tool"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 265.72,
"text": "to analyze empirical evidence\nfrom the world around us,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 268.723,
"text": "it certainly doesn't reveal everything\nabout the human condition."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 272.351,
"text": "Faith-based beliefs can play an important\nrole in our lives and cultural traditions."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 276.897,
"text": "But the reason it’s so important\nto draw a line"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 279.942,
"text": "is that people often dress up\nbelief systems as science"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 284.071,
"text": "in efforts to manipulate others"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 286.073,
"text": "or undermine legitimate\nscientific discoveries."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 289.201,
"text": "And even in cases where this\nmight seem harmless,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 292.246,
"text": "legitimizing pseudoscience can impede\ngenuine scientific progress."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 297.501,
"text": "In a world where it's increasingly\ndifficult to tell fact from fiction,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 301.672,
"text": "it's essential to keep your critical\nthinking skills sharp."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 306.344,
"text": "So the next time you hear\nan amazing new claim,"
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 309.597,
"text": "ask yourself:"
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 310.681,
"text": "could we test this?"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 311.932,
"text": "Are the individuals behind this theory\nupdating their claims with new findings?"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 316.437,
"text": "Is this consistent with our broader\nscientific understanding of the world?"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 320.483,
"text": "Because looking scientific\nand actually being scientific"
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 324.236,
"text": "are two very different things."
}
] |
4HZCPTiyAVY
|
The corpse flower may keep you up at night - Daniel Nickrent
|
Explore how the Rafflesia plant uses parasitic strategies to grow the world’s largest flower, and find out why it smells so bad.
--
Deep inside the Sumatran rainforest, a carrion fly descends, guided by the scent of its favorite place to lay eggs: rotting animal carcasses. But when it lands, it isn’t on liquifying flesh, but instead on the world’s biggest, and perhaps strangest, flower— Rafflesia arnoldii. So, how does this giant flower grow? Daniel Nickrent explores the parasitic tendencies of the foul-smelling plant.
Lesson by Daniel Nickrent, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario and Dominik Kugelmann - they-them.
|
2024-02-06T16:01:29Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "Investigating a nearly 5,000-year-old\nSumerian burial site,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 12.759,
"text": "archaeologists came across intriguing\nsets of artifacts."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 16.929,
"text": "They judged them to be toiletry kits"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 19.891,
"text": "comprising pointed tools, tweezers,\nand ear scoops."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 25.188,
"text": "In fact, grooming paraphernalia,\nincluding earwax removal tools,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 31.069,
"text": "have popped up in many different\narchaeological sites—"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 34.781,
"text": "and earwax evacuation remains\na popular hygienic habit today."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 40.328,
"text": "But what is earwax?"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 42.872,
"text": "And are the efforts to eliminate it\nactually good for us?"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 46.834,
"text": "Well, to start, we’re not alone\nin our waxy ways."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 51.214,
"text": "Other mammals also produce earwax."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 54.217,
"text": "A 12-year-old blue whale was discovered\nwith an earwax earplug"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 58.721,
"text": "that was 25 centimeters long."
},
{
"duration": 6.465,
"start": 62.35,
"text": "Earwax— technically called cerumen—\nforms in our outer ear canals."
},
{
"duration": 6.673,
"start": 69.023,
"text": "There, skin cells slough off and mix\nwith other substances, including sweat."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 75.822,
"text": "But the sweat inside our ears\ndoesn’t function to cool us off"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 79.617,
"text": "like the kind that comes out of the\neccrine glands dotting our bodies."
},
{
"duration": 6.548,
"start": 84.872,
"text": "Instead, it comes from apocrine glands,\nlike those in our armpits, and is oilier."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 91.796,
"text": "Dead skin and oily sweat mix with sebum—"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 95.466,
"text": "the fatty oil that’s also found on our\nfaces and scalps—"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 99.679,
"text": "and voila: it’s earwax."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 103.599,
"text": "But earwax ranges in odor, \ncolor, and consistency."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 108.354,
"text": "Some is flaky and dry;\nother kinds are sticky and gooey."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 114.694,
"text": "A change in a single nucleotide\non one gene"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 119.198,
"text": "determines which type you have"
},
{
"duration": 5.922,
"start": 121.701,
"text": "by affecting how much fat\nyour ear’s apocrine sweat glands secrete."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 127.748,
"text": "And the kind someone has\nmay track with their ancestry."
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 131.961,
"text": "For example, drier earwax is common\namong people with East Asian heritage,"
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 138.342,
"text": "while people of African and European\ndescent more often have wetter earwax."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 144.807,
"text": "Just to get this out of the way,\nno human earwax— wet or dry—"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 150.479,
"text": "would make a good candle."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 152.565,
"text": "Okay, but why have earwax at all?"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 156.777,
"text": "Well, it seems these secretions actually\nhelp keep our ears healthy."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 161.949,
"text": "Earwax can act as a lubricator that\nprevents ear dryness and itchiness;"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 168.039,
"text": "it traps debris and microbes\nand forms a physical barrier"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 172.251,
"text": "that protects the ear canal’s skin."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 174.962,
"text": "And it’s an active line of defense:"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 178.549,
"text": "researchers have identified\nseveral proteins in earwax"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 182.345,
"text": "that combat bacterial infections."
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 185.932,
"text": "Generally, the ear also has its own way\nof getting rid of earwax."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 191.312,
"text": "As new skin cells form and grow\nat the center of the eardrum,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 195.524,
"text": "they push the older ones\ntoward the opening of the ear canal,"
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 199.195,
"text": "forming a conveyor belt where dead skin\ncells mix with those oily secretions."
},
{
"duration": 6.966,
"start": 205.284,
"text": "Every day, the skin within the ear canal\nmigrates outwards about 100 micrometers."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 212.416,
"text": "Eventually, this process should\npush the wax out of your ear."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 216.921,
"text": "Meanwhile, sticking items in your ears\nto extract earwax yourself"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 222.76,
"text": "can make things worse."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 224.637,
"text": "Even if swabbing removes\na little earwax,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 227.64,
"text": "it may push more back in."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 230.309,
"text": "And it can leave scratches\nin the ear canal’s skin,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 234.23,
"text": "disrupting its natural barrier\nagainst infections."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 238.067,
"text": "Deep cleaning also runs the risk\nof perforating your eardrum,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 242.405,
"text": "which can cause permanent damage\nand hearing loss."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 246.242,
"text": "Some services promise to clear earwax—\nbut should be avoided."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 251.08,
"text": "Ear candling or coning involves\na hollow candle lit on fire"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 256.794,
"text": "and placed over the ear canal."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 259.297,
"text": "It’s claimed that this generates\nenough air current to pull earwax out."
},
{
"duration": 5.131,
"start": 264.593,
"text": "However, researchers have found that\nthe amount of suction generated is minimal"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 269.724,
"text": "and that what’s visible at the end\nis likely debris from the candle itself—"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 274.729,
"text": "not extracted earwax."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 277.481,
"text": "In reality, the practice can lead\nto injuries and leave debris in the ears."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 283.279,
"text": "But some folks are more prone\nto earwax buildup,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 287.116,
"text": "and may find it becomes\nmore of an issue with age."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 290.369,
"text": "Earwax accumulation can be uncomfortable\nand affect your hearing,"
},
{
"duration": 3.421,
"start": 294.915,
"text": "and there are definitely times\nwhen intervention is needed."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 298.711,
"text": "But there are safer ways to go about it."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 301.464,
"text": "Over-the-counter eardrops\nhelp soften earwax"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 305.301,
"text": "so it can make its way out on its own."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 307.887,
"text": "And health care providers\nhave tried-and-true methods"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 311.057,
"text": "of gently clearing blockages."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 313.768,
"text": "Otherwise, to prevent earwax buildup,"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 316.562,
"text": "doctors recommend gently cleaning the\noutside of the ear canal with a damp cloth"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 322.443,
"text": "and giving your ears a break\nfrom earplugs and earbuds when possible."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 327.573,
"text": "In the absence\nof earwax obstructions, however,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 331.452,
"text": "it’s generally best not to mess\nwith the ways of the wax."
}
] |
iyOVbs_mO7o
|
How does alcohol cause blackouts? - Shannon Odell
|
Explore how alcohol interacts with your brain, and how it can interrupt the brain’s memory networks, leading to blackouts.
--
Alcohol has been shown to have strange and selective effects on the brain. Many intoxicated people can perform complex tasks like holding a detailed conversation or navigating a walk home. Yet for those experiencing a blackout, the memory of these events is quickly forgotten. So, how does alcohol cause these memory lapses? Shannon Odell explores how ethanol interrupts the brain’s processes.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Anton Bogaty.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-alcohol-cause-blackouts-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-alcohol-cause-blackouts-shannon-odell/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/anton_bogaty
Music: https://www.yessian.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart and Tyron Jung.
|
2024-02-01T16:01:45Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 7.336,
"text": "In November 2010, NASA announced\nthe discovery of a strange,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 11.716,
"text": "never-before-seen galactic object:"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 14.969,
"text": "two gigantic gaseous bubbles,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 18.347,
"text": "each emanating an impressive\n25,000 light years"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 21.851,
"text": "from the center of our home galaxy,\nthe Milky Way."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 25.48,
"text": "Inside the structures,\nnamed the Fermi Bubbles,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 28.9,
"text": "streams of high energy particles traveling\nfaster than the surrounding medium,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 33.404,
"text": "collide with dust, gas, and light,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 35.99,
"text": "to create gamma rays,\nthe most energetic form of light."
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 40.453,
"text": "Astronomers were perplexed."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 42.622,
"text": "While gamma rays are not\nuncommon in space,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 45.708,
"text": "radiation of this magnitude had only\nbeen observed in distant galaxies."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 50.254,
"text": "And they are typically produced\nby large-scale powerful events,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 54.258,
"text": "like explosions of supernova."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 56.969,
"text": "Yet, compared to our galactic neighbors,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 59.388,
"text": "the center of the Milky Way\nand the supermassive black hole"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 62.934,
"text": "that resides within it,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 64.31,
"text": "was always thought to have\nbeen relatively calm."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 67.772,
"text": "So, what was the powerful event that\ncreated these massive structures?"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 73.319,
"text": "And is the center of our galaxy\nnot so sleepy after all?"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 78.574,
"text": "A clue to answering these questions\ncame in December 2020,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 82.537,
"text": "when astronomers announced\nthe discovery"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 84.497,
"text": "of yet another set of radiating spheres."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 88,
"text": "Entitled the eROSITA bubbles,\nthese structures are even wider,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 92.672,
"text": "extending nearly half the distance of the\nentire Milky Way in both directions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 97.802,
"text": "and fully encapsulating the Fermi Bubbles."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 101.222,
"text": "They emit soft X-rays, which have\nfrequencies lower than gamma rays,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 105.351,
"text": "but are still highly energetic\nforms of light."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 108.813,
"text": "Astronomers quickly surmised\nthat the overlapping bubbles"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 111.566,
"text": "most likely share a single origin."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 114.026,
"text": "And the event that formed them must have\ngenerated a massive amount of energy—"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 118.948,
"text": "approximately 1 million times\nthat which the Sun will produce"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 122.827,
"text": "during its entire lifetime."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 125.413,
"text": "Based on the speed of the jets\nof energetic electrons within the bubbles,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 129.125,
"text": "they calculated the event\nmost likely took place"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 131.586,
"text": "less than 3 million years ago."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 134.297,
"text": "This is relatively recent compared to the\ngalaxy’s 13-billion-year lifespan,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 139.51,
"text": "and means our early ancestors might have\neven witnessed the powerful event,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 144.265,
"text": "as a gigantic ball of heated mass\nilluminating the night sky."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 149.395,
"text": "But what exactly was the powerful event?"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 152.523,
"text": "Two theories quickly emerged about what\ncould have created the bubbles"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 155.818,
"text": "and the high energy particle jets within."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 158.446,
"text": "And both are still debated today."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 161.699,
"text": "The first theory is that the bubbles"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 163.743,
"text": "stem from a recent massive burst\nof star formation"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 167.33,
"text": "toward the center of our galaxy."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 169.707,
"text": "Newly forming stars produce\na vast outflowing of hot gas,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 174.003,
"text": "called stellar winds."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 175.922,
"text": "Meanwhile, young massive stars\ndie quickly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 178.966,
"text": "causing energetic supernova explosions."
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 182.511,
"text": "Stellar winds combined\nwith these explosions"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 184.931,
"text": "can lead to the formation of large-scale\ngalactic winds."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 189.393,
"text": "These galactic winds can push\naway the surrounding material,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 192.813,
"text": "creating gigantic bubbles."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 195.942,
"text": "The second theory is that the structures\nare the result of a powerful outburst"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 200.154,
"text": "from the supermassive black hole\nat the center of our galaxy."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 203.449,
"text": "Named Sagittarius A*,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 206.244,
"text": "this black hole lives\nup to its title of supermassive,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 209.664,
"text": "as it’s approximately 4 million times\nthe mass of the Sun."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 214.043,
"text": "And scientists have documented similar\njets of energy"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 216.796,
"text": "emanating from similar black holes\nin other distant active galaxies."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 221.55,
"text": "These jets are found in active\ngalactic nuclei known as quasars,"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 226.055,
"text": "and they're created as dust and gases\nrapidly fall into the feeding black hole."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 232.061,
"text": "This gathers hot ionized gas\naround the vicinity,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 235.273,
"text": "which is then ejected from the center\nat ultra-fast velocities."
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 239.694,
"text": "This theory suggests that Sagittarius A*,\nwhich is thought to be relatively quiet,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 244.949,
"text": "may have been active relatively recently."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 248.202,
"text": "And it begs the question:\nwill it wake up again?"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 252.832,
"text": "Scientists use supercomputers"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 255.001,
"text": "to run what is known as\nhydrodynamic numerical simulations,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 259.13,
"text": "where different physical conditions that\nmay have led to bubble formation"
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 262.591,
"text": "are explored."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 264.051,
"text": "While several results suggest that\nextreme outbursts from Sagittarius A*"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 269.223,
"text": "likely contributed to the creation\nof the bubbles,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 272.018,
"text": "it remains to be seen whether past star\nformations may have also played a role."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 277.815,
"text": "Other simulations show evidence\nof other contributing factors,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 281.36,
"text": "like the influence of circumgalactic\nmedium winds from outside our galaxy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 285.99,
"text": "which may explain some of the\nbubbles’ unique features."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 290.119,
"text": "These computational simulations\nwill only get more precise"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 293.414,
"text": "as we continue to launch more sensitive\nand dynamic telescopes into space."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 298.044,
"text": "But whatever answers we unlock will\nundoubtedly lead to more surprises"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 302.298,
"text": "about our mysterious,\nand perhaps not so calm, galaxy."
}
] |
6keLhobjwbU
|
The real reason dodo birds went extinct - Leon Claessens
|
Uncover the most common misperceptions about dodos, and find out the truth of how the flightless birds actually went extinct.
--
Dodos are commonly considered brainless, blundering birds that were poorly adapted and doomed to die off, making their human-mediated extinction effortless and inevitable. But that’s not the case. So, what were dodos actually like? And what really caused their downfall? Leon Claessens uncovers the truth about these misunderstood and maligned creatures.
Lesson by Leon Claessens, directed by Denys Spolitak.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-reason-dodo-birds-went-extinct-leon-claessens
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-reason-dodo-birds-went-extinct-leon-claessens/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey and Yelena Baykova.
|
2024-01-30T16:00:43Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "Throughout history, people have attributed\nwarts to contact with things"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 10.506,
"text": "like sea foam, boiled egg water,\nand, of course, toads."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 14.469,
"text": "We now know that toads are totally\ninnocent in the matter."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 17.68,
"text": "They're bumpy because mucus- and poison-\nsecreting glands dot their skin."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 22.101,
"text": "And we've figured out that warts are\nactually caused by papillomaviruses."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 27.19,
"text": "They form a broad virus family that\ninfects various species, including us."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 32.195,
"text": "There are more than 200 different types\nof specifically human papillomaviruses,"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 36.908,
"text": "or HPVs."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 39.118,
"text": "As is the case with all viruses,\nHPVs can't multiply independently."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 44.415,
"text": "Instead, HPVs use our skin cells\nto replicate."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 49.128,
"text": "They do this by infecting the basal cells\nthat constantly produce new skin cells"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 54.175,
"text": "and line the base of our skin's\noutermost layer, the epidermis."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 58.221,
"text": "Your skin is your largest organ."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 60.348,
"text": "It functions like a waterproof,\nactive immune barrier"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 63.351,
"text": "that protects your body\nfrom the many pathogens"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 65.853,
"text": "perpetually poised to penetrate it."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 68.731,
"text": "If any HPVs do make it past the skin's\noutermost surveillance system,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 73.569,
"text": "it can activate a barrage of defenses. "
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 76.489,
"text": "But sometimes, HPVs still make it through."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 80.284,
"text": "They have a better chance of getting all\nthe way to the skin's basal cell layer"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 84.038,
"text": "when your skin is wet, softened,\nor injured,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 87.208,
"text": "even with the tiniest of cuts."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 89.377,
"text": "You're most likely to develop warts\non your hands and feet"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 92.421,
"text": "because they're most likely\nto encounter foreign surfaces"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 95.758,
"text": "and get superficially injured,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 97.635,
"text": "especially in shared, wet environments\nlike shower rooms."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 102.306,
"text": "Once HPV reaches your skin's\nbasal cell layer,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 105.476,
"text": "it unleashes its genome,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 107.353,
"text": "which instructs the basal cells\nto multiply at higher rates,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 110.731,
"text": "defer cell death,\nand replicate the virus."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 114.068,
"text": "From there, the infected\nskin cells proliferate,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 117.488,
"text": "piling up as they move towards\nthe skin's surface,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 120.491,
"text": "forming that telltale wart."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 123.035,
"text": "But what exactly the wart looks\nlike depends on a few factors."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 126.873,
"text": "It's not totally clear why,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 128.708,
"text": "but different HPV types tend to infect\ndifferent parts of the body,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 132.879,
"text": "cause unique-looking warts,\nand range in seriousness."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 136.924,
"text": "Common warts are often domed\nand found on hands, elbows, and knees;"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 141.512,
"text": "plantar warts occur on the soles of feet,\nwhere walking may flatten them;"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 145.808,
"text": "filiform warts, around the mouth and eyes;\nand flat warts, on the legs and face."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 151.48,
"text": "Warts can also feature little black dots,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 154.108,
"text": "which are actually tiny blood clots\nwhere capillaries in the skin"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 157.945,
"text": "have become obstructed."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 159.906,
"text": "Regardless of how exactly the wart forms,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 162.366,
"text": "when the infected skin cells\nit's made of die,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 165.328,
"text": "they release thousands of HPVs."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 167.997,
"text": "This is why one wart can theoretically\ninfect other parts of someone's body—"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 172.418,
"text": "or other people, directly or indirectly."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 175.963,
"text": "However, the likelihood of this happening\ndepends on what kind of HPV is involved"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 180.927,
"text": "and what part of the body\nit's best at infecting."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 184.222,
"text": "Most HPVs infect different areas of\nthe skin and cause benign warts."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 189.143,
"text": "However, some HPVs prefer\nthe body's mucosal epithelia,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 194.315,
"text": "the soft, moist tissues that line our\nreproductive, digestive, "
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 198.569,
"text": "and respiratory tracts."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 200.529,
"text": "These HPVs are the most common sexually\ntransmitted infections."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 204.617,
"text": "And while they're also usually benign,\nthey're more likely to be persistent"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 208.704,
"text": "and some types can cause cancers."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 211.207,
"text": "Doctors might recommend topical\nor surgical treatment"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 214.21,
"text": "for these infections. "
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 215.711,
"text": "And HPV vaccines that are almost\n100% effective in preventing infections"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 220.758,
"text": "from the riskiest HPV types\nbecame available in 2006."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 225.471,
"text": "The body often keeps HPV at bay"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 227.974,
"text": "or resolves infections\nwithin a couple of years."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 230.851,
"text": "But some people are more susceptible,\nand some HPV types are more persistent."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 236.023,
"text": "Handling meat and fish puts people\nin contact with specific HPV types."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 241.07,
"text": "Children and elderly people are thought\nto be more vulnerable to HPV infections"
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 245.866,
"text": "because their skin tends to be thinner\nand have less organized immune defenses."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 250.621,
"text": "And compromised immunity or skin flora—"
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 253.582,
"text": "caused by things like smoking,\nchemotherapy, HIV, and genetic variation—"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 259.171,
"text": "can make it harder for the body\nto suppress HPV infections."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 263.259,
"text": "And although most warts are harmless\nand go away without intervention,"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 267.388,
"text": "they're still contagious, "
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 268.889,
"text": "and dermatologists have methods\nto help the body clear them."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 272.685,
"text": "Some treatments work by stimulating\nthe immune system directly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 276.063,
"text": "while others— like salicylic acid\nand cryotherapy—"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 279.65,
"text": "irritate the infected area,\nindirectly activating an immune response."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 284.447,
"text": "Thankfully, there are lots of options\navailable in addressing our wart worries—"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 288.784,
"text": "and simply no need to slander toads."
}
] |
0rIjFCNay2Q
|
Would you raise the baby that ate your siblings? - Francesca Barbero
|
Explore how the offspring of parasitic butterflies trick their way into ant colonies for food and protection.
--
You might not guess it, but Alcon blue butterflies are just one of over 200 parasitic butterfly species, all of which target ants. And their offspring live highly unusual lives, tricking their way into ant colonies using mimicry. So, how do these butterflies do it— and why? Francesa Barbero explores the strategies caterpillars use to survive among ants on their journey to become butterflies.
Lesson by Francesca Barbero, directed by Raghav Arumugam, Jagriti Khirwar.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-raise-the-baby-that-ate-your-siblings-francesca-barbero
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-raise-the-baby-that-ate-your-siblings-francesca-barbero/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com & https://www.jagritikhirwar.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq and Gerardo Castro.
|
2024-01-25T16:00:37Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 7.336,
"text": "A tennis player wins\nher second straight set,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 9.922,
"text": "feeling like she can predict\nher opponent's next move."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 12.759,
"text": "A musician works to master\na chord progression,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 15.386,
"text": "unfazed by mistakes as he repeatedly\nplays the same four bars."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 20.141,
"text": "A scientist fails to notice her morning\nalarm blare from the next room,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 23.77,
"text": "having analyzed data through the night."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 26.606,
"text": "While each of these people is immersed\nin a different activity,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 29.901,
"text": "requiring specific skills\nand knowledge sets,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 32.403,
"text": "all three are experiencing\nwhat is known as flow—"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 35.865,
"text": "a unique mental state\nof effortless engagement."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 40.703,
"text": "And while you may not be a scientist\nor professional athlete,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 44.165,
"text": "anyone can find flow."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 46.084,
"text": "This is a good thing,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 47.085,
"text": "as those who more frequently \nexperience flow report higher levels"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 50.546,
"text": "of positive emotions, creativity,\nand feelings of accomplishment."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 55.927,
"text": "Further, research has linked it\nto increased productivity,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 59.43,
"text": "enhanced learning,\nand academic achievement."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 63.392,
"text": "But what exactly is flow?\nAnd how can we find it in our daily lives?"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 68.856,
"text": "Flow is more than just concentrating\nor paying attention."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 72.401,
"text": "Psychologists go so far as to define flow\nas an altered state of consciousness"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 77.448,
"text": "with several defining features."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 80.034,
"text": "First, those in flow tend to feel\nso effortlessly engaged in a task"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 85.665,
"text": "that time seems to fly by."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 88.584,
"text": "They are not easily distracted."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 90.628,
"text": "In contrast with cycles\nof procrastination,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 93.297,
"text": "when it can feel impossible\nto start an activity,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 95.842,
"text": "during flow it can feel difficult to stop."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 99.512,
"text": "Flow also tends to diminish feelings\nof worry or self-judgment,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 104.016,
"text": "in turn fostering creativity."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 106.561,
"text": "And people report experiencing a sense\nof oneness with what they’re doing,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 110.231,
"text": "allowing for peak performance."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 112.358,
"text": "Further, brain imaging studies have shown\nthat flow is accompanied by changes"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 116.445,
"text": "in neural activity,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 117.905,
"text": "notably in regions that play a role"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 119.74,
"text": "in attention, self-awareness,\nand self-consciousness."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 123.161,
"text": "Despite decades of research, \nmany questions still remain."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 127.248,
"text": "How do the brains of those in flow compare"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 129.584,
"text": "to those in other states of consciousness,\nlike meditation?"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 132.587,
"text": "Does flow arising from physical\nactivities like sports"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 135.84,
"text": "recruit the same brain areas\nas more mental tasks like writing or math?"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 140.511,
"text": "And scientists are still working\nto understand why certain activities"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 144.056,
"text": "are more likely to elicit flow\nthan others."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 147.31,
"text": "While we don't know for sure,\nthere are several theories."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 151.189,
"text": "For example, people more often report\nfinding flow when doing things"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 154.859,
"text": "they find intrinsically motivating,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 157.153,
"text": "meaning activities they find purpose,\nmeaning, or enjoyment in."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 161.824,
"text": "This may include participating\nin a favorite hobby,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 164.911,
"text": "but also tackling gratifying\nassignments at work,"
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 168.789,
"text": "studying topics you find interesting,\nor even completing satisfying chores."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 174.545,
"text": "Likewise, it may be more difficult\nto find flow in tasks you do"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 178.466,
"text": "only because you have to, \nnot because you want to."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 182.22,
"text": "Other research suggests balancing\npersonal skill level"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 185.765,
"text": "with the activity’s challenge\nis key for finding flow."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 190.519,
"text": "In other words, if a task is too easy,\nyou may get distracted or feel bored."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 195.274,
"text": "If it’s too challenging,\nyou may become discouraged."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 198.819,
"text": "The classically mesmerizing game\nof Tetris, for example,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 203.282,
"text": "keeps skill-challenge levels in balance\nby increasing the fall speed of blocks"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 208.746,
"text": "as players get better at the game."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 211.207,
"text": "Still, other studies suggest \nthat it’s most important"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 214.585,
"text": "that activities have clear goals"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 216.671,
"text": "and allow you to assess\nyour progress along the way."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 219.757,
"text": "For example, practicing a song allows\nyou to gauge your performance"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 224.303,
"text": "with each note."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 225.68,
"text": "This also may be why people find\nflow when playing games of chance,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 229.058,
"text": "even though those games\ndon't require skill."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 231.894,
"text": "Moment-to-moment feedback may be enough\nto motivate deep engagement."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 236.524,
"text": "While no single protocol\ncan guarantee flow,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 239.485,
"text": "there are steps you can take\nto increase your chances."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 242.655,
"text": "Find a quiet environment free\nfrom distracting noises or devices."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 247.368,
"text": "Break your tasks into small, specific\nsegments that are easy to track"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 251.539,
"text": "and learn from."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 252.915,
"text": "Set clear end goals that are\nchallenging but not frustratingly so."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 257.044,
"text": "If you find the task to be tedious,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 258.963,
"text": "set additional parameters\nto up the stakes."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 262.049,
"text": "For example, when cleaning your dishes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 264.385,
"text": "attempt to finish them all\nin a certain amount of time."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 267.221,
"text": "When running, try to keep pace\nwith the beat of a song."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 271.017,
"text": "Most importantly,\nand perhaps most frustratingly,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 274.395,
"text": "don't focus too much on reaching flow."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 277.148,
"text": "That sort of distraction might just\nprevent you from finding it."
}
] |
CBWgOe8HsV0
|
How to know if you're selfish (and whether or not that's bad) - Mark Hopwood
|
Explore a classic philosophical debate and decide: is it human nature to be selfish? And if so, is it possible to overcome it?
--
The question of whether or not humans are inherently selfish is one of philosophy’s oldest debates. The idea that we only act out of self-interest is an extreme stance that few philosophers would endorse. However, the idea that all humans have a deep selfish streak is something many philosophers would agree with. So, are we innately selfish? Mark Hopwood explores this classic conundrum.
Lesson by Mark Hopwood, directed by Avi Ofer.
Grab a copy of Chris Anderson’s book “Infectious Generosity” here: https://bit.ly/TEDEdInfectiousGenerosity
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-know-if-you-re-being-selfish-and-whether-or-not-that-s-bad-mark-hopwood
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-know-if-you-re-being-selfish-and-whether-or-not-that-s-bad-mark-hopwood/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aviofer.com
Educator's website: https://new.sewanee.edu/programs-of-study/philosophy/faculty-staff/mark-hopwood
Music: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman and Kurt Paolo Sevillano.
|
2024-01-23T16:00:52Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 6.836,
"text": "With his appetite for conquest\nand knack for combat,"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 10.131,
"text": "the shark god Dakuwaqa was determined\nto vanquish all his rivals."
},
{
"duration": 6.715,
"start": 16.471,
"text": "Long ago, the ancestral gods of Fiji,\nknown as kalou vu or simply vu,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 23.186,
"text": "settled on the Pacific archipelago,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 25.563,
"text": "each establishing a village\nin a different area."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 29.275,
"text": "Eventually, they metamorphosed\ninto various forms."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 32.195,
"text": "Dakuwaqa settled\non resource-rich Cakaudrove"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 36.074,
"text": "and transformed into a shark."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 39.702,
"text": "But he was unsatisfied."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 41.788,
"text": "He became proud and greedy,\nand wanted to challenge every vu,"
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 45.5,
"text": "establish himself as the mightiest,\nand dominate all of Fiji’s islands."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 52.131,
"text": "In his quest for power, Dakuwaqa sped\nthrough the waters toward Rewa,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 56.928,
"text": "where a quick and cunning eel-shaped vu\ntried to stop him in the mouth of a river."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 61.891,
"text": "Soon, the two were tumbling\nthrough the water, locked in combat."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 66.104,
"text": "The brawling vu created towering waves,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 69.148,
"text": "stretching the river further inshore\nand flooding nearby coastal communities."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 74.445,
"text": "In the end, the eel was no match\nfor Dakuwaqa’s ferocity."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 79.117,
"text": "After the fight, the Rewa River became\nthe longest and widest in Fiji,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 84.914,
"text": "which made nearby communities\nespecially prone to flooding."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 88.96,
"text": "But Dakuwaqa didn’t care\nwhat damage he caused,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 92.213,
"text": "so long as he remained undefeated."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 95.967,
"text": "Dakuwaqa continued on his rampage,\nlater vanquishing Masilaca,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 100.388,
"text": "the small, mischievous shark vu\nthat lived near Beqa Island."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 104.892,
"text": "Despite their rocky start,\nthe two became friends."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 108.855,
"text": "But one day, Masilaca— perhaps growing\ntired of Dakuwaqa’s proud, selfish ways"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 113.985,
"text": "and the chaos he’d caused\nacross the archipelago—"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 117.155,
"text": "presented a challenge he knew\nDakuwaqa couldn’t resist."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 121.325,
"text": "Masilaca spoke about a fierce vu\ncalled Rokobakaniceva,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 125.746,
"text": "who guarded the outer island of Kadavu,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 128.374,
"text": "and teased that,\nuntil Dakuwaqa defeated them,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 131.627,
"text": "he couldn’t claim the title\nof strongest vu."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 134.964,
"text": "Before Masilaca could even finish \ndescribing Rokobakaniceva,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 139.719,
"text": "Dakuwaqa was jetting through the water\nin the direction of Kadavu."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 144.64,
"text": "As he came close,\nDakuwaqa saw a giant octopus"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 148.644,
"text": "hovering at the entrance to a reef."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 151.147,
"text": "The octopus vu, Rokobakaniceva,\ncared greatly for the people of Kadavu"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 156.694,
"text": "and asked Dakuwaqa politely to stay away\nand not intimidate the villagers."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 163.075,
"text": "Dakuwaqa was only emboldened\nby the request."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 166.704,
"text": "He showed his imposing teeth\nand lunged forward to attack."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 170.958,
"text": "But Rokobakaniceva was prepared."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 174.378,
"text": "With four tentacles, the octopus vu\nremained rooted to a rock on the seafloor"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 179.091,
"text": "and with the remaining four,\ncaptured Dakuwaqa’s body"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 182.094,
"text": "and flipped him over."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 184.013,
"text": "In this position, his breathing slowed\nand his muscles relaxed."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 190.102,
"text": "He was paralyzed and powerless in a\nmysterious state called tonic immobility"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 195.983,
"text": "that some sharks assume when flipped over"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 198.903,
"text": "or when the sensitive pores\nof their snout are stimulated."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 202.657,
"text": "Dakuwaqa was stuck upside down\nand struggling to breathe,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 206.41,
"text": "and Rokobakaniceva’s tentacles wrapped\ntighter and tighter around his body."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 211.165,
"text": "Though still shocked,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 212.458,
"text": "Dakuwaqa realized the battle was lost\nfor the first time in his life."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 218.047,
"text": "In exchange for Rokobakaniceva’s mercy,\nhe promised that he would change his ways."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 224.262,
"text": "Instead of menacing the villagers\nand other vu,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 226.931,
"text": "he vowed to protect Fijian fishers\nfrom Kadavu and beyond."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 233.062,
"text": "Pleased with the pact,\nRokobakaniceva agreed and freed Dakuwaqa."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 238.359,
"text": "He stayed true to his word—\nno longer bragging about dueling vu,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 243.656,
"text": "conquering coastlines,\nand taking tributes."
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 246.659,
"text": "Instead, he began finding satisfaction\nin guiding lost people back to their homes"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 252.79,
"text": "and warning local fishers of bad weather\nand sinister sea creatures."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 257.545,
"text": "In return, some of Fiji’s people would\npay homage to Dakuwaqa"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 261.34,
"text": "by pouring a traditional drink— yaqona,\nalso known as kava— into the ocean."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 267.346,
"text": "And upon returning safely from fishing\ntrips with an abundance of catch,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 271.434,
"text": "they’d throw fish heads back\ninto the ocean for the sharks—"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 274.645,
"text": "gestures of mutual care to elicit luck"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 277.898,
"text": "and protection from Dakuwaqa himself."
}
] |
fGPPy__YnrI
|
History vs. Egypt’s "most powerful" pharaoh - Jessica Tomkins
|
Pharaoh Ramesses II presided over a golden age of Egyptian prosperity— but was he a model leader or a master of propaganda?
--
Pharaoh Ramesses II reigned for almost 70 years in the 13th century BCE. He presided over a golden age of Egyptian prosperity, power, and wealth. But was he a model leader or a shameless egomaniac and master of propaganda? Jessica Tomkins puts this controversial figure on trial in History vs. Ramesses the Great.
Lesson by Jessica Tomkins, directed by Brett Underhill, PorkchopBob Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-vs-egypt-s-most-powerful-pharaoh-jessica-tomkins
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-vs-egypt-s-most-powerful-pharaoh-jessica-tomkins/digdeeper
Animator's website: http://www.porkchopbob.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon and Eddy Trochez.
|
2024-01-18T16:00:32Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 8.671,
"text": "It’s a cold morning\nin 15th century France,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 11.549,
"text": "and you're off to the barber\nfor a shave and a haircut."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 15.011,
"text": "You hear the familiar sound\nof singing inside"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 18.181,
"text": "and eye a bowl of blood in the window."
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 24.437,
"text": "Both chairs are taken."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 26.898,
"text": "You grab a cup of ale and examine\nthe array of teeth strung from the walls."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 32.153,
"text": "Suddenly, a scream."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 34.864,
"text": "The barber’s apprentice wipes pus\nfrom the boil he’s just lanced."
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 39.077,
"text": "By the other chair,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 40.161,
"text": "the barber fixes a pair of pliers\nover a blackened, rotting tooth."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 45.833,
"text": "For centuries, barbers in western and\nnorthern Europe didn’t just cut hair,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 50.755,
"text": "they also performed a range of surgeries;"
},
{
"duration": 4.587,
"start": 53.8,
"text": "from tooth extraction to stitches,\nand even amputation."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 59.013,
"text": "There were two main factors that led\nto barbers filling this position."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 63.142,
"text": "Before this, these surgical procedures\nwere mostly performed by monks."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 68.231,
"text": "The clergymen were required\nby the Catholic Church"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 70.608,
"text": "to sport a very specific haircut,\ncalled tonsures,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 75.113,
"text": "and to remove all facial hair,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 77.323,
"text": "so the monasteries generally\nhad at least one barber."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 81.077,
"text": "Given their proximity and ability\nto work with sharp blades,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 84.58,
"text": "these barbers often assisted in surgeries."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 88.209,
"text": "And in 1215, the church issued an edict"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 92.004,
"text": "banning monks from any act\nthat purposefully spilled blood."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 97.051,
"text": "At the same time,\nuniversities with medical schools"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 100.096,
"text": "were opening across Europe."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 102.014,
"text": "However, these doctors saw themselves\nas academic scholars"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 105.852,
"text": "who would never dirty their hands\nby touching blood or wielding knives."
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 111.107,
"text": "Medicine and surgery became two separate,\nyet complementary, disciplines—"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 116.779,
"text": "like geometry and carpentry."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 120.032,
"text": "So operations were left in the hands\nand shears of barber-surgeons."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 125.163,
"text": "Rather than studying anatomy in textbooks,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 128.207,
"text": "barber-surgeons trained\nthrough extended apprenticeships."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 131.878,
"text": "They often combined knowledge\nof anatomy with astrology,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 135.673,
"text": "taking both the patient’s symptoms\nand corresponding astrological events—"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 139.927,
"text": "such as lunar phases—\ninto account when deciding on treatment."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 144.849,
"text": "Like many people of the time,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 146.434,
"text": "they regarded the position of the sun,\nmoon, and stars to be highly significant."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 151.856,
"text": "They also memorized poems to commit\ninformation to memory—"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 155.443,
"text": "such as one identifying where on the body\nbloodletting should be performed."
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 160.323,
"text": "For headaches, the temples;"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 162.074,
"text": "for liver problems, \nthe little finger on the right hand;"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 165.119,
"text": "and for hemorrhoids,\nthe back of the legs."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 168.08,
"text": "Barber-surgeons certainly kept busy."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 171.042,
"text": "From around 1300 CE,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 173.628,
"text": "unpredictable weather\nacross the North Atlantic"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 176.172,
"text": "caused by what is now called \nthe Little Ice Age,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 179.634,
"text": "led to regular famines."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 181.969,
"text": "People often had to choose\nbetween starvation"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 184.764,
"text": "or eating rye flour that was contaminated\nwith the fungus ergot."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 189.644,
"text": "This led to widespread illnesses,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 192.021,
"text": "which in extreme cases caused gangrene,\nor the rotting of body tissue."
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 196.984,
"text": "When gangrene set in,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 198.653,
"text": "the only hope of saving a patient\nwas through amputation."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 202.823,
"text": "Barbers would saw off infected limbs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 205.576,
"text": "covering the stumps with cow or pig\nbladders while they healed."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 210.498,
"text": "And their work wasn’t limited\nto just shops and monasteries."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 214.377,
"text": "Armies needed both hairdressing\nand wound care,"
},
{
"duration": 4.714,
"start": 217.546,
"text": "and barber-surgeons accompanied them\non campaigns near and far."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 222.802,
"text": "Through the centuries, barber-surgeons\ncontributed important knowledge"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 226.305,
"text": "to the medical establishment."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 227.974,
"text": "One of the most famous, Ambroise Paré,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 230.893,
"text": "blurred the lines\nbetween doctor and barber-surgeon"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 234.188,
"text": "by publishing medical textbooks"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 236.315,
"text": "and teaching at France’s\nfirst surgical college."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 239.652,
"text": "In the 16th century, \nhe gained renown as a military surgeon,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 243.572,
"text": "in part for advocating against the\npainful and medically useless practice"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 248.244,
"text": "of pouring boiling oil\ninto gunshot wounds."
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 251.706,
"text": "Instead, he applied an antiseptic salve\nof egg yolks, rosewater, and turpentine,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 257.962,
"text": "which soon became standard treatment\non battlefields across Europe."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 262.758,
"text": "By the 18th century, medical knowledge\nstarted advancing rapidly."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 267.179,
"text": "New surgical techniques emerged\nfor closing wounds,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 270.308,
"text": "controlling blood loss,\nand performing complex procedures,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 274.312,
"text": "like removing cancerous tissue."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 276.689,
"text": "Surgery became more specialized—"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 278.899,
"text": "and under pressure\nfrom the medical establishment—"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 281.569,
"text": "barbers and surgeons soon split\ninto clear-cut occupations."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 286.949,
"text": "Surgeons and dentists entered the ranks"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 289.201,
"text": "of university-trained\nmedical practitioners,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 291.787,
"text": "while barbers remained craftsmen\nwho learned their trade"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 295.207,
"text": "through apprenticeships."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 297.168,
"text": "However, the legacy of the barber-surgeon\ncan still be seen today,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 301.672,
"text": "perhaps most prominently in the\nred and white stripes on the barber pole—"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 307.136,
"text": "which, according to legend,"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 308.929,
"text": "represent blood and the bandages used\nby their pre-modern counterparts."
}
] |
__nlupHISg0
|
How much would it cost to buy the ocean? - Astrid J. Hsu
|
Dig into the monetary value of the ocean, from global trade, to tourism, fishing, and more, as Poseidon contemplates selling it.
--
Surveying his vast domain, Poseidon considers retirement. What if someone else donned the coral crown so he could spend his immortality harmonizing with whales and cozying up to hydrothermal vents? Poseidon decides he needs to prioritize himself for once. So, he summons his accountant and asks: how much could he sell the ocean for? Astrid J. Hsu conducts a financial analysis of our oceans’ worth.
Lesson by Astrid J. Hsu, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-would-it-cost-to-buy-the-ocean-astrid-j-hsu
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-would-it-cost-to-buy-the-ocean-astrid-j-hsu/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law and Hiroshi Uchiyama.
|
2024-01-16T16:00:52Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 8.671,
"text": "On October 17th, 1902, Paris detectives\narrived at a grisly scene."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 14.927,
"text": "Joseph Reibel had been murdered\nat his workplace."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 18.848,
"text": "With no eyewitnesses,\nthe officers had little to work from,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 22.435,
"text": "until they discovered a shard\nof broken glass"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 25.897,
"text": "with several bloody fingerprints."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 28.691,
"text": "An investigator manually searched\nthe police station's fingerprint records"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 32.361,
"text": "and eventually found a match."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 35.156,
"text": "Henri Scheffer, who had been arrested\nfor theft the year before,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 38.618,
"text": "was detained and later\nconfessed to the murder."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 42.288,
"text": "This marked the first time\nin Europe"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 44.582,
"text": "that investigators solved a crime\nusing fingerprints alone."
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 48.92,
"text": "Over a century later,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 50.254,
"text": "fingerprints remain one of the most\ncommon types of evidence"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 53.758,
"text": "in criminal courts."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 55.134,
"text": "But just how reliable are they?"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 57.804,
"text": "Humans, like other climbing species,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 60.389,
"text": "are born with patterns of raised ridges\nand recessed furrows"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 64.185,
"text": "not only on their fingers\nbut also along their hands and feet."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 68.106,
"text": "These friction ridges help provide\na firmer grip,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 71.15,
"text": "especially on wet surfaces,\nand increase our sensitivity to touch."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 75.613,
"text": "They begin to develop in the womb\nat about seven weeks,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 78.449,
"text": "when the skin on the hands and feet\nswell to form smooth raised pads."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 83.788,
"text": "At around ten weeks, deeper layers begin\nto grow faster than the upper layers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 88.084,
"text": "causing the pads to buckle and fold."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 90.878,
"text": "This folding is guided by genetics\nand environmental factors"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 94.674,
"text": "and continues over the next\nseveral months."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 97.51,
"text": "Scientists have yet to fully understand\nthe exact environmental factors at play,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 101.472,
"text": "but it’s their randomness\nthat leads to the formation"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 104.1,
"text": "of unique fingerprint patterns."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 106.435,
"text": "In fact, many experts believe\nit’s improbable that any two fingerprints,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 110.773,
"text": "past or present, are exactly alike."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 113.276,
"text": "They're even different\namong identical twins."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 116.028,
"text": "People have likely known about\nthe individual nature of fingerprints"
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 119.282,
"text": "for centuries, "
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 120.283,
"text": "but it wasn’t until the late 1800s that\nscientists began studying and classifying"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 125.079,
"text": "their different features."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 126.622,
"text": "By the early 1900s, prosecutors\nbegan utilizing fingerprints in courts,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 131.919,
"text": "forever changing how detectives\napproach and analyze crime scenes."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 135.84,
"text": "Today, investigators often begin\nby searching for visible prints."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 140.386,
"text": "These include patent prints,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 142.388,
"text": "left by transferable substances\nlike blood or dirt,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 145.85,
"text": "and plastic prints, which are impressions\nin soft, malleable materials,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 150.271,
"text": "like caulking, wax,\nor even a newly painted fence."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 154.15,
"text": "However, most fingerprints\naren't visible to the naked eye."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 157.945,
"text": "These are called latent prints,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 159.655,
"text": "and they’re composed of the water,\noils, proteins, and salts"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 163.826,
"text": "that ridge patterns leave on surfaces."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 166.329,
"text": "They can be revealed by dusting\nwith a fine powder,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 168.998,
"text": "which sticks to the water and oil trail."
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 171.5,
"text": "If surfaces are porous\nor difficult to dust,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 173.92,
"text": "investigators use chemical developers\nlike Ninhydrin,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 177.381,
"text": "which reacts with proteins\nleft by fingers."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 180.509,
"text": "Forensic scientists continue to develop\nmore sensitive and surface-specific tools."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 185.264,
"text": "For example, one experimental\ntechnique uses an electrical charge"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 189.352,
"text": "to capture the corrosion that fingerprint\nsalts leave on metals,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 192.98,
"text": "even if they have been wiped down."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 195.274,
"text": "Once investigators have collected prints,"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 197.526,
"text": "then they get to work matching them\nwith potential suspects."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 200.738,
"text": "In certain cases, investigators\nwill use automated computing systems"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 204.909,
"text": "that can narrow down potential matches"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 206.786,
"text": "found in national fingerprint databases."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 209.413,
"text": "Certified experts then compare\nminor fingerprint details,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 212.959,
"text": "such as how the ridges\nbranch and intersect,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 215.962,
"text": "and the spacing of oil pores."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 218.005,
"text": "Any result must be blindly\nverified by a second expert"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 221.55,
"text": "before information is handed\nover to justice departments."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 225.137,
"text": "The fact that fingerprint patterns\nare unique for every individual"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 228.391,
"text": "makes them particularly strong\nevidence in criminal cases."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 231.936,
"text": "However, the system isn't infallible."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 235.314,
"text": "Prints are often smudged, distorted,\nor overlapped with other prints,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 239.443,
"text": "which can make matching more challenging."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 241.487,
"text": "And it’s prone to human error—"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 243.489,
"text": "one 2011 study found that fingerprint\nexperts falsely identified"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 247.994,
"text": "two different fingerprints\nas a match 0.1% of the time."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 251.914,
"text": "While this may seem low, the stakes are\nhigh for a wrongly accused defendant."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 257.628,
"text": "Further, there’s no universal standard\non the number of ridge details"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 261.632,
"text": "that experts must analyze to make a match."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 264.176,
"text": "Many investigators stress\nthat no conviction should be made"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 267.763,
"text": "on fingerprint evidence alone."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 270.182,
"text": "For these reasons, forensic experts\ncontinue to work to improve"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 273.894,
"text": "and standardize\nthe fingerprinting process."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 276.397,
"text": "After all, when it comes\nto investigating crime,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 279.15,
"text": "fingerprints have certainly\nleft their mark."
}
] |
7Vhu433hkys
|
Why is rice so popular? - Carolyn Beans
|
Dig into how rice became a staple in the world’s diet, and the surprising consequences of its traditional production practices.
--
Rice contributes over 20% of the calories consumed by humans each year. Korean bibimbap, Nigerian jollof, Indian biryani, Spanish paella, and countless other culinary masterpieces all begin with rice. So how did this humble grain end up in so many cuisines? Carolyn Beans investigates the global expansion of this beloved crop and the unintended consequences of its popularity.
Lesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Na Na Na Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Michele Reba who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-rice-so-popular-carolyn-beans
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-rice-so-popular-carolyn-beans/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://nananastudio.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti and Hoai Nam Tran.
|
2024-01-11T16:01:03Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "From 1952 to 1953, Sydney\ndetectives investigated"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 12.008,
"text": "a staggering number of murder\nand attempted murder cases"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 15.344,
"text": "that were unrelated yet shared\na common element:"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 18.139,
"text": "thallium poisoning."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 20.433,
"text": "The secret to thallium toxicity lies in\nits structural similarity to potassium—"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 25.146,
"text": "an element that helps regulate\nthe body's fluids,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 27.648,
"text": "initiate muscle contraction,\nand transmit nerve signals."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 31.486,
"text": "If even a small amount of thallium\nsneaks its way into the body—"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 35.281,
"text": "for example, through a tainted tea\nor a slice of cake—"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 38.576,
"text": "it easily supplants potassium,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 40.536,
"text": "causing the body to slowly\nand painfully shut down."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 44.207,
"text": "At the time, thallium's\nrisks were well known,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 47.001,
"text": "so how were the perpetrators able to get\ntheir hands on such a lethal element?"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 51.172,
"text": "And thallium isn't the only dangerous\nelement on the periodic table."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 55.218,
"text": "Within this tabular array loom\nseveral potential threats,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 58.679,
"text": "each with their own unique method\nof imposing destruction."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 61.849,
"text": "Some elements, like thallium,\nare dangerous due to their toxicity."
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 66.02,
"text": "Once they enter the body,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 67.396,
"text": "they wreak havoc on the biological systems\nthat keep us alive."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 71.109,
"text": "Lead, for example, switches places with\nthe body's essential metals like calcium,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 75.53,
"text": "in turn disrupting neuronal communication\nin the brain."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 78.825,
"text": "Traveling through the bloodstream, it also\ngenerates toxic levels of molecules"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 82.995,
"text": "known as reactive oxygen species,\nwhich over time can stress and kill cells."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 88.042,
"text": "Mercury's toxicity was made famous\nin the 19th century"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 91.671,
"text": "due to its widespread use\nin felt hat production."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 95.133,
"text": "Prolonged exposure made hat makers ill"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 97.677,
"text": "with what was later known\nas \"Mad Hatter\" disease,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 100.805,
"text": "with symptoms that included\npersonality changes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 103.641,
"text": "emotional disturbances, and tremors."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 106.936,
"text": "Mercury is quick to react\nwith certain parts of proteins"
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 109.647,
"text": "found throughout the body."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 110.898,
"text": "And upon binding, mercury twists\nthe proteins into different shapes,"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 115.153,
"text": "rendering them useless. "
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 117.196,
"text": "Some elements are dangerous because of\nhow they respond, react, or even explode"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 122.118,
"text": "in the outside environment."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 123.578,
"text": "Top reactive elements reside in the\nfirst column of the periodic table"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 127.79,
"text": "and are known as alkali metals."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 130.042,
"text": "They're rarely found in their\npure elemental form,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 132.42,
"text": "as alkalis readily donate the single\nelectron in their outer shell"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 136.591,
"text": "to whatever's around to form more\nstable ionic compounds."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 139.886,
"text": "This can lead to violent results—"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 141.846,
"text": "pure cesium, for example, bursts\ninto flames when exposed to air,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 146.1,
"text": "and explodes when dropped in water."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 148.936,
"text": "Francium is likely the\nmost reactive alkali"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 151.606,
"text": "based on its position\nin the periodic table,"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 153.816,
"text": "but we don't know for sure."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 155.359,
"text": "With a half-life of 22 minutes at most,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 157.945,
"text": "it's thought that less than an ounce\nexists on Earth at any one time."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 162.575,
"text": "But perhaps the most threatening elements\nare those that silently emit."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 166.746,
"text": "Known as radioactive elements,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 168.748,
"text": "the substances readily release energy,\nor decay,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 172.627,
"text": "due to their highly unstable\nnuclear composition."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 176.047,
"text": "This reactive nature is what's\nharnessed to create"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 178.674,
"text": "some of the world's most dangerous\nnuclear weapons."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 181.719,
"text": "Radioactive elements typically emit energy\nin the form of alpha particles,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 186.015,
"text": "beta particles, neutrons,\nor electromagnetic radiation."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 190.561,
"text": "While all dangerous,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 192.063,
"text": "alpha particles, which consist\nof two neutrons and protons"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 195.483,
"text": "bound tightly together,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 196.943,
"text": "can be particularly hazardous. "
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 199.195,
"text": "Heavy and positively charged,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 201.072,
"text": "if alpha particles find their\nway into the body,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 203.699,
"text": "they can easily bombard and kill\nany cell in their path."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 207.453,
"text": "In fact, it's theorized that a single\ngram of one alpha emitter, polonium,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 212.541,
"text": "could kill upwards of 50 million people."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 215.294,
"text": "Polonium was first discovered\nby Marie Curie,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 218.631,
"text": "and tragically her daughter,\nresearcher Irene Joliot-Curie,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 222.802,
"text": "may have been one of its first victims\nafter she was exposed in a lab accident."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 227.807,
"text": "Polonium is rare in nature\nwith few commercial uses,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 230.977,
"text": "so only a small amount is\nsynthesized each year."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 234.438,
"text": "Thallium, on the other hand,\nwasn't so difficult to find"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 237.316,
"text": "in the early 1950s in Austalia."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 239.86,
"text": "At the time, Sydney was plagued\nwith chronic rat infestations."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 243.614,
"text": "And thallium was the main ingredient\nin the popular and cheap"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 246.993,
"text": "rat poison called Thall-Rat."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 249.37,
"text": "Thankfully, detectives were\nable to connect the dots,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 252.039,
"text": "and in 1953 Australian Parliament\neffectively banned all sale of thallium."
}
] |
fl1i6RtM4o8
|
Are pandas the most misunderstood animal? - Lucy Cooke
|
Uncover the most common misperceptions about pandas, and find out why it's so difficult for them to breed in captivity.
--
In the 1930’s, a grand panda drama unfolded at the Chicago Zoo. Zookeepers procured a female panda named Mei Mei, and they were determined to find her a mate. They found a prospective suitor named Mei Lan, and the public eagerly awaited the patter of tiny panda paws. But the wait dragged on... and on. Why weren’t the bears breeding? Lucy Cooke shares common misperceptions about pandas.
Lesson by Lucy Cooke, directed by Keegan Thornhill.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-secret-sex-lives-of-pandas-lucy-cooke
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-secret-sex-lives-of-pandas-lucy-cooke/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/cosmiconionring
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley and Elija Peterson.
|
2024-01-09T16:00:54Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "In 1624, 23-year-old King Louis the XIII\nof France was in crisis."
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 12.925,
"text": "He was balding."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 14.719,
"text": "What would people say, at a time\nwhen a monarch's hair"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 18.097,
"text": " had come to symbolize\nhis power and nobility?"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 20.975,
"text": "Louis was not interested in finding out."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 23.644,
"text": "Instead, he made a decision that kicked\noff a 150-year fashion craze:"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 28.775,
"text": "he wore a particularly full wig."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 32.862,
"text": "Long before Louis people adopted wigs\nfor various reasons—"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 36.407,
"text": "including hygiene, theater,\nand anti-aging endeavors."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 40.203,
"text": "Wigs date at least as far back\nas ancient Egypt,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 43.372,
"text": "where well-regarded hairdressers crafted\nthem into intricate styles."
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 48.211,
"text": "And under certain ancient Roman dynasties,\nwomen's wigs became particularly ornate,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 53.549,
"text": "one poet mocking their numerous tiers."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 57.261,
"text": "During the Middle Ages, the Catholic\nChurch discouraged wig-wearing,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 61.39,
"text": "emphasizing instead humility\nand austerity."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 65.228,
"text": "So, those who did wig\nin medieval western Europe"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 68.272,
"text": "generally wore more\nnatural-looking styles."
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 72.193,
"text": "But as rules relaxed in the 1500s,\nwigs became more acceptable accessories."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 79.075,
"text": "Queen Elizabeth I of England\nowned over 80 red wigs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 83.871,
"text": "which she used to augment her hair\nand conceal it as it thinned and grayed."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 88.209,
"text": "One of these wigs even adorned\nher funeral effigy."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 92.296,
"text": "Yet it wasn't until Louis XIII unveiled\nhis magnificent mane"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 96.801,
"text": "a couple of decades later that\nbig wigs truly began booming."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 101.722,
"text": "Members of Louis' court,\nperhaps eager to gain favor,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 105.017,
"text": "bewigged themselves and aristocrats\nelsewhere soon followed suit."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 109.73,
"text": "The fast-growing popularity of wigs\nmight have been accentuated"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 113.276,
"text": "by concerns over hair loss\ncaused by mercury,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 116.612,
"text": "which doctors then prescribed to treat\nsyphilis and other ailments."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 121.45,
"text": "But people also heralded wigs\nas convenient,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 124.495,
"text": "since they eliminated the need for daily\nhair cleaning and styling."
},
{
"duration": 6.09,
"start": 129.333,
"text": "In the mid-1600s, the trend amplified\nunder Louis XIII's son, Louis XIV."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 135.923,
"text": "At the time, Europe took its couture cues\nfrom Madrid."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 140.303,
"text": "But Louis XIV's government changed that"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 143.055,
"text": "by investing heavily\nin France's luxury industry."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 147.268,
"text": "They created specialized guilds,\nformalized seasonal releases,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 151.23,
"text": "enforced a dress code at court,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 152.94,
"text": "and banned imports that could have been\nmade in France or its colonies."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 157.612,
"text": "Louis XIV once even ordered his son—\nyet another Louis—"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 161.449,
"text": "to burn his coat because it was made\nof foreign cloth."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 165.411,
"text": "Buoyed by its growing colonial empire,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 168.08,
"text": "France amassed wealth and influence, "
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 170.458,
"text": "and Parisian-style big wigs soon\nperched atop many European heads."
},
{
"duration": 5.131,
"start": 176.505,
"text": "These full-bottom men's hairpieces\ndemanded such thick, long locks"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 181.636,
"text": "that ten heads of hair\ncould go into just one."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 185.556,
"text": "Within a century, the number of Parisian\nwigmakers quadrupled."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 189.56,
"text": "Even small villages often boasted\nat least one wigmaker."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 193.689,
"text": "They generally fabricated their\nmerchandise from human hair—"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 197.443,
"text": "probably sourced from poor women—"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 199.779,
"text": "or from cheaper materials like wool\nor horsehair."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 203.282,
"text": "To clean their wigs, eliminate odors,\nand absorb sweat,"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 207.328,
"text": "people showered them in perfumed powders\nof flour, chalk, and aromatics"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 212.959,
"text": "like violet, rose, clove, and lemon."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 216.587,
"text": "It was a messy business,\nwith entire rooms designated for the task."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 221.259,
"text": "In fact, that's where the term \"powder\nroom\" is thought to have originated."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 226.681,
"text": "By the mid-1700s, men's wigs remained\npopular but became simpler,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 231.894,
"text": "often styled with curls around the face\nand a ponytail in back."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 236.816,
"text": "Women's wigs, however,\nsoared to new heights,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 239.902,
"text": "literally towering up to a meter."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 242.738,
"text": "Wigmakers often constructed these using\nrods, ribbons, and wool stuffing."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 247.702,
"text": "And once covered with hair,"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 248.995,
"text": "the wig could be adorned\nwith all manner of accoutrements."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 252.498,
"text": "Lighter colored wigs became fashionable\nand were only enhanced with powders,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 257.503,
"text": "sometimes tinted purple, pink, or blue."
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 261.007,
"text": "But not everyone bought into the trend."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 263.301,
"text": "Caricaturists mocked big wig-wearers,\nframing them as frivolously flamboyant."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 268.264,
"text": "And the hotter temperatures\nin some of Europe's colonies"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 271.058,
"text": "might have made heavy powdered wigs\na nuisance."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 274.353,
"text": "In 1740, a visitor in Maryland observed\nthat so few people wore wigs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 279.442,
"text": "he said, \"you would imagine they\nwere all sick, or going to bed.\""
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 284.572,
"text": "In the late 1700s,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 286.157,
"text": "a popular backlash against aristocratic\ndecadence gained steam."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 291.162,
"text": "As France faced a bread shortage,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 293.372,
"text": "flour-powdered wigs were viewed\nas particularly problematic."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 297.793,
"text": "And in 1789, the French Revolution\nkicked off."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 302.631,
"text": "In 1795, England's parliament\npassed a \"powder tax\""
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 306.385,
"text": "that led many to abandon their big wigs."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 309.388,
"text": "And so, they fell out of fashion,\nleft high and powder-dry,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 314.31,
"text": "like mere relics of a hair-brained\npast craze."
}
] |
2njn71TqkjA
|
Why is Texas hold 'em so popular? - James McManus
|
Dig into the history of poker, from the game’s invention in the American South to its explosion of popularity across the world.
--
From its earliest incarnations, poker has always been a contest of guile, guts, and gambling. The game first emerged around 1800 in the melting pot of New Orleans, and soon spread up the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri rivers. So, how did this simple game of the American South skyrocket in popularity? James McManus shares how the card game became an international affair.
Lesson by James McManus, directed by Chintis Lundgren.
Learn more about the history of poker with James McManus' book, "Cowboys Full: The story of poker" here: https://bit.ly/4ajF5Ar
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/bluffing-betting-and-busting-the-history-of-poker-james-mcmanus
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/bluffing-betting-and-busting-the-history-of-poker-james-mcmanus/digdeeper
Animator's website: http://chintislundgren.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath and Dan Nguyen.
|
2024-01-04T16:00:20Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "While we’re already feeling\nthe devastating effects"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 9.422,
"text": "of human-caused climate change,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 11.382,
"text": "governments continue to fall short\non making and executing emissions pledges"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 15.803,
"text": "that would help thwart further warming."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 17.764,
"text": "So, what will our world look like\nin the next 30 to 80 years,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 21.851,
"text": "if we continue on the current path?"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 23.978,
"text": "While it’s impossible to know exactly\nhow the next decade will unfold,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 27.523,
"text": "scientists and climate experts have\nmade projections,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 30.902,
"text": "factoring in the current state of affairs."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 33.112,
"text": "This future we’re about to describe\nis bleak,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 35.573,
"text": "but remember there’s still time to ensure\nit doesn’t become our reality."
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 40.119,
"text": "It’s 2050."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 41.329,
"text": "We’ve blown past the 1.5 degree target\nthat world leaders promised to stick to."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 45.875,
"text": "The Earth has warmed 2 degrees\nsince the 1800s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 49.045,
"text": "when the world first started burning\nfossil fuels in mass scale."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 52.715,
"text": "Reports on heatwaves and wildfires\nregularly fill the evening news."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 57.345,
"text": "Summer days exceed 40 degrees in London\nand 45 degrees in Delhi,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 61.557,
"text": "as extreme heat waves are now\n8 to 9 times more common."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 65.269,
"text": "These high temperatures prompt\nwidespread blackouts,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 68.022,
"text": "as power grids struggle to keep\nup with the energy demands"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 70.942,
"text": "needed to properly cool homes."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 73.069,
"text": "Ambulance sirens blare through the night,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 75.196,
"text": "carrying patients suffering from\nheatstroke, dehydration, and exhaustion."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 79.534,
"text": "The southwestern United States,\nsouthern Africa, and eastern Australia"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 83.83,
"text": "experience longer, more frequent,\nand more severe droughts."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 87.208,
"text": "Meanwhile, the Philippines, Indonesia,\nand Japan"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 90.294,
"text": "face more frequent heavy rainfall"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 92.13,
"text": "as rising temperatures cause water\nto evaporate faster,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 95.341,
"text": "and trap more water in the atmosphere."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 97.885,
"text": "As the weather becomes more erratic,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 99.804,
"text": "some communities are unable\nto keep pace with rebuilding"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 102.598,
"text": "what’s constantly destroyed."
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 104.35,
"text": "Many move to cities,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 105.56,
"text": "where they face housing shortages\nand a lack of jobs."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 108.437,
"text": "A resource squeeze is felt\nin newborn intensive care wards,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 111.816,
"text": "as the rising temperature\nand air pollution"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 113.943,
"text": "cause higher rates of premature\nand underweight births."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 117.029,
"text": "More children develop asthma\nand respiratory disease,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 119.991,
"text": "and rates balloon in communities regularly\nexposed to forest fire smoke."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 124.036,
"text": "The global emissions added\nto the atmosphere each year"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 126.956,
"text": "finally start to level off,\nthanks to government action,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 129.876,
"text": "but it’s decades too late."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 131.419,
"text": "We fail to reach net zero in time."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 133.713,
"text": "As a result, by 2100 the Earth has\nwarmed another 0.5 to 1.5 degrees."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 139.677,
"text": "Over half of our remaining\nglaciers have melted."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 142.263,
"text": "As the sea heats up, its volume increases\ndue to thermal expansion."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 146.184,
"text": "Together, this elevates sea level\nby well over a meter."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 149.395,
"text": "Entire nations, like the Marshall Islands\nand Tuvalu, are uninhabitable"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 153.691,
"text": "as large swaths of their islands\nare submerged."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 156.819,
"text": "Some islands, like the Maldives,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 158.738,
"text": "spend billions building\ninterconnected rafts"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 161.032,
"text": "that house apartments,\nschools, and restaurants"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 163.826,
"text": "that float above its drowned cities."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 165.912,
"text": "Resettled climate migrants\nin Jakarta, Mumbai, and Lagos"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 169.79,
"text": "are forced to abandon\ntheir homes once again,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 172.168,
"text": "as rising tides and extreme storms flood\nbuildings and crumble infrastructure."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 176.672,
"text": "Overall, 250 million people are displaced."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 180.509,
"text": "Some affluent cities like New York\nand Shanghai attempt to adapt,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 184.68,
"text": "elevating buildings and roadways."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 186.891,
"text": "Ten-meter-tall seawalls line\nthe cities’ coasts."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 190.019,
"text": "Children learn about extinct sea life\nwhich once inhabited the ocean’s reefs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 193.898,
"text": "all of which have vanished thanks\nto rising surface water temperatures."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 198.361,
"text": "Grocery prices skyrocket,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 200.154,
"text": "as food and water scarcity\ntouch all communities."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 203.658,
"text": "Fruits and products long grown\nin the tropics and subtropics"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 206.994,
"text": "rarely show up on shelves,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 208.621,
"text": "as intense heat waves paired\nwith increasing humidity"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 211.457,
"text": "make it deadly for farmers\nto work outdoors."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 213.96,
"text": "Unpredictable heatwaves,\ndroughts, and floods"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 216.462,
"text": "cripple small-scale farmers\nin Africa, Asia, and South America,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 220.591,
"text": "who previously produced one-third\nof the world’s food."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 223.719,
"text": "Hundreds of millions of people are\npushed into hunger and famine."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 227.932,
"text": "Climate predictions can feel\noverwhelming and terrifying."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 231.185,
"text": "Yet many of the experts responsible\nfor these assessments remain optimistic."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 235.398,
"text": "Since countries have first begun\ntaking steps to lower their emissions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 238.734,
"text": "warming projections have\nshifted downwards."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 241.32,
"text": "In less than a decade,\nwe’ve reduced our projected emission rates"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 244.949,
"text": "so that we’re no longer on track\nto hit nearly 4 degrees of warming."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 248.452,
"text": "Policies that invest\nin renewable energy sources,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 251.247,
"text": "cut fossil fuel production,\nsupport electric transportation,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 254.709,
"text": "protect our forests,\nand regulate industry"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 257.628,
"text": "can help mitigate the worst effects\nof climate change."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 260.965,
"text": "But climate experts have also stressed\nthat current policies and pledges"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 265.094,
"text": "don’t go far enough—\nin speed or scale."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 268.055,
"text": "Enacting real change will\nrequire bold solutions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 271.017,
"text": "innovations, and collective action."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 273.185,
"text": "There’s still time to rewrite our future,\nand every tenth of a degree counts."
}
] |
Wb0UgdRFj2A
|
How to get motivated even when you don’t feel like it
|
Explore the psychology of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and dig into how these forces contribute to our drive.
--
Motivation is complicated. Psychologists define motivation as the desire or impetus to initiate and maintain a particular behavior. But sometimes, no matter how passionate you are about a goal or hobby, finding the motivation to actually do it can be difficult. Why is motivation so fickle? Explore intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and dig into how these forces contribute to our drive.
Directed by Magali García.
This video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Ayelet Fishbach who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-get-motivated-even-when-you-don-t-feel-like-it
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-get-motivated-even-when-you-don-t-feel-like-it/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale and Gatsby Dkdc.
|
2024-01-02T16:01:20Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "According to legend, an emperor long\nago declared that he would build"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 11.257,
"text": "a great wall spanning thousands\nof kilometers"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 14.635,
"text": "to protect his new empire\nand ensure his sustained power."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 19.098,
"text": "He ordered many men across China\nto leave their homes"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 22.143,
"text": "and submit to the grueling labor\nrequired for its construction."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 26.147,
"text": "As years passed and the wall grew,\nfew returned home."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 31.235,
"text": "Nestled in the foothills\nof a remote mountain,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 34.197,
"text": "the Mengs and their neighbors, the Jiangs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 36.616,
"text": "hadn’t yet had to worry about being\ndrafted by the emperor’s soldiers."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 40.787,
"text": "One year, the Mengs grew gourds that\nflourished along their shared fence."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 46.084,
"text": "One particular gourd crossed the fence\nand extended into the Jiang’s yard,"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 51.297,
"text": "so they cared for it. "
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 52.924,
"text": "The gourd grew to be the biggest of all."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 55.635,
"text": "At harvest, the Mengs and the Jiangs\ndecided to take equal halves."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 60.348,
"text": "But as they went to split the gourd,\nsomething remarkable happened."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 65.311,
"text": "It cracked open to reveal\na beautiful baby curled inside,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 70.358,
"text": "smiling up at them."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 72.026,
"text": "They agreed to raise her together"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 74.112,
"text": "and named their magical,\nboundary-breaking daughter, Meng Jiang."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 79.117,
"text": "She grew into a virtuous, accomplished\nyoung woman who infused life with joy."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 84.872,
"text": "She cared for her elderly parents\nand their land with dedication."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 88.751,
"text": "But the surrounding world\nremained turbulent."
},
{
"duration": 4.587,
"start": 92.13,
"text": "One day, Meng Jiang stumbled upon a\nyoung man hiding in the garden."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 96.884,
"text": "The emperor’s soldiers had come\nto conscript him into building the wall."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 101.389,
"text": "But he had an elderly mother to care for"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 103.516,
"text": "and knew that obeying the soldiers’ orders\nwould mean almost certain death,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 108.062,
"text": "so he escaped."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 109.814,
"text": "Meng Jiang and Fan Xiliang\nconnected instantly,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 114.735,
"text": "and soon enough, they married."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 116.863,
"text": "But their happiness wouldn’t last long."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 119.615,
"text": "When the emperor’s soldiers descended\nthe next time,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 122.869,
"text": "they captured Fan Xiliang."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 125.872,
"text": "For months, she watched the horizon,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 128.249,
"text": "hoping the world would do right\nand deliver her love back to her safely."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 132.795,
"text": "But he never came."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 134.881,
"text": "And as the air grew frigid,\nMeng Jiang’s worries only grew,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 139.76,
"text": "so she set out to find him herself."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 143.097,
"text": "Through bitter snow and howling winds,\nacross rivers and mountains,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 147.226,
"text": "she undertook the dangerous journey that\nmany others had been forced to complete."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 151.856,
"text": "Finally, she reached\nthe construction site,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 153.983,
"text": "where thousands of workers toiled,\nday and night,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 156.903,
"text": "to realize the emperor’s vision."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 159.28,
"text": "Stealing into the fray, Meng Jiang\nwhispered her husband’s name"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 163.826,
"text": "to the workers until, eventually, one\nman’s eyes glimmered with recognition—"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 169.04,
"text": "only for him to reveal the tragic news\nthat Fan Xiliang had recently died."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 175.129,
"text": "He was rumored to be buried\nunder the wall alongside many others."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 180.426,
"text": "Heartbroken beyond words,\nMeng Jiang could only weep."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 184.555,
"text": "As her tears filled\nthe construction halls,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 187.35,
"text": "seeped into the cracks of the wall,\nand soaked its stone,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 190.895,
"text": "whole portions crumbled and washed away\nin the flood of her grief."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 196.359,
"text": "Livid, the emperor ordered that the person\nwho’d sabotaged his grand project"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 201.072,
"text": "be captured and brought to his palace\nfor punishment."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 204.492,
"text": "But when he beheld the otherworldly\nbeauty and virtue Meng Jiang radiated,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 209.914,
"text": "his plan changed."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 211.791,
"text": "Leering at the devastated widow,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 214.085,
"text": "the emperor instead suggested that she\nbecome one of his imperial concubines."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 219.674,
"text": "She had few options, but she realized\nshe could leverage the wretched proposal"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 225.388,
"text": "to honor Fan Xiliang\nand humiliate the emperor."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 229.517,
"text": "She said she agreed— "
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 231.477,
"text": "but only if the emperor gave her\ndeceased husband a grand funeral"
},
{
"duration": 3.713,
"start": 235.564,
"text": " and that the emperor attend dressed\nin the traditional mourning attire"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 239.277,
"text": "he would wear had Fan Xiliang\nbeen his own father."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 243.614,
"text": "The emperor begrudgingly\nmade the arrangements"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 246.409,
"text": "and Meng Jiang bid her beloved farewell."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 250.246,
"text": "Finally, with her wish carried out, she\nrefused to either submit to the emperor,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 255.626,
"text": "who now awaited her in his palace,\nor to face his punishment."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 260.506,
"text": "Instead, she cast herself\ninto the nearby water,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 264.593,
"text": "as all-enveloping as her own tears,\nnever to emerge again."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 269.015,
"text": "She had left an unjust world\nas mysteriously as she’d entered it."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 273.227,
"text": "But her tears flowed on,\na reminder of her virtue and defiance."
}
] |
Bl2-u7HcheQ
|
The science of laughter - Sasha Winkler
|
Explore the common scientific theories about why humans laugh, and how this universal behavior evolved.
--
Isn’t it odd that, when something’s funny, you might show your teeth, change your breathing, become weak and achy in some places, and maybe even cry? In other words, why do we do this bizarre thing that is laughter? Since there’s no archaeological record of laughter, it’s impossible to say exactly how and why it evolved, but scientists have some theories. Sasha Winkler digs into the reflex.
Lesson by Sasha Winkler, directed by Hanna Rybak.
Animal vocalization sounds are courtesy of Dr. Jaak Panksepp, Schwing, R., Nelson, X. J., Wein, A., & Parsons, S. (2017). Positive emotional contagion in a New Zealand parrot. Current Biology, 27(6), R213-R214.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-science-of-laughter-sasha-winkler
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-science-of-laughter-sasha-winkler/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/hannarybak, https://www.behance.net/hanna_rybak, https://www.instagram.com/hannarybak_
Music: https://www.instagram.com/fazfarkas
Sound design: https://yessian.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman and Edgardo Cuellar.
|
2023-12-21T16:01:32Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "Daedalus, ancient Greece’s\ngenius inventor,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 10.548,
"text": "hasn’t been the same since losing\nhis child, Icarus, to the Sun."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 15.636,
"text": "But suddenly,\nhe’s suspiciously reinvigorated"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 19.015,
"text": "and has expressed interest in buying\nthe Sun from Helios,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 23.811,
"text": "the Sun God himself."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 26.147,
"text": "Some rumors hold that Daedalus is aspiring\nto destroy it to avenge Icarus—"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 32.195,
"text": "or channel its immense power\ntowards other imprudent aims."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 38.201,
"text": "Whatever the reason,\nthis is a job for the divine accountant;"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 42.955,
"text": "top-ranked financial analyst\nto the world’s movers and shakers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 47.96,
"text": "its literal titans of industry."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 51.047,
"text": "When it comes to boiling complex systems\nof intrinsic value"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 54.842,
"text": "down to monetary sums,\nhe’s your guy."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 58.638,
"text": "Once gathered, Daedalus remarks that\nHelios might as well relinquish the Sun,"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 63.893,
"text": "since it’s bound to die anyways,\nwhich is chilling news to Helios."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 69.524,
"text": "But the divine accountant interrupts."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 72.735,
"text": "“The Sun provides Earth with all its\nenergy aside from geothermal and nuclear."
},
{
"duration": 6.798,
"start": 78.074,
"text": "As of 2023, the global solar market was\nworth between $100 and 300 billion."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 84.956,
"text": "Wind energy, which comes from the Sun\nunevenly heating the atmosphere,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 89.085,
"text": "was valued somewhere\nbetween $85 and 150 billion."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 93.798,
"text": "And hydropower, generated by the Sun\nmoving the world’s water,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 97.718,
"text": "was worth around $230 billion. "
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 101.347,
"text": "Sunshine also grows all kinds of food,\nand in 2022,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 105.852,
"text": "the global agriculture market\nreached approximately $5 trillion.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 111.315,
"text": "The divine accountant knows\nDaedalus can’t afford the Sun"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 115.403,
"text": "and that this is more of a cry for help\nthan anything."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 118.781,
"text": "Helios, meanwhile,\nis still freshly horrified."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 122.243,
"text": "But the divine accountant’s\nnot done enlightening the pair."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 126.372,
"text": "“As with any natural phenomenon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 128.249,
"text": "many of the Sun’s assets\nare tougher to quantify."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 131.544,
"text": "Of the 100 billion stars in the Milky Way,\nthe Sun is unremarkably medium sized."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 137.466,
"text": "But to earthlings, it’s everything."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 139.719,
"text": "Earth likely formed from the Sun’s\nleftover materials,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 143.097,
"text": "at just the right distance\nfor water to remain liquid,"
},
{
"duration": 1.459,
"start": 146.184,
"text": "so life could evolve."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 147.894,
"text": "The Sun also helped generate\nEarth’s atmosphere,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 150.938,
"text": "which traps heat by absorbing\napproximately 70%"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 154.483,
"text": "of incoming solar radiation."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 156.819,
"text": "All of this has fundamentally\nshaped life on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 159.906,
"text": "So, just in case this wasn’t clear,\nwithout the Sun,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 163.075,
"text": "Earth would be untethered, frozen,\nand generally inhospitable.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 167.413,
"text": "“But what’s most monetarily\nexciting here is the future."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 171,
"text": "After all, the Sun has another\n5 billion years left."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 174.712,
"text": "With the right investments,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 176.005,
"text": "the Sun and Earth can maintain\ntheir delicate balance"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 179.3,
"text": "and their assets can be ever appreciating."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 181.719,
"text": "Just looking directly at solar energy,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 184.18,
"text": "the amount Earth receives from the Sun\nin one hour is enough to power humanity"
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 189.268,
"text": "for a year."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 190.519,
"text": "Solar panel technology\nonly started taking off in the 1970s"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 194.523,
"text": "and has since grown\nat an unprecedented pace,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 197.401,
"text": "making leaps in efficiency, affordability,\nand implementation."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 201.739,
"text": "In the far future— who knows—"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 203.741,
"text": "perhaps humanity could even achieve\nthe tantalizing theoretical physics feat"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 208.12,
"text": "of a so-called Dyson sphere or swarm\nthat surrounds the Sun,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 212.541,
"text": "capturing immense amounts\nof energy closer to the surface.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 216.545,
"text": "“Overall, the Sun is valued at orders\nof magnitude"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 219.882,
"text": "more than the earthly economy it enables,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 222.718,
"text": "which is worth over $100 trillion total."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 225.846,
"text": "So, no one would be able\nto purchase it outright."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 228.975,
"text": "However, suppose Helios leased\nthe Sun’s solar energy to Daedalus"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 233.729,
"text": "for whatever his project might be."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 236.482,
"text": "Going off what could reasonably be\nharvested in the near future,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 239.86,
"text": "we can look at 2050, at which point,\nwith the right investments,"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 243.739,
"text": "solar energy could generate\nan estimated 8,519 gigawatts annually."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 249.495,
"text": "Assuming a cost of 17 cents\nper kilowatt-hour—"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 252.415,
"text": "the US average—\nreally rough approximation..."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 254.667,
"text": "but one year of exclusive use might\nreach about... $2 trillion.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 259.88,
"text": "The divine accountant is\ninterrupted by laughter."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 263.05,
"text": "Daedalus confirms he can't\nafford the whole ordeal,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 266.429,
"text": "and thanks the divine accountant\nfor illuminating the Sun’s immense value"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 270.683,
"text": "and his own humble place in the universe."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 273.894,
"text": "He no longer wants to destroy anything."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 276.564,
"text": "Helios, meanwhile, is just relieved\nthat the Sun’s death isn’t imminent,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 281.152,
"text": "and apologizes for the loss\nof Daedalus’ son."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 284.864,
"text": "It dawns on them they actually have a lot\nmore in common than they thought."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 289.66,
"text": "And as is typical of finance discussions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 292.872,
"text": "they both leave feeling\nhopeful and revitalised."
}
] |
PUptWlp-hoI
|
Does planting trees actually cool the planet? - Carolyn Beans
|
Dig into common mistakes that tree-planting programs make, and explore strategies that can successfully re-green the planet.
--
In fighting climate change, few solutions are discussed more than planting lots and lots of trees. It sounds simple enough: trees absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, so planting more should help eliminate greenhouse gasses. The trouble is, tree planting efforts don’t always work as planned. So, when is it bad to plant trees? Carolyn Beans explores strategies to successfully re-green the planet.
Lesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Ivana Bošnjak, Thomas Johnson Volda.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Robert Heilmayr who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-planting-trees-actually-fight-climate-change-carolyn-beans
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-planting-trees-actually-fight-climate-change-carolyn-beans/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/ivanavolda/?hl=en
Music: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com/who-we-are
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, and Tejas Dc.
|
2023-12-19T16:00:24Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "66 million years ago,\nnear what’s now the Yucatán Peninsula,"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 12.967,
"text": "a juvenile sauropod feasted\non horsetail plants on a riverbank."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 18.639,
"text": "Earth was a tropical planet."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 21.017,
"text": "Behemoth and tiny dinosaurs alike\nroamed its lands,"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 25.48,
"text": "while reptiles and tentacled ammonites\nswept its seas."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 30.693,
"text": "But, in an instant,\neverything would change."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 34.739,
"text": "A roughly 12-kilometer-wide asteroid\nwas careening toward Earth"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 39.535,
"text": "at around 20 kilometers per second."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 42.747,
"text": "From where the sauropod stood,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 44.832,
"text": "there would have been\nno early warning signs."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 47.668,
"text": "The asteroid barreled through Earth's\natmosphere in a matter of seconds"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 51.798,
"text": "and struck the Yucatán’s\nsubmerged continental shelf."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 55.885,
"text": "It exploded upon impact,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 57.929,
"text": "instantaneously creating\na 100-kilometer-wide hole"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 61.808,
"text": "and ejecting sedimentary\nand crystalline rocks."
},
{
"duration": 4.714,
"start": 65.394,
"text": "Within minutes, the impact crater,\nknown today as Chicxulub,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 70.108,
"text": "began collapsing inwards."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 72.568,
"text": "Meanwhile, the base rebounded some\n20 kilometers above the Earth’s surface,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 77.323,
"text": "then fell back down and moved outwards,\ncreating a ring of mountains."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 82.954,
"text": "The energy released from the asteroid’s\nimpact is estimated to have been"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 86.874,
"text": "several billion times that\nof a nuclear bomb."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 91.42,
"text": "The force sent seismic energy\nacross the planet"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 94.257,
"text": "at a much greater magnitude\nthan any earthquake"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 97.301,
"text": "a tectonic fault could ever produce."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 100.179,
"text": "Massive landslides ensued."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 102.557,
"text": "And a tsunami sped\nfrom the newly formed crater,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 105.601,
"text": "potentially reaching 1,500 meters high."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 110.064,
"text": "Countless lives were extinguished."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 112.859,
"text": "Some instantly: all life\nwithin 1,500 kilometers of the impact site"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 118.489,
"text": "was incinerated;"
},
{
"duration": 6.173,
"start": 120.032,
"text": "others right after: by colossal waves,\nlandslides, and hurricane force winds."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 126.747,
"text": "But many organisms\nacross the planet survived."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 130.293,
"text": "It was what came next that would bring\nabout the end for many species,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 134.755,
"text": "including almost all dinosaurs."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 137.884,
"text": "This was just the beginning of one\nof the most devastating periods"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 142.013,
"text": "in the history of life on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 145.099,
"text": "When the asteroid struck,\nit sent hundreds of gigatons"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 148.936,
"text": "of carbon-dioxide-rich limestone\nand sulfur-saturated-sediments"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 153.316,
"text": "into the atmosphere."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 154.65,
"text": "The sulfur combined with water vapor\nto create sulfate aerosols."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 159.03,
"text": "This plume of limestone dust,\nsoot, and sulfate aerosols"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 163.826,
"text": "spread from the impact site\nat several kilometers per second,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 167.872,
"text": "blanketing the globe in a matter of hours."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 171.292,
"text": "It’s thought to have blocked the Sun,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 173.127,
"text": "plunging Earth into an extended period\nof darkness"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 176.422,
"text": "and dropping the temperature\nin many places by at least 25°C."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 181.802,
"text": "The asteroid’s immediate\nimpact was devastating,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 185.139,
"text": "but it seems to have been\nthe rapid climate change it triggered"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 188.726,
"text": "that ended the roughly 165-million-year\nreign of the dinosaurs."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 194.357,
"text": "Plants and plankton rapidly died,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 197.109,
"text": "causing the collapse\nof food webs worldwide."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 200.446,
"text": "An estimated 75% of life on Earth\nwent extinct,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 205.701,
"text": "including almost all dinosaurs."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 208.621,
"text": "Small birds were the only\nkinds that remained,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 212.083,
"text": "perhaps because they relied on hardy seeds\nthat weathered the catastrophe."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 217.797,
"text": "It's unclear why exactly the lifeforms\nthat survived the extinction did."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 223.552,
"text": "Many smaller organisms,\nlike insects, persisted."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 227.848,
"text": "So did early mammals— perhaps because\nof their ability to burrow and hibernate."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 233.396,
"text": "And photosynthetic lifeforms like algae,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 236.482,
"text": "that had ways of withstanding\nlow-light conditions,"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 239.485,
"text": "also survived."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 241.612,
"text": "Traces of the asteroid scattered worldwide\nand the scar of the Chicxulub crater"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 247.868,
"text": "attest to this period\nof monumental destruction."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 252.123,
"text": "So, what are the chances of another\nChicxulub happening?"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 256.335,
"text": "Space programs are continuously\nidentifying and tracking"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 260.256,
"text": "near-Earth asteroids."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 262.55,
"text": "Fortunately, the likelihood of one\nas large and cataclysmic"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 267.221,
"text": "striking in the next thousand or so years\nseems to be small—"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 272.018,
"text": "something like a 7 in a million chance."
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 275.438,
"text": "However, we are facing the consequences\nof another kind of rapid climate change,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 281.527,
"text": "this time because of humanity's\nown emissions."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 285.489,
"text": "Animals are going extinct faster\nthan ever in our history,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 290.077,
"text": "and people are being displaced\nfrom their homes."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 292.913,
"text": "But, unlike the dinosaurs,"
},
{
"duration": 5.755,
"start": 295.458,
"text": "we have the opportunity to avoid the\nlarge-scale devastation that will come"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 301.213,
"text": "if governments continue\nwith the status quo."
}
] |
QF59xcceqrc
|
How does whale communication work? - David Gruber and Shane Gero
|
Explore how sperm whales use an array of complex vocalizations to communicate with each other, hunt, and assess their surroundings.
--
Soon after whaling ships began operating in the North Pacific, an interesting trend emerged. Within just a few years, whalers saw a 58% drop in their successful strikes. Sperm whales had suddenly become harder to kill— they had begun fleeing the boats instead of forming their usual defensive circles. Were whales communicating new strategies to each other? David Gruber and Shane Gero investigate.
Lesson by David Gruber and Shane Gero, directed by Anna Benner.
The recordings of whale codas included in this video were courtesy of Project CETI. Learn more about the initiative here: https://www.audaciousproject.org/grantees/project-ceti
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-advanced-is-whale-talk-david-gruber-and-shane-gero
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-advanced-is-whale-talk-david-gruber-and-shane-gero/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://annabennerstudio.com
Muic: https://www.tschernuth.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer and Javid Gozalov.
|
2023-12-14T16:00:35Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "At dawn on July 29th, 1364,\nJohn Hawkwood—"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 11.883,
"text": "an English soldier turned\ncontract mercenary—"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 14.969,
"text": "led a surprise attack against an army\nof sleeping Florentine mercenaries."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 20.558,
"text": "The enemy commander quickly awoke \nand gathered his men"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 23.853,
"text": "to launch a counterattack."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 25.938,
"text": "But as soon as the defending army\nwas ready to fight,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 28.649,
"text": "Hawkwood’s fighters simply turned\nand walked away."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 32.278,
"text": "This wasn't an act of cowardice."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 34.739,
"text": "These mercenaries, known as condottieri,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 37.533,
"text": "had simply done just enough fighting\nto fulfill their contracts."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 42.08,
"text": "And for Italy’s condottieri,\nwar wasn’t about glory or conquest:"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 47.043,
"text": "it was purely about getting paid."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 50.129,
"text": "For much of the 14th and 15th centuries,\nthe condottieri dominated Italian warfare,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 56.219,
"text": "profiting from— and encouraging—\nthe region’s intense political rivalries."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 61.265,
"text": "The most powerful of these regions were\nruled either by wealthy representatives"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 65.394,
"text": "of the Catholic Church"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 66.771,
"text": "or merchants who’d grown rich\nfrom international trade."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 70.566,
"text": "These rulers competed\nfor power and prestige"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 73.653,
"text": "by working to attract the most talented\nartists and thinkers to their courts,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 78.366,
"text": "leading to a cultural explosion\nnow known as the Italian Renaissance."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 83.621,
"text": "But local rivalries also played \nout in military conflicts,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 87.708,
"text": "fought almost entirely by the condottieri."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 92.004,
"text": "Many of these elite mercenaries were\nveterans of the Hundred Years’ War,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 96.092,
"text": "hailing from France and England."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 98.177,
"text": "When that war reached\na temporary truce in 1360,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 102.056,
"text": "some soldiers began pillaging\nFrance in search of fortune."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 106.269,
"text": "And the riches they found \nin Catholic churches"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 108.771,
"text": "drew their raiding parties to the center\nof the Church’s operations: Italy."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 114.36,
"text": "But here, savvy ruling merchants\nsaw these bandits’ arrival"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 118.531,
"text": "as a golden opportunity."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 120.408,
"text": "By hiring the soldiers as mercenaries,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 122.618,
"text": "they could control the violence\nand gain an experienced army"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 126.247,
"text": "without the cost of outfitting\nand training locals."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 130.293,
"text": "The mercenaries liked this deal as well,\nas it offered regular income"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 134.213,
"text": "and the ability to play these rulers\noff each other for their own benefit."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 138.134,
"text": "Of course, these soldiers had\nto be kept on a tight leash."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 141.762,
"text": "Rulers forced them to sign\nelaborate contracts, or condotta,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 146.559,
"text": "a word that became synonymous\nwith the mercenaries themselves."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 149.979,
"text": "Divisions of payment, distribution\nof plunder, non-compete agreements—"
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 154.192,
"text": "it was all spelled out clearly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 156.068,
"text": "making war merely another\ndimension of business."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 159.572,
"text": "Contracts specified the number of men\na commander would provide,"
},
{
"duration": 4.295,
"start": 163.201,
"text": "and the resulting armies ranged\nfrom a few hundred to several thousand."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 167.747,
"text": "Individual soldiers regularly moved\nbetween armies"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 170.917,
"text": "in search of higher payments."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 172.543,
"text": "And when their contracts expired,"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 174.462,
"text": "condottieri commanders became free agents\nwith no expectation of ongoing loyalty."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 180.343,
"text": "When John Hawkwood launched his\nsurprise attack"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 183.095,
"text": "against the Florentine condottieri,"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 185.389,
"text": "he was working for Pisa."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 187.141,
"text": "Later, he would fight for Florence\nand many of Pisa’s other enemies."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 192.438,
"text": "But regardless of who was\ncontracting them,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 194.774,
"text": "the condottieri fought primarily\nfor themselves."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 197.985,
"text": "Their extensive military experience\nallowed them to avoid"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 201.113,
"text": "taking unnecessary risks\nin the heat of battle."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 203.991,
"text": "And— while still deadly— their clashes\nrarely led to crushing victories"
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 208.829,
"text": "or defeats."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 210.206,
"text": "Condottieri commanders wanted battles\nto be inconclusive—"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 214.001,
"text": "after all, if they established peace,\nthey’d put themselves out of business."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 219.006,
"text": "So even when one side did win,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 221.133,
"text": "enemy combatants were typically held\nhostage and released to fight another day."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 227.014,
"text": "But there was nothing merciful\nabout these decisions."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 229.934,
"text": "Contracts could just as easily turn them\ninto ruthless killers,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 233.521,
"text": "as in 1377, when Hawkwood led the massacre\nof a famine-stricken town"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 238.776,
"text": "who’d tried to revolt\nagainst the local government."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 242.53,
"text": "Over time, foreign condottieri were\nincreasingly replaced by native Italians."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 247.66,
"text": "For young men from humble origins,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 249.912,
"text": "war-for-profit offered an attractive\nalternative to farming or the church."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 254.625,
"text": "And this new generation of condottieri\nleveraged their military power"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 258.963,
"text": "into political influence,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 261.09,
"text": "in some cases even founding\nruling dynasties."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 264.969,
"text": "However, despite cornering the market on\nItalian warfare for nearly two centuries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 269.89,
"text": "the condottieri only truly excelled\nat engaging in just enough"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 274.103,
"text": "close-range combat \nto fulfill their contracts."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 277.356,
"text": "Over time, they became outclassed\nby the gunpowder weaponry"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 280.818,
"text": "of France and Spain’s\nlarge standing armies,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 283.571,
"text": "as well as the naval might\nof the Ottomans."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 286.449,
"text": "By the mid 16th century,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 288.159,
"text": "these state-sponsored militaries forced\nall of Europe into a new era of warfare,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 293.289,
"text": "putting an end to the condottieri’s\nconniving war games."
}
] |
TXv085TttHw
|
The largest river on Earth is actually in the sky - Iseult Gillespie
|
Explore the Amazon rainforest’s flying rivers, and dig into why these invisible waterways are essential to life on Earth.
--
The largest rainforest in the world, the Amazon, exists between two rivers — but not in the way you might think. At ground level, the Amazon River and its tributaries weave their path. But above the canopy, bigger waterways are on the move. These flying rivers are almost invisible, but are essential to life on Earth. Iseult Gillespie explores how this crucial system keeps the rainforest alive.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Upamanyu Bhattacharyya, Otter Studios.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-largest-river-on-earth-is-actually-in-the-sky-iseult-gillespie
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-largest-river-on-earth-is-actually-in-the-sky-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper
Animator's website: http://upamanyubhattacharyya.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez and Brian A. Dunn.
|
2023-12-12T16:00:45Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "Mestra, Princess of Thessaly,\nwas far from home."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 11.591,
"text": "She had watched her father,\nKing Erysichthon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 14.802,
"text": "plunge into a ruin of his own making."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 18.431,
"text": "Now, to save himself, he sold\nhis own daughter to the highest bidder."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 24.604,
"text": "But Mestra refused to accept this fate."
},
{
"duration": 5.296,
"start": 28.066,
"text": "Finding herself momentarily alone,\nshe began to plan her escape."
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 34.03,
"text": "Months earlier, Erysichthon had decided\nto build himself a gleaming new hall,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 40.161,
"text": "declaring that only the finest wood\nwould suffice."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 44.248,
"text": "The king was well known\nfor spurning the gods,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 47.835,
"text": "as he was more interested\nin honoring himself."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 51.631,
"text": "But in an unprecedented act of disrespect,"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 55.343,
"text": "he marched his men into the sacred grove\nof Demeter,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 59.388,
"text": "goddess of food and agriculture."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 62.308,
"text": "Ignoring the prayer offerings\nthat hung from the trees,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 65.812,
"text": "Erysichthon headed straight\nfor the most magnificent oak."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 71.567,
"text": "As he swung his axe,\nthe tree trembled and turned pale."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 76.697,
"text": "Blood gushed from the wound,\nand a strangled cry rung out."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 82.036,
"text": "It was the voice of one of Demeter’s\nwood nymphs who resided in the tree."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 87.125,
"text": "With her last breaths, she called\nout to her patron for revenge."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 92.839,
"text": "Erysichthon, though, was unfazed."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 96.467,
"text": "He decimated the rest of the forest\nand dragged the wood back to his palace."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 101.848,
"text": "Upon learning of the loss and destruction,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 104.725,
"text": "Demeter quaked the earth with her anger."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 107.937,
"text": "Swiftly, she ordered a mountain nymph\nto go and enlist the help"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 112.608,
"text": "of another fearsome goddess."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 115.361,
"text": "In a dragon-drawn chariot,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 117.78,
"text": "the mountain nymph soared\nover barren lands and icy seas."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 122.994,
"text": "At last, she reached the remote lair\nof Hunger, goddess of famine."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 128.666,
"text": "She found her picking through weeds\nwith her rotten nails and teeth,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 133.588,
"text": "clutching her hollow stomach\nand twisting her knotted limbs."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 138.718,
"text": "Not daring to come too close,"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 140.928,
"text": "the nymph called for Hunger\nand shared Demeter’s vengeful plan."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 146.851,
"text": "Hunger usually kept to her lair—\nbut she relished this gruesome mission."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 152.773,
"text": "Under the cover of night,\nshe crept into the palace"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 156.569,
"text": "and released her famished breath\ninto the sleeping king."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 161.782,
"text": "Erysichthon immediately began\nto dream of a lavish feast,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 166.746,
"text": "gulping air and grinding his teeth."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 170.249,
"text": "He awoke to a ravenous hunger,\nwhich only seemed to increase as he ate."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 176.631,
"text": "As Mestra looked on in horror,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 179.759,
"text": "her father devoured all the food\nin the palace,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 183.304,
"text": "before calling for the city’s\ncrops and goods."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 187.058,
"text": "But no matter how many feasts he devoured,\nhe felt empty and weak."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 192.563,
"text": "Before long, Erysichthon had sold\nhis entire estate for food—"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 197.526,
"text": "with only Mestra left by his side."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 200.363,
"text": "But not even his loyal daughter could\nescape the depths of his greed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 205.117,
"text": "and he shamelessly sold her into slavery."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 208.955,
"text": "As she set sail with her captor,\nMestra stared at the sea."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 213.876,
"text": "This wasn’t the first time\nshe’d suffered at the hands of men—"
},
{
"duration": 6.214,
"start": 218.214,
"text": "years before, she’d been violently pursued\nand assaulted by the god Poseidon."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 224.762,
"text": "Now, she demanded his help."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 227.807,
"text": "As an act of repentance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 229.642,
"text": "Poseidon granted her the power\nto change her shape at will."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 234.063,
"text": "With this, Mestra immediately\ntransformed into a fisherman."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 238.943,
"text": "And distracting her captor\nwith a bounty of fish, she escaped."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 243.906,
"text": "For the first time, Mestra was in control,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 248.077,
"text": "able to freely adapt\nand slip away from any situation."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 252.999,
"text": "But she felt compelled to return\nto her tortured father."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 257.586,
"text": "However, when Erysichthon discovered\nMestra’s new powers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 262.508,
"text": "he only saw an opportunity for himself."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 266.47,
"text": "He exploited his talented daughter,\nselling her again and again for food."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 272.351,
"text": "Each time, she gracefully\ntransformed herself—"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 276.147,
"text": "morphing into a swift-footed mare,\na soaring bird, or an elusive deer"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 282.194,
"text": "to steal more meals while evading capture."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 286.073,
"text": "But as her father continued to sell her\nat higher and higher prices,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 290.911,
"text": "Mestra was left with little hope."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 294.04,
"text": "One day, when arriving home\nin one of her many forms,"
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 298.336,
"text": "Mestra entered the hollow palace\nonly to discover the king’s lifeless body—"
},
{
"duration": 6.59,
"start": 304.675,
"text": "Erysichthon’s hunger had grown so great\nthat he had consumed his own limbs."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 311.807,
"text": "Gazing upon her wasted father,\nMestra’s hope returned."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 317.313,
"text": "She was no longer unfairly burdened\nwith the wrath of the gods"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 321.859,
"text": "that the king had courted."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 324.236,
"text": "Untethered from her father’s\nselfish agenda"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 327.74,
"text": "and buoyed by her ability\nto transform herself at will,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 332.286,
"text": "Mestra was finally free."
}
] |
awhOrqGb-TU
|
The rights you might not realize you have - Shannon Odell
|
Do you have a right to a healthy planet? Dig into the movement to hold governments accountable for climate change inaction.
--
Since 2015, an unprecedented movement has been sweeping courts around the world. Groups of young plaintiffs are suing their governments for their inaction on tackling climate change. These suits argue that climate inaction violates their basic human rights. But what do human rights have to do with the environment? Shannon Odell examines our right to a healthy environment, food, health, and water.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Lorenzo Mercanti, AIM Creative Studios.
This video was made possible with support from the Open Society Foundations. To learn more about human rights visit: https://ed.ted.com/knowyourrights
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to John Knox who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/should-you-be-suing-your-government-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/should-you-be-suing-your-government-shannon-odell/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aimcreativestudios.com
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory and Blas Borde.
|
2023-12-07T16:01:16Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "Your eyes dilate as the room\nsnaps into focus."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 12.967,
"text": "Fatigue dissipates, leaving heart-pounding\nvigilance in its wake."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 18.806,
"text": "Your muscles tense, injected with energy."
},
{
"duration": 5.131,
"start": 24.353,
"text": "And for a moment,\ntime seems to slow down."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 31.569,
"text": "The reason? "
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 33.571,
"text": "You clumsily dropped your tray\nin the middle of the cafeteria."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 39.702,
"text": "It’s not unusual for our minds and bodies"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 42.663,
"text": "to have seemingly exaggerated responses\nto everyday situations."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 47.877,
"text": "An upcoming project deadline,"
},
{
"duration": 4.295,
"start": 50.088,
"text": "a fight with a family member,\nor even an embarrassing moment"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 54.383,
"text": "can easily trigger what’s known as\nthe body’s fight or flight response."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 59.806,
"text": "It’s a set of hormonal\nand physiological changes"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 62.767,
"text": "that evolved to help our ancestors\nescape life-threatening situations,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 67.98,
"text": "like avoiding a venomous snake\nor fleeing a charging hyena."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 72.527,
"text": "Yet, this fight or flight response\nmay feel less appropriate"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 77.115,
"text": "for the types of stressors we face today."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 80.451,
"text": "When we perceive something as threatening,\noverwhelming, or even embarrassing,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 84.956,
"text": "a signaling pathway known as the HPA-axis\nis triggered."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 90.545,
"text": "It starts with activation\nof the hypothalamus,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 93.756,
"text": "the hormonal control center of the brain."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 96.884,
"text": "The hypothalamus sounds the alarm,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 99.137,
"text": "alerting the pituitary gland\nand the adrenal glands,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 102.849,
"text": "leading to the release of stress hormones\nlike adrenaline and cortisol."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 107.061,
"text": "These hormones travel\nthrough the bloodstream"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 109.188,
"text": "and relay all sorts of effects,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 111.774,
"text": "like increasing heart rate to improve\noxygen flow"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 114.735,
"text": "and boosting the amount of energy\navailable to the brain."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 118.156,
"text": "If this sounds like a good thing,\nthat’s because it can be!"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 122.493,
"text": "This stress response helps you react\nquickly and efficiently"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 125.872,
"text": "in the face of immediate danger,\nlike dodging a swerving car."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 130.376,
"text": "However, it can also be beneficial\nin less than life-threatening situations."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 135.464,
"text": "For example, stress, in small doses,\ncan be very motivating."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 140.011,
"text": "Nothing quite drives you to practice\na piano solo"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 142.93,
"text": "like the pressure of an upcoming recital."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 145.892,
"text": "Feeling a little stressed\nmay even help you learn."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 149.145,
"text": "The hippocampus, a brain region\nessential to learning,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 152.565,
"text": "is rich in receptors that respond\nto the stress hormone cortisol."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 157.57,
"text": "Lab studies have found that adding\na mild stressor,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 160.573,
"text": "such as a sudden temperature change\nbefore a memory task,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 163.993,
"text": "can enhance performance."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 165.953,
"text": "Further, during your teen years,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 167.83,
"text": "the brain is rewired to promote\nexploration and learning."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 172.627,
"text": "And one way it does this is by making\nthe HPA-axis more reactive."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 178.841,
"text": "The problem is when this stress response\nis triggered too often or for too long."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 184.222,
"text": "Normally when we experience\na stressful event,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 186.891,
"text": "stress hormones are released\nfor about 15 to 30 minutes."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 191.062,
"text": "But if we face multiple or persistent\nstressors, day after day,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 195.942,
"text": "the HPA-axis starts to adapt."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 199.487,
"text": "Anticipating future stressful events,"
},
{
"duration": 6.631,
"start": 202.073,
"text": "the HPA-axis stays activated for longer,\nand continuously releases stress hormones."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 208.829,
"text": "This causes issues throughout the body,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 211.457,
"text": "and can lead to problems like\nsleeplessness, brain fog,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 214.919,
"text": "digestive issues, and even heart disease."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 218.422,
"text": "So how much stress is too much stress?"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 221.509,
"text": "It’s difficult to say, as not everyone\nexperiences stress in the same way."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 226.222,
"text": "Different factors like your genetics,\nenvironment, and even your age,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 230.768,
"text": "can influence the way your body responds."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 233.854,
"text": "But no matter your situation,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 235.606,
"text": "there are tools that can make dealing\nwith stress a bit easier."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 240.069,
"text": "Exercise, for example, is thought\nto prompt the production of new neurons,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 244.865,
"text": "which may help our brains become\nmore resilient to stress."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 248.869,
"text": "A run through the park or\na basketball game with friends"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 252.081,
"text": "can also be a great distraction\nfrom whatever’s stressing you out."
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 256.419,
"text": "Speaking of friends,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 257.628,
"text": "spending time with others can actually\nbuffer your body’s response to stress."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 262.967,
"text": "This may be due to the actions\nof oxytocin,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 265.594,
"text": "a hormone that helps us feel\ncloser to others,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 268.639,
"text": "and can also dampen activity\nof the HPA-axis."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 273.06,
"text": "And simple actions, like pausing\nto breathe during stressful situations"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 277.565,
"text": "or journaling every day,\ncan have a huge impact."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 281.902,
"text": "These are also known as mindfulness\npractices, which can, over time,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 286.866,
"text": "help you build a greater understanding\nof your thoughts and feelings"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 290.828,
"text": "and remain grounded in the present moment."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 294.29,
"text": "We can’t always control what life\nthrows at us."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 297.835,
"text": "But there are ways to better prepare\nour minds and bodies"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 301.255,
"text": "for the many deadlines,\nawkward conversations, and spills, ahead."
}
] |
j1EXBeBA89w
|
How did South African Apartheid happen, and how did it finally end? - Thula Simpson
|
Explore how Dutch and British colonization of South Africa led to Apartheid, the strict national policy of racial segregation.
--
For 46 years, South Africans lived under Apartheid, a strict policy of segregation that barred the country’s Black majority from skilled, high-paying jobs, quality education, voting, and much more. So, how did these laws come to be? And how did this era of institutionalized discrimination finally come to an end? Thula Simpson explores how colonization led to the national trauma of Apartheid.
Lesson by Thula Simpson, directed by Aya Marzouk, Giraffics.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-apartheid-happen-and-how-did-it-finally-end-thula-simpson
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-apartheid-happen-and-how-did-it-finally-end-thula-simpson/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://ayamarzouk.com & https://www.giraffics.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski and Noah Webb.
|
2023-12-05T16:00:48Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 8.212,
"text": "Consider these six plants."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 10.256,
"text": "It might not seem like going out\non a limb to call them all trees."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 14.886,
"text": "But botanically speaking,\nonly three make the cut."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 18.931,
"text": "Take a guess which."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 24.02,
"text": "Generally, true trees\nare tall, woody plants"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 27.815,
"text": " that have leaves\nand one load-bearing trunk."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 30.902,
"text": "They begin their lives\nwith primary growth,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 33.404,
"text": "where a soft stem develops upwards\nuntil secondary growth kicks in"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 37.95,
"text": "and the stem bulks out into a woody trunk."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 41.037,
"text": "From there, trees keep growing\ntaller from their crown,"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 44.916,
"text": "and wider, so new rings\nexpand their trunks annually."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 49.921,
"text": "Working off that rubric,\nidentifying a tree might seem simple."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 53.8,
"text": "But not so fast."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 55.76,
"text": "What makes or breaks a tree can come down\nto some pretty specific characteristics,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 60.681,
"text": "based on how the plant develops\nas a result of how it evolved."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 64.894,
"text": "We only see trees among seed plants,\nwhich consist of two groups:"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 69.941,
"text": "gymnosperms and angiosperms."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 72.235,
"text": "All gymnosperms are woody plants,\nand some of those are trees."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 76.364,
"text": "All angiosperms are flowering plants—"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 78.908,
"text": "some of which are woody,\nand some of those are trees."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 82.787,
"text": "Plants assume a variety of forms."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 85.289,
"text": "Tree is one of them."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 86.958,
"text": "There are also shrubs, which grow \nas clusters of larger, woody stems—"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 92.338,
"text": "like lavender, an angiosperm,\nand ephedra, a gymnosperm."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 96.843,
"text": "And then some angiosperms, like mint,\nare herbs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 100.513,
"text": "because they grow from herbaceous,\nnon-woody stems."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 104.517,
"text": "But mint and lavender are actually\npart of the same family—"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 108.855,
"text": "one that also includes\nhardwood teak trees."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 113.693,
"text": "That’s because these planty forms\nare all evolutionarily tangled up,"
},
{
"duration": 4.295,
"start": 118.156,
"text": "and all trees don’t comprise one\nclosely related group,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 122.451,
"text": "like insects or mammals."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 124.245,
"text": "Many plants actually charted\nentirely different evolutionary paths"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 128.916,
"text": "to reach tree status."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 131.419,
"text": "Apple trees, for example,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 132.962,
"text": "are closer kin to rose shrubs\nand herbaceous strawberry plants,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 137.717,
"text": "than to avocados and guava trees,\nwhich are also pretty distantly related."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 143.556,
"text": "Over millions of years, some plant\nlineages became less tree-like,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 148.227,
"text": "while others became\nincreasingly arborescent."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 152.773,
"text": "But not every lineage has what\nit takes to become a tree."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 157.653,
"text": "All plants exhibit primary growth."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 160.615,
"text": "And all gymnosperms also display\nsecondary growth,"
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 164.493,
"text": "making them woody."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 166.12,
"text": "However, angiosperms tend\nto fall into two groups,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 169.749,
"text": "and only one yields woody plants."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 172.543,
"text": "All angiosperms sprout early leaves\ndistinct from those that grow later;"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 177.59,
"text": "some— dicots— sprout two seed leaves,\nwhile monocots sprout just one."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 182.887,
"text": "Monocots and dicots also\ngrow differently from there."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 187.141,
"text": "Monocots don’t undergo woody\nsecondary growth,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 190.603,
"text": "so none of them are trees."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 192.897,
"text": "Some dicots, however, do,\nand some woody dicots are trees,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 198.736,
"text": "though plenty aren't."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 201.28,
"text": "But why can dicots grow wood and be trees—\nand monocots can’t?"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 206.577,
"text": "Well, the earliest angiosperms\nwere probably woody,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 209.83,
"text": "much like their non-flowering relatives,\nthe gymnosperms,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 213.167,
"text": "which likely evolved first."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 215.294,
"text": "Dicots seem to have kept the propensity\nfor woodiness embedded in their DNA,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 220.466,
"text": "even as the characteristic has switched\noff at different points,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 224.22,
"text": "while monocots seem\nto have lost it completely."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 228.808,
"text": "So, okay, back to these six."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 231.56,
"text": "Each has its quirks, but these\nare the true trees of the bunch."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 236.232,
"text": "The Brazilian grape tree\njust looks like that"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 238.776,
"text": "because its fruit grows directly\nfrom its trunk and branches—"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 242.53,
"text": "a trait called cauliflory."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 244.991,
"text": "Giant baobabs’ bulbous trunks store water."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 249.12,
"text": "And bristlecone pines,\nsome of the oldest trees,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 252.665,
"text": "grow slow and sturdy\nin their cold habitats,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 255.835,
"text": "twisted by millennia of high winds."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 259.088,
"text": "The remaining three plants grow\n in tree-ish shapes"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 262.675,
"text": "but lack critical qualities."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 265.553,
"text": "All three are angiosperms,\nand more specifically, monocots."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 269.932,
"text": "Their stems are tall and thick,\nbut made of herbaceous primary growth,"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 275.187,
"text": "not wood from secondary growth."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 277.648,
"text": "Bananas have pseudostems\nwith soft centers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 281.235,
"text": "surrounded by hardened,\noverlapping leaves,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 284.363,
"text": "and are related to bird-of-paradise\nand ginger plants."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 288.659,
"text": "Joshua trees are succulents, like agaves."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 292.204,
"text": "And palms are pretty closely related\nto grasses."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 296.208,
"text": "However, among angiosperm dicots\nthat do produce wood,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 300.504,
"text": "the line between shrub and tree\ncan be blurry."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 304.633,
"text": "Characteristics like height\nand trunk diameter"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 307.428,
"text": "might be used to reach a verdict."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 309.805,
"text": "But because those metrics\nchange over time,"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 312.808,
"text": "a plant like juniper may switch from\nshrub to tree within its own lifetime."
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 318.356,
"text": "Plant evolution is twisty and complex,\nand tree-ness is no exception."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 323.527,
"text": "And even the arborescent plants\nthat don't technically make it"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 326.781,
"text": "into the official tree club"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 328.407,
"text": "are certainly tree enough\nby other measures."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 331.66,
"text": "So, no shade to them."
}
] |
oT5pDvdMzhk
|
How to make smart decisions more easily
|
Explore the psychology of decision fatigue, what kinds of choices lead us to this state and what we can do to fight it.
--
Everything our bodies do— whether physical or mental— uses energy. Studies have found that many individuals seem to have a daily threshold for making decisions, and an extended period of decision-making can lead to cognitive exhaustion. So, what kinds of choices lead us to this state, and what can we do to fight fatigue? Explore the psychology of decision fatigue and ways you can avoid fatigue.
Directed by Jolene Tan.
This video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Evan Polman who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-make-smart-decisions-more-easily
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-make-smart-decisions-more-easily/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.fakejol.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles and Heather Slater.
|
2023-11-30T16:00:38Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "Around the world, tens of millions\nof people have Alzheimer's disease,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 11.34,
"text": "a debilitating brain disorder that\ngradually destroys a person's memory"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 15.678,
"text": "and other cognitive abilities."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 17.847,
"text": "It takes a heavy toll on both\npatients and families,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 21.1,
"text": "as caring for a loved one with Alzheimer's\ncan be emotionally overwhelming"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 25.48,
"text": "and financially difficult."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 27.523,
"text": "While doctors have studied\nAlzheimer's for decades,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 30.359,
"text": "conducting hundreds of clinical trials,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 32.653,
"text": "there is still no effective preventive\ntreatment or cure."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 36.699,
"text": "So, why is Alzheimer's disease\nso difficult to treat?"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 40.745,
"text": "Alzheimer's accounts for 60 to 80%\nof all dementia patients worldwide."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 46.501,
"text": "Dementia is a broader term,\nused to describe a variety of conditions"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 50.88,
"text": "that affect a patient's memory,\nthinking skills, and everyday functions."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 55.384,
"text": "Most Alzheimer's patients first notice\nsymptoms in their 60s,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 59.597,
"text": " experiencing mild memory problems,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 62.016,
"text": "like losing track of dates\nor forgetting what they just learned."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 66.27,
"text": "Some experience other changes,\nlike frequent shifts in mood,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 70.233,
"text": "increased anxiety and agitation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 72.735,
"text": "and problems with coping\nin new situations."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 76.572,
"text": "Symptoms typically progress\ngradually over years"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 79.909,
"text": "and eventually a person with Alzheimer's\nmay require constant care."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 84.914,
"text": "Some rare forms of Alzheimer's are caused\nby a single inherited gene variant."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 90.169,
"text": "But most of the time Alzheimer's\nis due to the complex interaction"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 94.382,
"text": "of multiple genes in combination with\nlifestyle and environmental factors,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 99.929,
"text": "so it's impossible to predict\nwho will develop the disease."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 104.725,
"text": "Alzheimer's involves a long,\nchronic process,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 107.562,
"text": "resulting in many changes to the brain,"
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 109.981,
"text": "that likely starts to unfold at least 1 to\n2 decades before symptoms first appear."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 116.154,
"text": "So it's been difficult\nfor scientists to pinpoint"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 119.323,
"text": "exactly what triggers this process"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 121.784,
"text": "and what causes the many symptoms\nof Alzheimer's."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 124.954,
"text": "But thanks to continued research, they're\nbeginning to put this puzzle together."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 129.876,
"text": "Initially, scientists noticed that\nthe brains of Alzheimer's patients"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 134.088,
"text": "display an abnormal buildup of\na compound called beta-amyloid."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 138.885,
"text": "Beta-amyloid is created\nwhen a large protein,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 142.138,
"text": "amyloid-beta precursor protein, or APP,\nis broken down."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 147.226,
"text": "APP plays an essential role in the brain,\naiding in neural growth and repair."
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 153.441,
"text": "However, in Alzheimer's patients, it's\nthought that APP is improperly cleaved,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 159.78,
"text": "creating sticky beta-amyloid byproducts,\nwhich easily clump together."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 165.578,
"text": "These plaques can build up in the spaces\nbetween neurons,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 169.373,
"text": "and interfere with normal brain signaling."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 172.21,
"text": "But this likely isn't the full story."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 175.004,
"text": "While all patients with Alzheimer's\nhave plaques,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 178.132,
"text": "not all people with plaques have\nor will develop dementia."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 182.803,
"text": "And Alzheimer's symptoms don't\nalways become more severe"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 186.515,
"text": "as plaques accumulate in the brain."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 189.81,
"text": "In the 1980s, another protein, tau,\nemerged as a possible contributor."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 195.65,
"text": "Tau's normal role is as\na scaffolding protein,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 199.153,
"text": "to help reinforce the internal structure\nof neurons and give them their shape."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 204.283,
"text": "But in Alzheimer's patients,\ntau is modified and misfolded,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 208.663,
"text": "causing it, like beta-amyloid,\nto become sticky and to clump."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 213.084,
"text": "These tau tangles accumulate\nwithin neurons and are toxic,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 218.047,
"text": "causing the cells to eventually die."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 221.509,
"text": "In patients, plaques normally\nappear before tangles,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 225.221,
"text": "yet questions still remain. "
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 227.515,
"text": "Do amyloid plaques trigger\ntau dysfunction?"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 230.768,
"text": "And why exactly do these abnormal proteins\nlead to such specific disease symptoms?"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 237.191,
"text": "To make matters more complex,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 239.151,
"text": "recent studies have found that Alzheimer's\nis closely linked to changes"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 243.531,
"text": "in the way immune cells, called microglia,\nfunction in the brain."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 248.744,
"text": "Others have found that Alzheimer's\nmay also be caused by problems"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 252.665,
"text": "in the junctions between neurons,\ncalled synapses."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 256.419,
"text": "And alterations in the way the brain\nproduces and burns energy"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 260.923,
"text": "may also be an underlying factor."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 263.551,
"text": "Together, all this suggests that \nAlzheimer's is likely caused"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 267.763,
"text": "by a complex cascade of events."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 270.766,
"text": "And teasing out the order of events,\nand how to stop it once it starts,"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 275.396,
"text": "will take more research."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 277.356,
"text": "But there are things patients can\ndo to better manage symptoms."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 281.485,
"text": "Staying active, learning new skills,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 284.03,
"text": "and even participating\nin daily activities,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 286.574,
"text": "like household chores,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 288.242,
"text": "seems to slow disease progression."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 290.703,
"text": "Medications that target neurotransmitters,\nthe brain's signaling molecules,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 295.583,
"text": "can slow memory loss\nand help with learning and reasoning."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 299.879,
"text": "And scientists continue to develop\nnew therapies."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 303.174,
"text": "For example, drugs that target\nbeta-amyloid have shown promise"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 307.136,
"text": "in slowing the disease and reducing plaque\naccumulation in the brain."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 312.058,
"text": "Alzheimer's disease won't\ngo away anytime soon."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 315.394,
"text": "Dementia cases are expected \nto double in the next 20 years."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 319.607,
"text": "But continued research holds\nthe promise of better treatment"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 323.069,
"text": "and perhaps one day, prevention,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 325.279,
"text": "as scientists piece the Alzheimer's\npuzzle together."
}
] |
5pBGutEhZes
|
The diseases that changed humanity forever - Dan Kwartler
|
Explore the history of humanity’s deadliest diseases, and find out how our progress and innovation exposed us to new pathogens.
--
Since humanity’s earliest days, we’ve been plagued by countless disease-causing pathogens. Invisible and persistent, these microorganisms and the illnesses they incur have killed more humans than anything else in history. But which disease has been the deadliest? Dan Kwartler digs into how human progress and innovation throughout history exposed us to surprising new maladies.
Lesson by Dan Kwartler, directed by BASA.
This video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-diseases-that-changed-humanity-forever-dan-kwartler
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-diseases-that-changed-humanity-forever-dan-kwartler/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.basaestudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango and alessandra tasso.
|
2023-11-28T16:01:20Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "I called upon my friend,\nMr. Sherlock Holmes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 10.089,
"text": "one day in the autumn of last year\nand found him in deep conversation"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 14.343,
"text": "with a very stout, florid-faced,\nelderly gentleman with fiery red hair."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 20.183,
"text": "Where I saw merely an unhappy tradesman,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 23.102,
"text": "Sherlock observed a Freemason\nwho had done manual labor,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 27.19,
"text": "visited China,\nand written quite a bit recently."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 31.069,
"text": "And this last inference was\nat the heart of the matter."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 35.406,
"text": "This gentleman, Mr. Jabez Wilson,\nwas a pawnbroker."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 39.619,
"text": "Two months ago he answered\na peculiar newspaper advertisement."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 43.748,
"text": "The mysterious League of Red-Headed Men\nhad announced an opening"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 47.96,
"text": "that came with a significant\ncash incentive,"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 51.13,
"text": "and every red-headed man above the age\nof 21 in London was encouraged to apply."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 57.22,
"text": "Wilson was hesitant to go;\nit seemed too strange to be true,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 61.599,
"text": "but his assistant of recent employ,\nwho found the ad in the first place,"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 65.937,
"text": "convinced him to."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 67.438,
"text": "Outside the League’s office,\nthey found hundreds of men,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 71.15,
"text": "all awaiting their shots at the position."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 74.153,
"text": "Seeing Wilson's particularly\nmagnificent hair,"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 77.74,
"text": "the hosts parted the red sea and ushered\nhim through to a room with a little man."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 83.579,
"text": "This interviewer, one Duncan Ross,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 86.374,
"text": "subjected Wilson\nto a single, painful test,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 89.502,
"text": "then inducted him into the League."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 92.213,
"text": "All he had to do to receive his stipend\nwas spend four hours here every day"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 97.76,
"text": "transcribing the encyclopedia."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 100.263,
"text": "He’d be paid handsomely;\nmuch more than his day job."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 103.641,
"text": "Wilson, of course, accepted,"
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 106.435,
"text": "and showed up to that address every day\nwithout fail for two months."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 110.94,
"text": "Including today,\nwhen he was shocked to discover a sign"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 115.57,
"text": "saying that the League had been disbanded."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 118.656,
"text": "Ross, meanwhile, had disappeared\nwithout a trace."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 121.742,
"text": "So Wilson turned to the one man who might\nmake red heads or red tails"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 126.622,
"text": "of these events."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 128.583,
"text": "Sherlock accepted the remarkable case"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 131.002,
"text": "and whisked me\nto Wilson’s place of business,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 133.504,
"text": "where his assistant,\na young man named Vincent Spaulding,"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 137.175,
"text": "answered the door."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 138.301,
"text": "Sherlock asked him nothing more\nthan walking directions to the Strand"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 142.305,
"text": "and concluded the interview."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 144.515,
"text": "The great detective proceeded\nto examine the area,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 147.643,
"text": "then led me on a stroll around the block."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 150.73,
"text": "Satisfied, he instructed me,\nto my great surprise,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 154.066,
"text": "to meet him at Baker Street at 10 pm\nto thwart a considerable crime."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 159.572,
"text": "I ask you this: what was the crime\nand who was going to commit it?"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 165.536,
"text": "That night, at the doorstep\nof 221B Baker Street,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 169.707,
"text": "I discovered a carriage waiting."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 171.584,
"text": "Inside, Sherlock and two other men:\na bank director and a police officer."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 176.964,
"text": "Sherlock explained:\nwe’d gathered to prevent a robbery."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 180.968,
"text": "Not just any robbery, the banker added;"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 183.471,
"text": "the theft of a massive quantity\nof French gold,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 187.266,
"text": "on temporary storage in his bank’s\nsubterranean vault."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 191.395,
"text": "The carriage let us out, and there, in the\ncold recesses of the bank's basement,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 195.9,
"text": "we found ... absolutely nothing\nof criminal consequence."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 200.78,
"text": "Sherlock told us to hide ourselves\nin the darkness,"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 204.116,
"text": "ready for a fight."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 205.701,
"text": "And at long last we heard a scratching,\nthen a sliding sound."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 210.748,
"text": "We leapt into action and, after a scuffle,\ndetained two men:"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 215.086,
"text": "Wilson’s assistant Spaulding,\nand the man Wilson knew as Duncan Ross."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 221.55,
"text": "Sherlock explained: the target\nall along had been the French gold."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 226.347,
"text": "Spaulding knew it would be here,\nso he got himself employed by Wilson"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 230.101,
"text": "on account of the proximity\nof the pawnshop to the bank."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 233.98,
"text": "But in order to dig a tunnel undetected,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 236.857,
"text": "he’d need Wilson out of the way\nfor long stretches."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 240.611,
"text": "And that was when he dreamed\nup the Red-Headed League,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 244.573,
"text": "for which he recruited his accomplice."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 247.326,
"text": "Every day while Wilson toiled\naway for a pittance"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 250.621,
"text": "compared to the value they’d steal,"
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 252.54,
"text": "Spaulding and Ross dug their tunnel,\nfinally reaching the bank vault today."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 258.587,
"text": "Sherlock wasn’t sure exactly what\nSpaulding was up to"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 261.924,
"text": "until he saw the worn and dusty knees\nof his trousers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 265.344,
"text": "and recognized him as notorious\nthief John Clay."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 270.182,
"text": "He tested the pavement by the pawn shop,\nand finding it hollow, rounded the block,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 274.854,
"text": "where he discovered the true target."
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 277.606,
"text": "“Poor Wilson,” I concluded."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 279.734,
"text": "“Out of the best job of his life\nand 4 pounds per week.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 283.112,
"text": "To which Sherlock retorted,\n“Have no pity, Watson;"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 286.157,
"text": "the man is richer by far in his newfound\nknowledge of aardvarks, Abbasids,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 290.87,
"text": "acupuncture, and assorted other subjects\nthat begin with the letter A.”"
}
] |
zs-zATBh_Ho
|
Why was the US government obsessed with this animal? - Andrew C. Isenberg
|
Explore how the US government hunted bison to near-extinction in the 1800s to force Native Americans onto reservations.
--
By the mid-1700s, many Plains nations survived on North America’s largest land mammals: bison. They ate its meat, made the hides into winter coats and blankets, and used the bones and horns for tools. But in the following decades, millions of bison would be deliberately slaughtered, threatening the survival of Plains societies. Andrew C. Isenberg shares what led to the animal's near-extinction.
Lesson by Andrew C. Isenberg, directed by Rémi Cans, Atypicalist.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-the-us-try-to-kill-all-the-bison-andrew-c-isenberg
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-the-us-try-to-kill-all-the-bison-andrew-c-isenberg/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.atypicalist.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey and Akinola Emmanuel.
|
2023-11-21T16:00:11Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "The breathtaking geological formations\nof Cappadocia"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 10.548,
"text": "present one of the most astonishing\nlandscapes on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 14.302,
"text": "Also known as fairy chimneys,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 16.596,
"text": "these sturdy stone cones were created\nby massive volcanic eruptions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 21.392,
"text": "which poured countless tons of ash\nacross what would eventually become"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 25.521,
"text": "part of central Türkiye."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 27.607,
"text": "Over millions of years,"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 29.15,
"text": "that volcanic fallout hardened\ninto a porous rock known as ignimbrite,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 34.363,
"text": "which was sculpted by centuries\nof wind and rain"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 37.2,
"text": "into the colorful spires we see today."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 40.078,
"text": "But this impressive terrain hides\nan equally remarkable feat"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 43.956,
"text": "of pre-modern engineering:"
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 46.417,
"text": "a network of extensive underground cities\nstretching deep below the surface."
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 52.381,
"text": "Archaeological work on these mysterious\nruins only started in the 1960s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 57.637,
"text": "so researchers still have many\nunanswered questions."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 60.89,
"text": "But they have been able to determine\nsome of the basics."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 65.019,
"text": "Cappadocia’s underground settlements\ndate back to the Middle Ages"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 69.065,
"text": "when the region was part of the eastern\nterritories of the Byzantine Empire."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 73.986,
"text": "Throughout the 7th and 8th centuries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 76.447,
"text": "this border region was frequently\nunder siege from Arab invaders,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 81.035,
"text": "which may have led locals\nto seek refuge underground."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 85.456,
"text": "Initially, archaeologists assumed\nthese subterranean cities and sanctuaries"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 90.378,
"text": "were created by Greek-speaking\nOrthodox Christian monks"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 94.132,
"text": "due to the numerous Byzantine churches\nand copious religious imagery."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 98.928,
"text": "But further investigation revealed\nintricately designed layouts"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 102.765,
"text": "and elements of domestic architecture"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 105.059,
"text": "that could only have been\nproduced by master masons."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 108.896,
"text": "Typically, these craftsmen would have\nbuilt such structures"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 112.066,
"text": "with brick and stone,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 113.734,
"text": "but under the surface they carved\ntheir designs directly into the rock."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 118.865,
"text": "All these complexes were\nconnected by stairs and tunnels"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 122.535,
"text": "which could be sealed off\nwith large boulders for protection."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 127.79,
"text": "Residents dug deep enough\nto reach the water table,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 131.335,
"text": "ensuring their access to water\nduring lengthy sieges."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 134.881,
"text": "And vertical ventilation shafts connect\nthese cities to the sky,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 139.218,
"text": "circulating cool, fresh air\nto the residences inside."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 143.264,
"text": "In addition to living spaces,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 145.099,
"text": "these dwellings had wine presses,\ncooking areas, and stables for livestock."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 150.855,
"text": "Some chambers even offered\nold-fashioned lavatories,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 154.317,
"text": "where waste could be washed\ninto deep pits or covered with lime."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 158.863,
"text": "Normally, this approach would\nstill have left some stench,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 161.866,
"text": "but the region’s absorbent volcanic rock"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 164.493,
"text": "helped maintain a dry\nand odor-free environment."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 167.955,
"text": "The rock’s composition also helped ensure\nstable temperatures throughout the year,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 172.71,
"text": "making these spaces ideal\nfor long-term living and food storage."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 177.465,
"text": "By the 11th century, the Byzantine Empire\nsecured its eastern frontier,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 182.178,
"text": "bringing peace and stability\nback to the region."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 184.972,
"text": "But rather than abandoning\ntheir underground settlements,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 187.892,
"text": "locals expanded them\ninto the landscapes above."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 191.604,
"text": "Building directly into the region’s\nrocky cliffsides,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 194.982,
"text": "stoneworkers skillfully carved dwellings\nwith open courtyards"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 199.654,
"text": "and adorned their entrances\nwith elegant facades."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 203.241,
"text": "Numerous churches were also\ncarved from the rock,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 206.619,
"text": "all designed in the standard architectural\nstyles of the Byzantine Empire"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 210.873,
"text": "during the 9th to the 11th centuries."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 213.209,
"text": "This included simple structures\nwith altars and apses"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 216.545,
"text": "as well as intricate designs\nfeaturing columns and domes."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 220.549,
"text": "And on the inside, many showcased\nvibrant wall paintings"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 224.22,
"text": "depicting detailed Christian iconography."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 227.265,
"text": "These paintings\nare still visible today,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 229.767,
"text": "making Cappadocia one of the most\nsignificant repositories of Byzantine art"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 234.48,
"text": "in the world."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 235.731,
"text": "But while these paintings\nand stony structures endured,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 238.776,
"text": "their inhabitants were forced to move on."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 241.946,
"text": "It’s believed that the Byzantines started\nvacating the region"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 245.533,
"text": "when the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks\ntook hold of it in the late 11th century."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 250.079,
"text": "Over the following centuries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 251.789,
"text": "local farmers and villagers used these\nspaces for storage and squatting,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 256.627,
"text": "and there's evidence of some inhabitants\nas recent as the early 20th century."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 261.59,
"text": "However, in the past few decades,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 263.801,
"text": "these cities have been recognized\nas international heritage sites"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 268.055,
"text": "requiring care and preservation."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 270.85,
"text": "This designation has earned\nthem government protection"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 274.061,
"text": "and attracted both\ncurious researchers and tourists"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 277.732,
"text": "eager to explore\ntheir labyrinthine passageways."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 281.235,
"text": "Derinkuyu, which stretches up to 85 meters\nbelow the ground,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 285.573,
"text": "and Kaymakli are the two best known \nand most visited."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 289.827,
"text": "But Göreme, Ihlara, and many other valleys"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 293.831,
"text": "are where you can see\nthe finest preserved churches,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 296.751,
"text": "all with spectacular Byzantine\narchitecture and wall paintings."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 300.838,
"text": "And as researchers continue\nto excavate these sites,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 304.05,
"text": "they'll undoubtedly uncover even more\nsecrets from this buried history."
}
] |
3GWqM-IoAgM
|
Where did these gigantic space bubbles come from? - Ashkbiz Danehkar
|
Explore the massive structures known as the Fermi bubbles, and dig into the prevailing theories about how they came to be.
--
In 2010, NASA announced the discovery of a never-before-seen galactic object: two gigantic gaseous bubbles, each emanating an impressive 25,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way. Astronomers were perplexed: what created these structures? And could this mean that the black hole at the center of our galaxy was waking up? Ashkbiz Danehkar explores the possible origins of the Fermi bubbles.
Lesson by Ashkbiz Danehkar, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.
Credits for images, videos, and simulations featured in the animation:
- Fermi Bubble graphic image in thumbnail: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
- eROSITA telescope logo: MPE, Johannes Buchner
- Crab Supernova Explosion: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)
- Westerlund 2, Hubble’s 25th anniversary image: NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), A. Nota (ESA/STScI), and the Westerlund 2 Science Team
- The Veil Supernova Explosion: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)
- Galactic centre region: NASA, ESA, SSC, CXC and STScI
- Artist’s impression of the quasar 3C 279: ESO/M. Kornmesser
- Fermi gamma-ray lobes animation: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
- Launch of the James Webb Space Telescope: NASA/Bill Ingalls
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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----------------------------------------------
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
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Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/something-weird-is-happening-in-our-galaxy-ashkbiz-danehkar/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem and Ujjwal Dasu.
|
2023-11-20T16:01:10Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "From the 1650s through the late 1800s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 10.506,
"text": "European colonists descended\non South Africa."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 14.26,
"text": "First, Dutch and later British forces\nsought to claim the region for themselves,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 19.14,
"text": "with their struggle becoming\neven more aggressive"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 21.434,
"text": "after discovering the area’s\nabundant natural resources."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 25.354,
"text": "In their ruthless scramble,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 27.106,
"text": "both colonial powers violently removed\nnumerous Indigenous communities"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 31.027,
"text": "from their ancestral lands."
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 34.322,
"text": "Yet despite these conflicts,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 35.948,
"text": "the colonizers often claimed\nthey were settling in empty land"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 39.368,
"text": "devoid of local people."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 41.454,
"text": "These reports were corroborated\nin letters and travelogues"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 44.373,
"text": "by various administrators,\nsoldiers, and missionaries."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 48.377,
"text": "Maps were drawn reflecting these claims,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 50.671,
"text": "and prominent British historians\nsupported this narrative."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 54.425,
"text": "Publications codifying the so-called\nEmpty Land Theory"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 57.47,
"text": "had three central arguments."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 59.555,
"text": "First, most of the land\nbeing settled by Europeans"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 62.642,
"text": "had no established communities\nor agricultural infrastructure."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 66.562,
"text": "Second, any African communities\nthat were in those regions"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 70.233,
"text": "had actually entered the area\nat the same time as Europeans,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 73.194,
"text": "so they didn’t have an ancestral claim\nto the land."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 76.322,
"text": "And third, since these African communities\nhad probably stolen the land"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 80.409,
"text": "from earlier, \nno-longer-present Indigenous people,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 83.329,
"text": "the Europeans were within their rights\nto displace these African settlers."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 87.875,
"text": "The problem is that all three of these\narguments were completely false."
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 92.421,
"text": "Almost none of this land was empty\nand Africans had lived here for millennia."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 97.176,
"text": "Indigenous South Africans\nsimply had a different practice"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 100.179,
"text": "of land ownership \nfrom the Dutch and British."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 103.224,
"text": "Land belonged to families or groups,\nnot individuals."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 107.186,
"text": "And even that ownership\nwas more focused"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 109.272,
"text": "on the land’s agricultural products\nthan the land itself."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 113.401,
"text": "Community leaders would distribute\nseasonal land rights,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 116.32,
"text": "allowing various nomadic groups\nto graze cattle or forage for vegetation."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 121.367,
"text": "Even the groups that did live\nin large agricultural settlements"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 124.579,
"text": "didn’t believe they owned the land\nas private property."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 127.707,
"text": "But the colonizing Europeans had\nno respect for this system of ownership."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 131.836,
"text": "They concluded the land\nbelonged to no one"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 134.672,
"text": "and could therefore be divided\namongst themselves."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 138.259,
"text": "In this context, claims that\nthe land was “empty”"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 141.512,
"text": "were an ignorant oversimplification\nof a much more complex reality."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 146.1,
"text": "But the Empty Land Theory allowed\nBritish academics to rewrite history"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 150.313,
"text": "and minimize native populations."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 153.149,
"text": "In 1894, the European parliament\nin Cape Town"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 156.777,
"text": "took this exploitation even further\nby passing the Glen Grey Act."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 161.49,
"text": "This decree made it\nfunctionally impossible"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 163.951,
"text": "for native Africans to own land,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 166.12,
"text": "shattering the system of collective\ntribal ownership"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 168.831,
"text": "and creating a class of landless people."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 171.834,
"text": "To justify the theft, Europeans painted\nthe locals as barbarians"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 176.339,
"text": "who lacked the capacity for reason"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 178.257,
"text": "and were better off being ruled\nby the colonizers."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 181.761,
"text": "This strategy of stripping locals\nof their right to ancestral lands"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 185.514,
"text": "and casting native people as savages has\nbeen employed by many colonizers."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 190.394,
"text": "Now known as the Empty Land Myth,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 192.855,
"text": "this is a well-established technique\nin the colonial playbook,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 196.192,
"text": "and its impact can be found \nin the history of many countries,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 199.237,
"text": "including Australia, Canada,\nand the United States."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 203.532,
"text": "And in South Africa, the influence \nof this narrative can be traced"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 207.078,
"text": "directly to a brutal campaign\nof institutionalized racism."
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 212.792,
"text": "Barred from their lands,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 214.001,
"text": "the once self-sufficient population\nstruggled as migrant laborers and miners"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 218.881,
"text": "on European-owned property."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 221.467,
"text": "The law forbade them from working\ncertain skilled jobs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 224.136,
"text": "and forced Africans to live\nin racially segregated areas."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 227.765,
"text": "Over time,\nthese racist policies intensified,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 230.81,
"text": "mandating separation in urban areas,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 233.187,
"text": "restricting voting rights,\nand eventually building to apartheid."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 238.526,
"text": "Under this system,\nAfrican people had no voting rights,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 241.988,
"text": "and the education of native Africans \nwas overhauled"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 245.199,
"text": "to emphasize their legal and social\nsubservience to white settlers."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 250.204,
"text": "This state of legally enforced racism\npersisted through the early 1990s,"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 255.084,
"text": "and throughout this period,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 256.544,
"text": "colonists frequently invoked\nthe Empty Land Theory"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 259.505,
"text": "to justify the unequal distribution\nof land."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 263.217,
"text": "South African resistance movements\nfought throughout the 20th century"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 266.971,
"text": "to gain political and economic freedom."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 270.057,
"text": "And since the 1980s, South African\nscholars have been using"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 273.561,
"text": "archaeological evidence\nto correct the historical record."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 277.523,
"text": "Today, South African schools are finally\nteaching the region's true history."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 282.653,
"text": "But the legacy of the Empty Land Myth\nstill persists"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 285.906,
"text": "as one of the most harmful stories\never told."
}
] |
iRGrY9F1cCE
|
The gory history of barber surgeons - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Trace the history of barber-surgeons, and find out what led to barbers performing medical procedures in medieval Europe.
--
It’s a cold morning in 15th century France and you’re off to the barber for a shave and haircut. You hear the familiar sound of singing inside and eye a bowl of blood in the window. You grab a cup of ale and examine the array of teeth strung from the walls. Suddenly, a scream sounds from one of the chairs. What's going on? Stephanie Honchell Smith shares the surprising history of barber-surgeons.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Arvind Singh Jeena, Anantha Krishnan, Totem Creative.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-gory-history-of-barber-surgeons-stephanie-honchell-smith
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-gory-history-of-barber-surgeons-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.totemcreative.in
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND and Samyogita Hardikar.
|
2023-11-16T16:08:36Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "A spy presses a button on their suit\nand blinks out of sight."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 11.215,
"text": "A wizard wraps himself in a cloak\nand disappears limb by limb."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 15.678,
"text": "A star pilot flicks a switch\nand their ship vanishes into space."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 21.434,
"text": "Invisibility is one of the most\ntantalizing powers in fiction,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 26.23,
"text": "spanning all kinds of stories."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 28.524,
"text": "But could this fantasy\never become a reality?"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 32.57,
"text": "Well, invisibility is a relative term."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 36.157,
"text": "Researchers and engineers working\nin stealth technology"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 39.786,
"text": "have developed planes\nnearly undetectable to radar,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 43.706,
"text": "and cloaks that conceal tanks\nfrom thermal cameras."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 48.127,
"text": "But these innovations don't make things\ninvisible to the human eye."
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 53.424,
"text": "Our eyes see by taking in the visible\nlight waves that reflect off objects."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 59.43,
"text": "So to make an object invisible without\nturning off the lights,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 63.559,
"text": "our eyes would need to see the light\nfrom behind that object,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 67.647,
"text": "rather than the light bouncing\noff the object itself."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 71.567,
"text": "And to do that, we need to be able\nto control these visible light waves."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 77.448,
"text": "One way to do this is through reflection."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 80.576,
"text": "This method is predictable,"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 82.328,
"text": "but it requires maintaining angles\ntoo precise for most moving targets."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 88.292,
"text": "Researchers can also absorb light\nwith ultra-black surfaces"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 92.922,
"text": "covered in light-capturing nanotubes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 95.758,
"text": "but painting something black\ndoesn’t exactly make it invisible."
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 100.346,
"text": "So instead, many researchers are trying\nto reroute wavelengths around an object"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 106.727,
"text": "using refraction."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 109.105,
"text": "Refraction describes how light\nchanges direction"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 112.9,
"text": "when it passes between materials\nof differing density."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 117.071,
"text": "When light passes from a less dense\nmedium into a denser one,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 121.117,
"text": "its path gets slightly bent."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 123.953,
"text": "Consider how someone’s legs look\nwhen you sit at the edge of a pool."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 128.666,
"text": "Since water is denser than air,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 131.377,
"text": "the light waves reflecting from the water\nto your eyes speed up and bend."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 136.591,
"text": "In nature, this effect has limits."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 139.135,
"text": "Even when passing\nthrough natural materials"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 141.679,
"text": "with the highest refractive indexes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 144.223,
"text": "light can only bend so far."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 147.226,
"text": "But in the lab,\nwe can shatter those limits."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 150.813,
"text": "In the 1990s, theoretical physicist\nJohn Pendry"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 154.859,
"text": "was working with a defense lab to create\na way to absorb radar signals."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 160.865,
"text": "The result was a mesh of carbon fibers\nso thin and densely woven"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 166.078,
"text": "that they interacted with light\nin an entirely different way"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 170.082,
"text": "from regular carbon."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 172.126,
"text": "This inspired Pendry to try similar tricks\nwith other materials."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 177.298,
"text": "By altering them at the microscopic level,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 180.218,
"text": "Pendry could add tiny microstructures"
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 183.179,
"text": "capable of capturing and bending light\nin ways previously thought impossible."
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 189.81,
"text": "He called this technology metamaterials\nand developed his most famous example:"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 195.608,
"text": "a split ring resonator—"
},
{
"duration": 6.173,
"start": 198.277,
"text": "a metamaterial structure which allowed him\nto bend light past the theorized limit."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 204.951,
"text": "The discovery of negative refraction"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 207.495,
"text": "kicked off the modern wave\nof invisibility research."
},
{
"duration": 6.757,
"start": 211.457,
"text": "To date, labs have designed metamaterials\nthat can completely steer away microwaves."
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 218.339,
"text": "But a true invisibility cloak would need\nto bend all wavelengths of visible light"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 224.845,
"text": "simultaneously and without distortion,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 228.266,
"text": "and refraction doesn’t treat\nall wavelengths equally."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 232.937,
"text": "Consider how refractive materials produce\nrainbows with varying colors."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 238.818,
"text": "Despite leading the field, metamaterials\naren't the only route toward invisibility."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 244.532,
"text": "One lab was able to create a controlled\ndesert mirage using hot air"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 249.912,
"text": "just above the ground to refract light\nfrom the cooler air around it"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 254.709,
"text": " to create distortions and illusions."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 258.504,
"text": "Unfortunately, this model only operates\nat thousands of degrees."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 264.635,
"text": "Another lab created a unique configuration\nof glass lenses"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 269.181,
"text": "which can bend the light around an object\nwithin a ring-shaped area"
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 273.644,
"text": "in the lens."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 275.104,
"text": "This lens could be made large\nenough to obscure an entire person,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 280.151,
"text": "but its effect only works when both\nthe observer and the obscured"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 284.947,
"text": "stand in the exact right positions."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 287.992,
"text": "And attempts using cameras to record\nenvironments and project them over a cloak"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 293.372,
"text": "have been hindered by lag\nand color distortion."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 297.501,
"text": "These efforts, and many more,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 299.253,
"text": "still have a ways to go towards bringing\nthis magical technology to life."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 304.633,
"text": "But if one thing is true about science,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 307.053,
"text": "it’s that the limitations we see today\ncould simply disappear."
}
] |
4UJTtk_2ly0
|
The asteroid that almost wiped out life on Earth - Sean P. S. Gulick
|
Dig into what happened after the Chicxulub asteroid hit the Earth, and how it caused a mass extinction— including dinosaurs.
--
Sixty-six million years ago, near what’s now the Yucatán Peninsula, a juvenile sauropod feasted on horsetail plants on a riverbank. Earth was a tropical planet. Behemoth and tiny dinosaurs alike soared its skies and roamed its lands while reptiles and tentacled ammonites swept its seas. But, in an instant, everything would change. Sean P. S. Gulick details one of Earth's most devastating periods.
Lesson by Sean P. S. Gulick, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
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Keep Learning
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Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-killed-the-dinosaurs-it-wasn-t-just-the-asteroid-sean-p-s-gulick/digdeeper
Educator's website: https://www.jsg.utexas.edu
Animator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space
Music: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com
Sound design: https://yessian.com
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Images and references used in the creation of this animation:
Stock Images from https://pixabay.com:
Sunflower - RayMark
Grass - Hundankbar
garbage - ds_30
Iceberg - Makabera
Polar bear - iribagrova8176
Sketchfab, https://sketchfab.com:
Triceratops - Zacxophone
Carnotaurus - Magorius
Tyrannosaurus Rex - Rigsters
Temple - Maks Sokolowski
Human skeleton - Ruslan Gadzhiev
Mouse - Just8
Saberwing - MooreLab
Frog - https://ffish.asia / https://florazia.com
Rhododendron - https://ffish.asia / https://florazia.com
Tsukushi Rose - https://ffish.asia / https://florazia.com
Orchid - sarahGB
Wood stick - 3dhdscan
Wood louse - .hapto GmbH
Bush - Marbles
Lichen - Frank McMains
Aloa Vera - nedo
Lab - viklia
Lab gear - dercruz926
VHS - Terrible Hard
Old computers - sudreyskr
Lab machine - guillemvilah
Floppy disk - ocean
Machine - Klinepeter
Mission control console - TheoClarke
Old computer - Freepoly.org
Old nuclear computer - P3TroV
Osborne - Denis Afanasjev
vintage terminal - NoMoreFeelings
All Sketchfab models are licensed under Creative Commons attribution: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Paintings in the public domain:
Starry Night - Vincent Van Gogh
The Great Wave - Katsushika Hokusaï
Eiffel Tower - Georges Seurat
Black Mesa - Georgia O'Keeffe
Guernica - Pablo Picasso
Skrik & Solen - Edvard Munch
The Great Day of His Wrath - John Martin
The Slave Ship - William Turner
|
2023-11-14T16:02:39Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "Faced with the realities\nof current crises,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 9.213,
"text": "it's easy to assume our world is headed\nin a bleak direction."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 13.801,
"text": "But there’s good reason to be hopeful—"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 16.512,
"text": "with developments\nin science and technology,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 19.015,
"text": "a positive future is more\nviable than ever before."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 22.894,
"text": "So, what if the future was awesome?"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 26.689,
"text": "Let’s explore what the future\nof three cities could look like,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 30.526,
"text": "if we harness the tools\nwe already have at our disposal"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 33.279,
"text": "to solve today's problems."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 35.531,
"text": "These visions are inspired by solarpunk,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 38.117,
"text": "an art and social movement that imagines\nsustainable worlds"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 41.079,
"text": "in which humans, nature, and technology\nexist in harmony."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 45.875,
"text": "It’s 2125."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 48.086,
"text": "In the past, Los Angeles was\nrunning out of water"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 50.88,
"text": "and its citizens were dependent\non 5 million cars."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 54.717,
"text": "Today, people glide down highway 101\non electric bikes, buses, and trains."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 61.057,
"text": "There’s no fee for these services—"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 63.101,
"text": "instead, folks contribute\ntheir technical or gardening skills,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 66.27,
"text": "or provide entertainment\nfor others as they go."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 70.149,
"text": "Year-round sunlight makes LA well-suited\nto solar infrastructure,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 75.238,
"text": "but water is still limited."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 77.573,
"text": "City dwellers manage this by maintaining\nwater-efficient farms in high rises,"
},
{
"duration": 5.88,
"start": 82.537,
"text": "and within the 17 million square meters of\nland that once housed parking spaces."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 88.668,
"text": "Here, students and scientists mist\nlocal fruit, vegetables, and grains"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 93.005,
"text": "with nutrients."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 94.215,
"text": "They also create portable farms,\nstacking layers of plant and fertilizer"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 98.553,
"text": "into temperature-controlled\nshipping containers"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 101.18,
"text": "that can be transported out to city\nresidents and beyond."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 105.226,
"text": "In Lagos, Nigeria, the city’s coast\nis completely transformed."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 109.939,
"text": "In the past, sand mining\nand urban expansion"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 112.733,
"text": "eroded roughly 84% of the shoreline,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 115.653,
"text": "which put the city at risk\nof catastrophic flooding."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 119.615,
"text": "But the city responded\nby restoring the wetlands,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 122.91,
"text": "which now act as natural sponges."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 125.538,
"text": "An intricate array of pipes,\nequipped with turbines,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 128.666,
"text": "capture the energy of flowing water\nand convert it into electricity."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 133.421,
"text": "This powers buildings and services\nall over Lagos,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 137.133,
"text": "like the city’s famous Balogun market,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 139.343,
"text": "where people come together\nto trade, socialize, and entertain."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 143.347,
"text": "Along the coast, people steward\nthousands of native mangrove plants,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 147.852,
"text": "which act as carbon sinks,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 149.562,
"text": "clean up the pollutants of the past,\nand support biodiversity."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 154.066,
"text": "This area celebrates\nthe mangrove in many forms—"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 157.486,
"text": "local designers use\nits tannins to dye fabrics,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 160.948,
"text": "while scientists research\nits pharmaceutical potential"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 163.951,
"text": "and its uses as a natural pesticide."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 167.288,
"text": "Further out to sea, people embrace\nsustainable fishing practices"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 171.417,
"text": "and repurpose fish processing waste"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 173.878,
"text": "to power ships, floating farms,\nand public housing."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 177.632,
"text": "Meanwhile, São Paulo, Brazil\nhas fully reimagined housing."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 182.803,
"text": "In its industrial past,\nthe city battled heavy pollution,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 186.641,
"text": "and up to a third of the population lived\nin unsanitary conditions."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 190.77,
"text": "But today, homes, schools,\nlocal government buildings,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 194.232,
"text": "and entertainment spaces\nare made from repurposed materials"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 197.86,
"text": "from the former auto industry."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 200.029,
"text": "These buildings generate their own solar\npower and capture rainwater to reuse."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 205.243,
"text": "At the center sits a new\nsolar football stadium,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 208.537,
"text": "which generates energy\nand doubles as an incubator"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 211.374,
"text": "for growing native plants."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 213.376,
"text": "In areas where the land remains toxic,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 216.212,
"text": "citizen scientists are stewarding\nthousands of mushrooms."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 220.341,
"text": "These mushrooms break down the bonds\nin the decades-old chemicals"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 223.844,
"text": "which remain in soil\nlong after the burning"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 226.097,
"text": "of oil, gas, and household garbage."
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 228.516,
"text": "They then produce new spores, "
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 230.559,
"text": "attracting insects and birds\nto the area once again."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 234.605,
"text": "These versions of LA, Lagos, and São Paulo\nembody the principle of life "
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 239.277,
"text": "enmeshed with the promises\nand limitations of its surroundings."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 243.572,
"text": "And while this future may seem\nfar from reach,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 246.158,
"text": "it is achievable, and it might not even\ntake us 100 years to get there."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 250.913,
"text": "All over the world, communities are\nembracing these and similar ideas"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 255.042,
"text": "to build more sustainable systems."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 257.962,
"text": "In Vancouver, Indigenous First Nations\nare building affordable, net-zero"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 262.8,
"text": "housing projects incorporating\ngreen spaces and bike infrastructure."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 267.054,
"text": "In Singapore, urban farms\nflourish on skyscrapers"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 270.766,
"text": "and in the shells of former prisons."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 272.977,
"text": "In Prague, urban beekeeping takes flight\nin hotels and theaters."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 278.274,
"text": "Optimism can be a powerful\nmobilizing force."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 281.694,
"text": "From natural technologies\nto renewable energy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 284.363,
"text": "we have so many transformative tools\nat our disposal."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 288.409,
"text": "All we need is the will to implement them."
}
] |
_vDZmVXtA7k
|
Sherlock Holmes and the crime of the century - Alex Rosenthal
|
Download the Audible Original podcast “Moriarty: The Silent Order” and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
--
One day in the fall, you called upon your friend, Sherlock Holmes, and found him in conversation with Jabez Wilson. Wilson had been working for the mysterious League of Red-Headed Men. Today, he arrived at work to find the group had disappeared, and now turns to Holmes to make sense of the events. Follow the detective and see if you can solve this adaptation of one of Sherlock’s most famous cases.
Lesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Skirmanta Jakaitė, Art Shot.
This video made possible in collaboration with Audible
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/sherlock-holmes-and-the-case-of-the-red-headed-league-alex-rosenthal
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/sherlock-holmes-and-the-case-of-the-red-headed-league-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong and Bev Millar.
|
2023-11-09T16:21:00Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "In summer 1997, a full-page ad appeared\nin The New York Times."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 12.842,
"text": "The message, from the\nGlobal Climate Coalition,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 16.054,
"text": "issued a dire economic warning about the\nUS embracing the Kyoto Protocol,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 21.684,
"text": "a treaty to curb greenhouse gas emissions."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 25.396,
"text": "But beneath the veneer of smiling children\nwas something much more insidious:"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 30.318,
"text": "a multi-million dollar campaign\npropped up by questionable data"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 35.114,
"text": "and backed by some of the world's\nmost powerful companies."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 38.618,
"text": "The Global Climate Coalition was itself\na front for the oil industry—"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 44.165,
"text": "established to sow doubt and confusion\nabout climate action."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 48.92,
"text": "But the real story starts decades earlier."
},
{
"duration": 5.755,
"start": 51.798,
"text": "In the 1970s, oil companies employed some\nof the world's top atmospheric scientists,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 57.553,
"text": "as they needed to understand\nweather-related risks to their equipment"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 61.808,
"text": "and to assess the environmental\nimpact of new projects."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 65.645,
"text": "By the late 1970s, these scientists,\nalong with their counterparts in academia,"
},
{
"duration": 5.84,
"start": 71.275,
"text": "had concluded that burning fossil fuels\ncreated a build up of atmospheric carbon,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 77.24,
"text": "which would impact the climate\nby trapping heat"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 80.034,
"text": "and increasing surface temperatures."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 82.37,
"text": "They warned that an increase of even\na few degrees could be catastrophic"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 88.167,
"text": "and accurately predicted events\nsuch as rapid Arctic warming"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 93.172,
"text": "and the melting of Antarctic ice sheets."
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 97.301,
"text": "Throughout the 1980s, oil industry reps\nmet repeatedly to discuss these dangers,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 103.349,
"text": "acknowledging the risk that their product\nposed to the future of humanity."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 108.521,
"text": "However, instead of warning the public,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 111.149,
"text": "or using this knowledge to pivot\ntowards renewable energy sources,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 115.945,
"text": "they doubled down on oil."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 118.364,
"text": "But in the late 1980s, scientists sounded\nthe alarm about climate change,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 123.619,
"text": "raising public awareness, and\nleading to calls for government action."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 128.374,
"text": "In response, the oil industry launched\nwhat would become a decades-long,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 133.588,
"text": "multi-billion-dollar PR campaign"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 136.591,
"text": "to discredit the very science\nthey helped pioneer."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 141.429,
"text": "They utilized the same PR firms that had\npreviously helped the tobacco industry"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 146.809,
"text": " mislead the public\nabout the harms of smoking."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 150.354,
"text": "Oil companies directly lobbied\ngovernment officials"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 154.192,
"text": "and covertly funded dozens\nof organizations"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 157.904,
"text": "like the Global Climate Coalition,"
},
{
"duration": 5.922,
"start": 161.449,
"text": "whose objective was to obscure the\nscientific consensus on climate change"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 167.371,
"text": "and humanity's role in creating it."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 170.75,
"text": "They attacked credible scientists "
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 173.085,
"text": "and bankrolled advertisements\ndisguised as op-eds,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 177.089,
"text": "which falsely exaggerated the degree\nand significance"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 180.176,
"text": "of uncertainty in climate models"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 182.97,
"text": "and used that uncertainty as an excuse\nto dismiss the science entirely."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 189.06,
"text": "These \"advertorials\" grabbed\nreader's attention with titles like"
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 194.232,
"text": "\"Lies They Tell Our Children,\"\nand \"Unsettled Science.\""
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 200.613,
"text": "The industry also capitalized\non lingering Cold War anxieties"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 205.952,
"text": "that equated government regulation\nwith socialism."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 210.081,
"text": " Thus, at the very moment\nthe world was poised to act,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 214.377,
"text": "oil companies shifted the conversation\naway from the actual science"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 219.715,
"text": "and turned it into a debate\nabout protecting freedom."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 224.011,
"text": "By doing so, they took a non-partisan,\nuncontentious topic"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 228.766,
"text": "and transformed it into a\nhot-button political issue."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 233.896,
"text": "After George W. Bush became\npresident in 2001,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 238.484,
"text": "oil lobbyists successfully pushed his\nadministration to replace officials"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 243.823,
"text": "who agreed with mainstream science "
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 246.242,
"text": "with ones who opposed\nenvironmental regulations."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 250.496,
"text": "When Bush pushed the US\nout of the Kyoto Protocol,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 254.75,
"text": "his administration credited\nthe Global Climate Coalition"
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 258.587,
"text": "with influencing his decision."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 261.173,
"text": "But the oil industry's PR campaigns\ndidn't end with their Kyoto victory."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 267.346,
"text": "They've continued to shape\nthe climate conversation,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 270.474,
"text": "pushing propaganda and co-opting\nclimate language."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 274.979,
"text": "British Petroleum, for example,\npopularized the phrase \"carbon footprint,\""
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 281.319,
"text": "an idea which in practice effectively\nshifts climate responsibility"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 286.574,
"text": "from the industry to the consumer."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 289.994,
"text": "To this day, the industry massively\noveremphasizes their investment "
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 295.333,
"text": "in green energies,\nsuch as biofuels, "
},
{
"duration": 3.421,
"start": 298.627,
"text": "which represent just 1% of their budgets."
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 302.173,
"text": "And they employ legions of lobbyists,\nwho attend UN climate meetings"
},
{
"duration": 6.715,
"start": 307.511,
"text": "and work to water down the language\nof IPCC climate assessment reports."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 314.393,
"text": "In this, they're allied with\noil-producing countries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 317.855,
"text": "which also have a vested interest\nin continued fossil fuel use."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 322.777,
"text": "While the oil companies now acknowledge\nthat burning fossil fuels "
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 326.572,
"text": "contributes to climate change,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 328.657,
"text": "they deny having misled the public,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 331.243,
"text": "arguing that their messaging always\nreflected the scientific consensus."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 336.248,
"text": "But an extensive paper trail\nshows otherwise."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 340.878,
"text": "While oil companies' profits\nreach all-time highs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 344.882,
"text": "climate change costs the public\nbillions of dollars each year."
},
{
"duration": 6.716,
"start": 349.678,
"text": "Extreme weather events and decreasing air\nquality kill millions of people annually."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 356.936,
"text": "Meanwhile, the culture of doubt the\noil industry created remains widespread,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 362.691,
"text": "polarizing the issue,\nand delaying meaningful action."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 367.53,
"text": "But it doesn't have to be this way."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 370.032,
"text": "We can still reclaim the conversation\nand change course,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 375.162,
"text": "embracing renewable energies\nand sustainable practices"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 379.917,
"text": "to protect both our planet and our future."
}
] |
XkHJyqZqjxE
|
Can you solve the secret assassin society riddle? - Alex Rosenthal
|
Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd
--
Your agent has infiltrated a life or death poker game in a hidden back room of a grand casino. Your team is on the trail of an elite society of assassins, each of whom carries a signature playing card corresponding to their role— everyone at the table is either an assassin or a potential victim. Can you identify the assassins and save the victims? Alex Rosenthal shows how.
Lesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Igor Coric, Artake Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-secret-assassin-society-riddle-alex-rosenthal
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-secret-assassin-society-riddle-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz and Edla Paniguel.
|
2023-11-07T16:00:40Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 7.253,
"text": "Your agent is about to infiltrate\na life or death poker game"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 11.34,
"text": "in a hidden back room of the grand casino."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 14.385,
"text": "You’re on the trail of an elite society\nof assassins,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 17.93,
"text": "each of whom carries a signature\nplaying card corresponding to their role."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 22.643,
"text": "You’ve received intel from a 100% reliable\nsource about how they operate."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 27.732,
"text": "Their M.O. is to invite their victims\nto a high stakes game"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 31.11,
"text": "with one or more killers at the table."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 33.738,
"text": "The game is a variant of poker\nplayed with a single, fair deck"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 37.742,
"text": "where every player receives\ntwo cards in secret."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 41.245,
"text": "Each assassin immediately and covertly\nswaps one of the cards"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 45.833,
"text": "they’ve been fairly dealt\nwith their signature card."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 49.212,
"text": "Then the robo-dealer reveals\nthree shared cards on the table."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 53.674,
"text": "After betting, the assassins play\ntheir signature cards"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 57.011,
"text": "as a signal that they’re ready."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 59.097,
"text": "When the last one comes out,\nthey go about their grim business."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 63.351,
"text": "Today's game is no different,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 64.769,
"text": "and your mission is to identify the\nassassins and save all the victims."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 69.649,
"text": "Everyone at the table is either\nan assassin or a victim,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 73.069,
"text": "and there must be at least one of each."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 76.114,
"text": "The game is about to begin when\nyour agent finds the secret passage"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 79.992,
"text": "and talks her way into a seat\nat the table."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 83.329,
"text": "Meanwhile, you’re monitoring\nthe proceedings with an insect drone."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 87.416,
"text": "If you can figure out who has swapped\nout a fairly dealt card with a new one,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 92.547,
"text": "you can identify the assassins\nand alert your agent through her earpiece."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 97.635,
"text": "The game begins."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 98.886,
"text": "Your drone doesn’t catch\nanyone’s sleight of hand,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 101.764,
"text": "but it does manage to get a look\nat the cards each player holds."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 106.06,
"text": "Suddenly — disaster."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 107.937,
"text": "Someone swats the drone,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 109.772,
"text": "breaking your video feed\nbefore the reveal of the shared cards."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 113.734,
"text": "It goes into emergency mode\nand is just operational enough"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 117.864,
"text": "to send the following string of data\nabout those three shared cards"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 121.742,
"text": "before shutting down for good."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 123.661,
"text": "And that’s it; you’ve lost\nyour eyes and ears in the room."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 127.415,
"text": "Your spy can’t see anyone else’s cards\nor tell you anything,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 131.919,
"text": "so it’s up to you to figure this out,\nand fast."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 135.131,
"text": "Who are the assassins?"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 137.508,
"text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself."
},
{
"duration": 1.459,
"start": 139.302,
"text": "Answer in 3"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 140.761,
"text": "Answer in 2"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 142.221,
"text": "Answer in 1"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 144.557,
"text": "You can start by combining\nthe first two rules."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 147.56,
"text": "The second tells us that there\nare at least two queens,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 150.855,
"text": "and the first that there's\nat least one king."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 153.649,
"text": "So we must have two queens and a king."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 156.611,
"text": "The first rule then tells us that the king\nis either in the middle or the left."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 161.24,
"text": "That’s all we can do for now,\nso let’s look at the suits."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 164.702,
"text": "By the same logic, we know that there\nmust be two spades and one heart."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 169.123,
"text": "And by the third rule, that heart must\nbe in the middle or on the right."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 174.503,
"text": "We can now make a table\nwith our four possibilities."
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 177.632,
"text": "We can eliminate this one,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 179.258,
"text": "because it would require the deck\nhaving two queens of spades."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 182.887,
"text": "We can’t rule out any other options,\nbut we don’t actually need to;"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 187.225,
"text": "in every case, the three cards are the\nking of spades, the queen of hearts,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 191.854,
"text": "and the queen of spades,\nin different orders."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 195.233,
"text": "And it just so happens that each\nof these players holds one of those cards."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 199.528,
"text": "So, they’re the assassins, right?"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 201.447,
"text": "Well, hold on, there’s something odd."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 203.741,
"text": "Player 2 and the agent both hold\nthe same card."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 207.328,
"text": "So, one of those must be\na signature assassin card."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 211.54,
"text": "But you know from your Intel that there’s\nat least one victim who is not the agent."
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 216.42,
"text": "How can that be?"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 217.797,
"text": "Oh, no.\nThere’s only one possibility:"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 220.716,
"text": "your spy is the assassin known\nas the king of diamonds,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 224.512,
"text": "and she’s been playing you\nthis whole time."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 227.39,
"text": "The only victim is player 2."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 230.059,
"text": "You rush in, grab hold of player 2\njust before the bidding ends,"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 233.854,
"text": "and make a run for it."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 235.147,
"text": "On your way out, you lock eyes\nwith your backstabbing partner."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 238.734,
"text": "You search her features, desperate for\nany sign of remorse or apology."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 243.114,
"text": "All you get back is a poker face."
}
] |
uDaFgNcTVSE
|
What really caused the Irish Potato Famine - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Dig into what caused the Irish potato famine, and explore how the UK government’s response turned the crisis into a catastrophe.
--
For over 200 years, potatoes thrived in Ireland; roughly half the country’s residents lived almost entirely on potatoes. But when harvesting began in 1845, farmers found their potatoes blackened and shriveled. While this failed harvest created a crisis, the government’s response turned it into a national catastrophe. Stephanie Honchell Smith digs into Ireland's Great Famine.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Denys Spolitak.
This video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-caused-the-irish-potato-famine-stephanie-honchell-smith
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-caused-the-irish-potato-famine-stephanie-honchell-smith#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://vimeo.com/user50965180
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti and Helen Lee.
|
2023-11-02T15:00:18Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.82,
"start": 0.74,
"text": "ah summer a time for fun in the sun"
},
{
"duration": 5.4,
"start": 5.22,
"text": "so many options available how do you"
},
{
"duration": 5.159,
"start": 7.5600000000000005,
"text": "choose the right sunscreen there are"
},
{
"duration": 4.74,
"start": 10.62,
"text": "three things to keep in mind SPF"
},
{
"duration": 5.4,
"start": 12.719,
"text": "ingredients and app application"
},
{
"duration": 6.06,
"start": 15.36,
"text": "let's start with SPF make sure to opt"
},
{
"duration": 9.361,
"start": 18.119,
"text": "for at least 15 which blocks 93 percent"
},
{
"duration": 7.939,
"start": 21.42,
"text": "of UVB rays SPF 30 blocks 97 and 50"
},
{
"duration": 5.04,
"start": 27.48,
"text": "blocks 98"
},
{
"duration": 5.561,
"start": 29.359,
"text": "next ingredients if you're concerned"
},
{
"duration": 5.039,
"start": 32.52,
"text": "about irritants look for mineral-based"
},
{
"duration": 5.52,
"start": 34.92,
"text": "formulas with zinc oxide and titanium"
},
{
"duration": 4.261,
"start": 37.559,
"text": "dioxide and don't worry if they go on a"
},
{
"duration": 3.54,
"start": 40.44,
"text": "little bit thick"
},
{
"duration": 4.739,
"start": 41.82,
"text": "lastly application"
},
{
"duration": 4.32,
"start": 43.98,
"text": "sprays can be convenient to put on but"
},
{
"duration": 4.561,
"start": 46.559,
"text": "make sure you're applying a thick enough"
},
{
"duration": 3.9,
"start": 48.3,
"text": "layer for full protection most people"
},
{
"duration": 3.419,
"start": 51.12,
"text": "don't"
},
{
"duration": 6.14,
"start": 52.2,
"text": "whichever you choose remember to lather"
},
{
"duration": 3.801,
"start": 54.539,
"text": "up and keep your skin health"
}
] |
A-oxDZ3AO74
|
Japan's scariest ghost story - Kit Brooks
|
Follow the chilling Japanese tale of Oiwa, a ghost seeking revenge after her husband poisoned her and killed her father.
--
Oiwa’s only hope for ending her marriage to the cruel and dishonorable samurai, Iemon, was her father. But after he tried to end the union, Iemon murdered him in cold blood. With plans to marry another, Iemon conspired to poison his wife and left her for dead. But unfortunately for Iemon, it wouldn’t be the last of Oiwa. Kit Brooks shares the chilling tale of Oiwa’s ghostly revenge.
Lesson by Kit Brooks, directed by Adriana Monteforte Lahera.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/japan-s-scariest-ghost-story-kit-brooks
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/japan-s-scariest-ghost-story-kit-brooks#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://adrianamonteforte.myportfolio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk and Aaron Torres.
|
2023-10-31T15:00:10Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 9.422,
"text": "After wreaking havoc across the heavens,\npilfering a potion of immortality,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 15.136,
"text": "and defeating the strongest warriors\nin the Jade Emperor’s court,"
},
{
"duration": 6.257,
"start": 19.64,
"text": "the Monkey King had finally been captured\nin a white-hot prison cell."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 26.105,
"text": "But rather than cooking him to a crisp,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 28.566,
"text": "the sweltering cage had inflamed\nits captive’s strength."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 33.362,
"text": "Now he was free once more\nand itching for a fight."
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 38.076,
"text": "Desperate, the Jade Emperor called on\nthe only being stronger than he,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 43.79,
"text": "the supreme power in all the heavens:\nthe Buddha himself. "
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 49.545,
"text": "Even in the face\nof this almighty opponent,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 52.381,
"text": "Sun Wukong was not one to grovel."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 55.802,
"text": "He began boasting of his many talents\nand demanded the Emperor's crown."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 59.972,
"text": "Smiling, the Buddha declared\nhe would grant that wish—"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 64.185,
"text": "if Sun Wukong could somersault\nout of his palm."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 68.648,
"text": "The Monkey King gladly pranced onto the\nBuddha’s hand and shot into the air,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 73.653,
"text": "landing in a far-off region"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 75.655,
"text": "where five pink pillars seemed to mark\nthe edge of the Heavens."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 80.535,
"text": "Cackling with glee, Sun Wukong\nproudly marked his territory."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 85.79,
"text": "Returning to the Buddha,\nhe demanded his new title—"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 89.293,
"text": "but he was distracted by a familiar odor."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 93.548,
"text": "Looking back, he was shocked to find\nhe'd never left the Buddha's hand."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 98.386,
"text": "Suddenly, those five fingers transformed\ninto a mountain range,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 104.183,
"text": "which flipped and pinned\nSun Wukong to the ground."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 108.146,
"text": "Using a sacred seal,\nthe Buddha secured the prison,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 112.108,
"text": "trapping the Monkey King for good—\nunless he could learn to change."
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 117.363,
"text": "Seeing the mystical tag, Sun Wukong\nknew he couldn’t escape unaided."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 123.619,
"text": "But it took centuries\nbefore he truly admitted defeat."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 128.457,
"text": "After 500 years of imprisonment,\nhe'd grown increasingly desperate,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 133.963,
"text": "finally vowing to mend his ways."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 136.841,
"text": "So when the Bodhisattva Guanyin happened\nby his prison on a sacred journey,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 142.221,
"text": "he promised to pursue enlightenment\nif she would end his torment."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 146.517,
"text": "The goddess of compassion was skeptical\nof Sun Wukong's change of heart,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 151.606,
"text": "but decided to give him\nan opportunity to prove himself."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 155.401,
"text": "At that time, the goddess was overseeing\nanother sacred quest,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 159.363,
"text": "pursued by a righteous monk\nnamed Tripitaka."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 163.576,
"text": "He had set out to retrieve\nscriptures from the West,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 166.996,
"text": "but the path was too long\nand dangerous to travel alone."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 171.542,
"text": "So Guanyin promised to arrange\nSun Wukong’s freedom"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 175.838,
"text": "if he would serve as a monk’s\nfaithful disciple."
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 179.217,
"text": "The Monkey King agreed without hesitation,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 182.511,
"text": "and Guanyin directed Tripitaka\nto his mountain prison."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 187.725,
"text": "After centuries of waiting,\nSun Wukong was finally free—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 192.897,
"text": "but he knew he had to behave himself."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 196.359,
"text": "While the pair walked peacefully at first,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 199.612,
"text": "they were soon accosted\nby fearsome bandits"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 202.99,
"text": "and Sun Wukong’s old habits bubbled up."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 206.702,
"text": "Tripitaka scolded the Monkey King,\nbut this only enraged him further."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 211.707,
"text": "Being good was far more boring\nthan he had imagined—"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 215.544,
"text": "so he swiftly abandoned his companion."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 218.547,
"text": "Unable to continue alone,\nTripitaka sat dejected,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 222.927,
"text": "until a strange woman approached him."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 225.429,
"text": "She gave him a sumptuous silk shirt\nand a cap hiding a band of gold"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 231.018,
"text": "alongside a mysterious spell."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 234.272,
"text": "It was only when she vanished\nthat Tripitaka recognized her"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 238.526,
"text": "as his holy patron."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 240.653,
"text": "Meanwhile, Sun Wukong was having\nsecond thoughts."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 245.533,
"text": "He'd sought refuge\nin the Dragon King's lair,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 248.411,
"text": "where he discussed his troubles over tea."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 251.205,
"text": "But the Dragon King only scoffed\nat his guest’s wounded pride."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 256.46,
"text": "He told Sun Wukong that if he truly wanted\nto attain enlightenment,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 261.132,
"text": "he would have to abandon his ego—\nhowever painful that might be."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 266.47,
"text": "His determination renewed,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 269.14,
"text": "Sun Wukong Kong returned\nto Tripitaka to apologize,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 274.27,
"text": "but quickly spotted\nthe luxurious shirt and cap."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 279.4,
"text": "They fit the Monkey King perfectly—"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 281.944,
"text": "prompting Tripitaka to recite the spell\nout of curiosity."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 287.7,
"text": "Suddenly, the golden band tightened\naround Sun Wukong’s head,"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 292.496,
"text": "causing explosive pain."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 295.666,
"text": "He became too weak to use\nhis cudgel or somersault away."
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 300.755,
"text": "Only now did Tripitaka recognize\nthe spell’s power."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 305.718,
"text": "Until Sun Wukong could control himself,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 309.472,
"text": "Guanyin had given him control\nof the Monkey King."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 315.561,
"text": "Both parties were uneasy\nabout this new arrangement."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 321.108,
"text": "But they agreed it was for the good\nof their mission."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 325.321,
"text": "Finally, the Monkey King was ready\nfor his greatest challenge yet:"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 330.701,
"text": "an epic journey to the West."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 333.662,
"text": "And perhaps, to redemption."
}
] |
brdrOzVgZX0
|
The dark history of werewolves - Craig Thomson
|
Explore how werewolves have evolved in folklore, literature, and pop culture throughout history, and where these stories originated.
--
Stories of werewolves have existed for thousands of years and continue to live on today. They’re especially prominent in European literature and folklore, and often found in cultures where the wolf is the largest natural predator. Over the years its image has continuously evolved, often reflecting the fears and prejudices of that time. Craig Thomson traces the history of werewolves.
Lesson by Craig Thomson, directed by Avi Ofer.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dark-history-of-werewolves-craig-thomson
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dark-history-of-werewolves-craig-thomson#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aviofer.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll and Eddy.
|
2023-10-26T15:00:45Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "In 1997, a fire began in Indonesia\nthat would rage for almost a year."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 12.216,
"text": "It spanned several thousand\nsquare kilometers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 15.136,
"text": "halted numerous international flights,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 17.263,
"text": "and spread an acrid haze\nall the way to China."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 20.641,
"text": "Yet, despite being one of the largest\nfires in recorded history,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 23.895,
"text": "for months at a time it burned\nwithout a flame—"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 26.481,
"text": "blazing on entirely underground."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 29.65,
"text": "This might sound like a uniquely\nfreaky fire, but each year,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 32.987,
"text": "subterranean fires produce roughly 15%\nof global greenhouse gas emissions—"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 37.825,
"text": "that’s six times more than\ninternational aviation."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 40.828,
"text": "And these burns are virtually unstoppable,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 43.206,
"text": "earning them the ominous\ntitle of zombie fires."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 46.709,
"text": "So, is it possible to snuff\nout these bizarre blazes?"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 50.254,
"text": "And how do they even form\nin the first place?"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 53.132,
"text": "A standard fire requires three\ningredients: fuel, heat, and oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 58.513,
"text": "Every fuel has what’s known\nas an ignition point—"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 61.265,
"text": "a temperature at which\nit begins to break down."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 64.143,
"text": "This process, also known as pyrolysis,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 66.896,
"text": "releases gaseous compounds that mix\nwith nearby oxygen molecules"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 70.65,
"text": "to produce combustion."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 72.443,
"text": "And it’s this chemical reaction that\nreleases large amounts of heat and light"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 76.989,
"text": "in the form of flames."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 78.783,
"text": "But not all combustion leads to flames."
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 81.119,
"text": "Pyrolysis leaves behind a solid\nmaterial called char—"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 84.664,
"text": "like what’s found in charcoal."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 86.541,
"text": "Char contains no combustible gases\nbut it’s rich in highly flammable carbon."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 91.17,
"text": "And under hot enough conditions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 92.964,
"text": "its surface reacts with the\nsurrounding oxygen,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 95.466,
"text": "creating a slow, glowing burn\ncalled smoldering."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 99.011,
"text": "Instead of flame,\nthis process releases smoke;"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 102.64,
"text": "specifically, smoke full of emissions\nlike carbon monoxide, methane,"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 107.145,
"text": "and particulate matter. "
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 109.105,
"text": "All these factors come into play\nin zombie fires,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 111.899,
"text": "which are more scientifically\nknown as peat fires."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 115.111,
"text": "Peat is a type of soil that forms when\norganic matter builds up more rapidly"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 119.115,
"text": "than it decomposes, "
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 120.616,
"text": "and it’s typically found in regions\nthat are very cold or very wet—"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 124.453,
"text": "two factors that can slow\ndown decomposition."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 127.498,
"text": "When plants shed and die in peatland,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 129.959,
"text": "the carbon they've absorbed during their\nlifetime gets locked inside,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 133.462,
"text": "making peatlands one of the planet's\nlargest natural carbon stores."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 137.508,
"text": "But just like char, that also makes this\ncarbon-rich material extremely flammable."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 142.763,
"text": "Historically, the moisture and cold\ntemperatures of peatlands"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 145.892,
"text": "made them unlikely to catch fire."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 147.977,
"text": "But today, droughts caused\nby climate change"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 150.73,
"text": "are drying out these landscapes worldwide,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 153.024,
"text": "and other peatlands have been drained\nto make way for farms."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 156.36,
"text": "Under these conditions, "
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 157.82,
"text": "a fire at the surface can more\neasily ignite the peat below,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 161.24,
"text": "transforming it into char\nwhich will continue to smolder."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 164.952,
"text": "As heat builds in the soil,\nit further dries the peat"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 168.08,
"text": "and eventually,\ndeeper layers begin to burn."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 171.375,
"text": "Peat fires are slow, creeping along\nat just one millimeter a minute."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 176.088,
"text": "But what they lack in speed, \nthey make up for in persistence."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 179.425,
"text": "These fires can burn for months\nor even years,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 182.511,
"text": "all while spewing smoke\nfull of poisonous gases."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 185.431,
"text": "And since they show few signs\nof burning above ground,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 188.351,
"text": "they’re incredibly difficult to track\nuntil they ignite dry surface soil,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 192.355,
"text": "potentially miles away from the source."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 194.69,
"text": "Zombie fires can even burn\nbeneath snow-caked soil,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 198.152,
"text": "overwintering until they spark\nnew blazes in the spring."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 202.073,
"text": "So how can we fight these fires?"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 204.158,
"text": "Well, dousing them with water\nis surprisingly tricky."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 207.37,
"text": "Water's molecules form close bonds,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 209.789,
"text": "resulting in a high surface tension\nthat stops it from filtering evenly"
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 213.709,
"text": "through burning peat."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 215.211,
"text": "Researchers are experimenting with ways\nto reduce water’s surface tension,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 218.839,
"text": " allowing it to permeate\nthe simmering soil."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 221.842,
"text": "And some countries are trying to stop\nthe fires before they start"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 225.221,
"text": "by running controlled burns\nin peatland habitats."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 228.182,
"text": "But many others are simply working\nto prevent peatland drainage,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 231.269,
"text": "which keeps these landscapes\nwet and resilient to fires."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 234.814,
"text": "Despite accounting for only\n3% of Earth's land,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 237.775,
"text": "peatlands hold more than a quarter\nof the planet's carbon."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 240.945,
"text": "And as climate change continues\nto increase the risk of extreme weather,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 244.615,
"text": "including the droughts plaguing\nthese landscapes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 246.909,
"text": "keeping that carbon out of the atmosphere\nhas never been more important."
}
] |
hBC7i-vHWsU
|
A tour of the ancient Greek Underworld - Iseult Gillespie
|
Download a free audiobook version of “The Song of Achilles" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
--
Achilles, just slain in the Trojan War, arrives in the Underworld and is greeted by Sibyl of Cumae— a prophetess and also the realm’s local guide. Though it gets a bad rap, Sibyl is determined to prove to the newcomer that hell is actually a lovely place to live; bursting with historic charm and eccentric neighbors. Iseult Gillespie takes a tour of the Underworld and its most infamous inhabitants.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Arvind Singh Jeena, Nikhita Prabhudesai Jeena, Totem Creative.
This video made possible in collaboration with Audible
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-tour-of-the-ancient-greek-underworld-iseult-gillespie
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-tour-of-the-ancient-greek-underworld-iseult-gillespie#digdeeper
Check out our full book recommendation: https://shop.ed.ted.com/collections/ted-ed-book-recommendations/products/the-song-of-achilles
Animator's website: https://www.totemcreative.in
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's and Olha Bahatiuk.
|
2023-10-24T15:00:45Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "As of 2021, more than 36 million\npeople worldwide"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 11.591,
"text": "were estimated to be experiencing\nsubstance abuse disorder."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 15.803,
"text": "This condition spans a spectrum\nof patterned drug use"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 19.098,
"text": "that causes issues in a person’s life."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 22.06,
"text": "At the more severe end of the spectrum\nis substance addiction."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 25.938,
"text": "To understand why some people are\nmore susceptible to addiction"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 29.484,
"text": "and why it can be so difficult to treat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 31.986,
"text": "let’s take a look at how addictive drugs\naffect the body."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 36.616,
"text": "When someone repeatedly uses\nan addictive substance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 39.744,
"text": "their brain may adjust to account\nfor its regular presence."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 43.998,
"text": "This is called tolerance;\nit diminishes the drug’s effect"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 47.919,
"text": "and means more is required\nto produce the same experience."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 52.632,
"text": "Alcohol, for instance, increases the\ntransmission of chemical messengers"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 56.677,
"text": "like endorphin and GABA,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 58.513,
"text": "which promote sensations\nof pleasure and calmness."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 62.183,
"text": "When someone uses alcohol frequently,\ntheir brain will adapt to its presence."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 66.979,
"text": "So when they don’t use it,\ntheir brain receives fewer signals"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 70.817,
"text": "from those pleasure- and\ncalm-inducing neurotransmitters,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 74.153,
"text": "which impacts their energy and mood."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 77.073,
"text": "In addition to the unique effects\neach addictive substance has,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 80.66,
"text": "all of them alter the release of dopamine"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 83.454,
"text": "in a brain region called\nthe nucleus accumbens."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 86.999,
"text": "This area is part of the brain’s\nreward pathway,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 90.336,
"text": "which is sensitive to experiences\nthat give us pleasure"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 93.297,
"text": "and drives us to repeatedly seek them out."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 96.217,
"text": "The reward pathway is essential\nto our well-being—"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 99.387,
"text": "but addictive substances also exploit it."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 102.89,
"text": "When someone is repeatedly\nusing a substance"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 105.351,
"text": "and their body has adapted\nto its presence,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 107.812,
"text": "they may develop dependence"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 109.856,
"text": "where the drug is necessary\nfor them to function comfortably."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 113.484,
"text": "Meanwhile, repeated use can decrease\nthe influence of the brain’s cortex,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 117.989,
"text": "which is responsible for driving\ndeliberate decision-making"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 121.284,
"text": "and limiting impulsive behaviors."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 123.703,
"text": "And it can increase the influence\nof the brain’s subcortex,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 127.957,
"text": "which is crucial in habit-learning\nand impulsivity."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 131.586,
"text": "Together, these changes can make\nsomeone feel a lack of control"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 135.756,
"text": "over how they’re using a substance."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 138.384,
"text": "This can mean suffering\nin other facets of their life"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 141.429,
"text": "and taking risks to continue using it."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 144.932,
"text": "If the substance leaves their system,\ntheir body's equilibrium is disrupted,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 149.27,
"text": "so they may experience cravings\nthat motivate thoughts and behaviors"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 153.149,
"text": "of seeking and using the drug."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 155.359,
"text": "And if they continue without\nthe substance,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 157.612,
"text": "they may experience withdrawal."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 160.031,
"text": "Opioids, for example,\nrelieve pain and induce sedation."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 164.035,
"text": "Withdrawal from them causes\nheightened pain, anxiety, and insomnia."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 169.248,
"text": "The faster a drug reaches the brain\nand stimulates the reward pathway,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 173.586,
"text": "the more addictive it is."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 175.713,
"text": "For example,\nheroin and morphine have similar effects,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 179.383,
"text": "but heroin’s chemical structure\nenhances its ability"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 182.803,
"text": "to penetrate the blood-brain barrier\nand bind to specific receptors."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 187.558,
"text": "This makes it faster acting\nand more addictive than morphine."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 192.146,
"text": "Meanwhile, compared to nicotine patches\nand gum,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 195.441,
"text": "regular and electronic cigarettes\nare more addictive"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 198.778,
"text": "because smoking and vaping\ndeliver nicotine to the brain fastest."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 204.242,
"text": "Depending on their chemical structure\nand mode of delivery,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 207.286,
"text": "drugs vary in how addictive they are—"
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 209.956,
"text": "but people also vary in how susceptible\nthey are to substance use disorder."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 215.711,
"text": "Scientists think this is due to a mix\nof life experiences"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 219.257,
"text": "and genetically inherited traits,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 221.759,
"text": "though neither predetermines addiction."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 224.637,
"text": "Trauma and mental health conditions appear\nto make people more susceptible."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 228.724,
"text": "And, overall, using addictive substances\nbefore 18"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 232.687,
"text": "is considered a strong risk factor."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 235.231,
"text": "This is in part because the reward\npathways of younger brains"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 239.11,
"text": "are especially sensitive."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 241.07,
"text": "Many of the genetic factors at play\nremain unknown,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 244.699,
"text": "but some genes do seem to track\nwith certain substance use disorders."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 249.62,
"text": "For example, specific genes increase\nthe risk for nicotine addiction"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 253.874,
"text": "by making certain receptors\nmore sensitive to nicotine"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 257.503,
"text": "and withdrawal from it more difficult."
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 259.839,
"text": "At the same time,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 260.923,
"text": "some genes actually make people\nmore resistant to substance use disorders,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 265.511,
"text": "such as genes that slow\nthe breakdown of alcohol,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 268.431,
"text": "leading to unpleasant side effects that\nmake people less interested in drinking."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 273.185,
"text": "In fact, one drug that treats\nalcohol use disorder"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 276.731,
"text": "operates with this very mechanism."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 279.233,
"text": "Detoxing from a substance the body\nhas become dependent on"
},
{
"duration": 1.7109999999999999,
"start": 282.611,
"text": "can be extremely difficult."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 284.363,
"text": "And in some cases, abruptly quitting\ncan also be physically risky,"
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 289.035,
"text": "so it isn’t always advised."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 291.162,
"text": "Beyond detoxing, quitting is\noften a long-term process."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 295.499,
"text": "It’s aided by treatment plans\nthat prioritize"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 298.085,
"text": "addressing underlying conditions;"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 300.588,
"text": "developing new associations\nwith experiences"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 303.007,
"text": "previously linked with drug use;"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 304.967,
"text": "and creating safe,\nsupportive environments."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 308.262,
"text": "Ultimately, both addiction and recovery\nare the results of a brain"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 312.391,
"text": "with an incredible ability to adapt\nfrom experience."
}
] |
IwYut9qF-jM
|
How to overcome your mistakes
|
Explore what prevents us from learning from our failures, and how to become more resilient through cultivating a growth mindset.
--
People often describe failure as a teachable moment— a necessary stumble on our way to improvement. But learning from our mistakes isn’t always easy, especially when those failures are demoralizing, overwhelming, or just downright confusing. So what prevents us from turning our mistakes into mastery? Explore the biggest obstacles of learning from failure, and how to cultivate a growth mindset.
Directed by Luiz Stockler.
This video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Lauren Eskreis-Winkler who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-overcome-your-mistakes
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-overcome-your-mistakes#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.luizstockler.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh and Abhijit Kiran Valluri.
|
2023-10-19T15:00:38Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "Whatever you were doing, there was no way\nto anticipate what came next."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 12.05,
"text": "The back of your elbow smacked\nagainst a hard surface"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 15.595,
"text": "and the impact sent a sensation\nso distinctly disquieting"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 19.849,
"text": "shooting down your arm that it took\nseveral moments to regain composure."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 24.979,
"text": "So, why does hitting this spot\non your elbow—"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 28.357,
"text": "often referred to as your funny bone—\nfeel so weird?"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 32.612,
"text": "Well, to start, your elbow is one of the\nmost complicated joints in your body."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 38.534,
"text": "It's where your upper arm bone,\nthe humerus,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 41.329,
"text": "meets the two bones of your forearm. "
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 43.623,
"text": "Three main nerves run through your elbow."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 45.75,
"text": "One of them, the ulnar nerve, is\nparticularly relevant for our purposes."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 50.463,
"text": "Your ulnar nerve is composed of both\nsensory and motor nerve fibers."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 55.76,
"text": "It extends from your spine to the tips\nof your fourth and fifth fingers,"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 60.098,
"text": "providing them with sensation along with\nswaths of your forearm and hand."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 65.228,
"text": "So, say your little finger gets\ncrushed by a car door."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 69.565,
"text": "Sensory receptors in your\npinky finger's tissues"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 72.944,
"text": "register that unfortunate information"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 75.53,
"text": "and send electrical impulses\nup the ulnar nerve,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 78.741,
"text": " which are then processed\nin your central nervous system."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 82.036,
"text": "This leads to the perception\nof acute, sharp pain,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 85.706,
"text": "followed by aching."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 87.416,
"text": "So that's how your ulnar nerve\ngenerally works."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 90.044,
"text": "But your elbow has an anatomical quirk\nthat leaves your ulnar nerve vulnerable"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 94.924,
"text": "to getting activated in a different way."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 97.844,
"text": "Along almost all of its length,\nyour ulnar nerve is protected,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 102.223,
"text": "hidden beneath muscle, fat, and bone."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 105.017,
"text": "Thankfully, this is generally true\nof your nerves."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 107.854,
"text": "But when your ulnar nerve\nreaches your elbow,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 110.481,
"text": "it runs beneath the bony bump\nat the bottom of your humerus,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 114.652,
"text": "named the medial epicondyle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 116.654,
"text": "and it passes through a tunnel of ligament\nand muscle tissue"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 119.907,
"text": "called the cubital tunnel. "
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 121.617,
"text": "When you bend your elbow,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 122.827,
"text": "your ulnar nerve gets flattened\nagainst the medial epicondyle"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 126.622,
"text": "and the protective tissue\nin the area gets displaced,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 129.917,
"text": "bringing the nerve especially close\nto the skin's surface."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 133.296,
"text": "In this position, the ulnar nerve\nis covered only by skin"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 137.216,
"text": "and cubital tunnel ligament tissue,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 139.427,
"text": "making it perhaps the longest area\nof semi-exposed nerve in your body."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 144.849,
"text": "So, when the area is struck at the\nright angle with enough force,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 149.395,
"text": "something interesting happens."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 151.939,
"text": "Instead of the sensation simply activating\nperipheral receptors"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 155.943,
"text": "that send electrical signals\nalong your ulnar nerve,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 159.03,
"text": "the nerve's fibers are\nstimulated directly."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 162.491,
"text": "This is why hitting your so-called\nfunny bone hits different."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 167.246,
"text": "The exact mechanisms aren't\nyet fully understood."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 170.208,
"text": "But the impact alters\nthe ulnar nerve's signaling,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 173.169,
"text": "perhaps by causing a proliferation\nof nerve signals,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 176.088,
"text": "leading to that intense\npins-and-needles sensation"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 179.383,
"text": "called transient paresthesia,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 181.677,
"text": "which radiates down the length\nof your arm."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 184.347,
"text": "In rare cases, whacks to this special spot"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 187.516,
"text": "have led to temporary loss\nof consciousness,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 190.311,
"text": "perhaps because a hard enough strike\ncould disrupt nerve signaling"
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 194.273,
"text": "and blood flow. "
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 195.608,
"text": "In addition to these more\nimmediately distressing moments,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 199.028,
"text": "regular bent-elbow activities are\nthought to put pressure"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 202.657,
"text": "on the ulnar nerve over time."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 204.7,
"text": "Ulnar nerve entrapment is a relatively\ncommon condition."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 208.829,
"text": "It happens when the ulnar nerve becomes\ncompressed and obstructed,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 212.291,
"text": "most commonly with the cubital tunnel."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 214.835,
"text": "The result of this chronic ulnar nerve\npain can be persistent paresthesia,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 219.173,
"text": "as well as weakness\nin the forearm and hand."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 222.426,
"text": "In the hopes of preventing\nsuch conditions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 224.72,
"text": "doctors recommend conscientious\nelbow usage."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 227.848,
"text": "That includes stretching your arms\nand straightening your elbows,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 231.185,
"text": "and generally taking breaks that\nhelp provide regular relief"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 234.48,
"text": "and maximal blood flow\nto your ulnar nerve."
}
] |
OUieqzVZdQc
|
Confused about recycling? It’s not your fault - Shannon Odell
|
Dig into the biggest problems facing our current plastic recycling process, and explore potential solutions to these systems.
--
If you’ve ever looked at the bottom of a disposable bottle or cup, you’ve probably noticed a recycling symbol. Seeing this, many people assume the item should be put in a recycling bin. Yet many plastics are incapable of being recycled at most centers. In fact, only 9% is recycled each year. So why are so few plastics recycled? And what do these symbols actually mean? Shannon Odell investigates.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Yuval Haker, Alon Sivan.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Rebecca Altman who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-recycling-your-plastic-actually-work-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-recycling-your-plastic-actually-work-shannon-odell#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://yuvalhaker.com & https://www.alonsiv.com
Music: http://danaroth.art/index.html
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer and Javid Gozalov.
|
2023-10-17T15:00:43Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "In the fall of 1845, the bright green\nleaves of potato plants"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 10.923,
"text": "dotted the Irish countryside."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 13.176,
"text": "For over 200 years, \nthe South American vegetable had thrived"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 16.971,
"text": "in Ireland’s rough terrain\nand unpredictable weather."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 20.349,
"text": "Packed with carbohydrates,\nvitamins, and minerals,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 23.227,
"text": "the potato was a remarkably\nnutrient-rich crop"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 26.23,
"text": "that made it easy for less wealthy\nfamilies to maintain a balanced diet."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 30.443,
"text": "By the mid-19th century, potatoes had\nsupplanted other staple foods."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 34.739,
"text": "And since British mandates ensured\nIreland’s more valuable"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 37.784,
"text": "agricultural products were exported,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 39.786,
"text": "roughly half the country’s\n8.5 million residents"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 42.914,
"text": "lived almost entirely on potatoes."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 46,
"text": "But when harvesting began in 1845,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 48.795,
"text": "farmers found their potatoes\nblackened and shriveled."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 52.381,
"text": "Those who ate them suffered severe\nstomach cramps and even death."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 56.886,
"text": "Today, we know the culprit was\nPhytophthora infestans—"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 60.681,
"text": "a fungus that flourished in the season’s\nunusually damp weather."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 64.602,
"text": "But at the time it was simply\ncalled “the blight.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 67.98,
"text": "The fungus likely originated\nin the Americas,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 70.608,
"text": "traveling across the Atlantic on ships."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 72.944,
"text": "And while it destroyed potato harvests\nacross Europe,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 75.988,
"text": "wealthier countries— then as today—\ngenerally fared better,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 79.534,
"text": "as they had more resources to draw on."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 81.869,
"text": "Meanwhile, the southern and western\nregions of Ireland"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 85.206,
"text": "were already impoverished\nand entirely dependent on the single crop,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 89.085,
"text": "making them disproportionately vulnerable."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 91.921,
"text": "The impacts of food insecurity are often\nmost severe at the poverty line."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 95.925,
"text": "But while the failed harvest\ncreated a class crisis,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 98.886,
"text": "the government's response turned\nit into a national catastrophe."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 102.64,
"text": "For centuries, Ireland had been\nunder varying degrees of English control,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 106.644,
"text": "and by 1845,\nit was part of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 110.064,
"text": "with its government based in London."
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 112.567,
"text": "During the famine’s first year,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 114.402,
"text": "this distant ruling body imported corn\nfrom North America"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 118.489,
"text": "and offered the Irish employment\non public works projects."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 121.784,
"text": "But this relief only caused more problems."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 124.579,
"text": "Imported food was poorly distributed\nand offered insufficient nutrition,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 128.708,
"text": "making the previously healthy population\nmore vulnerable to disease,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 132.628,
"text": "and increasing maternal\nand child mortality."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 135.298,
"text": "Worse still, the British continued\nto export Ireland’s grain and livestock."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 139.802,
"text": "Meanwhile, the public works projects\nrequired lengthy shifts"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 143.306,
"text": "of grueling manual labour and\nwere far from where most workers lived."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 147.31,
"text": "For example, just one of countless tragic\nincidences is the story of Thomas Malone,"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 152.315,
"text": "who walked 18 kilometers roundtrip\nto work every day."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 155.985,
"text": "One night, exhausted and starving,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 158.321,
"text": "he collapsed and died\njust before reaching home,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 161.449,
"text": "leaving behind his wife and six children."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 164.577,
"text": "Despite the year’s countless tragedies,\nmany families managed to scrape by."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 168.998,
"text": "But in 1846, the damp weather returned\nand the blight worsened,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 173.336,
"text": "impacting 75% of Ireland's potato yield."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 176.923,
"text": "British relief efforts diminished\nsubstantially in the famine’s second year."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 180.635,
"text": "And while international aid\nhelped save lives,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 183.095,
"text": "the overall need was enormous."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 185.556,
"text": "As the crisis wore on, the government\nlimited who was eligible for relief"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 189.644,
"text": "and tasked Ireland with funding the relief\nefforts themselves"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 193.022,
"text": "by increasing local taxes."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 194.982,
"text": "Most modern historians view these\ndisastrous policies"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 198.236,
"text": "as stemming from a mix\nof toxic religious ideology,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 201.197,
"text": "laissez-faire economic policies,\nand political infighting."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 205.284,
"text": "British news sources callously\ndepicted the Irish"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 207.954,
"text": "as lazy, simple-minded alcoholics,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 210.498,
"text": "and some London decision-makers believed\nthe famine was God’s punishment"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 214.001,
"text": "for these sinful behaviors."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 216.045,
"text": "Other government officials purposefully\nblocked efforts"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 218.881,
"text": "to provide meaningful relief\ndue to internal political rivalries."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 222.468,
"text": "As with famines and food insecurity today,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 225.137,
"text": "it wasn't a lack of resources preventing\nthe British from aiding Ireland,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 228.599,
"text": "but rather a lack of political will."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 231.185,
"text": "Seven years after the blight began,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 233.187,
"text": "Ireland’s weather patterns\nreturned to normal"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 235.648,
"text": "and the potato crop finally stabilised."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 237.9,
"text": "But over 1 million people had perished\nfrom starvation,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 240.945,
"text": "malnutrition, and disease."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 242.78,
"text": "Between 1 and 2 million more\nfled the country,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 245.658,
"text": "beginning a trend that dropped Ireland’s\npopulation to half its pre-famine levels"
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 249.578,
"text": "by the 1920s."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 251.247,
"text": "Today, climate change is making\nextreme weather more common and sustained,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 255.001,
"text": "leading countless agricultural communities\nto face similar struggles."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 259.005,
"text": "Just as in Ireland,\nfarmers living on the margins"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 261.632,
"text": "are increasingly facing starvation,\nmalnutrition, and disease"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 265.386,
"text": "due to global weather patterns\nfor which they bear little responsibility."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 269.181,
"text": "But history doesn’t have to repeat itself\nif governments and institutions"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 272.852,
"text": "can provide the kind of aid\nthese regions need:"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 275.521,
"text": "relief efforts that are coordinated\nand ongoing,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 277.94,
"text": "provide sufficient nutrition\nto prevent disease,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 280.526,
"text": "and are offered with compassion\nrather than judgment."
}
] |
46RDkiy5h3U
|
3 tips on how to study effectively
|
Explore how the brain learns and stores information, and find out how to apply this for more effective study techniques.
--
A 2006 study took a class of surgical residents and split them into two groups. Each received the same study materials, but one group was told to use specific study methods. When tested a month later, this group performed significantly better than the other residents. So, what were these methods? Explore how the brain learns and stores information and how to apply this to your study habits.
Directed by Biljana Labović.
Animation by Laura Angelucci and Teresa Marques Lopes.
This video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Robert Bjork and Elizabeth Bjork who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-tips-on-how-to-study-effectively
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-tips-on-how-to-study-effectively#digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang and Bethany Connor.
|
2023-10-12T15:01:04Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 7.211,
"text": "For centuries, to build any device,"
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 9.881,
"text": "artisans had to painstakingly cut\nevery screw, bolt, or nut by hand."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 16.429,
"text": "But all this changed in the 1790s,"
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 19.265,
"text": "when British metalworker Henry Maudslay\ndeveloped this highly precise lathe."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 25.855,
"text": "Suddenly, these previously\nhandmade components"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 29.233,
"text": "could be reproduced mechanically,\nand at scale."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 33.279,
"text": "This may seem like a simple innovation,\nbut it had a profound effect on the world."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 39.577,
"text": "The standardization of these parts\nhelped usher in the Industrial Revolution."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 45.208,
"text": "From cars to home appliances,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 47.335,
"text": "the 20th century was defined\nby mass production"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 50.922,
"text": "and readily available\ninterchangeable parts."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 55.051,
"text": "This made repairing items relatively easy."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 59.013,
"text": "If your shower head gasket failed "
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 61.14,
"text": "or the hose for your washing machine\nsprang a leak,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 64.435,
"text": "a hardware store likely\ncarried replacements."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 68.064,
"text": "Today, interchangeable parts are as\nimportant as ever for mass production."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 73.653,
"text": "However, some companies are working hard\nto prevent consumers"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 78.908,
"text": "from swapping out components on their own."
},
{
"duration": 6.34,
"start": 82.161,
"text": "In many cases, repair can only be done\nby the original manufacturer, if at all."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 89.46,
"text": "With limited repair options available,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 92.171,
"text": "we end up buying new\nand throwing more items out."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 96.676,
"text": "This is especially true for electronics."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 100.471,
"text": "In 2022, we discarded about\n62 million tons of e-waste,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 106.519,
"text": "along with billions of dollars’ worth\nof precious metals inside of them."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 112.483,
"text": "So how exactly do companies\nprevent repair?"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 117.071,
"text": "Some make it physically more\ndifficult to fix items."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 121.325,
"text": "They can glue parts in place\nrather than using screws."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 125.58,
"text": "Others limit the information\nthey share with consumers,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 129,
"text": "like blocking public access to product\ninformation and schematics."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 133.88,
"text": "During the pandemic, for instance,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 135.715,
"text": "when hospitals struggled to maintain\nbreaking medical equipment,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 139.802,
"text": "the repair company iFixit compiled\na comprehensive database"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 144.64,
"text": "of repair manuals for hospitals to use."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 148.144,
"text": "Yet manufacturers like Steris fought\nfor them to be taken down."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 153.399,
"text": "Yet perhaps the most important, yet least\nobvious, way companies limit repair"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 159.071,
"text": "is by preventing the\ninterchangeability of parts."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 162.909,
"text": "In a process known as parts pairings,"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 166.12,
"text": "companies assign individual parts\nlike screens, batteries, or sensors"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 171.709,
"text": "a unique serial number."
},
{
"duration": 5.88,
"start": 174.212,
"text": "The device's internal software can then\ndetect if those components are replaced"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 180.218,
"text": "and limit their functionality as a result."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 184.013,
"text": "If you swap the screen on two brand\nnew iPhones, for example,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 188.517,
"text": "the automatic brightness adjustment\nwill no longer work."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 192.772,
"text": "In other cases, unauthorized replacements\n can cause the device"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 196.776,
"text": "to stop functioning altogether."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 199.445,
"text": "If a farmer uses an independent shop\nto repair certain parts"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 203.699,
"text": "in a John Deere tractor,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 205.576,
"text": "it won’t operate until a company\ntechnician authenticates the new part"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 210.873,
"text": "using authorized software."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 213.793,
"text": "With only a limited number of company\ntechnicians available,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 217.421,
"text": "this can easily create a bottleneck,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 220.091,
"text": "costing farmers precious time and money,\nand even jeopardizing crops."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 225.388,
"text": "Manufacturers can also use software\nto give devices "
},
{
"duration": 2.293,
"start": 229.267,
"text": "predetermined end-of-life dates,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 231.727,
"text": "after which, they no longer\nreceive important updates,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 235.189,
"text": "and slowly become unusable."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 237.775,
"text": "All this gives manufacturers unprecedented\ncontrol over the products we buy"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 243.364,
"text": "and limits the way we repair them."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 246.2,
"text": "Critics liken these tactics to a form\nof planned obsolescence,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 250.955,
"text": "a manufacturing strategy where a product\nis deliberately designed to fail,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 256.377,
"text": "to keep both demand and profits high."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 260.172,
"text": "But companies pose two main arguments\nin defense of these practices."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 265.303,
"text": "First, they claim that giving consumers\nand third-party repair shops"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 269.724,
"text": "access to their software could\ncreate cybersecurity risks."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 274.478,
"text": "They also argue that they could be liable\nif a product malfunctions"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 279.108,
"text": "after a third party or consumer repair."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 282.737,
"text": "A shoddy repair to a medical device,\nfor instance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 285.865,
"text": "could have deadly consequences,\nand the manufacturer could be blamed."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 290.828,
"text": "However, major reports, like those\nfrom the US Federal Trade Commission"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 295.374,
"text": "and the Food and Drug Administration find\nlittle support for these company claims."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 301.297,
"text": "Parts pairing and repair\nlimiting practices"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 304.3,
"text": "are now being closely scrutinized\nin courts all over the world,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 308.471,
"text": "as consumers fight\nfor the right to repair."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 312.099,
"text": "And states, including Colorado and Oregon,\nhave passed laws banning parts pairing."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 318.356,
"text": "Community-led movements\nhave also taken root."
},
{
"duration": 6.548,
"start": 321.984,
"text": "Over 2,500 cities across the globe,\nfrom Amsterdam to Boise to Bangalore,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 328.616,
"text": "have established repair cafes."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 332.078,
"text": "Here, people trade and share\ntheir knowledge,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 334.83,
"text": "reinvigorating a culture of repair"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 337.541,
"text": "at a time when it often feels easier\nto toss our things than fix them."
}
] |
Z8dZSySRX_g
|
How you survive the coldest place on Earth - Nadia Frontier
|
Explore how marine creatures survive the frigid waters of Antarctica, and what traits allow them to live in such conditions.
--
The vast, white surface of Antarctica stretches for over 3 million square kilometers. On the coast of this expanse, just a few meters beneath the ice, lies a remarkably diverse realm that is home to over 8,000 species of sea denizens who rely on an arsenal of otherworldly traits to survive. So how do these species not only live, but thrive, in such harsh conditions? Nadia Frontier investigates.
Lesson by Nadia Frontier, directed by Sharon Colman.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/surviving-the-coldest-place-on-earth-nadia-frontier
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/surviving-the-coldest-place-on-earth-nadia-frontier#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.youtube.com/@sharoncolman
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon and Aleksandar Donev.
|
2023-10-10T15:02:08Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "For centuries, scholars puzzled\nover the hieroglyphs"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 9.589,
"text": "they found carved onto ancient Egyptian\nruins, tablets, and papyri."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 13.968,
"text": "But a unique discovery would\nfinally help unlock their meaning."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 17.472,
"text": "In 1799, as the French military\ninvaded Egypt,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 21.184,
"text": "an officer encountered a curious stone\non the outskirts of Rashid, or Rosetta."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 27.023,
"text": "It was inscribed with three different\nportions of text:"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 29.859,
"text": "Egyptian hieroglyphs,\nwhich is the oldest Egyptian script,"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 33.196,
"text": "dating back some 5,000 years;"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 35.364,
"text": "Demotic Egyptian,\nwhich is a later derivative of Egyptian;"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 38.868,
"text": "and Ancient Greek."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 40.661,
"text": "It seemed that each section was\na rough translation of the others,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 44.373,
"text": "meaning the stone presented\nan unprecedented key"
},
{
"duration": 1.544,
"start": 47.376,
"text": "to unlocking hieroglyphs."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 49.295,
"text": "English troops soon intercepted the stone"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 51.923,
"text": "and brought it to the British Museum\nin 1802,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 54.55,
"text": "where it became one of the\nmost popular displays."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 57.678,
"text": "Various European scholars—"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 59.138,
"text": "including Johan Åkerblad, Thomas Young,\nand Jean-François Champollion—"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 64.227,
"text": "worked to decode the Egyptian scripts."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 67.063,
"text": "There were some crucial initial clues."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 69.023,
"text": "The Greek section included\nthe names of royal figures,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 71.859,
"text": "while certain areas in the Demotic section\nhad bracket-like forms"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 75.279,
"text": "and some hieroglyphic sections\nwere encircled."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 78.116,
"text": "Could these portions encode\nthe same royal names?"
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 81.828,
"text": "Åkerblad matched some characters up and,\nin 1802,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 85.414,
"text": "successfully decoded the royal names\nand some simple words,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 88.918,
"text": "like “much” and “temples”\nin the Demotic script."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 92.338,
"text": "This led Åkerblad to believe that all\nDemotic signs were alphabetic,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 96.342,
"text": "meaning each letter represented\na discrete sound—"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 99.22,
"text": "much like in English."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 100.763,
"text": "Thomas Young, in contrast, suspected that\nsome of the Demotic signs were logograms—"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 105.893,
"text": "that is, symbols encoding\nentire words or phrases."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 109.397,
"text": "For example, he believed a sun disk with\na stroke indicated the sun or sun god."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 115.153,
"text": "Around 1814, he deciphered some recurring\nDemotic words like “pharaoh” and “Egypt.”"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 121.742,
"text": "Young also had the critical insight"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 123.661,
"text": "that Demotic was a later iteration\nof hieroglyphs."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 126.539,
"text": "And, studying the hieroglyphic text,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 128.583,
"text": "Young successfully decoded\nthe royal name “Ptolemy.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 131.752,
"text": "But he still believed\nthe prevailing misconception"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 134.213,
"text": "that most hieroglyphs were logograms\nrepresenting ideas— not sounds."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 139.01,
"text": "Using his knowledge of other\nscripts and languages,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 141.762,
"text": "like the Egyptian Coptic he’d learned\nfrom a Coptic Christian priest,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 145.725,
"text": "Champollion realized that most encircled\nhieroglyphs were phonetic."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 149.979,
"text": "They represented sounds:\nthe Egyptian vulture, an “a”;"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 153.983,
"text": "the three fox skins, “m-s”,\nand so on."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 157.195,
"text": "This finally allowed him to read the\nEgyptian names “Ramses” and “Thutmose.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 162.408,
"text": "Cross-referencing other\nhieroglyphic texts,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 164.827,
"text": "Champollion confirmed\nthat many hieroglyphs"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 167.121,
"text": "beyond the encircled names were phonetic."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 169.707,
"text": "And on September 14th, 1822,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 172.752,
"text": "he ran to his brother’s house\nand declared the breakthrough."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 175.755,
"text": "Later, Champollion determined that beyond\nalphabetic and logographic hieroglyphs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 180.551,
"text": "some were classifiers that sorted words\ninto categories,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 184.222,
"text": "like occupations, plants,\nand abstract concepts."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 188.351,
"text": "The first complete translation\nof the Rosetta Stone"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 191.02,
"text": "was finally published in the early 1850s."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 193.814,
"text": "So, what did it actually say?"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 196.651,
"text": "The inscription was marked 196 BCE."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 200.238,
"text": "It honored the first anniversary"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 202.031,
"text": "of 13-year-old\nPharaoh Ptolemy V’s coronation"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 205.618,
"text": "and outlined a series of benefits\nfor the Egyptian priesthood."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 208.955,
"text": "The inscriptions described laws\nfor maintaining temples"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 211.666,
"text": "and performing rituals,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 213.042,
"text": "like the burial of sacred animals."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 215.127,
"text": "At the time,\nEgypt was a multicultural society."
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 218.381,
"text": "Two main languages were spoken:"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 220.132,
"text": "Ancient Greek,\nbrought by Egypt’s conquerors,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 222.593,
"text": "and Demotic Egyptian, the native language."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 225.179,
"text": "Hieroglyphs represented Middle Egyptian,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 227.64,
"text": "a language that was already antiquated\nbut may have been included"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 230.935,
"text": "to convey a sense of authority."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 233.062,
"text": "The decree was copied onto many stones\nand erected in temples."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 236.983,
"text": "However, as regimes shifted,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 239.277,
"text": "edifices were deconstructed\nand reconstructed."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 242.738,
"text": "Some scholars think the Rosetta Stone\nwas originally placed in a temple in Sais."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 247.535,
"text": "It’s unclear how it ended\nup 80 kilometers away,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 250.246,
"text": "but it may have been transported\nup the Nile after the late 15th century."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 254.5,
"text": "Once deciphered, hieroglyphs helped\noverturn misconceptions."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 258.254,
"text": "Subterranean chambers\nwithin Egyptian pyramids"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 260.631,
"text": "were once thought to be secret sites\nof priestly initiation and study."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 264.176,
"text": "But it was finally confirmed\nthat pyramids were tombs"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 266.887,
"text": "housing sacred preparations\nfor the afterlife."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 270.016,
"text": "Soon, entire texts could be\ntranslated that showcased"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 273.352,
"text": "the complexity of ancient Egyptian\nreligious compositions."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 277.148,
"text": "Experts are still decoding new\nhieroglyphs as they arise"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 280.067,
"text": "and untangling instances\nof tricky grammar and wordplay."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 283.654,
"text": "The Rosetta Stone helped illuminate one\nof the world’s oldest written languages"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 287.742,
"text": "and the vibrant history it emerged from."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 289.869,
"text": "And yet, the pillaged artifact\nremains far from its provenance today."
}
] |
mpRJhhbKLFc
|
Changing the future, one student voice at a time #shorts
|
Did you know that TED-Ed offers free and customizable activities for students that help turn their big ideas into TED-style talks? TED-Ed Student Talk activities are designed to support teachers, parents and community leaders who want to create opportunities for their students to learn, grow and connect. Explore how to make these free, customizable tools work for you and sign up at https://ed.ted.com/student_talks
#shorts #studenttalk #studentvoice #teded
|
2023-10-06T17:56:03Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "In 326 BCE, the mighty army\nof Alexander the Great was exhausted."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 13.342,
"text": "Tired of monsoon rains\nand fruitless fighting in India,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 16.679,
"text": "Alexander’s forces mutinied\nand demanded a retreat."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 21.059,
"text": "But their bad luck followed them home."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 23.269,
"text": "While marching along the Indus River,\nthe water’s current suddenly reversed"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 29.15,
"text": "and a massive wave crashed\ndown on the weary soldiers."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 34.447,
"text": "This unexpected event was a tidal bore,"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 37.825,
"text": "a phenomenon that occurs when extremely\nhigh tides push seawater up a river."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 44.123,
"text": "The wave was likely quite\nthe shock for Alexander,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 46.793,
"text": "who was accustomed to the\nMediterranean’s mild tides."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 50.338,
"text": "But tidal bores are just one of many ways\ntides can surprise."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 55.927,
"text": "2,000 years after Alexander, Isaac Newton\ndeciphered the laws of gravity"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 61.349,
"text": "and offered the first gravitational\nexplanation of tides."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 65.728,
"text": "As Newton correctly identified,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 67.939,
"text": "tides are choreographed by the motions\nof celestial objects,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 72.36,
"text": "and Earth’s tides in particular\nare mostly driven by the Moon."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 77.49,
"text": "Many coastal communities connected lunar\nand tidal activity long before Newton,"
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 82.829,
"text": "but the precise nature of this\nrelationship is actually quite nuanced."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 88.417,
"text": "The attractive force of gravity\ngets weaker with distance,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 92.922,
"text": "so the Moon’s gravity tugs strongest\non the side of the Earth that faces it."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 98.553,
"text": "There, gravity pulls the oceans up\ninto what’s called a tidal bulge."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 105.143,
"text": "Yet at the same time, another tidal bulge\nforms on the planet’s opposite side."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 110.898,
"text": "This might seem like\ngravity defying behavior."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 114.152,
"text": "But that’s because we often think\nof the Moon as orbiting the Earth,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 118.281,
"text": "when in reality, the Earth and Moon\norbit each other"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 122.16,
"text": "around a shared center of mass\nroughly 1,700 kilometers"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 127.248,
"text": "below the planet’s surface."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 130.168,
"text": "In this context, the Earth is like a child\nholding on to a carousel."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 134.922,
"text": "And just like a rider’s hair\nflies out behind them,"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 138.092,
"text": "Earth's water stretches away\nto create that second tidal bulge."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 144.182,
"text": "Within that orbit,\nthe Earth rotates once a day,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 148.686,
"text": "moving points on its surface\nin and out of these bulges."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 153.399,
"text": "This results in two daily high tides\nwhen areas are inside each bulge,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 158.946,
"text": "and two daily low tides\nwhen places are between them."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 163.91,
"text": "But as Newton recognized, it’s not just\nthe Moon’s gravity that pulls on Earth—"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 168.706,
"text": "our Sun tugs the tides, too."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 172.335,
"text": "In fact, the Sun is why tidal strength\nvaries with the phases of the Moon."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 177.757,
"text": "Lunar phases coincide with different\ngravitational lineups"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 181.677,
"text": "of the Moon, Sun, and Earth."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 183.971,
"text": "For example, high tides are highest\nwhen the Moon is full,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 188.142,
"text": "creating extreme spring tides."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 191.062,
"text": "And low tides are lowest when the Moon\nis half-full,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 194.941,
"text": "making tiny neap tides."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 197.86,
"text": "Subtleties in the orbits\nof these celestial bodies"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 200.863,
"text": "introduce even more complexities\nand tidal varieties."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 204.659,
"text": "And the strength of all these tides\ndepends on the local landscape."
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 209.83,
"text": "Flat, enclosed lakes and seas\ngenerate the weakest tides,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 214.335,
"text": "while bays and narrow inlets\nproduce the strongest."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 218.589,
"text": "Well, at least the strongest\ntides on Earth—"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 221.592,
"text": "there are even more dramatic tidal forces"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 223.886,
"text": "on our solar system's\nother celestial bodies."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 227.598,
"text": "Millennia of Jupiter and Saturn’s\ngravitational kneading"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 231.018,
"text": "has generated enough heat on their\nrespective moons of Enceladus and Europa"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 236.399,
"text": "to create oceans\nbeneath their icy crusts."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 240.194,
"text": "Jupiter’s moon Io endures the strongest\ntidal forces in the solar system,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 245.116,
"text": "fueling intense volcanic activity."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 248.286,
"text": "And in other planetary systems,\nsome planets orbit so close to their stars"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 252.748,
"text": "that extreme tidal forces\nlock them in place."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 256.711,
"text": "This tidal locking can leave\nthe sun-facing hemisphere boiling"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 261.257,
"text": "while the other freezes in eternal night."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 264.468,
"text": "You won’t find a half-melting,\ntidally-locked planet in our solar system,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 269.557,
"text": "but given enough time, tidal forces\nwould lock the Earth to the Moon."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 274.687,
"text": "As Earth’s oceans churn\nto keep pace with the Moon,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 278.607,
"text": "the water creates friction\nthat slows our planet's rotation."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 283.321,
"text": "And after roughly 50 billion years,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 285.74,
"text": "this process will have slowed Earth\ndown enough"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 288.701,
"text": "for it to become tidally locked\nto the Moon."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 292.079,
"text": "But before you start to sweat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 293.873,
"text": "you can take solace in the knowledge\nthat the Sun will have already died"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 297.668,
"text": "and taken Earth with it\nbillions of years earlier."
}
] |
MQu7DEhpr-8
|
What would happen if everyone stopped eating meat tomorrow? - Carolyn Beans
|
Explore the possibilities and challenges of what a vegetarian world could look like if we all immediately stopped eating meat.
--
Imagine if a wizard of meatless dining suddenly appeared on Earth and with one wave of a wand wiped away all meat from our shelves— along with any desire to eat it. Farm animals destined for food vanish, whisked away to another planet. What happens in the following days, years, and even millennia? Carolyn Beans explores what a vegetarian world could look like.
Lesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Mitchelle Tamariz.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Marco Springmann who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-everyone-stopped-eating-meat-tomorrow-carolyn-beans
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-everyone-stopped-eating-meat-tomorrow-carolyn-beans#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.mitchelletamariz.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan and Wes Winn.
|
2023-10-05T15:00:58Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 6.9190000000000005,
"text": "Looking at her father’s brutally\nmurdered body,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 10.339,
"text": "Oiwa was sick with despair."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 13.509,
"text": "Her father had been Oiwa’s only hope\nfor ending her marriage"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 17.889,
"text": "to the cruel and dishonorable\nsamurai Iemon."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 22.268,
"text": "And now, while her husband and \nbrother-in-law vowed to find the culprit,"
},
{
"duration": 6.173,
"start": 27.523,
"text": "Oiwa was trapped in her unhappy home\nwith only the household servant Kohei"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 33.696,
"text": "to witness her suffering."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 36.157,
"text": "What the grieving woman couldn’t guess,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 38.451,
"text": "however, was just how close\nthe killer was."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 42.872,
"text": "After Oiwa’s father tried \nto end the marriage,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 46.209,
"text": "it was Iemon who murdered him\nin cold blood."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 51.255,
"text": "Hearing of her troubles,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 53.216,
"text": "Oiwa’s wealthy doctor neighbor sent\nsome medicine to soothe her."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 58.221,
"text": "However, when Iemon went to offer thanks,"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 62.225,
"text": "the doctor revealed his gift was\npart of a sordid scheme."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 67.438,
"text": "His beautiful young granddaughter\nwas madly in love with Iemon,"
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 71.943,
"text": "and if the samurai left Oiwa for her,\nthe doctor would offer him great riches."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 78.157,
"text": "Iemon happily accepted this bargain,\nand eager to marry his new bride,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 83.538,
"text": "he sent a man called Takuetsu\nto dispose of his poisoned wife."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 89.877,
"text": "But when Takuetsu arrived in Oiwa’s room,\nhe was appalled."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 95.383,
"text": "The poison had swollen her eye"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 98.469,
"text": "and her hair fell to the floor\nin bloody clumps."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 102.64,
"text": "Taking pity, Takuetsu told Oiwa\nabout the doctor’s scheme."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 109.021,
"text": "Furious, Oiwa lunged for a sword."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 112.358,
"text": "Takuetsu wrestled it away and flung\nthe blade across the room."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 117.28,
"text": "But when Oiwa ran to confront her husband,\nshe stumbled,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 121.367,
"text": "falling against the sword."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 123.995,
"text": "Wounded and poisoned,\nOiwa cursed Iemon’s name"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 128.708,
"text": "as the life left her body."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 131.794,
"text": "At the discovery of his wife's demise,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 134.005,
"text": "Iemon arranged to remarry\nthat very night—"
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 137.884,
"text": "but not before killing his servant Kohei,\nwho heard Oiwa’s death."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 143.347,
"text": "While Iemon celebrated his wedding,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 145.808,
"text": "his friends nailed both corpses\nto a heavy door"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 149.687,
"text": "and sunk them in a nearby river."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 153.065,
"text": "That night, Iemon reveled\nin his successful scheme."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 157.945,
"text": "But suddenly his bride’s sleeping face"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 161.532,
"text": "shifted into Oiwa’s tortured features."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 165.494,
"text": "Iemon acted on his violent instincts,\nslashing her throat."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 170.416,
"text": "But when his fear subsided,\nhe realized that he’d killed his new wife."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 176.422,
"text": "He stumbled out of the room \nand into another monstrous figure"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 179.967,
"text": "wearing the face of his deceased servant."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 183.179,
"text": "The samurai ran his sword through the man—"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 185.806,
"text": "only to discover he’d slain his new\ngrandfather-in-law as well."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 191.729,
"text": "Iemon fled the house, running frantically\nuntil he came upon a moonlit river."
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 197.401,
"text": "Here, he stopped to plot his next move,\nfishing as he thought."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 202.74,
"text": "Soon his fishing rod began to twitch,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 205.451,
"text": "but the harder he pulled,\nthe heavier his catch became."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 209.038,
"text": "Finally, a wooden door broke\nthe river’s surface—"
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 213.125,
"text": "with Oiwa’s writhing body on one side\nand Kohei’s on the other."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 219.298,
"text": "Iemon ran for days,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 223.094,
"text": "finally taking shelter\nin a mountain hermitage."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 226.597,
"text": "Over the following months,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 228.057,
"text": "he tried to convince himself these\nhorrible visions were just illusions—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 233.854,
"text": "but his nightmares never relented."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 237.066,
"text": "One night, as he attempted\nto walk off another bad dream,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 240.945,
"text": "a nearby lantern began\nto crackle and tear."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 245.741,
"text": "The paper stretched larger and larger"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 249.578,
"text": "until Oiwa’s ghost appeared\nin a blaze of fire."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 254.333,
"text": "Iemon begged for mercy, \nbut Oiwa had none to offer."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 260.214,
"text": "Over just 24 hours, the spirit slaughtered\nhis parents and friends,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 266.053,
"text": "and tortured the samurai\nwith ravenous rats."
},
{
"duration": 6.715,
"start": 269.932,
"text": "Only when Iemon was truly hopeless\ndid Oiwa enlist her brother-in-law"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 276.647,
"text": "to secure bloody justice\nfor her and her father."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 281.777,
"text": "In the 19th century,\nOiwa’s quest for vengeance"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 285.489,
"text": "was one of the most popular\nkabuki theater performances,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 288.951,
"text": "renowned for its grisly narrative\nand groundbreaking special effects."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 294.206,
"text": "To depict Oiwa’s iconic transformation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 297.335,
"text": "designers hid bags of fake blood\nin her wig."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 301.005,
"text": "And for her grand, ghostly entrance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 304.3,
"text": "Oiwa’s actor really would emerge\nfrom a flaming lantern,"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 308.929,
"text": "doing an assisted handstand to look\nas though she’s descending from above."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 314.727,
"text": "Today, Oiwa is considered\nJapan’s most famous ghost,"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 319.482,
"text": "and her image continues to inspire\ncounterparts in film and television."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 324.945,
"text": "But those who retell her story\nstill tread carefully,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 329.283,
"text": "often asking her spirit’s permission\nat her rumored grave in Tokyo."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 334.455,
"text": "In this way, modern storytellers continue\nto give Oiwa"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 339.877,
"text": "the respect— and fear—"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 342.129,
"text": "she so rightfully deserves."
}
] |
XLjdNXBZm3I
|
Ethical dilemma: What makes life worth living? - Douglas MacLean
|
Puzzle through a classic ethical dilemma and decide: can human existence be meaningful without its creativity and culture?
--
Life on your planet depends entirely on Nuronium for normal cognition. Unfortunately, its source has been compromised and you are now at risk of extinction. Scientists have found an alternate energy source, Polixate, but it can’t sustain cognition and would mean the loss of people's creativity. So, what shall it be: extinction or life without culture? Douglas MacLean explores this classic dilemma.
Lesson by Douglas MacLean, directed by Asparuh Petrov, Compote Collective.
This video was produced in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics, housed within the renowned Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Parr Center is committed to integrating abstract work in ethical theory with the informed discussion of practical ethical issues, and prides itself on the development of innovative and inclusive approaches to moral and civic education.
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ethical-dilemma-what-makes-life-worth-living-douglas-maclean
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ethical-dilemma-what-makes-life-worth-living-douglas-maclean#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://asipetrov.com
Music: https://www.soundscapers.org
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz and Victor E Karhel.
|
2023-10-03T15:01:41Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "A hydrogen atom travels high\nwithin the outermost layer"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 11.007,
"text": "of the Earth’s atmosphere."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 13.009,
"text": "This particular atom first entered\nthe exosphere millions of years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 17.18,
"text": "and during its tenure on Earth,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 19.057,
"text": "it’s spent time in the waves\nof the Atlantic Ocean,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 22.31,
"text": "the ground soil of the Amazon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 24.479,
"text": "and even the steam rising\noff a boiling pot of spaghetti."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 28.357,
"text": "But today, traveling 30 times faster\nthan the speed of sound,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 32.945,
"text": "it overcomes the Earth’s gravitational\npull and escapes,"
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 37.2,
"text": "joining the roughly 90 tons of material\nthat leak out of our atmosphere each day."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 44.165,
"text": "This daily whale-sized atmospheric loss\nis just one example"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 48.795,
"text": "of how the Earth is leaking."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 51.047,
"text": "Atoms, energy, and molecules seep\nfrom one layer of the planet to another."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 56.844,
"text": "And for Earth, whose stability\nis necessary to sustain life,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 60.598,
"text": "these leaks can seem troubling."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 62.975,
"text": "To better understand the extent\nof the planet’s imperfect plumbing,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 66.729,
"text": "and when it becomes a problem,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 68.648,
"text": "let’s visit two more leakage sites."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 72.693,
"text": "Our second spot takes us\nto the Earth’s surface,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 75.78,
"text": "to a field in Central Appalachia."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 78.407,
"text": "Below, a 1,500 meter deep shaft connects\nan oil reservoir"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 84.33,
"text": "with the Earth’s surface."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 86.457,
"text": "The oil supply here is dried up,\nleaving the site neglected and abandoned."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 91.379,
"text": "But this underground reservoir also houses\nthe potent greenhouse gas methane,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 97.26,
"text": "which continues to travel up the shaft\nand escape through cracks and loose pipes."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 102.14,
"text": "This leaky well joins the more than\n3 million abandoned wells"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 107.145,
"text": "scattered throughout the US,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 109.147,
"text": "that collectively emit,\nby lower estimates,"
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 111.858,
"text": "280,000 metric tons of methane each year."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 117.53,
"text": "Our final leakage point takes us deep\nwithin the innermost boundary"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 121.325,
"text": "of the Earth, the core."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 123.286,
"text": "Heat, originating from the formation\nof our solar system,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 126.789,
"text": "drives the rotation of liquid metal\naround the solid inner core."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 131.836,
"text": "The motion, in turn,\ncreates the planet’s magnetic field,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 135.84,
"text": "a barrier that protects it\nfrom cosmic radiation and solar wind."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 140.344,
"text": "But the core isn't perfectly insulated,\nso heat constantly leaks,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 145.308,
"text": "escaping to the surrounding mantle"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 147.435,
"text": "and driving plate tectonics\nand magmatic activity."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 150.897,
"text": "As a result, the core’s outer molten metal\nis slowly solidifying."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 155.651,
"text": "Once fully cooled,\nthe magnetic field will disappear,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 159.113,
"text": "leaving us exposed\nto the Sun’s harshest rays."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 163.117,
"text": "The Earth clearly has\nsome cracks and bleeds."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 166.954,
"text": "Should we be worried?"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 168.789,
"text": "Thankfully, the immediate risks\nof our hydrogen leak are low."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 172.835,
"text": "At its current rate, it would take \nover 150 billion years"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 177.006,
"text": "to lose all our hydrogen to space."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 179.759,
"text": "The same goes for our core leak."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 181.844,
"text": "Scientists estimate the core\nwon't completely cool"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 184.972,
"text": "for another 700 million \nto several billion years."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 190.102,
"text": "Methane emissions, however,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 192.063,
"text": "have the power to alter our Earth's\nclimate within the next decade."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 196.359,
"text": "The gas’s unique structure efficiently\nabsorbs energy radiating off the Earth,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 201.364,
"text": "trapping it in the atmosphere as heat."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 204.075,
"text": "This gives methane incredible\nwarming potential,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 207.161,
"text": "86 times that of carbon dioxide."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 210.414,
"text": "The impact of methane escaping\nfrom abandoned wells in the US"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 213.96,
"text": "is comparable to burning\n10 billion pounds of coal each year."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 219.298,
"text": "As abandoned wells in most\nof the world’s top oil producers"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 222.885,
"text": "have yet to be extensively\ncounted or surveyed,"
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 226.013,
"text": "the global emissions of all abandoned\nwells is likely much, much higher."
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 231.435,
"text": "And they join the estimated\n570 million tons of methane"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 236.274,
"text": "emitted by other anthropological\nand natural sources each year."
},
{
"duration": 1.7109999999999999,
"start": 241.57,
"text": "Beyond their climate impact,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 243.281,
"text": "these unsealed wells can leach methane\nand other toxic gases"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 247.076,
"text": "into nearby groundwater,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 248.911,
"text": "contaminating drinking water\nand impacting local ecosystems."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 253.582,
"text": "Luckily, non-producing oil wells can be\nplugged by pumping cement"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 257.461,
"text": "into their depths."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 258.921,
"text": "While many state and federal governments\nrequire oil and gas companies"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 262.8,
"text": "to plug defunct wells,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 264.635,
"text": "plugging comes at a high expense,"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 266.887,
"text": "so companies have historically\ndodged policies."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 270.099,
"text": "For decades, these leaky, low-producing,\nand economically non-viable wells"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 275.271,
"text": "were sold off and abandoned."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 277.773,
"text": "It's clear that oil and gas companies\nwon't fix this problem on their own."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 282.028,
"text": "It'll take concerted governmental efforts,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 284.363,
"text": "such as placing high fees\non methane emission"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 287.158,
"text": "and coordinated oversight on plugging,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 289.785,
"text": "to make sure companies\nare held accountable."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 292.413,
"text": "But the problem starts before\nthese wells are abandoned."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 295.875,
"text": "Within the US, \nactive oil and gas production"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 299.462,
"text": "emits massive amounts of methane,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 302.048,
"text": "about 28 times that of abandoned wells."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 305.551,
"text": "The best way to eliminate this leak\nis to stop drilling oil and gas wells"
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 310.431,
"text": "in the first place."
}
] |
5-J1t0rAlOU
|
The plot to overthrow the Inca Empire - Gabriel Prieto
|
Follow Maxo, a warrior of the Chimu Empire, as he navigates the Inca-conquered streets of Chan Chan to receive a secret message.
--
It’s daybreak in the city of Chan Chan, and former soldier Maxo has been up all night fretting. Last night, a friend stopped by and instructed him to go to the plaza at noon to receive an important message. But with the recent defeat of their army and the overthrow of the king, answering this mysterious summons will be dangerous. Gabriel Prieto outlines a day in the life of a Chimu warrior.
Lesson by Gabriel Prieto, directed by Qian Shi.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-conspiracy-to-take-down-the-inca-empire-gabriel-prieto
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-conspiracy-to-take-down-the-inca-empire-gabriel-prieto#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.qianshi.art
Music: https://www.tschernuth.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim and Phyllis Dubrow.
|
2023-09-28T15:00:32Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 7.211,
"text": "Floating 350 kilometers\nabove the Earth's surface,"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 10.673,
"text": "astronauts aboard the Soviet space station\nMir made a frightening discovery."
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 16.429,
"text": "Their once clear porthole was clouded\nwith a green and black web-like substance."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 22.935,
"text": "Soon, these growths were found\nthroughout the shuttle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 25.48,
"text": "blanketing air conditioners\nand corroding control panels,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 28.983,
"text": "putting both the station's integrity\nand the astronauts' lives at risk."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 34.03,
"text": "The invaders were identified as several\nspecies of Earth-derived fungi"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 39.035,
"text": "that had, against all odds,\nsurvived the journey to space."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 43.79,
"text": "And once there, they'd adapted\nto the microgravity"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 47.126,
"text": "and radiation-dense environment."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 49.879,
"text": "Thankfully, the crew managed\nto keep these threats at bay,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 53.341,
"text": "and Mir remained in orbit\nfor the next 13 years."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 57.386,
"text": "During that time, scientists have learned\nthat fungi have the potential"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 62.141,
"text": "not to hinder space travel,\nbut to help it."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 65.77,
"text": "In fact, these resilient,\noften overlooked organisms"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 69.19,
"text": "may be the key to our future\non other planets."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 73.152,
"text": "Once outside the Earth's protective\nmagnetic field,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 76.697,
"text": "most living things need serious protection"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 79.45,
"text": "to survive the DNA-damaging\ncosmic radiation in space."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 84.33,
"text": "But that's not the case for some fungi."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 86.791,
"text": "Many species produce a unique\nform of melanin,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 90.044,
"text": "a pigment that safely absorbs\nhigh levels of radiation"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 93.506,
"text": "and, in some cases,\nuses this energy to fuel growth."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 98.261,
"text": "Even if dangerous levels of radiation make\nit past this homegrown armor"
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 102.098,
"text": "to damage DNA, "
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 103.349,
"text": "many fungi have robust repair\nsystems that spring into action,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 107.728,
"text": "cutting out and restoring\ndefective sequences."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 110.815,
"text": "And radiation isn't the only cosmic\nelement fungi can withstand."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 114.944,
"text": "Their hardy spores sport thick cell walls"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 118.03,
"text": "that allow them to survive\nextreme temperatures."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 121.909,
"text": "So, how might we utilize fungi in space?"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 125.246,
"text": "Well, a big obstacle to settling \non other planets"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 128.708,
"text": "is figuring out how to source \nthe materials"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 131.21,
"text": "needed to build suitable habitats."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 134.38,
"text": "There are two common solutions."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 136.09,
"text": "First, we could send these supplies \nup from Earth."
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 139.26,
"text": "But this is expensive—"
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 140.761,
"text": "it costs roughly $10,000 for each\nkilogram of weight added to a launch."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 146.767,
"text": "Alternatively, we could use\nwhat's already there."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 149.937,
"text": "Homes could be built from the dust\nand fragmented rock"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 152.773,
"text": "that coat the surface of other planets,\nwhich is called regolith."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 156.736,
"text": "Yet this would require a shipment of\nlarge, heavy, energy-intensive machinery"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 160.74,
"text": "to collect, heat, and compact the loose\nregolith into something usable."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 165.453,
"text": "That's where fungi come in."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 167.622,
"text": "Most fungi have hair-like root structures\ncalled mycelia."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 171.709,
"text": "And as they grow, they easily bind\nnearby materials,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 175.379,
"text": "whether it be wood chips,\nsawdust, or regolith."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 179.383,
"text": "The result is a dense, interconnected web"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 181.636,
"text": "that makes a surprisingly durable\nbuilding material"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 184.972,
"text": "that's both thermal and\nradiation protective."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 188.434,
"text": "Scientists working with NASA's Innovative\nAdvanced Concepts program"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 192.855,
"text": "have devised plans for using\nthis technology"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 195.191,
"text": "to grow fungal homes on other planets."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 198.444,
"text": "First, lightweight, flexible bags seeded\nwith dehydrated spores"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 202.406,
"text": "are launched to their new home."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 204.45,
"text": "Once they've arrived, accompanying rovers\nsource water for rehydration"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 208.704,
"text": "and regolith for binding."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 210.539,
"text": "Alternatively, the bags could be preseeded\nwith a lightweight binding material,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 215.294,
"text": "like dehydrated wood chips."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 217.296,
"text": "And there's another essential ingredient\nto these packages, cyanobacteria,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 222.551,
"text": "which provide the fungi with nutrients\nand convert sunlight into oxygen."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 227.265,
"text": "The mycelia grow to fit the shape\nof their bags,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 229.976,
"text": "creating the walls, roof, and even the\nfurniture of these fungal abodes."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 235.523,
"text": "Once completed,\nmaintaining these buildings"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 238.025,
"text": "would likely be relatively simple,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 240.194,
"text": "as any cracks could be\nreseeded and regrown."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 244.365,
"text": "Scientists could engineer cyanobacteria\nto alert residents if repair is needed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 249.203,
"text": "by glowing when oxygen or pressure levels\nin the habitat dip."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 253.374,
"text": "Of course, there's still a lot of work\nout there"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 255.626,
"text": "before these lightweight habitat packs\nare ready for launch."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 259.297,
"text": "In the meantime, researchers have begun\nto iron out the details"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 262.8,
"text": "by growing these sustainable,\ncarbon-negative fungal habitats"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 266.762,
"text": "right here on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 268.848,
"text": "And housing is just one of many possible\nuses for fungi in space."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 273.936,
"text": "Communities will need to grow\ntheir own food,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 276.314,
"text": "yet soil suitable for plants isn't\nreadily available off Earth."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 280.609,
"text": "Fungi can release a variety\nof chemical-degrading enzymes"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 284.739,
"text": "capable of dissolving\ncarbon-rich asteroids into soil."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 289.368,
"text": "And they can also be engineered\nto mine and extract metals,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 293.122,
"text": "like aluminum and iron,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 294.832,
"text": "which could allow space colonies\nto source these valuable ores locally."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 299.67,
"text": "Fungi have come a long way\nfrom their space hazard beginnings"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 303.341,
"text": "and will undoubtedly continue\nto break the mold."
}
] |
mAxFB3vbt7c
|
Why mosquitoes bite some people more than others - Maria Elena De Obaldia
|
Explore the science of what attracts mosquitos, and find out why mosquitos bite some people more than others.
--
Some swear they’re cursed to be hunted by mosquitos while their close-by companions are regularly left unscathed. Are mosquitos really attracted to some people more than others? And if so, is there anything we can do about it? Maria Elena De Obaldia digs into what factors make people tasty targets for these pesky insects.
Lesson by Maria Elena De Obaldia, directed by Anton Bogaty.
This video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-mosquitoes-actually-bite-some-people-more-than-others-maria-elena-de-obaldia
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-mosquitoes-actually-bite-some-people-more-than-others-maria-elena-de-obaldia#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://antonbogaty.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang and Abhishek Goel.
|
2023-09-26T15:00:56Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "In the mid-18th century,\nEngland was crazy for ketchup."
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 11.632,
"text": "The sauce was a staple,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 13.009,
"text": "and countless cookbooks\nencouraged adding ketchup"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 15.678,
"text": "to stews, vegetables, and even desserts."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 18.973,
"text": "If these seem like odd places\nfor ketchup’s tangy tomato flavor,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 23.311,
"text": "that’s because this ketchup wasn’t the\nubiquitous red goop you’re thinking of."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 27.732,
"text": "In fact, this sweet and savory brown sauce\ndidn't even have tomatoes in it."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 33.529,
"text": "So where did this early ketchup come from?"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 35.99,
"text": "And how did it become the dip\nwe know and love today?"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 40.036,
"text": "To answer these questions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 41.496,
"text": "we’ll need to turn to ketchup’s\ncondiment cousin: fish sauce."
},
{
"duration": 6.798,
"start": 46.042,
"text": "As early as 300 BCE, Chinese fishermen\nroutinely caught batches of small fish"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 52.84,
"text": "that were too plentiful\nto eat all at once,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 55.593,
"text": "but too time consuming\nto individually preserve."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 59.305,
"text": "So often, the day’s catch would be\nsalted and stored together."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 64.018,
"text": "Over several months,\nthe fish would ferment"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 66.437,
"text": "as their internal enzymes broke\ndown their bodies’ proteins."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 70.233,
"text": "The result was a rich, salty liquid"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 72.902,
"text": "which would be strained and stored\nas fish sauce."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 76.572,
"text": "Chinese fishermen weren’t the only ones\nto figure out this savory seasoning."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 80.827,
"text": "Ancient Greeks, and later the Romans\nthat conquered them,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 83.83,
"text": "built their entire cuisine\naround fish sauce’s strong umami flavor."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 89.293,
"text": "The sauce, which they called garum,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 91.42,
"text": "traveled with every soldier\nto the Empire’s front lines."
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 95.133,
"text": "And they constructed dozens of fish sauce\nfactories throughout the Mediterranean,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 100.304,
"text": "each capable of producing thousands\nof gallons of garum."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 104.267,
"text": "But when the Roman Empire collapsed,\nso did their condiment business."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 108.062,
"text": "Most Europeans continued to cook without\nfish sauce for a thousand years,"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 112.775,
"text": "until the Dutch East India Company arrived\nin Southeast Asia in the early 1600s."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 119.323,
"text": "The Dutch and English exploited\nthis region for countless goods,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 123.703,
"text": "including barrels of their most common\nlocal condiment."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 127.832,
"text": "This familiar, fishy liquid\nhad many names,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 131.169,
"text": "including “ke-tsiap” and “koe-cheup.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 133.921,
"text": "But upon arrival in British ports,\nits title was bastardized into ketchup,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 139.385,
"text": "thus beginning Europe’s second wave\nof fish sauce supremacy."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 143.89,
"text": "European ships supplied ketchup\nthroughout the Western Hemisphere"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 147.977,
"text": "until they were kicked out of Asian\ntrade hubs in the mid-1700s."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 152.607,
"text": "But the public refused to let ketchup\ngo the way of garum."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 156.235,
"text": "A whole crop of British cookbooks emerged\nwith recipes for knockoff ketchups,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 161.908,
"text": "containing everything from oysters\nand anchovies to mushrooms and walnuts."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 167.33,
"text": "Soon, ketchup became a catch-all name\nfor any brown sauce."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 171.834,
"text": "And this great ketchup hunt produced some\nof England’s most enduring condiments,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 176.881,
"text": "including Worcestershire, A1,\nand HP sauce."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 180.593,
"text": "But it was a chef across the Atlantic"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 182.887,
"text": "who would introduce a new color\nto the equation."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 186.474,
"text": "While tomatoes varied\nin popularity across Europe,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 189.518,
"text": "American chefs were putting the New World\nfruit in all kinds of dishes."
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 194.315,
"text": "And in 1812, Philadelphian physician\nand food hobbyist James Mease"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 200.112,
"text": "debuted the first tomato-based ketchup—"
},
{
"duration": 6.882,
"start": 203.407,
"text": "a thin, watery concoction of tomato pulp,\nspices, raw shallots, and brandy."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 210.456,
"text": "This was a far-cry from fish sauce,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 212.959,
"text": "but tomatoes have high levels\nof glutamate—"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 216.17,
"text": "the same chemical responsible\nfor fish sauce’s rich umami flavor."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 220.716,
"text": "And Mease’s timing was perfect."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 223.511,
"text": "The back half of the 1800s\nsaw a surge in bottled foods,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 227.807,
"text": "and tomato ketchup was adopted\nby several burgeoning bottle businesses."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 232.353,
"text": "By the 1870s, most tomato ketchups\nhad dropped the shallots and brandy"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 237.525,
"text": "for sugar, salt, and sodium benzoate—"
},
{
"duration": 3.713,
"start": 240.569,
"text": "a questionable preservative\nfound in most bottled foods."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 244.365,
"text": "But the most important change\nto this recipe was yet to come."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 248.494,
"text": "After a slow start selling\npickled vegetables,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 251.789,
"text": "Henry J. Heinz began selling\na wide variety of popular ketchups."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 256.627,
"text": "And at the turn of the 20th century,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 258.587,
"text": "his desire to use healthier,\nnatural ingredients"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 261.924,
"text": "led Heinz to swap the sodium benzoate"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 264.802,
"text": "for riper tomatoes\nand a huge amount of vinegar."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 268.681,
"text": "The resulting thick, goopy formula\nwas an instant best seller—"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 272.935,
"text": "despite being much harder\nto get out of the bottle."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 275.938,
"text": "Over the 20th century,\nthis salty red sauce covered the globe—"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 280.318,
"text": "pairing perfectly with the ambassadors\nof American cuisine."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 284.322,
"text": "Today, 90% of American households\nhave ketchup in their kitchens,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 288.451,
"text": "and Heinz’s recipe has\neven become the base"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 291.412,
"text": "for dozens of other sauces and dressings—"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 294.457,
"text": "all descendants of the same\nfishy family tree."
}
] |
idrbwnWLJ7w
|
Why were scientists so obsessed with these frogs? - Carly Anne York
|
Dig into how African clawed frogs can help detect human pregnancy, and how their use in experiments had unintended consequences.
--
In the early 20th century, pregnancy testing required a slippery piece of equipment: a female African clawed frog. For decades, hospitals and research labs had a trusted supply of these handy creatures, employing their help in testing for pregnancy and in numerous other scientific endeavors. So what makes these frogs so special? Carly Anne York shares the secrets of these remarkable amphibians.
Lesson by Carly Anne York, directed by Yajun Shi.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/want-to-know-if-you-re-pregnant-use-this-frog-carly-anne-york
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/want-to-know-if-you-re-pregnant-use-this-frog-carly-anne-york#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.yajunshiportfolio.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel and Talia Sari.
|
2023-09-21T15:01:03Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 7.67,
"text": "You’re just one Roman Empire\nhistory final away"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 11.924,
"text": "from a relaxing spring break."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 15.511,
"text": "But you still have so much to study!"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 17.847,
"text": "So you decide to follow in the footsteps\nof many students before you"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 21.893,
"text": "and pull an all-nighter."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 27.44,
"text": "When you stay up all night,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 29.317,
"text": "you're fighting against your body's\nnatural circadian rhythms."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 34.238,
"text": "These are the cyclical changes that\nvirtually all living things experience"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 38.785,
"text": "over the course of a 24-hour period—\nsuch as sleeping and waking—"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 43.831,
"text": "and they’re heavily influenced by light."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 46.751,
"text": "But for the moment, you're alert\nand powering through"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 50.046,
"text": "the rule of Julius Caesar."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 53.591,
"text": "As the sun sets, your eyes send signals\nabout the dwindling light"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 58.137,
"text": "to a part of your brain called\nsuprachiasmatic nucleus."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 63.851,
"text": "This is basically your circadian\nrhythm’s clock."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 67.105,
"text": "It alerts your pineal gland\nto start producing melatonin."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 71.359,
"text": "That’s the hormone that helps\nprepare your body for sleep,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 74.529,
"text": "and levels start to rise about two hours\nbefore your normal bedtime."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 79.7,
"text": "At the same time, neurons in the\nhypothalamus and brain stem"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 84.205,
"text": "release a compound called GABA."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 87.125,
"text": "This slows down activity in your brain\nand can have a calming effect."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 94.09,
"text": "You’re approaching your normal bedtime."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 96.884,
"text": "Since the brain needs to cool down\nbefore sleep,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 99.971,
"text": "your core body temperature\nstarts to drop."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 104.642,
"text": "Huh, that map kind of looks like a face."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 108.563,
"text": "Uh-oh, your attention has\nstarted to drift."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 111.732,
"text": "Throughout the day, your brain has been\nreleasing a waste product"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 115.069,
"text": "called adenosine."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 117.28,
"text": "The more adenosine latching\nonto receptors in your brain,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 120.533,
"text": "the more tired and inattentive you become."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 123.536,
"text": "Time for a cup of coffee."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 125.538,
"text": "Caffeine blocks adenosine\nfrom binding to receptors,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 129.333,
"text": "which can give you a boost of energy."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 131.794,
"text": "However, it might also make you jittery\nand increase your anxiety."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 138.009,
"text": "You’re acing these flashcards!"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 140.303,
"text": "Right now these dates and names\nare being stored"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 142.972,
"text": "in an area of the brain\ncalled the hippocampus."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 146.934,
"text": "Normally when you go to sleep,\nmemories like these are consolidated"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 151.23,
"text": "and slotted into long-term storage\nin your brain’s neocortex."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 155.985,
"text": "So it’s a good thing you only need\nto remember this information"
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 159.28,
"text": "through tomorrow."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 164.202,
"text": "Microsleeps are unpredictable periods\nof sleep that last for only a few seconds"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 169.665,
"text": "and are triggered by sleep deprivation."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 172.627,
"text": "You stretch in an attempt to stay awake."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 175.671,
"text": "But at this point your motor skills\nhave also taken a hit."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 179.008,
"text": "Studies have found that people\nwho have been awake for 19 hours"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 182.803,
"text": "have similar coordination and reaction\ntimes as those who have been drinking."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 189.727,
"text": "As the sun rises, your pineal gland\nstops releasing melatonin."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 194.232,
"text": "You feel a “second wind” come on."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 197.443,
"text": "And despite everything, you leave\nfor school in a really good mood."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 201.739,
"text": "Sleep deprivation can briefly\ninduce euphoria."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 205.409,
"text": "It's caused a temporary boost\nin dopamine levels,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 208.412,
"text": "which can unfortunately\nalso lead to poor choices."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 214.293,
"text": "The final starts off well."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 216.295,
"text": "It’s all multiple choice!"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 217.964,
"text": "But then you get to the essay portion."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 221.634,
"text": "It’s thought that during sleep,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 223.469,
"text": "our brains process ideas and draw\nconnections between new memories"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 227.64,
"text": "and old ones."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 228.891,
"text": "So your sleepless brain\nmight be able to regurgitate facts,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 233.229,
"text": "but you're finding it more difficult\nto find patterns or problem solve."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 238.067,
"text": "You stare at the blank page, defeated."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 243.281,
"text": "You head up to your room,\nanxious and irritable."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 246.617,
"text": "Your amygdala, the part of the brain\ninvolved with processing emotion,"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 250.371,
"text": "is going haywire. "
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 252.373,
"text": "Your prefrontal cortex usually keeps\nyour amygdala in check,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 255.751,
"text": "but it still isn't firing\non all cylinders."
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 258.296,
"text": "Your bed has never felt so sweet."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 263.05,
"text": "After one sleepless night, your body\nand brain bounce back pretty quickly."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 268.014,
"text": "Which is a good thing since we can’t\nalways control how much sleep we get."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 272.727,
"text": "But going for long periods without\na good night's sleep"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 275.73,
"text": "or constantly changing your bedtime,\ncan take its toll."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 279.817,
"text": "Regularly getting less than seven hours\nof sleep each night "
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 283.237,
"text": "is linked to all sorts of health issues,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 285.74,
"text": "from diabetes to stroke to chronic pain."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 289.41,
"text": "It also leaves you more vulnerable\nto developing mental health issues"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 292.872,
"text": "like depression."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 294.332,
"text": "Your sleep schedule\ncan even affect your grades."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 297.877,
"text": "Studies have shown that college students\nwho keep regular sleep hours have,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 301.797,
"text": "on average, a higher GPA than\nstudents who don't."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 305.926,
"text": "So the next time you’re thinking\nof pulling an all-nighter,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 309.055,
"text": "remember that Rome wasn’t built in a day,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 312.641,
"text": "or for that matter, one night."
}
] |
9sNpMb4M7XM
|
Why is this painting of a black square famous? - Allison Leigh
|
Discover the symbolism of Kazimir Malevich’s “Black Square,” and how it pushed the boundaries of what art is and what it can be.
--
In 1915, an exhibition of radical artworks opened in Russia. Many pieces pushed the boundaries of form and style, but one was particularly controversial: Kazimir Malevich’s “Black Square.” Criticized as simple and uninspired, Malevich’s work is more complicated than it first appears— and may not be a painting of a black square at all. Allison Leigh digs into the art style known as Suprematism.
Lesson by Allison Leigh, directed by Alexia Roider, Zedem Media.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-this-black-square-famous-allison-leigh
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-this-black-square-famous-allison-leigh#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.zedemanimations.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon and Geoffrey Bultitude.
|
2023-09-19T15:00:52Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "In 2018, an orca called\nTahlequah gave birth."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 11.799,
"text": "But her daughter died within an hour."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 14.594,
"text": "Tahlequah, however, didn’t leave her body."
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 18.347,
"text": "And over the next 17 days \nand 1,600 kilometers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 24.687,
"text": "she kept it afloat atop her own,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 27.774,
"text": "diving to retrieve the body \nwhenever it slipped away,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 31.486,
"text": "even after it began deteriorating."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 34.947,
"text": "By altering her feeding \nand travel patterns,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 37.825,
"text": "Tahlequah’s behavior\nwas certainly unusual."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 41.996,
"text": "But was she mourning— or just confused?"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 45.083,
"text": "Do non-human animals grieve?"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 48.294,
"text": "This question is tricky."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 50.505,
"text": "In 1871, Charles Darwin argued\nthat other animals"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 54.634,
"text": "experience a wide range of emotions,\nincluding grief."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 59.138,
"text": "But, especially in the absence \nof a dependable bridge"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 63.184,
"text": "between our minds and theirs,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 65.603,
"text": "many scientists have long been wary"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 68.356,
"text": "of projecting human emotions\nonto other animals."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 72.318,
"text": "It’s also been thought that they might\ndisplay irregular behaviors after a death"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 77.323,
"text": "for other adaptive reasons."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 79.784,
"text": "And, for a while, the paradigm was\nthat humans were exceptional:"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 85.498,
"text": "other animals were reacting and surviving,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 88.501,
"text": "while we alone were thinking and feeling."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 92.964,
"text": "This conception was increasingly\nchallenged during the 20th century."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 97.844,
"text": "In 1985, for example, \na gorilla called Koko,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 101.764,
"text": "who'd been trained to use some signs\nfrom American Sign Language,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 105.893,
"text": "was told that her kitten\ncompanion had died."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 109.063,
"text": "She made distress calls,\nand several weeks later,"
},
{
"duration": 6.548,
"start": 112.358,
"text": "looking at a photo of another kitten\nsigned “cry,” “sad,” and “frown.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 119.824,
"text": "Now there’s a growing pool\nof data and observations"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 123.786,
"text": "suggesting that some animals,\nincluding mammals and birds,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 127.957,
"text": "might experience what we call grief."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 132.253,
"text": "In 2003, Eleanor, \nan elephant matriarch, collapsed."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 138.259,
"text": "Within minutes, another matriarch called\nGrace neared and helped Eleanor stand,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 144.056,
"text": "only for her to fall again."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 146.934,
"text": "Grace vocalized, stayed by Eleanor’s side,\nand tried pushing her back up."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 153.149,
"text": "When Eleanor died,\na female named Maui approached,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 157.361,
"text": "positioned herself over Eleanor’s body,\nand rocked back and forth."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 162.825,
"text": "Over the course of one week,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 165.036,
"text": "elephants from five different families\nvisited Eleanor’s body."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 169.874,
"text": "On separate occasions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 171.751,
"text": "elephants have been observed carrying\nthe remains of family members,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 175.88,
"text": "including jawbones and tusks."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 179.759,
"text": "In 2010, a giraffe was born with a\ndeformed foot and had trouble walking."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 185.64,
"text": "The calf lived just four weeks."
},
{
"duration": 5.84,
"start": 188.392,
"text": "On the day the calf died,\n22 other females and four juveniles"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 194.232,
"text": "closely attended and occasionally\nnuzzled the body."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 198.527,
"text": "On the third morning, the mother\nwas alone and still not eating,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 203.407,
"text": "which giraffes usually do constantly."
},
{
"duration": 6.715,
"start": 206.619,
"text": "Instead, she stayed by her dead calf,\neven after hyenas ate away at the body."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 213.96,
"text": "Scientists have also begun quantitatively\nassessing other animals’"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 218.422,
"text": "responses to death."
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 220.466,
"text": "In 2006, researchers analyzed\nbaboon fecal samples for glucocorticoids,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 226.973,
"text": "stress hormones that spike\nwhen humans are bereaved."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 231.31,
"text": "They compared the samples from females\nwho had lost a close relative"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 235.523,
"text": "in a predator attack \nwith those who hadn’t."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 239.068,
"text": "And they found that the glucocorticoid\nlevels of baboons who had"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 243.572,
"text": "were significantly higher the month\nfollowing the death."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 247.91,
"text": "Those baboons then increased\ntheir grooming behavior"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 251.33,
"text": "and the number of their grooming partners,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 254.166,
"text": "broadening and strengthening\ntheir social networks."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 257.712,
"text": "Within two months, their glucocorticoid\nlevels returned to the baseline."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 263.551,
"text": "Researchers have also observed primate\nmothers engaging in apparently"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 268.306,
"text": "contradictory behaviors while carrying\ntheir dead children."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 272.601,
"text": "Like switching between cannibalizing\nor dragging their child’s corpse"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 277.356,
"text": "and carefully carrying or grooming it,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 280.276,
"text": "suggesting that the mothers were\nexperiencing conflicting impulses"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 284.447,
"text": "towards the bodies."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 287.074,
"text": "Our current understanding \nof the emotional landscapes"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 289.785,
"text": "of other animals is severely limited."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 292.872,
"text": "To get a better grasp on mourning\nin the animal kingdom,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 296.334,
"text": "we need a lot more research."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 299.42,
"text": "But where does this leave us for now?"
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 301.881,
"text": "Conversations around whether non-human\nanimals experience emotions, like grief,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 308.262,
"text": "can be emotional,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 310.639,
"text": "in part because their outcomes\nhave very real implications—"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 315.269,
"text": "like determining if orcas should be\nisolated and kept in captivity,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 319.857,
"text": "or whether dairy cows should be separated\nfrom their newborn calves."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 324.695,
"text": "Until we do have more data on the subject,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 327.823,
"text": "should we treat non-human animals like\nthey may have the capacity to grieve?"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 333.788,
"text": "Or assume they don’t?"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 336.665,
"text": "Which belief could cause more harm?"
}
] |
43qXqa8Q8o4
|
Do you ever feel isolated amongst your peers? #shorts
|
Our animated interpretation of Clint Smith’s poem “Ode to the Only Black Kid in the Class" directed by Niv Sekar.
This animation is part of our series, "There's a Poem for That," which features animated interpretations of poems both old and new that give language to some of life's biggest feelings. Check out the full series here: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTheresAPoemForThat
#shorts
|
2023-09-18T17:14:28Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "In 1731, a fire broke out\nin London’s Cotton Library."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 11.924,
"text": "To protect some of the world’s\nmost prized manuscripts—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 15.678,
"text": "including one-of-a-kind\nilluminated Bibles,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 18.681,
"text": "centuries-old Arthurian literature,\nand even a copy of the Magna Carta—"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 23.811,
"text": "librarians frantically flung texts\nout of the windows."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 28.149,
"text": "But while they couldn’t save everything,"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 30.651,
"text": "they did manage to salvage the only known\ncopy of a strange Scandinavian poem."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 36.991,
"text": "An epic written in Old English,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 39.869,
"text": "“Beowulf” is known\nfor its haunting monsters,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 43.372,
"text": "dream-like language\nand paranoid perspective,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 47.043,
"text": "in which violent threats are always\nwaiting on the fringes of society."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 53.299,
"text": "The action begins in the great hall\nof Denmark,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 57.136,
"text": "as King Hrothgar and his people\ncelebrate what they hope will be the start"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 62.225,
"text": "of a peaceful new era."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 64.727,
"text": "But in the marshy moors outside the city,\na grisly monster lays in wait."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 70.525,
"text": "Said to be a “misshapen man”"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 72.819,
"text": "descended from those who first unleashed\nevil into the world,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 78.116,
"text": "Grendel was roused by the clamor\nof human joy."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 83.162,
"text": "He burst into the hall,\ndevouring anyone he could snatch."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 87.041,
"text": "But while countless fell,\nhis reign of terror was only beginning."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 92.38,
"text": "Every night for the next 12 years,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 95.591,
"text": "Grendel descended to feast\non more unlucky souls."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 101.013,
"text": "Tales of Denmark’s plight\nstretched far and wide—"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 105.351,
"text": "but only one was bold enough\nto offer his aid."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 108.938,
"text": "Beowulf, a prince of Geats\nfrom what is now Sweden,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 113.067,
"text": "had a burning desire\nto perform great deeds."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 117.321,
"text": "So he sailed the treacherous\nwhale-road to help the Danes."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 121.993,
"text": "And after a warm welcome."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 123.703,
"text": "Beowulf stationed himself in the hall,\nwaiting for nightfall."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 128.416,
"text": "The moment Grendel flung open the doors,\nhe seized the creature’s battle talons."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 133.963,
"text": "As they wrestled, fixtures fell,\ngoblets shattered,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 137.758,
"text": "and mead benches exploded into splinters."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 141.387,
"text": "Finally, Grendel gave a mighty wrench,\ntearing his own arm at the shoulder."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 146.851,
"text": "Mortally wounded, he fled\nto his desolate swamp to die."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 152.356,
"text": "When the Danes saw Beowulf holding\nGrendel’s arm,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 156.152,
"text": "they were overjoyed."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 158.613,
"text": "But little did they know,\nan even deadlier beast was stirring."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 164.41,
"text": "The next night, Grendel’s mother\ncame to avenge her son,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 169.874,
"text": "ripping through the celebrations\nand stealing her son's severed limb."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 175.296,
"text": "Ever the hero, Beowulf journeyed\nover endless moors and jagged rocks"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 179.842,
"text": "to track the bride of hell to her lair:"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 183.387,
"text": "a sinister lake infested\nwith demonic reptiles."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 187.308,
"text": "Beowulf fearlessly plunged into the water,"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 190.144,
"text": "sinking to the lake’s eerily dry bottom\nwhere Grendel’s mother lay waiting."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 195.983,
"text": "The warrior quickly realized\nhis sword was useless against the demon,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 200.905,
"text": "and his fists were barely better."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 203.449,
"text": "Then, as Grendel’s mother\ntightened her grip on Beowulf’s throat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 208.496,
"text": "his gaze fell upon a legendary blade."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 211.791,
"text": "He recognized it as a giant’s weapon—"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 214.502,
"text": "so heavy that only a worthy man\ncould wield it."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 218.714,
"text": "Unfortunately for the monster,\nthe prince was one such warrior."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 224.178,
"text": "With a swift strike,\nBeowulf beheaded Grendel’s mother,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 228.474,
"text": "flooding her lair\nwith cleansing holy light."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 233.646,
"text": "Returning to the hall triumphant,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 236.399,
"text": "Beowulf was hailed\nas the greatest hero in generations."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 241.028,
"text": "But amidst the celebration,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 243.155,
"text": "King Hrothgar cautioned the prince\nto stay humble and alert to evil—"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 248.369,
"text": "which he would not always be able\nto fend off alone."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 252.54,
"text": "Beowulf returned home and for decades\nruled a peaceful kingdom."
},
{
"duration": 6.757,
"start": 258.17,
"text": "Yet after 50 years upon the throne,\nhe began to feel a rising unease."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 265.094,
"text": "Sure enough, violence was brewing\non the outskirts of his realm."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 269.849,
"text": "A servant had fled underground\nto escape his cruel master,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 274.395,
"text": "disturbing a sleeping dragon\nin the process."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 278.232,
"text": "Knowing he could no longer defeat\nsuch a fearsome foe by himself,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 282.945,
"text": "the king marshaled his soldiers."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 285.448,
"text": "But his hand-picked warriors\nwere too cowardly to fight."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 289.994,
"text": "Only young Wiglaf, seeing his king\nin the heat of battle,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 294.415,
"text": "rose to meet this challenge."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 296.667,
"text": "The heroes dodged blasts of flame\nand talons sharp as sickles,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 301.589,
"text": "until suddenly, the dragon snapped\nits fangs into Beowulf’s neck."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 306.302,
"text": "Seeing his opportunity,\nWiglaf punctured the beast’s belly."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 310.348,
"text": "And as it howled in pain,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 312.6,
"text": "Beowulf summoned his last ounce\nof strength to finish the dragon"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 317.355,
"text": "with a simple dagger."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 319.774,
"text": "With the monster gone and his final act\nof heroism complete,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 324.57,
"text": "the King of the Geats\npassed his title on to Wiglaf—"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 328.824,
"text": "finally leaving the mortal plane\nto join his ancestors"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 332.62,
"text": "in the next great adventure."
}
] |
dzX8hvoGtT8
|
What happens when you fall into piranha-infested waters? - Antonio Machado-Allison
|
Dig into the truth about piranhas and their feeding frenzies, and find out what would likely happen if you fell into their waters.
--
You’re peering into the Amazon River when, suddenly, you lose your footing and fall. Piranhas dart about in the rapidly approaching water. So, are you doomed? Will your fall trigger a feeding frenzy that will skeletonize your body within minutes? Antonio Machado-Allison shares what we know about these purportedly ferocious fish.
Lesson by Antonio Machado-Allison, directed by Anton Bogaty.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-when-you-fall-into-piranha-infested-waters-antonio-machado-allison
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-when-you-fall-into-piranha-infested-waters-antonio-machado-allison#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/anton_bogaty
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart and Nathan Nguyen.
|
2023-09-14T15:00:34Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "Could it be a succulent,\npink, wiggling worm?"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 10.673,
"text": "No, it was actually this\nalligator snapping turtle's"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 13.968,
"text": "blood-engorged tongue appendage\nacting as a lure."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 17.597,
"text": "It's far from the only animal\ndoing tongue trickery."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 21.392,
"text": "Fish attracted to prey-like ripples\nat the water's surface"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 24.854,
"text": "might find themselves in the jaws\nof water snakes"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 27.815,
"text": "who used their tongues\nto put those ripples there."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 30.902,
"text": "Snowy egrets do the same thing."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 33.279,
"text": "And puff adders lingually mimic insect\nmovements to snag amphibians."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 38.367,
"text": "Tongues are getting all kinds of busy\nacross the animal kingdom—"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 42.455,
"text": "for many different reasons. "
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 44.665,
"text": "Some are used as murderous missiles\nin ambush attacks."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 48.628,
"text": "Within the chameleon's mouth,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 50.171,
"text": "a tongue muscle squeezes a series\nof concentric sheaths"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 53.549,
"text": "around a cartilaginous rod,\nstoring elastic energy."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 57.595,
"text": "As the muscle further contracts,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 59.347,
"text": "the tongue tissues slip\nover the tip of the rod,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 62.225,
"text": "releasing their stored energy and\naccelerating the tongue forward."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 66.395,
"text": "With a suction-cup-like-tip\nand saliva 400 times thicker—"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 70.65,
"text": "and therefore much stickier— than our own,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 73.152,
"text": "the chameleon's tongue shoots\nout at almost 5 meters per second"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 77.406,
"text": "and ensnares its target. "
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 79.325,
"text": "The rosette-nosed pygmy chameleon can\nshoot its tongue 2.5 times its body length"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 84.831,
"text": "at speeds equivalent to a car going\nfrom 0 to 96 kilometers per hour"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 89.961,
"text": "in a hundredth of a second."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 91.838,
"text": "It might take the cake when it comes\nto the animal kingdom's fastest tongue—"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 96.3,
"text": "and the one that stretches the longest\nrelative to body size."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 99.387,
"text": "Except the cake is obviously a bug."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 102.473,
"text": "A giant palm salamander's\nspring-loaded tongue, meanwhile,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 106.227,
"text": "packs its punch from two long muscles\nthat stretch past its front legs."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 111.19,
"text": "Once contracted, they compress the arms\nof the cartilaginous skeleton"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 115.403,
"text": "at the base of the salamander's tongue,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 117.738,
"text": "which then launches out with the rest\nof its tongue tissues."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 121.534,
"text": "From this elastic energy release,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 123.494,
"text": "the salamander achieves more instantaneous\npower per kilogram of muscle"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 127.79,
"text": "than any vertebrate on record,\naffording it whip-quick captures."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 132.211,
"text": "Certain amphibians have their tongues\nrouted to the front of their mouths."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 136.924,
"text": "With the drop of its lower jaw,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 138.759,
"text": "the northern leopard frog's\ntongue flips out."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 141.721,
"text": "And because frog tongues are super soft—\nup to 10 times softer than our own—"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 146.976,
"text": "they stretch to cover a wide surface area."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 149.77,
"text": "They're also covered in glands\nthat secrete sticky saliva"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 153.107,
"text": "to maximize those areas of contact. "
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 155.693,
"text": "Then, because the leopard frog's tongue\nis positioned so far forward,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 159.864,
"text": "it can retract its eyes to help push\nthe prey down its throat."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 164.702,
"text": "Blue-tongued skinks, meanwhile,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 166.746,
"text": "seem to display their extraordinary\ntongues defensively,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 170.333,
"text": "dazing predators and robbing\ntheir aerial attacks of momentum."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 174.545,
"text": "For other animals,\nit's all about lingual length."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 177.882,
"text": "When red-bellied woodpeckers'\nextended, barbed tongues"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 181.594,
"text": "aren't probing for\nprotein-rich comestibles,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 184.388,
"text": "they're wrapped around their skulls."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 186.724,
"text": "And giant anteaters evoke the question,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 189.143,
"text": "\"why have teeth or a mouth you can\nopen any considerable amount"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 192.897,
"text": "when you could have\na 60-centimeter-long tongue"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 195.274,
"text": "clad in backward-facing spines\nand adhesive saliva"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 198.903,
"text": "that catches up to 30,000 termites\nand ants a day?\""
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 202.031,
"text": "To which evolution answered,\n\"you actually have a really good point.\""
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 206.285,
"text": "Tube-lipped nectar bats' food\nsources are less animated."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 209.914,
"text": "But still, to reach bellflower nectar,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 212.458,
"text": "their tongues are 50% longer\nthan their bodies—"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 215.211,
"text": "the longest relative to body size\namong mammals."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 218.756,
"text": "Tongue textures also vary widely."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 221.55,
"text": "Tiny structures called papillae\ncover tongues,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 224.929,
"text": "facilitating touch and taste sensitivity\nand more."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 229.058,
"text": "Rainbow lorikeet papillae bloom into\nfeathery projections that sop up nectar."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 234.48,
"text": "And penguins press their backward-facing,\ncentimeter-long, spiny tongue"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 239.068,
"text": " and palate papillae together\nto secure their slippery catch"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 243.03,
"text": "and direct it into their gullet."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 244.74,
"text": "Meanwhile, sandpapery feline papillae are\nthought to retain saliva"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 249.578,
"text": "during self-grooming,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 251.08,
"text": "helping cats cool, detangle,\nand distribute scents."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 254.792,
"text": "And, of course, some reptilian tongues\nreach a fork in their roads."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 260.256,
"text": "Snakes spread their tongue tips\napart near the ground"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 263.009,
"text": "and whip them up and down in the air,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 265.052,
"text": "sending odor molecules back into their\nvomeronasal organs."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 269.14,
"text": "Like having two ears, each tongue tip\ndelivers a slightly different"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 273.06,
"text": "odor sampling from the environment, "
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 275.229,
"text": "helping establish a more\ncomprehensive stereo scent map."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 279.233,
"text": "This way, snakes can determine\nwhere an odor cue is strongest"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 283.112,
"text": "and stay on the trails of prey and mates."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 286.407,
"text": "And that is just a taste of the\nfascinating things you'll find"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 290.244,
"text": "when the animal kingdom opens wide\nand sticks its tongue out at you."
}
] |
hYo64qPEGw8
|
Can you change your sleep schedule?
|
Are you an early bird or a night owl? Explore how your circadian system acts as an internal clock to keep your body functioning.
--
An early bird rises with the sun, springing out of bed abuzz with energy. Meanwhile, a night owl groggily rises much later, not hitting their stride until late in the day. How many people are truly night owls or early birds? And are our sleep schedules predetermined at birth, or can we change them? Explore how our circadian systems act as internal clocks to keep our bodies functioning properly.
Directed by Avi Ofer.
A special thanks to Jamie M. Zeitzer, Ph.D who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-change-your-sleep-schedule
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-change-your-sleep-schedule#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aviofer.com
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li and Cristóbal Moenne.
|
2023-09-12T15:01:16Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "Ragnarok has been raging for far too long;"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 11.007,
"text": "many gods and heroes have fallen,\nand the rest can barely stand."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 16.512,
"text": "Loki, his bright eyes\ndimmed by exhaustion,"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 19.849,
"text": "asks to meet."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 21.517,
"text": "He proposes that you and he settle\nthe conflict with a game"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 26.189,
"text": "atop a sacred table engraved\nwith your names."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 30.943,
"text": "It has the following rules:"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 32.987,
"text": "one player will carve any number\nof crosses into the table,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 37.992,
"text": "then play begins."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 40.828,
"text": "Each turn, the active player\nmust carve a line"
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 44.791,
"text": "connecting two open ends without\ntouching itself or another line."
},
{
"duration": 4.295,
"start": 51.089,
"text": "Then, he must carve a short segment\nacross that new line"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 55.384,
"text": "and pass the knife to the other player."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 58.471,
"text": "Only crosses and\nend-of-turn segments are in play."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 63.768,
"text": "Whoever makes the last valid move\nwins and will rule the new world."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 69.69,
"text": "Loki will let you carve however many\ncrosses you want into the table,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 75.071,
"text": "then he’ll choose whether he goes\nfirst or second."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 79.951,
"text": "You’re certain the trickster\nis up to something,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 83.412,
"text": "so how can you beat him?"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 85.164,
"text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself.\nAnswer in 3"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 88.251,
"text": "Answer in 2"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 90.586,
"text": "Answer in 1"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 92.713,
"text": "Often the best way to analyze\na game like this—"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 96.259,
"text": "which was invented by John Conway\nunder the name Brussels Sprouts—"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 100.513,
"text": "is to try it out."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 102.014,
"text": "Let’s start with the simplest case:\na single cross."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 106.018,
"text": "Here, no matter how we play,\nthe game ends in three moves."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 111.44,
"text": "With two crosses,\nthe game always ends in eight."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 115.695,
"text": "And with three crosses, 13 moves."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 118.948,
"text": "That’s a bad sign if it continues—"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 121.409,
"text": "however many crosses you carve,\nLoki could choose the turn order and win."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 127.29,
"text": "But this pattern doesn’t necessarily\nmean that every game is fixed—"
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 132.086,
"text": "perhaps 10 or 15 or 100 crosses\nhas some winnable condition."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 138.426,
"text": "So let's try to understand\nwhat's happening."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 141.179,
"text": "We can start by looking at the\nfinal states of a few games."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 145.892,
"text": "As chaotic as they seem,\nthere’s something interesting here."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 149.854,
"text": "Every game ends with a number\nof distinct regions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 153.816,
"text": "each with exactly one line poking in."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 157.236,
"text": "The one cross game has four—\nthese three, and the one outside the blob."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 162.95,
"text": "Two crosses produces eight regions,\nand three crosses, 12."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 168.372,
"text": "That makes sense;"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 169.665,
"text": "each cross started with exactly four\npoints that we could carve from—"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 174.045,
"text": "we can think of those as lives."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 176.756,
"text": "Each turn removes two ends,\nthen adds two more."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 181.385,
"text": "But when one is stuck by itself\nin an enclosure,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 184.68,
"text": "it’s unusable and we lose a life."
},
{
"duration": 1.419,
"start": 187.516,
"text": "By the end of the game"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 188.935,
"text": "all but one of those lives has been\nclaimed by an enclosed shape,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 193.481,
"text": "with the last poking out into the\ngreat blank beyond."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 197.86,
"text": "And when do we make an enclosed shape?\nAlmost always."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 201.864,
"text": "In this game, we closed one off there,\nand there, and there."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 206.827,
"text": "Sometimes they immediately claim a life,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 209.997,
"text": "but sometimes it happens later\nto two at once,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 213.793,
"text": "like when we divide a region in half."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 216.837,
"text": "But even that move added one more\nregion than we previously had—"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 221.384,
"text": "we turned one into two."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 223.928,
"text": "The only time we don’t create\na new enclosure"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 227.556,
"text": "is when we connect two separate clusters,\nlike this."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 232.144,
"text": "A cluster might involve a single cross\nor a blob that’s formed around multiple."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 238.15,
"text": "We never end up with an enclosed\nregion without a line,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 242.071,
"text": "because whenever we make a region,\nwe carve a new segment,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 245.533,
"text": "half of which pokes in."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 247.535,
"text": "We also never end with a region\nwith multiple lines,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 251.163,
"text": "because then we could connect them\nand divide the region further."
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 255.584,
"text": "So back to the single cross game."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 258.963,
"text": "We start with four lives\nin one giant region."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 262.675,
"text": "After we carve the first line,\nwe have two regions."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 266.304,
"text": "After the second line,\nthree regions."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 268.973,
"text": "And after the third, four,\nso we’re done."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 272.476,
"text": "Adding a second cross gives us\nfour more lives,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 276.605,
"text": "and also a free move that\ndoesn’t make an enclosure,"
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 281.027,
"text": "whenever we choose\nto connect these two clusters."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 285.197,
"text": "The third cross adds four more lives\nand another free move."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 290.494,
"text": "So that’s why the total number of turns\ngoes up by five each time—"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 295.166,
"text": "four extra lives plus one free move."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 298.794,
"text": "All of which is to say:\nLoki, true to form, has rigged the game."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 304.425,
"text": "The only way to win is\nto trick the trickster..."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 307.803,
"text": "and there is something he overlooked."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 310.931,
"text": "Let's say you carve one cross."
},
{
"duration": 6.339,
"start": 313.768,
"text": "Loki chooses to go first, anticipating\na quick and easy win on turn three."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 320.441,
"text": "So when, on your first move,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 323.527,
"text": "you carve a line all the way \nto the last letter in your name,"
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 328.324,
"text": "his triumphant sneer passes\nthrough shock, dismay, and rage."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 334.246,
"text": "But rules are rules,\nand a cross is a cross."
}
] |
VP0fd2be71s
|
Can you solve the cursed dice riddle? - Dan Finkel
|
Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd
--
Ah, spring. As Demeter, Goddess of the Harvest, it’s your favorite season. Humans and animals look to you to balance the bounty of the natural world which, like any self-respecting Goddess, you do with a pair of magical dice. But then, along comes the trickster god Loki, who invades your land and curses your dice. Can you fix the dice and keep the world in perfect harmony? Dan Finkel shows how.
Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-cursed-dice-riddle-dan-finkel
Dig deeper with additional resources:
Animator's website: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-cursed-dice-riddle-dan-finkel#digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea and Aaron Henson.
|
2023-09-07T15:00:49Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "In the fall of 1589,\nthe town of Bedburg, Germany,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 11.09,
"text": "held a highly publicized trial."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 13.76,
"text": "Peter Stubbe was accused\nof several gruesome crimes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 17.513,
"text": "including murder, assault,\nand cannibalism."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 20.975,
"text": "But perhaps the most sinister accusation\nof them all,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 24.187,
"text": "was of being a werewolf."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 26.314,
"text": "In his confession, Peter claimed that\nthe devil had given him a magic girdle,"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 31.319,
"text": "which allowed him to transform into a wolf\nand perform his horrific acts."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 36.866,
"text": "Stories of werewolves existed well before\nthis trial and continue to live on today."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 42.33,
"text": "They’re especially prominent\nin European literature and folklore,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 46,
"text": "and often found in cultures where the wolf\nis the largest natural predator."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 51.13,
"text": "Over the years, the image of the werewolf\nhas continuously evolved,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 55.51,
"text": "often reflecting the fears and prejudices\nof that time."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 60.098,
"text": "In early literature, werewolves were\nsometimes painted as sympathetic figures:"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 65.186,
"text": "victims of curses who longed to return\nto their human form."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 69.69,
"text": "In the story of Gilgamesh,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 71.484,
"text": "one of the earliest written accounts of\nwerewolves from over 4.000 years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 76.364,
"text": "a shepherd falls in love\nwith the goddess of love, Ishtar,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 80.576,
"text": "who transforms him into a wolf\nwhen she grows tired of his affection."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 85.54,
"text": "In this and several other\nstories that followed,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 88.376,
"text": "werewolves were often men who had fallen\nprey to deceitful, alluring women."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 93.923,
"text": "In the medieval story of “Bisclavret,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 96.175,
"text": "a knight is trapped in wolf form\nby the cunning of his wife,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 100.138,
"text": "who leaves him to elope with another man."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 102.974,
"text": "Other early stories explored fears\nabout the darker side of human nature,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 107.895,
"text": "including taboos such as\ncannibalism and murder."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 111.357,
"text": "In ancient Greek mythology,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 113.192,
"text": "King Lycaon was transformed\ninto a wolf by Zeus,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 117.155,
"text": "after he attempted to trick the god\ninto eating human flesh."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 121.826,
"text": "As Catholicism spread throughout Europe,"
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 124.162,
"text": "werewolves became increasingly linked\nto magic, sorcery, and pagan belief."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 129.75,
"text": "By the 16th century, many people struggled\nseparating werewolf fiction from fact."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 135.214,
"text": "Political, economic,\nand religious upheavals"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 138.134,
"text": "gave rise to the infamous\nEuropean witch trials."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 141.888,
"text": "And while witches were the main\ntargets, in some areas,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 145.516,
"text": "alleged werewolves like Peter Stubbe\nwere also tried and executed."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 151.147,
"text": "Today, some historians view the trials\nas driven by a fear of outsiders,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 156.235,
"text": "as well as society's early attempts\nto understand brutal crimes."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 161.24,
"text": "While public belief in werewolves\ndied down by the 17th century"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 165.578,
"text": "as medicine and psychology advanced,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 167.955,
"text": "the myth would re-emerge in literature."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 170.374,
"text": "By the Victorian period,\nwerewolves had transformed again,"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 174.212,
"text": "often embodying fears of moral\nand psychological decay."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 178.716,
"text": "In George Reynolds’s\n“Wagner the Wehrwolf,”"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 181.594,
"text": "the protagonist makes a pact with the\ndevil to achieve eternal youth."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 186.515,
"text": "But in return, he transforms\ninto a violent howling wolf"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 190.895,
"text": "at the end of every month."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 193.147,
"text": "By the mid-20th century,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 194.857,
"text": "werewolves found a new home to haunt—\nthe silver screen."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 198.778,
"text": "Here, the werewolf began to take\nits modern form."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 201.989,
"text": "For example, the idea that the curse\ncould be transmitted through bites"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 206.202,
"text": "and triggered by a full moon"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 208.12,
"text": "was first popularized with the\n1935 film “Werewolf of London.”"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 213.918,
"text": "Produced in the United States,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 215.628,
"text": "the film identifies the werewolf infection\nas originating from the east—"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 220.591,
"text": "specifically Tibet."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 222.635,
"text": "This mirrored xenophobic fears\nof the time—"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 225.638,
"text": "that East Asian immigrants\ninto North America and Europe"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 229.016,
"text": "threatened the stability and power\nof the west."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 232.478,
"text": "Werewolf hunters adopted silver\nas their weapon of choice"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 236.44,
"text": "after its use in 1941′s “The Wolf Man.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 240.152,
"text": "Written by Jewish writer Curt Siodmak,"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 242.947,
"text": "the film is viewed by many scholars\nas an allegory for Nazi brutality."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 248.244,
"text": "In the film, a pentagram appears on the\npalm of the werewolf’s next victim,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 253.04,
"text": "which is thought to allude to the\ncompulsory Star of David badges"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 257.253,
"text": "found in Europe during the 1930 and 40s."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 260.506,
"text": "Since the 1950s, cinematic werewolves have\nfrequently infected"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 264.844,
"text": "a new group of victims:"
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 266.554,
"text": "the teenager."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 267.805,
"text": "Here, werewolves are often symbols\nof male aggression"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 271.392,
"text": "and the uncertainty of adolescence."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 273.769,
"text": "By the end of the century,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 275.187,
"text": "some films began to use\nthe beastly transformation"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 278.649,
"text": "to explore themes of puberty,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 280.651,
"text": "occasionally with a distinctly\nfeminist perspective."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 284.363,
"text": "Yet, like all great monsters,\nthe werewolf lives on,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 287.95,
"text": "and will continue changing to fit\nits future audience’s needs."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 292.246,
"text": "But, for the time being, it may\nbe best to stock up on silver,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 296,
"text": "keep to the road, and beware the moon."
}
] |
Ya9S6PyC1Sg
|
This is what happens when you hit the gas - Shannon Odell
|
Explore the differences between how a car’s internal combustion engine and an electric vehicle’s induction motor use fuel.
--
In 2015, two men drove a Volkswagen across the US on just over 100 gallons of fuel. Their 81-mile-per-gallon performance doubled the car’s estimated fuel rating, and set the record for the lowest fuel consumption ride of a diesel car. The duo were experts in techniques that maximize fuel efficiency. So, how did their strategy save fuel? Shannon Odell explores what’s going on beneath a car’s hood.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Kevin Herrmann, AIM Creative Studios.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Daniel Sperling and Shima Nazari who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-is-what-happens-when-you-hit-the-gas-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-is-what-happens-when-you-hit-the-gas-shannon-odell#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aimcreativestudios.com
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez and Vinh-Thuy Nguyen.
|
2023-09-05T15:03:04Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "Your time traveling has caused a few\nissues with the space-time continuum,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 11.716,
"text": "like your old high school bully, Riff,\nnow ruling the future with an iron fist."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 16.137,
"text": "You and the professor have driven\nyour hovering DeLorean back to the past"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 20.6,
"text": "to undo your own meddling."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 22.685,
"text": "But shortly after you fix your mistakes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 25.271,
"text": "another DeLorean appears\nand crashes into yours."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 28.858,
"text": "Out step older versions\nof you and the professor,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 32.57,
"text": "who apparently had the same idea\nfrom somewhere else in the timeline."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 36.949,
"text": "The professors panic and explain\nthat the universe could collapse"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 40.578,
"text": "now that you’re both \nin the same time and place."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 43.623,
"text": "The only hope is to merge the time streams\nby having each version of you"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 48.628,
"text": "simultaneously time travel home."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 51.714,
"text": "You both have plenty of fuel,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 53.549,
"text": "but the crash broke your\nchrono-stabilizing gyroscopes"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 57.011,
"text": "and your cars can only time travel\nunder very specific circumstances."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 62.308,
"text": "Each of you will need to drive\na mile south, then a mile east,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 66.229,
"text": "and then a mile north to get\nthe gyroscopes into temporal alignment."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 71.484,
"text": "That would be easy,"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 72.944,
"text": "except each calibration requires placing\na portable time gate"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 77.406,
"text": "at your starting point,"
},
{
"duration": 6.632,
"start": 78.908,
"text": "then driving into it at the precise end of\nyour three mile drive without it moving."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 85.915,
"text": "Not only that, but your two time gates\nmust be placed at least 100 miles apart"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 91.254,
"text": "so their signals don’t interfere."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 94.173,
"text": "In other words, you need to find two\ndifferent locations where you can drive"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 98.553,
"text": "a mile south, a mile east,\nand then a mile north"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 102.265,
"text": "and end up exactly where you started."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 105.101,
"text": "The professors are about to show you where\nyou can do this when they vanish,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 109.23,
"text": "becoming victims \nof the collapsing timeline."
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 112.316,
"text": "It’s up to you now:"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 113.568,
"text": "where can you place the time gates?"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 115.903,
"text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself.\nAnswer in 3"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 118.573,
"text": "Answer in 2"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 121.325,
"text": "Answer in 1"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 123.995,
"text": "If the earth were flat, there would\nbe no way to solve this riddle."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 127.915,
"text": "What you need is some way to use the\nsphericalness of the planet,"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 132.378,
"text": "some of its notable features,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 134.13,
"text": "and the fact that lines of latitude aren’t\nreally lines— they’re circles."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 139.76,
"text": "The equator is the biggest of these\ncircles, but it doesn’t do much for you,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 144.223,
"text": "and you can’t even go south\nfrom the South Pole."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 147.226,
"text": "But let's try the North Pole."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 149.02,
"text": "When you go a mile south, you'll be\non a circle that runs east west."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 153.941,
"text": "After a mile east, you’re still\non that same circle,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 157.278,
"text": "so the final mile north brings you \nback to your starting point."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 161.157,
"text": "Perfect."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 162.491,
"text": "That’s one gate down, but where\nshould you place the second?"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 166.162,
"text": "Well, the nice thing about circles is\nthat if you travel on them far enough,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 170.416,
"text": "you come back to where you started."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 172.376,
"text": "If there were a circle that had\na circumference of one mile,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 176.172,
"text": "that would work marvelously."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 178.341,
"text": "You could drive south a mile to reach it,\nmake the one mile rotation east,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 182.637,
"text": "then go north a mile to return\nto where you started."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 185.598,
"text": "Such a circle does exist just\nnorth of the South Pole."
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 190.186,
"text": "To find your starting point,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 191.687,
"text": "you can use the standard formula\nfor the circumference of a circle."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 195.691,
"text": "If you wanted to be absolutely precise,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 198.069,
"text": "you could use an equation\nthat takes into account"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 200.613,
"text": "the roughly spherical shape of the Earth."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 203.324,
"text": "But an area this small is\nso close to being flat"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 206.494,
"text": "that the standard formula gives a solution\nwithin a fraction of an inch"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 210.706,
"text": "of the actual distance."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 212.917,
"text": "A circle with a one mile circumference has\na radius of just under 0.16 miles,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 219.382,
"text": "so any point on the circle \none mile north of that"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 222.635,
"text": "will be suitable for your time gate."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 225.721,
"text": "In fact, there are other answers too:"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 227.848,
"text": "start a little further south,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 229.642,
"text": "and you could travel east around the\nEarth twice, three times, or more!"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 234.522,
"text": "In theory, there are infinite\npossible starting points,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 237.65,
"text": "but the circles get so tight that they\naren't actually practical to drive."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 241.988,
"text": "Everything’s getting a little weird"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 244.073,
"text": "by the time you reach \nyour starting points."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 246.492,
"text": "You drop the time gates,\nsync up with your doppelgänger,"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 249.62,
"text": "and slam down the pedal."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 251.247,
"text": "You both reach 88mph just as you complete\nyour three mile circuits,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 256.085,
"text": "merge the timelines,\nand save the universe."
}
] |
9xf1T7-t1ak
|
Why is it so hard to break a bad habit?
|
Explore the psychology behind how good and bad habits are formed, and get tips on how to manage these behaviors.
--
Many people deal with a nail-biting habit at some point in their lives. Some will go to great lengths to try to stop, employing strategies like dipping their hands in salt or wearing gloves. And while not all of us are nail-biters, most of us do have a habit we’d like to kick. So, what's the best way to break one? Explore how habits are formed, and discover tips on how to manage these behaviors.
Directed by Sacha Beeley.
This video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner
A special thanks to Wendy Wood who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-it-so-hard-to-break-a-bad-habit
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-it-so-hard-to-break-a-bad-habit#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.sachabeeley.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry and Ghaith Tarawneh.
|
2023-08-31T15:01:41Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "Anger is a complicated emotion."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 9.13,
"text": "It can feel reasonable and righteous\nor impulsive and uncontrollable."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 13.843,
"text": "But is it ever morally right to be angry?\nAnd if so, when?"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 19.932,
"text": "One of the most foundational\nunderstandings of anger"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 22.518,
"text": "comes from the Greek philosopher Aristotle"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 24.812,
"text": "who proposed an idea called\n“the doctrine of the mean.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 28.274,
"text": "In this model, there’s a sweet spot\nfor our actions and emotional reactions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 32.361,
"text": "and it's up to you to develop practical\nwisdom about when you should feel what"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 36.991,
"text": "and how strongly to feel it."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 38.91,
"text": "For example, let’s say you’re going\nto sleep early"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 41.454,
"text": "because you have\nan important meeting tomorrow"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 43.623,
"text": "and your neighbor just started\nblasting music."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 46.167,
"text": "If you can’t sleep,\nyou might botch your meeting,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 49.128,
"text": "so feeling angry is\ndefinitely understandable."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 52.048,
"text": "But how much anger should you feel?\nAnd what actions, if any, should you take?"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 57.261,
"text": "To answer these questions,\nAristotle would need to know more details."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 61.516,
"text": "Have you previously talked\nto your neighbor about this issue?"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 64.644,
"text": "Is it a reasonable time\nto be playing music?"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 67.438,
"text": "Is your neighbor trying to antagonize you,\nor are they just enjoying their evening?"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 72.235,
"text": "Relying on practical wisdom\nin Aristotle’s case-by-case approach"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 75.988,
"text": "makes a lot of sense for navigating\ninterpersonal conflicts."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 79.742,
"text": "But what about when there’s\nno one to blame for your anger?"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 83.037,
"text": "Imagine a tornado completely\ndestroys your house"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 85.706,
"text": "while your neighbor’s home is untouched."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 87.625,
"text": "No amount of anger\ncan undo the disaster,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 90.294,
"text": "and there isn’t really a suitable target\nfor your frustration."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 93.506,
"text": "Yet for the ancient Stoics,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 95.299,
"text": "the tornado and the noisy neighbor\nare basically identical."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 99.47,
"text": "The Stoics believed life is like an\nuncontrollable cart we’re all tied to,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 103.933,
"text": "and we can either learn\nto go with the flow"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 106.102,
"text": "or hurt ourselves fighting its momentum."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 109.021,
"text": "In their logic, we all live\nat the whims of fate,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 112.024,
"text": "and our actions can never\nactually change things—"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 114.819,
"text": "whether it's a natural disaster\nor how others act towards us."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 119.198,
"text": "So Stoics believe anger is always wrong,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 122.618,
"text": "since it causes pain\nand is ultimately futile."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 125.83,
"text": "The 8th century Indian Buddhist\nphilosopher Śāntideva"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 129.375,
"text": "also questioned our free will\nand the value of anger,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 132.837,
"text": "arguing that because people often lack\nrational control over their emotions,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 137.091,
"text": "we should endeavor not to let their anger\nand cruelty spread to us."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 141.554,
"text": "But even if it’s hard for us\nto control our anger,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 144.307,
"text": "there might be something\nwe can learn from it."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 146.475,
"text": "Philosopher PF Strawson’s\ntheory of reactive attitudes"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 149.77,
"text": "suggests that experiencing anger\nis a natural part of human psychology"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 153.816,
"text": "that helps us communicate blame\nand hold each other accountable."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 157.486,
"text": "In this model, anger can be\nan important part"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 160.031,
"text": "of letting us know when something immoral\nis happening,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 162.658,
"text": "so removing it would impair\nour social lives and moral communities."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 167.371,
"text": "But finding the right response to those\npsychological alarm bells can be tricky."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 171.751,
"text": "For instance, if you were supervising\ncruel, disrespectful young children,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 176.422,
"text": "it might be natural to feel anger,"
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 178.507,
"text": "but it would be wrong to treat\ntheir moral mistakes"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 180.927,
"text": "like those of fully formed adults."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 182.72,
"text": "So when should you act on anger?"
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 184.805,
"text": "And can it ever help\nchange things for the better?"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 187.475,
"text": "Let's imagine your community is\nexperiencing serious health issues"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 190.645,
"text": "because a nearby factory is illegally\npolluting the water supply."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 194.106,
"text": "A long tradition in political philosophy\nargues that the righteous anger"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 197.944,
"text": "often invoked by witnessing\nthis kind of injustice"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 200.78,
"text": "can be invaluable for fueling change\nand motivating community action."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 205.409,
"text": "In unjust situations like this,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 207.37,
"text": "it could be a moral mistake\nto suppress your anger,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 209.789,
"text": "instead of channeling it\ninto positive action."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 212.5,
"text": "But other philosophers argue that anger\nhas an inherent negative element"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 216.17,
"text": "that limits its transformative power."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 219.09,
"text": "Philosopher Martha Nussbaum pointed\nout that famous civil rights activists"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 222.76,
"text": "such as Gandhi, Nelson Mandela,\nand Martin Luther King Jr"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 226.681,
"text": "warned that giving yourself over to even\nthe most righteous anger"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 230.184,
"text": "can lead one to become bitter, vengeful,\nor hateful of others."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 234.647,
"text": "They cautioned that we should carefully\ncalibrate our emotional responses"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 238.109,
"text": "to ensure that we see others\nnot as enemies"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 240.444,
"text": "but as community members with whom\nwe must learn to coexist,"
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 243.864,
"text": "regardless of our ever-changing emotions."
}
] |
Jp4m3kbE1gA
|
The one thing stopping jellyfish from taking over - Mariela Pajuelo & Javier Antonio Quinones
|
Dig into why jellyfish populations have increased, and how leatherback sea turtles can help get their numbers under control.
--
Over the past two decades, jellyfish have begun to overwhelm our oceans. If things stay on their current trajectory, we could be headed for a future where the entire ocean is thick with jellyfish. So, is there anything that can keep these gelatinous creatures under control? Mariela Pajuelo and Javier Antonio Quinones take a look at the jellyfish’s most ancient predator.
Lesson by Mariela Pajuelo and Javier Antonio Quinones, directed by Sinan Göksel, Emre Kanlıoğlu, Studio Big Box.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-one-thing-stopping-jellyfish-from-taking-over-mariela-pajuelo-javier-antonio-quinones
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-one-thing-stopping-jellyfish-from-taking-over-mariela-pajuelo-javier-antonio-quinones#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.studiobigbox.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle and Laurel-Ann Rice.
|
2023-08-29T15:01:42Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 6.836,
"text": "2,000 years after humanity\ndomesticated crops and livestock,"
},
{
"duration": 6.34,
"start": 11.924,
"text": "some farmers kicked off humanity’s\nnext agricultural innovation: pastoralism."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 18.514,
"text": "These pioneering livestock farmers\nstrategically guided animals"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 23.102,
"text": "to seasonal grazing areas."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 25.354,
"text": "Their mobile lifestyle allowed them\nto develop trade relationships"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 29.275,
"text": "with communities and farmers\nalong their routes."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 32.403,
"text": "And this way of life provided pastoralists\nwith wealth, social status,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 37.325,
"text": "and political independence\nall the way to the 20th century."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 42.038,
"text": "Today, there are hundreds of millions\nof mobile pastoralists,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 46.542,
"text": "operating in every continent\nexcept Antarctica."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 50.171,
"text": "From the Himalayas\nto the Andes to the Alps,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 53.049,
"text": "they keep sheep, goats, cattle, and yaks."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 57.011,
"text": "Saami pastoralists work\nwith reindeer in Arctic rangelands."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 61.766,
"text": "Van Gujjar pastoralists in northern India\nkeep water buffalo."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 66.437,
"text": "And all these communities work sustainably\nwith their environments"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 70.233,
"text": "to produce food and other animal products."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 73.236,
"text": "But in the last century,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 74.904,
"text": "political and economic policies have\nworked against these communities,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 79.367,
"text": "impeding their access to basic resources"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 82.245,
"text": "and making them more vulnerable\nto climate change."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 85.414,
"text": "And one region where these issues are\nespecially apparent is sub-Saharan Africa."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 91.254,
"text": "This region is home\nto millions of pastoralists"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 94.382,
"text": "who produce the majority of meat and milk\nconsumed across their continent."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 99.679,
"text": "Yet throughout the late 20th century,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 101.848,
"text": "various programs tried to incentivize\nthese mobile communities"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 106.227,
"text": "to put down roots."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 107.77,
"text": "Governments limited their access\nto public services"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 110.815,
"text": "like healthcare and education."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 113.025,
"text": "They created designated watering holes"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 115.403,
"text": "to keep pastoralists\nin specific regions year-round."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 119.323,
"text": "And huge areas of rangeland historically\nshared by pastoralists"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 123.995,
"text": "were privatized or converted\nto wildlife reserves."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 127.79,
"text": "The motivation behind these policies\nvaried widely."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 131.586,
"text": "Some programs were earnest\nbut misguided efforts"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 134.63,
"text": "to modernize an ancient\nagricultural model."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 137.758,
"text": "Others were attempts to control\nwhat governments perceived"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 141.012,
"text": "as unmanageable populations."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 143.431,
"text": "But the end result was always the same."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 146.35,
"text": "By restricting how sub-Saharan\npastoralists could use the land,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 150.563,
"text": "these communities became poorer,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 152.94,
"text": "less sustainable,\nand less economically resilient."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 156.694,
"text": "And in a region that’s relied\non pastoralism for millennia,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 160.698,
"text": "these changes have had a huge impact."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 163.576,
"text": "Historically, sub-Saharan pastoralists\nhelped keep African grasslands healthy"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 169.29,
"text": "by guiding their livestock to graze\nspecific amounts in specific areas."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 175.087,
"text": "Their seasonal migration prevented\nland from being overgrazed"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 179.217,
"text": "and their livestock’s fertilizing manure\nregenerated the soil."
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 183.93,
"text": "But policies restricting their movement"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 186.39,
"text": "have made this kind of land management\nincredibly difficult."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 190.311,
"text": "These policies also make pastoralists\nless resilient to climate change."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 195.524,
"text": "While global droughts are increasing\nas the planet heats up,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 199.278,
"text": "pastoralists are experts at following rain\nand reading the landscape"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 204.075,
"text": "to know how drought will impact\ndifferent areas."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 207.745,
"text": "Historically, this allowed pastoralists\nto maintain their herds"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 211.832,
"text": "regardless of the weather."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 213.459,
"text": "But these techniques can’t\nhelp communities"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 216.045,
"text": "confined to drought-stricken lands."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 218.756,
"text": "And when their herds become unhealthy,\nthe consequences can be deadly."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 223.386,
"text": "Unhealthy herds can cause\ndisease outbreaks"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 226.639,
"text": "that endanger livestock and humans."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 229.517,
"text": "But even without outbreaks,\nsick herds become unproductive—"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 233.729,
"text": "limiting what pastoralists have to sell."
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 236.732,
"text": "Making things worse,"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 238.067,
"text": "sub-Saharan pastoralists are forced\nto sell their wares in informal markets"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 243.698,
"text": "that operate with minimal oversight."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 246.284,
"text": "And since these markets function\non an international scale,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 250.246,
"text": "they pit pastoralist communities\nagainst each other,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 253.499,
"text": "resulting in sale prices that are\ngenerally low and extremely volatile."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 259.005,
"text": "This leaves pastoralists\nwith unstable incomes,"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 262.508,
"text": "and a dependency on intermediaries\nwho charge high transaction prices."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 268.18,
"text": "Pastoralists on every continent are facing\nsome version of these issues."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 273.227,
"text": "But hopefully the solutions being pursued\nin sub-Saharan Africa"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 277.773,
"text": "can inspire global change."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 279.9,
"text": "Alongside government groups and NGOs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 282.945,
"text": "grassroots pastoralist movements\nare advocating"
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 286.157,
"text": "to restore protected grazing reserves\nand improve public services"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 291.203,
"text": "like mobile health clinics and schools\ntailored to pastoral movement."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 296.709,
"text": "Some groups are trying to create\nnew market systems"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 300.129,
"text": "that would establish standards\nfor meat quality and sale price"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 303.966,
"text": "to prevent exploitation by middlemen."
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 306.51,
"text": "Others are working to ensure\nfair prices for female herders,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 311.14,
"text": "who already account for 50%\nof sub-Saharan pastoralists."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 315.895,
"text": "And advocates are also working to improve\nanimal health with new vaccines,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 321.15,
"text": "accessible veterinary services,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 323.402,
"text": "and livestock tagging systems\nto track disease outbreaks."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 328.074,
"text": "But perhaps the most important\nchange would be for governments"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 331.869,
"text": "to recognize the value\nof pastoral mobility."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 335.623,
"text": "Pastoralism has sustained countless\necosystems and economies for millennia—"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 341.17,
"text": "and embracing the knowledge underpinning\nthat history"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 344.382,
"text": "is essential for Earth’s future."
}
] |
H7ZhDe1K8uU
|
Can alligators survive this apex predator? - Kenny Coogan
|
Explore the diverse and vital ecosystem of the Everglades, and discover why the alligator is so essential to the region.
--
Despite alligators ruling the swamplands of the Everglades for millennia, the last 500 years have brought deadly new predators that challenge their reign. And the origins of these international invaders are just as unexpected as their impact on the Everglades. So, what exactly is threatening this biodiverse region? Kenny Coogan explores the unique and precious ecosystem.
Lesson by Kenny Coogan, directed by Doug Alberts, Noodle.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-alligators-survive-this-apex-predator-kenny-coogan
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-alligators-survive-this-apex-predator-kenny-coogan#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.noodleanimation.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam and Sid.
|
2023-08-24T15:01:24Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "When Cadmus walked the earth,"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 9.464,
"text": "just a few generations separated him\nfrom his divine ancestors."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 15.053,
"text": "From atop Mount Olympus, they scrutinized\nand meddled with mortals like himself."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 20.808,
"text": "Cadmus was a skilled warrior\nand heir to the Phoenician throne."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 25.396,
"text": "But he wouldn't stay\nin the gods' favor for long."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 28.9,
"text": "First, Zeus coveted\nCadmus' sister, Europa."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 33.279,
"text": "So, he snuck into the palace garden\nin the form of a bull and stole her away."
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 38.534,
"text": "Their father tasked Cadmus and his men\nwith the impossible duty"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 42.789,
"text": "of bringing Europa back."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 45.041,
"text": "Cadmus journeyed to the sacred\nOracle of Delphi to plead for help,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 49.253,
"text": "where he was told to find and follow\na sacred, wild cow."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 53.8,
"text": "At the spot where the cow rested,\nhe was to found a new city."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 58.387,
"text": "Cadmus and his men did as the oracle said,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 60.973,
"text": "then ventured into the nearby\nforest for supplies."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 64.227,
"text": "But a giant serpent soon appeared."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 67.105,
"text": "It choked some of Cadmus' men\nand blasted others with venom."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 71.4,
"text": "Cadmus leapt into action,\nhurled his javelin,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 74.32,
"text": "and pinned the snake to a tree."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 76.614,
"text": "Without knowing it, he had just slain\nAres', the god of war's, precious serpent—"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 82.203,
"text": "and sealed tragedy into his own fate\nalong with it."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 85.957,
"text": "Suddenly, a disembodied voice boomed:"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 89.168,
"text": "\"You too shall be a serpent\nto be gazed on.\""
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 92.964,
"text": "Taking pity on the prince,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 94.674,
"text": "the goddess Athena instructed\nCadmus to till the earth"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 98.01,
"text": "using the serpent's teeth."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 100.179,
"text": "As he nestled its fangs into the soil, "
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 102.682,
"text": "a band of warriors sprouted\nfrom the ground."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 106.144,
"text": "Together, they built the magnificent\ncity of Thebes."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 109.772,
"text": "And eventually, Cadmus fell in love\nwith Harmonia,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 112.692,
"text": "daughter of Ares and Aphrodite,\nand the two married."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 116.946,
"text": "As years passed,\nand his city and family grew,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 119.949,
"text": "hope that all strife might be forgotten\nbetween Cadmus and the gods "
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 123.953,
"text": "glimmered briefly."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 125.705,
"text": "But, soon enough, his family's luck\nbegan souring once more."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 130.668,
"text": "Tragedy struck when Cadmus'\ngrandson, Actaeon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 134.088,
"text": "was tracking a stag in the forest\nwith his hunting hounds."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 137.8,
"text": "The young man unwittingly infringed\non the sacred grove of Artemis,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 142.305,
"text": "goddess of the hunt,\nas she was bathing."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 145.474,
"text": "Artemis punished Actaeon,\ntransforming him into a skittish stag."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 150.271,
"text": "And in this form Actaeon's own hounds\ncould no longer distinguish him"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 154.233,
"text": "from the object of the hunt—\nand they went in for the kill."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 158.196,
"text": "Then, Zeus visited again—"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 160.323,
"text": "this time taking advantage of Semele,\none of Cadmus' four daughters."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 165.203,
"text": "When Zeus' wife Hera learned\nthat he'd been unfaithful yet again"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 169.624,
"text": "and that Semele was pregnant,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 171.459,
"text": "she tricked Zeus into revealing himself\nto Semele in his divine form."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 176.005,
"text": "But even the feeblest of his thunderstorms\nwas too much for a mortal to witness,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 181.26,
"text": "and Semele perished."
},
{
"duration": 6.257,
"start": 183.679,
"text": "Zeus managed to save their unborn child,\nwho grew into Dionysus, god of wine."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 190.311,
"text": "His wild, revelrous rituals\ndrew devoted followers."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 194.482,
"text": "But they eventually got out of hand."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 197.026,
"text": "On one occasion,\ntwo of Cadmus' four daughters,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 200.446,
"text": "Agave and Autonoë—\nDionysus' own aunts—"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 204.45,
"text": "had a hallucinatory fit and killed\nAgave's own son,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 208.663,
"text": "believing he was a lion."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 210.998,
"text": "Next, Hera targeted the family again. "
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 213.876,
"text": "Alongside the Furies,\nthe goddesses of vengeance,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 216.921,
"text": "she cursed Cadmus' fourth daughter, Ino,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 220.424,
"text": "with an intolerable madness\nthat drove her into the sea."
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 224.262,
"text": "Besieged by bad luck\nand overcome with grief,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 227.723,
"text": "Cadmus and Harmonia wandered\nthe wilderness."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 230.893,
"text": "They considered the many tragic turns\ntheir lives had taken—"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 234.647,
"text": "which Cadmus traced back to the time\nhe killed the serpent."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 238.818,
"text": "Realizing that the animal\ncould have been sacred"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 241.279,
"text": "and that his act might have incited\nthe unabating wrath of the gods,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 245.449,
"text": "Cadmus prayed to recompense his error."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 248.619,
"text": "Suddenly, he felt his body change\nand he embraced Harmonia."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 253.457,
"text": "The two melted to the ground\nand shed their human skins,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 257.42,
"text": "until finally, two snakes were\nleft coiled in the field."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 261.924,
"text": "Cadmus' debt was at last repaid— "
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 264.844,
"text": "to the snake he slayed\nin a desperate moment,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 267.555,
"text": "and to the gods,\nwho guarded their grudges"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 270.558,
"text": "and dispensed of their\npunishments liberally."
}
] |
tmwIhOCXLrQ
|
Is plant-based meat actually better for you? - Carolyn Beans
|
Explore the differences between farmed meat, plant-based meat, and lab-grown meat, and find out which is best for you and the planet.
--
In 2021, a survey of over 1,000 Americans found that nearly two-thirds had eaten plant-based meat alternatives in the past year. Many cited potential health and environmental benefits as their motivation. But are these alternative meats actually better for us and the planet? Carolyn Beans investigates the differences between farmed meat, plant-based meat, and lab-grown meat.
Lesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Laura Jayne Hodkin.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
A special thanks to Raychel Santo and Keeve Nachman who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/which-is-better-for-you-real-meat-or-fake-meat-carolyn-beans
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/which-is-better-for-you-real-meat-or-fake-meat-carolyn-beans#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.laurajaynehodkin.com
MUSIC: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee and Filip Dabrowski.
|
2023-08-22T15:01:14Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "For some reason, your otherwise\npeaceful planet"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 10.757,
"text": "attracts the most reckless drivers\nin the galaxy."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 15.136,
"text": "So your government has introduced a\nplan to address the record-breaking rates"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 20.308,
"text": " of traffic tickets and\ndeadly hovercar accidents."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 24.979,
"text": "They propose assigning driver credit\nscores to every car-owning citizen."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 31.235,
"text": "Drivers’ scores will go up when they drive\nin legal and considerate ways,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 36.199,
"text": "and down when they drive recklessly."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 38.91,
"text": "Citizens with high scores will then be\nrewarded with car-related benefits,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 43.998,
"text": "like easier access to car loans\nand cheaper gas and toll payments."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 49.754,
"text": "But drivers with low scores will see\nthe price of those things go up."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 54.717,
"text": "Your planet's already tested this system,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 57.637,
"text": "and researchers found a drastic decrease\nin car accidents"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 61.933,
"text": "and inconsiderate driving."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 64.602,
"text": "But to implement this planet-wide,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 67.063,
"text": "the government needs to observe\nevery driver’s behavior."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 71.609,
"text": "And because hover cars routinely\ndrive off-road,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 74.987,
"text": "it won’t be enough simply\nto surveil the roads—"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 78.032,
"text": "the government will need to install\ncameras and microphones in every vehicle."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 83.287,
"text": "The recordings would be stored"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 84.747,
"text": "on government servers to document\ndriver behavior and justify scores."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 90.044,
"text": "Clearly it would be good for everyone\nif the roads were safer."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 94.132,
"text": "But is this undeniable benefit worth\nthe cost to drivers’ privacy?"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 99.971,
"text": "The government has put their\ncontroversial plan to a vote."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 104.016,
"text": "Where do you stand? "
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 106.227,
"text": "Your answer will likely depend on what\nyou think the value of privacy is."
},
{
"duration": 5.423,
"start": 111.732,
"text": "Philosophers often understand privacy\nas the ability to control information"
},
{
"duration": 1.459,
"start": 117.155,
"text": "about oneself."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 118.948,
"text": "From this perspective, privacy matters"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 121.659,
"text": "because it impacts how each of us\nnavigates the social world,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 125.83,
"text": "deciding when and to what extent\nto be in the public eye."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 130.168,
"text": "Some think this kind of control\nis essential to being free,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 134.255,
"text": "and that any policy which reduces privacy\ntherefore impairs our freedom."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 139.76,
"text": "For example, living in a surveillance\nstate would likely affect your actions"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 144.765,
"text": "even if no one was using your private\ninformation against you."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 150.104,
"text": "But in cases like your planet’s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 152.356,
"text": "the conflict is between your\nown personal freedom"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 155.568,
"text": "and the good of the larger social world."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 158.696,
"text": "And since society is really just\na collection of individuals"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 162.491,
"text": "with their own rights,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 163.993,
"text": "how can we determine what the\n“greater good” even is?"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 168.497,
"text": "For the philosopher Plato,\nthis was very straightforward."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 172.043,
"text": "He defined justice as referring to the\nwelfare of society as a whole—"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 177.006,
"text": "not the well-being or liberty\nof its individual members."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 181.427,
"text": "He likened this to the way we talk\nabout the health of a human body,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 185.598,
"text": "where the condition of any single limb\nor organ matters only"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 189.727,
"text": "as part of the bigger picture."
},
{
"duration": 4.587,
"start": 191.938,
"text": "For Plato, the same is true\nof individual members of society;"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 196.525,
"text": "justice requires prioritizing\nthe collective good"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 200.154,
"text": "over their own individual good."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 202.99,
"text": "On the other hand, other philosophers\nhave defended privacy"
},
{
"duration": 6.715,
"start": 207.161,
"text": "as a means of moderating the “tyrannical\nexcesses of an unchecked security state.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 214.335,
"text": "In the present case, your government could\nmisuse this surveillance data."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 219.507,
"text": "But even if your government were\nperfectly trustworthy,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 222.635,
"text": "some feel your right to privacy"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 225.054,
"text": "would still be an essential cornerstone\nof democracy."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 229.308,
"text": "Ruth Gavison notes that the protection\nof privacy fosters “moral autonomy,”"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 235.356,
"text": "which she argues is necessary for people\nto exercise their democratic rights."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 241.612,
"text": "She maintains that democracy\ndepends on people’s ability"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 245.408,
"text": " to form independent judgments\nand preferences,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 248.577,
"text": "and this requires knowing that we're free\nfrom the threat of public hostility"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 253.332,
"text": "or humiliation. "
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 255.376,
"text": "However, perhaps it’s worth questioning\nwhether privacy is really valuable"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 260.256,
"text": "in its own right."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 261.757,
"text": "If privacy is only\ninstrumentally valuable—"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 264.927,
"text": "meaning valuable to the extent that it\nbrings about other valuable things"
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 269.098,
"text": "for society— "
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 270.099,
"text": "then its worth can be\noutweighed by other social goals."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 274.103,
"text": "It’s also possible that our right\nto privacy doesn’t even exist"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 278.19,
"text": "in the way we think it does."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 280.192,
"text": "Judith Jarvis Thomson argues\nthat our so-called right to privacy"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 284.989,
"text": "is really just a combination\nof other, more specific rights,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 289.035,
"text": "like the right to own property\nor to use our bodies as we see fit."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 294.081,
"text": "By this logic, all debates over privacy\nshould be refocused on the rights"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 299.045,
"text": "which are actually being compromised."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 302.214,
"text": "So is the safety afforded\nby this new system"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 306.093,
"text": "worth the cost to individual privacy?"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 309.305,
"text": "What will you do with your vote?"
}
] |
LBALm7CeEG4
|
A 5,300-year-old murder mystery - Albert Zink
|
Get to know the story of Ötzi the Iceman, a 5,300-year-old glacier mummy who researchers discovered had been murdered.
--
In September 1991, two hikers discovered a corpse emerging from the ice. Researchers soon realized they were looking at the mummified body of a man who’d lived about 5,300 years ago, and theorized he got caught in bad weather and froze. However, a shocking discovery revealed his true cause of death and upended his story. So, how did he die? Albert Zink uncovers the truth about Özti the Iceman.
Lesson by Albert Zink, directed by Andrew Foerster, Rewfoe.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-5-300-year-old-murder-mystery-albert-zink
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-5-300-year-old-murder-mystery-albert-zink#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://rewfoe.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev and Penelope Misquitta.
|
2023-08-17T15:01:41Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 14.01,
"text": "Achilles, welcome!"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 16.262,
"text": "I’m the Sibyl of Cumae,\nprophetess and avid reader of leaves."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 21.851,
"text": "To clarify, you were just slain\nin the Trojan War."
},
{
"duration": 1.252,
"start": 26.814,
"text": "Sorry about that."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 28.441,
"text": "It’s normal to feel mixed\nemotions right now."
},
{
"duration": 6.674,
"start": 31.36,
"text": "But you will be immortalized as one\nof the greatest warriors ever."
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 38.659,
"text": "And you’ll have endless distractions\ndown here."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 41.079,
"text": "So, pros and cons."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 43.081,
"text": "It gets a bad rap, but the Underworld\nis actually a lovely place to “live.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 50.004,
"text": "It boasts historic charm and eccentric\nneighbors with eternal ties to the area."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 56.302,
"text": "The community even has\nits own guard dog, Cerberus."
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 60.223,
"text": "Heel, boy! Oh."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 61.891,
"text": "Sorry, I know that’s a sensitive spot."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 64.56,
"text": "Anyway, with Cerberus, you get\nthree for the price of one!"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 69.482,
"text": "He’s just not a big fan of anyone leaving."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 73.277,
"text": "And who would want to leave anyway?"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 75.947,
"text": "This is the Styx—\nit’s like the subterranean riviera."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 81.119,
"text": "But you’ve been here before;"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 82.662,
"text": "it was the source of your almost\ncomplete invulnerability, of course!"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 89.085,
"text": "The Underworld also features\nfour other waterways:"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 92.63,
"text": "Acheron, the river of woe;\nCocytus, river of wailing;"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 97.468,
"text": "Lethe, river of oblivion;"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 100.221,
"text": "and Phlegethon, river of fire,\na great source of natural light."
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 106.31,
"text": "Now, on your left,\nyou’ll see the Mourning Fields,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 109.147,
"text": "inhabited by souls tormented by love."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 113.442,
"text": "Quite an attractive place, really,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 115.611,
"text": "when you’re not in the throes\nof endless heartbreak."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 118.447,
"text": "And without further ado:"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 120.992,
"text": "Elysium, the Underworld’s\nexclusive VIP section—"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 126.08,
"text": "and your permanent home."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 129.292,
"text": "Here, you'll join the ranks\nof royalty and heroes."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 133.045,
"text": "Cadmus over there once slayed a dragon!"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 137.175,
"text": "And Patroclus is around here somewhere,\nalong with lots of other friends and foes."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 142.847,
"text": "I'll let you two get reacquainted soon,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 144.724,
"text": "but our tour wouldn’t be complete\nwithout a quick whirl"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 148.394,
"text": "through the heart of Hades:\nTartarus."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 153.399,
"text": "Tisiphone here guards the portal."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 156.068,
"text": "She's one of the legendary Furies"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 158.029,
"text": "and is particularly passionate about\navenging murder."
},
{
"duration": 1.459,
"start": 162.2,
"text": "She never sleeps."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 163.659,
"text": "So, if you need anything, just ask!"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 166.162,
"text": "Tartarus is reserved for a select\nfew who some might call"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 170.124,
"text": "the greatest sinners of all time."
},
{
"duration": 1.167,
"start": 172.335,
"text": "Take Ixion."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 173.669,
"text": "He was once a king."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 175.671,
"text": "When he didn’t pay his wedding dowry,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 177.59,
"text": "his father-in-law, Deioneus,\nstole his horses to get even."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 181.552,
"text": "In retaliation, Ixion pitched\nDeioneus into a pit of fire."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 188.309,
"text": "Ixion was banished, but Zeus miraculously\ntook pity on him,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 192.438,
"text": "and invited him to a Mount Olympian feast."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 196.817,
"text": "There, however, it soon became clear\nthat the disgraced king"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 201.155,
"text": "was trying to seduce Zeus’s wife, Hera."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 204.825,
"text": "So, Zeus contrived a trap:"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 207.578,
"text": "a fluffy cloud that resembled\nHera exactly."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 210.748,
"text": "When Zeus had proof of Ixion having\nhis way with the cumulus,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 215.586,
"text": "well, you could say it was all nimbus\nfrom there."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 220.216,
"text": "That landed Ixion on the flaming wheel."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 223.052,
"text": "Poor thing."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 224.971,
"text": "Oh, and don’t mind Tantalus here."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 226.722,
"text": "He was part of the first generation\nof mortals,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 229.267,
"text": "enjoying privileges \nlike dining with the gods."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 232.687,
"text": "Some say Tantalus stole ambrosia\nfrom Zeus,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 236.44,
"text": "others that he doubted\nthe omniscience of the gods"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 239.277,
"text": "and cooked his own son into a stew\nto see if they would notice."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 244.365,
"text": "Naturally, they did."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 246.951,
"text": "And as eternal punishment,\nwhen Tantalus reaches for food,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 250.913,
"text": "the branches grow taller."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 253.499,
"text": "And when he stoops to quench his thirst,\nthe water recedes."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 258.879,
"text": "And here we have the Danaids."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 261.215,
"text": "At their father’s order, they beheaded\ntheir husbands on their wedding night."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 268.556,
"text": "They must fill this basin with water."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 271.267,
"text": "But, the trick is, their jars are cracked,\nso it always... just... leaks away."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 277.189,
"text": "Oh, but don’t worry!\nNo leaky appliances for you."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 280.526,
"text": "Finally, our last stop on the tour\nis one of our loveliest vistas."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 285.865,
"text": "From here, you can see the hill where\nSisyphus pushes his boulder"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 290.244,
"text": "day after day,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 293.622,
"text": "only for it to roll back down again—"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 297.001,
"text": "all for trying to cheat death."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 299.712,
"text": "As you can see, Achilles, the Underworld\nis full of exciting amenities."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 305.051,
"text": "Here, you don’t have to worry about\nbrutal wars or painful cycles of revenge."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 310.723,
"text": "You can finally just put your feet up\nand relax."
}
] |
xQ156y4TtJs
|
How the water you flush becomes the water you drink - Francis de los Reyes
|
Explore the science of wastewater treatment, and find out why water reuse has become increasingly common worldwide.
--
In 2003, Singapore’s national water agency launched an unprecedented program to provide more than 50% of their nation’s water supply by recycling wastewater. The program had been planned for decades to ensure the island nation never ran out of clean water. But is it really safe to reuse anything we flush down the toilet? Francis de los Reyes explains the science of wastewater treatment.
Lesson by Francis de los Reyes, directed by JodyPrody, The Animation Workshop.
This video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-the-water-you-flush-becomes-the-water-you-drink-francis-de-los-reyes
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-the-water-you-flush-becomes-the-water-you-drink-francis-de-los-reyes#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://jodyprody.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco and Rayo.
|
2023-08-15T15:01:15Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 6.7940000000000005,
"text": "One day around 850 CE,\na goatherd named Kaldi observed that,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 12.258,
"text": "after nibbling on some berries,\nhis goats started acting abnormally."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 17.555,
"text": "Kaldi tried them himself,\nand soon enough he was just as hyper."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 22.351,
"text": "This was humanity’s first\nrun-in with coffee—"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 25.313,
"text": "or so the story goes."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 27.315,
"text": "When exactly people began\nconsuming coffee is unclear—"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 31.027,
"text": "but at some point before the 1400s,\nin what’s now Ethiopia,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 35.198,
"text": "people began foraging for wild coffee\nin the forest undergrowth."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 39.702,
"text": "The reason coffee plants are equipped\nwith lots of caffeine"
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 43.081,
"text": "might be because it makes them\nunattractive to herbivores"
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 46.375,
"text": "or more attractive to pollinators."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 49.045,
"text": "But either way, people caught\non to coffee’s advantages"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 52.465,
"text": "and began making tea from its leaves;"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 54.967,
"text": "combining its berries with butter and salt\nfor a sustaining snack;"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 59.18,
"text": "and drying, roasting, and simmering\nits cherries into an energizing elixir."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 65.478,
"text": "Coffee rode trade routes\ninto the Middle East,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 68.314,
"text": "and its widespread popularity began\nbrewing in earnest in the 1450s."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 73.486,
"text": "Upon returning from a visit to Ethiopia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 76.239,
"text": "a Sufi leader recommended\nthat worshippers in Yemen"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 79.742,
"text": "use coffee during ritual chants\nand dances."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 83.246,
"text": "Soon enough,\npeople within the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 85.915,
"text": "began roasting and grinding the beans\nto yield a darker, bolder beverage."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 91.42,
"text": "Many gathered in guesthouses\nand outside mosques"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 95.007,
"text": "to partake in coffee’s comforts."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 97.093,
"text": "But authorities grew concerned\nabout whether coffee’s influence"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 100.721,
"text": "was innocent or intoxicating,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 102.807,
"text": "and if Muslims should be allowed\nto drink it."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 105.601,
"text": "Indeed, in 1511, a religious court\nin Mecca put coffee on trial."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 111.399,
"text": "Scholars finally deemed it permissible,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 113.818,
"text": "so coffeehouses sprang up in Damascus,\nIstanbul, and beyond,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 118.239,
"text": "where clientele could sip coffee, smoke,\nand enjoy a variety of entertainment."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 124.245,
"text": "By the late 1500s, people in Yemen\nwere farming coffee"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 128.666,
"text": "and exporting it\nfrom the port of Al-Makha,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 131.711,
"text": "which became known in other parts\nof the world as Mocha."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 136.007,
"text": "But coffee was eventually transported—\nor smuggled— into India,"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 140.052,
"text": "and soon took root in Java and beyond."
},
{
"duration": 4.587,
"start": 144.182,
"text": "Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire introduced\nthe stimulating substance to Europe."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 149.312,
"text": "Central London’s first coffeehouses\nopened in the 1650s."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 153.9,
"text": "By 1663 there were more than 80."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 156.819,
"text": "And despite King Charles II’s\nattempt to ban them in 1675,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 161.991,
"text": "coffeehouses kept simmering\nas social and intellectual hotbeds."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 166.871,
"text": "In 1679, for instance,\npatrons of Garraway’s coffeehouse"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 171.626,
"text": "had the pleasure of watching Robert Hooke,\nthe scientist who coined the term “cell,”"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 176.38,
"text": "publicly dissect a porpoise."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 179.175,
"text": "In France, people began mixing\ncoffee with milk and sugar."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 182.887,
"text": "And throughout the 1700s,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 184.889,
"text": "Paris’ coffeehouses hosted Enlightenment\nfigures like Diderot and Voltaire,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 190.186,
"text": "who allegedly drank 50 cups of coffee\na day."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 193.981,
"text": "Granted, these were likely small servings\nof comparatively weak coffee—"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 198.569,
"text": "but still, impressive."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 200.279,
"text": "Meanwhile, European empires began\nprofiting off coffee-growing,"
},
{
"duration": 3.713,
"start": 204.533,
"text": "establishing enslaved\nor exploited workforces"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 208.246,
"text": "in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 211.582,
"text": "As cultivation boomed in Latin America,\nfueled by slavery,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 215.795,
"text": "growers displaced Indigenous populations"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 218.547,
"text": "and burned forests\nto establish ever-expanding plantations."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 223.177,
"text": "By 1906, Brazil was exporting\nover 80% of the world’s coffee."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 228.766,
"text": "That same year, \nthe Milan World’s Fair showcased"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 232.019,
"text": "the first commercial espresso machine."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 235.022,
"text": "And alongside the development\nof industrial roasting equipment"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 238.567,
"text": "came various coffee brands."
},
{
"duration": 6.257,
"start": 241.028,
"text": "By the mid-1950s, about 60% of\nUS factories incorporated coffee breaks."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 247.451,
"text": "As African countries cut colonial ties,\nmany ramped up coffee production."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 252.707,
"text": "And coffee drinking also later\nmade inroads in East Asia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 256.544,
"text": "especially as canned,\npre-prepared beverages."
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 260.423,
"text": "In more recent decades,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 261.799,
"text": "specialty coffees with an emphasis\non quality beans and brewing methods"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 266.429,
"text": "grew popular and propelled farms\nin Central America and East Africa."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 271.475,
"text": "Yet coffee workers worldwide continued\nto endure inhumane conditions"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 276.689,
"text": "and insufficient compensation."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 278.983,
"text": "This motivated certification efforts"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 281.36,
"text": "for coffee production\nthat met ethical standards,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 284.238,
"text": "including minimum wage\nand sustainable farming."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 287.283,
"text": "But issues still loom over the industry."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 290.202,
"text": "And because of climate change,"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 292.079,
"text": "the equatorial “Bean Belt” \nwhere coffee thrives"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 295.333,
"text": "is projected to shrink\nin upcoming decades."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 298.461,
"text": "It’s unclear exactly what\nthis might look like."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 301.422,
"text": "But scientists are\ninvestigating possibilities"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 304.467,
"text": "like resilient coffee hybrids that might\nhelp weather the unpredictable future—"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 309.513,
"text": "all to protect the beverage\nthat’s become a cherished part"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 312.933,
"text": "of daily rituals worldwide."
}
] |
xDNzz8yAH7I
|
Why is everyone fighting over these tiny spots of space? - Fabio Pacucci
|
Download a free audiobook version of “Project Hail Mary" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed
--
Since the 1950s, governments, companies, and researchers have been planting flags among the stars. But while it might seem like there’s plenty of room in space, some pieces of celestial real estate are more valuable than others. As far as human space exploration is concerned, Lagrange points may be the most important places in our solar system. So what exactly are they? Fabio Pacucci explains.
Lesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by Tim Rauch.
This video made possible in collaboration with Audible
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/whoever-builds-something-here-will-be-rich-beyond-measure-fabio-pacucci
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Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/tim_rauch
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek and Dennis.
|
2023-08-10T15:00:40Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.179,
"start": 0.12,
"text": "in July 1776 Congress voted to adopt the"
},
{
"duration": 4.74,
"start": 3.899,
"text": "Declaration of Independence nearly two"
},
{
"duration": 4.141,
"start": 6.299,
"text": "and a half centuries later that day is"
},
{
"duration": 3.121,
"start": 8.639,
"text": "celebrated as the birthday of the United"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 10.44,
"text": "States"
},
{
"duration": 3.959,
"start": 11.76,
"text": "but there are some pieces of the story"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 13.86,
"text": "you may not know"
},
{
"duration": 4.98,
"start": 15.719,
"text": "first while Thomas Jefferson gets credit"
},
{
"duration": 6.299,
"start": 18.24,
"text": "for writing the Declaration he was"
},
{
"duration": 6.061,
"start": 20.699,
"text": "actually one of five contributors"
},
{
"duration": 4.5600000000000005,
"start": 24.539,
"text": "second some of Jefferson's most"
},
{
"duration": 4.46,
"start": 26.76,
"text": "memorable words and phrases were"
},
{
"duration": 5.341,
"start": 29.099,
"text": "borrowed and tweaked from other writers"
},
{
"duration": 6.4,
"start": 31.22,
"text": "lastly Jefferson had originally included"
},
{
"duration": 6,
"start": 34.44,
"text": "a passage on the evils of slavery but it"
},
{
"duration": 4.92,
"start": 37.62,
"text": "was cut from the final draft in part"
},
{
"duration": 3.779,
"start": 40.44,
"text": "because Congress wanted no mention of"
},
{
"duration": 3.9,
"start": 42.54,
"text": "slavery in the nation's founding"
},
{
"duration": 4.86,
"start": 44.219,
"text": "document this remains an important"
},
{
"duration": 7.58,
"start": 46.44,
"text": "reminder that the revolution did not"
},
{
"duration": 4.941,
"start": 49.079,
"text": "guarantee Liberty Inequality For All"
}
] |
eBYqlmS4A-E
|
What happens if you don’t put your phone in airplane mode? - Lindsay DeMarchi
|
Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/teded
--
Right now, invisible signals are flying through the air all around you. Massive radio waves carry information between computers, GPS systems, cell phones, and more. And the sky is flooded with interference from routers, satellites, and, of course, people flying who haven’t put their phones on airplane mode. So, what exactly does airplane mode do? Lindsay DeMarchi explains the setting's importance.
Lesson by Lindsay DeMarchi, directed by Sofia Pashaei.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-if-you-don-t-put-your-phone-in-airplane-mode-lindsay-demarchi#digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu and David D.
|
2023-08-08T15:00:45Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "Of all Shakespeare’s plays, perhaps none\nis stranger than “Macbeth.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 12.925,
"text": "The piece opens on Scottish generals\nMacbeth and Banquo"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 17.597,
"text": "encountering a trio of witches."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 20.308,
"text": "They predict Macbeth\nwill become Scotland's king"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 23.186,
"text": "and that Banquo’s descendants\nwill one day take the throne—"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 27.565,
"text": "a pair of conspiratorial prophecies\nthat burrow into the men’s minds."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 33.488,
"text": "Macbeth soon fulfills his role,"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 36.824,
"text": "killing both King Duncan and his fellow\ngeneral in a murderous frenzy."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 42.413,
"text": "Wracked with paranoia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 44.248,
"text": "Macbeth summons the witches\nfor more arcane aid,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 48.086,
"text": "and they predict he’ll be safe\nuntil a faraway forest"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 52.423,
"text": "lays siege upon his castle."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 55.593,
"text": "Macbeth takes solace\nin this impossible prophecy."
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 59.972,
"text": "Yet by the play’s end,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 61.933,
"text": "his keep has been sacked\nby an army disguised as trees,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 66.729,
"text": "and Duncan's son Malcolm\nhas reclaimed the throne."
},
{
"duration": 1.419,
"start": 71.692,
"text": "Even for Shakespeare,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 73.111,
"text": "these are exceptionally odd elements\nfor a parable on power."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 77.281,
"text": "But according to at least six texts\nfrom the 11th century,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 81.119,
"text": "this supernatural tragedy\nhas its roots in reality."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 85.081,
"text": "In 1040, a Scottish general\nnamed Macbethad"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 89.752,
"text": "was recorded to have killed\na predecessor named Duncan"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 93.005,
"text": "to become king of Scotland."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 95.383,
"text": "And in 1057, Duncan’s son,\nMalcolm Canmore,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 99.929,
"text": "led a successful raid\nagainst this usurper."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 103.933,
"text": "What's more, accounts from\nsubsequent historians mention witches,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 108.187,
"text": "prophecies, and arboreal armies."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 111.315,
"text": "All of which raises the question:"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 113.651,
"text": "just how much of Shakespeare’s\nstrange story is true?"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 118.781,
"text": "The answer lies in understanding\nwhat it meant to be a historian"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 123.077,
"text": "in the Middle Ages."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 125.288,
"text": "In the five centuries between Macbethad’s\ndeath and Shakespeare’s play,"
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 130.71,
"text": "various clerics, chroniclers, and poets\nwrote about this medieval Scottish king."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 137.592,
"text": "But while some of these writers may have\nseen themselves"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 140.428,
"text": "as objective observers of history,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 142.93,
"text": "they all operated more like storytellers."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 146.642,
"text": "It was standard practice at the time"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 148.811,
"text": "to pull details from various historical\naccounts to craft new histories"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 154.4,
"text": "that reflected current cultural norms,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 157.069,
"text": "argued moral positions,\nor commented on royal politics."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 162.325,
"text": "For example, in 1380,\nScottish cleric John of Fordun"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 167.663,
"text": "penned a history of Scotland that\nincorporated Macbethad’s rule."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 173.002,
"text": "Written amidst a war with England\nand in the wake of a great plague,"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 177.131,
"text": "Fordun wanted to instill Scottish pride\nin his devout, educated readers."
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 183.596,
"text": "So he glorified the Canmore dynasty\nand denounced Macbethad as a villain"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 190.228,
"text": "who interrupted their rule."
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 192.939,
"text": "Decades later, the cleric Andrew of\nWyntoun further demonized Macbeth."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 199.362,
"text": "Writing for audiences\nenthralled by the occult,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 202.782,
"text": "Wyntoun imagined the murderous\nusurper as the devil’s spawn,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 207.203,
"text": "who hallucinated ghostly greyhounds"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 210.039,
"text": "and witches inspired by the Fates\nof Norse mythology."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 215.461,
"text": "Wyntoun also introduced the rebels\nusing branches to camouflage their attack."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 221.717,
"text": "Renaissance scholar Hector Boece\nhad slightly more sympathy for Macbeth,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 227.473,
"text": "approaching him as a just ruler\nwho descended into ruthless paranoia."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 233.02,
"text": "This cautionary tale may\nhave been intended as a criticism"
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 236.774,
"text": "of tyrannical contemporary kings\nlike Henry VIII or Francis I."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 242.655,
"text": "An altered version of Boece’s Macbeth\nis likely what inspired Shakespeare"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 248.536,
"text": "to partake in the grand tradition\nof rewriting Macbethad’s history."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 254.333,
"text": "When the Bard was writing “Macbeth,”\nEngland was ruled by King James I."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 260.256,
"text": "James was a descendant of the Stuarts,"
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 263.634,
"text": "a Scottish royal dynasty that included\nMacbeth's fictional friend Banquo."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 270.516,
"text": "So it’s possible the Bard tried\nto flatter King James"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 273.978,
"text": "by giving Banquo a bigger role"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 275.896,
"text": "and introducing the prophecy that his\ndescendants would take the throne."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 280.86,
"text": "And then there's the witches."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 283.696,
"text": "James hated witchcraft,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 285.865,
"text": "so Shakespeare might have been playing\nto the throne"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 289.16,
"text": "by exaggerating the story’s\nsinister supernatural elements."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 294.081,
"text": "Alternatively, the inclusion\nof the weird sisters"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 297.335,
"text": "may have been the Bard rebelling\nagainst the king’s censorship"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 301.547,
"text": "of other witchy plays."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 304.091,
"text": "Either way, not all of his additions\nwere influenced by the throne."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 308.763,
"text": "More than any previous telling,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 310.973,
"text": "Shakespeare’s Scot is tormented\nand confused."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 315.269,
"text": "Is he a devil or a saint?"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 318.105,
"text": "Are these witches real or illusion?"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 321.4,
"text": "Is he in charge of his own destiny,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 323.819,
"text": "or is his legacy\ndetermined by external forces?"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 328.199,
"text": "In asking these questions, Shakespeare’s\nMacbeth may be the truest of them all."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 333.788,
"text": "Not because of similarities\nto his historical namesake."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 337.375,
"text": "But because, just like those\nwho’ve written about him,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 341.003,
"text": "this Macbeth is also trying\nto determine his role"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 345.508,
"text": "in the ever-changing currents of history."
}
] |
VvxRnuE59K8
|
Why your phone battery gets worse over time - George Zaidan
|
Explore the science of why single-use and rechargeable batteries die, and find out why recycling batteries can be challenging.
--
Almost all batteries, even single-use batteries, are theoretically rechargeable. That’s because the metals and other chemicals are still there in the battery. So chemically speaking, a dead battery is actually not that different from a fresh one. Then why do batteries die in the first place? And what should you do with them once they’re spent? George Zaidan digs into the science of batteries.
Lesson by George Zaidan, directed by Luisa Holanda.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
A special thanks to Sunil Mair who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-your-phone-battery-gets-worse-over-time-george-zaidan
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-your-phone-battery-gets-worse-over-time-george-zaidan#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.luisaholanda.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam and Sid.
|
2023-08-03T14:09:24Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 7.462,
"text": "On November 30th, 1935,\ndozens of writers passed away."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 12.592,
"text": "They came from different backgrounds,\nespoused divergent beliefs,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 16.012,
"text": "and wrote in a variety of styles."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 18.222,
"text": "Yet all of their work was stashed\nin a single trunk"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 20.641,
"text": "in an apartment in Lisbon, Portugal."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 22.685,
"text": "So, what mysterious string\ntied all these writers together?"
},
{
"duration": 5.423,
"start": 27.356,
"text": "Well, the trunk belonged\nto one enigmatic author, Fernando Pessoa,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 32.779,
"text": "who was, in fact, all of them."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 36.24,
"text": "Some authors use pseudonyms and pen names"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 38.743,
"text": "to protect their identities\nor bolster their artistic personas."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 42.622,
"text": "But Pessoa used what he called\n“heteronyms” to write not as himself"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 47.085,
"text": "but as other people he invented,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 49.003,
"text": "giving way to generative,\nartistic experimentation."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 52.632,
"text": "He fleshed out their imagined lives,\ndevised their distinct quirks,"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 56.511,
"text": "and cultivated their unique\nliterary voices."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 59.472,
"text": "Sometimes Pessoa's heteronyms\ninteracted with each other,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 63.351,
"text": "even criticizing one another's work."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 66.062,
"text": "Pessoa described himself as a “nomadic\nwanderer through [his own] consciousness,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 71.651,
"text": "“a kind of medium,”\n“divided” among his heteronyms."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 75.196,
"text": "“But,” he wrote, “I’m less real\nthan the others,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 78.741,
"text": "less substantial, less personal,\nand easily influenced by them all.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 85.706,
"text": "Born in Lisbon in 1888,\nPessoa began writing as different people"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 90.044,
"text": "when he was around six years old,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 91.921,
"text": "authoring letters as an imaginary\nFrenchman, Chevalier de Pas."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 95.883,
"text": "When Pessoa’s stepfather moved\ntheir family to South Africa,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 99.387,
"text": "Pessoa picked up new languages."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 101.597,
"text": "He adopted several English-language\nheteronyms in high school"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 104.809,
"text": "and published booklets of poems\nfeatured by the British press."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 108.855,
"text": "In 1905, Pessoa returned\nto Lisbon for good."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 112.567,
"text": "He gained a reputation for his\nformal dress, affinity for the occult,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 116.612,
"text": "and for being cordial and charming while\nalways keeping people at arm’s length."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 121.2,
"text": "Pessoa established art and literary\njournals and a publishing house."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 125.705,
"text": "But while these public ventures\nfailed to take off"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 128.166,
"text": "and Pessoa amassed debt\nand relocated frequently,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 131.544,
"text": "his greatest experiments\nwere unfolding in private."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 134.672,
"text": "Scrawling in various languages on\nenvelopes, book jackets and loose papers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 139.177,
"text": "Pessoa crafted a dreamy love letter\nas Maria José,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 142.597,
"text": "a teenager with a spinal disorder\nwho was infatuated with a metalworker;"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 147.018,
"text": "he scribbled detective stories\nas Horace James Faber;"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 149.937,
"text": "and analyzed astrological charts\nas Raphael Baldaya."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 154.4,
"text": "He used three heteronyms most frequently."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 157.195,
"text": "Alberto Caeiro was a shepherd-poet\nwho used simple diction"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 161.574,
"text": "to describe the world as he saw it."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 163.826,
"text": "Ricardo Reis, a doctor,\nfavored the epic style of Classical poets."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 168.706,
"text": "And Álvaro de Campos,\na bisexual naval engineer and nomad,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 172.96,
"text": "wrote poetry extolling the wonder\nand hardship of daily life."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 177.215,
"text": "Using de Campos, Pessoa said he could\nchannel all the emotions"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 180.301,
"text": "he denied himself."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 182.136,
"text": "And at one point, de Campos claimed\nit was Pessoa who didn’t truly exist."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 187.642,
"text": "During his lifetime,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 188.893,
"text": "Pessoa published poems, letters,\nessays, and literary criticism—"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 193.648,
"text": "some as heteronyms,\nothers under his own name."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 197.235,
"text": "He also produced a handful of books,\njust one in Portuguese—"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 201.155,
"text": "a poetry collection about Portugal’s\nmythic history called “Message.”"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 205.576,
"text": "He gained local recognition,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 207.328,
"text": "but the full scope of his creative\nendeavours only revealed itself"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 211.082,
"text": "when Pessoa died a year\nafter the book’s release."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 213.876,
"text": "From among almost 30,000 pages\nof unpublished work stashed in his trunk,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 218.756,
"text": "critics eventually assembled\n“The Book of Disquiet” in 1982,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 223.219,
"text": "which Pessoa spent two decades developing."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 226.18,
"text": "It declares itself,\nin typically cryptic fashion,"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 229.267,
"text": "“the autobiography of someone\nwho never existed.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 232.603,
"text": "Pessoa wrote it as the fictional diary\nof his so-called semi-heteronym,"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 236.524,
"text": "Bernardo Soares,"
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 237.984,
"text": "whose personality he described\nas a “mere mutilation” of his own."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 242.446,
"text": "Often frustrated by life’s demands,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 244.699,
"text": "the book’s narrator explores how delving\ninwards through literature"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 247.952,
"text": "helps him escape reality’s confines."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 250.705,
"text": "He continuously challenges conceptions\nof the self as a singular, reliable unit—"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 256.002,
"text": "instead grappling with identity\nas indefinite,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 259.213,
"text": "each person a shifting sum of their parts."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 262.55,
"text": "“My soul is a hidden orchestra,”\nthe first entry reads."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 266.053,
"text": "“I do not know what instruments,\nwhat violins and harps,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 269.39,
"text": "drums and tambours\nsound and clash inside me."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 272.768,
"text": "I know myself only as a symphony.”"
}
] |
6LGCk08zMbg
|
How dangerous was it to be a jester? - Beatrice K. Otto
|
Explore the history of court jesters, from 7th century China to medieval Europe, and how they were able to speak truth to power.
--
Contrary to common belief, jesters weren’t just a medieval European phenomenon but flourished in other times and cultures. The first reliably recorded jester is thought to be You Shi, of 7th century BCE China. Jesters had unique relationships to power: they could be viewed as objects of mockery or as entertainers and trusted companions. Beatrice K. Otto digs into history's most infamous jokers.
Lesson by Beatrice K. Otto, directed by Yael Reisfeld.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-was-life-like-for-a-court-jester-beatrice-k-otto
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-was-life-like-for-a-court-jester-beatrice-k-otto#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.yaelreisfeld.com & https://www.instagram.com/yaelreisfeld
Educator's website: https://www.foolsareeverywhere.com & https://www.instagram.com/foolsareeverywhereworld
Music: https://www.janwillemdewith.com & https://www.instagram.com/janwillemdewith
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús and Karthik Cherala.
|
2023-08-01T15:00:18Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 6.753,
"text": "In 1667, a Danish scientist finally\nconcluded that certain mysterious stones"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 13.051,
"text": "prized for their supposed\nmedicinal powers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 15.887,
"text": "hadn’t fallen from the sky\nduring lunar eclipses"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 19.057,
"text": "and weren’t serpent tongues."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 21.726,
"text": "In fact, they were fossilized teeth—"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 24.52,
"text": "many belonging to a prehistoric species\nthat would come to be called megalodon,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 29.942,
"text": "the biggest shark to ever live."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 33.446,
"text": "So what was it like when megalodon\nruled the seas?"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 37.867,
"text": "And what brought this formidable\npredator to extinction?"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 42.08,
"text": "Because their skeletons\nwere cartilaginous,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 44.54,
"text": "what remains of megalodons are\nmostly scattered clues,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 48.211,
"text": "like some isolated vertebrae and\nlots of their enamel-protected teeth."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 53.466,
"text": "Like many sharks, megalodons could shed\nand replace thousands of teeth"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 57.887,
"text": "over the course of their lives."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 59.722,
"text": "Interestingly, some fossil sites harbor\nespecially high numbers"
},
{
"duration": 2.585,
"start": 63.81,
"text": "of small megalodon teeth."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 66.479,
"text": "Experts believe these were nurseries\nthat supported countless generations"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 71.234,
"text": "of budding megalodons."
},
{
"duration": 3.421,
"start": 73.402,
"text": "They grew up in sheltered \nand food-packed shallow waters"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 76.823,
"text": "before becoming unrivaled\nadult marine hunters."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 80.827,
"text": "Looking at the similarities \nwith great white shark teeth,"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 84.122,
"text": "scientists estimate that megalodons might\nhave stretched up to 20 meters—"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 89.335,
"text": "three times longer than great whites."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 92.505,
"text": "And during their reign, which began\naround 20 million years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 96.259,
"text": "megalodons lived just about everywhere,"
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 99.262,
"text": "with individuals also potentially\nundertaking transoceanic migrations."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 105.101,
"text": "The world was warmer and the ocean\nwas brimming with life."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 109.063,
"text": "Otters and dugongs thrived \nin newly formed kelp forests,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 113.067,
"text": "and baleen whales were\nat their most diverse."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 116.404,
"text": "Megalodons had no shortage\nof high-energy, edible options."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 120.158,
"text": "And it seems they were ambitious eaters."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 123.244,
"text": "Generally, as carnivores consume\nprotein-rich meat,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 126.706,
"text": "certain nitrogen isotopes accumulate\nin their tissues—"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 130.459,
"text": "including the enamel of their teeth."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 133.838,
"text": "Analyzing megalodon teeth, scientists\nconfirmed they were apex predators"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 138.926,
"text": "that not only ate large prey species—"
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 142.18,
"text": "but also other predators,\nperhaps even each other."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 147.518,
"text": "In addition to megalodon’s teeth,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 149.562,
"text": "researchers have access to one\nexceptionally well-preserved spinal column"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 154.609,
"text": "that comprises 141 vertebrae\nof a 46-year-old megalodon."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 160.823,
"text": "A 3D model of the megalodon’s body\nsuggests that its stomach"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 165.203,
"text": "could reach volumes\nof almost 10,000 liters—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 168.873,
"text": "big enough to fit an entire orca."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 172.585,
"text": "Reconstructing their jaws,\nresearchers think megalodons could eat"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 176.13,
"text": "a now-extinct 7-meter sperm whale\nin as few as four bites."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 181.51,
"text": "And the fossilized bones of ancient\ncetaceans do indeed show evidence"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 185.723,
"text": "of megalodon bite marks— \nincluding some that healed over,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 189.644,
"text": "confirming that megalodons\npursued live prey."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 194.232,
"text": "But if megalodons were so powerful,\nwhy did they go extinct?"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 198.402,
"text": "It seems there were a few\ncontributing factors."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 201.239,
"text": "By the time they disappeared\naround 3.5 million years ago,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 205.201,
"text": "the global climate had cooled,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 207.161,
"text": "causing more glaciers to form\nand the sea level to drop."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 211.249,
"text": "This dried up many coastal habitats,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 213.668,
"text": "meaning some of the world’s most\nresource-rich marine sites were lost."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 217.922,
"text": "About a third of all marine megafauna\neventually went extinct,"
},
{
"duration": 2.7119999999999997,
"start": 221.55,
"text": "so fewer prey species were available."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 224.262,
"text": "And megalodons already faced high\nenergetic demands because of their size"
},
{
"duration": 3.586,
"start": 228.975,
"text": "and the mechanism they likely used\nto regulate their body temperature,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 232.561,
"text": "which allowed them \nto navigate cold waters"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 235.231,
"text": "and attack prey with bursts of speed."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 238.442,
"text": "Environmental changes may have\nmade megalodons vulnerable"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 241.779,
"text": "and increasingly put them in competition\nwith other predators,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 245.449,
"text": "including the great white shark,\na relative newcomer."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 249.704,
"text": "Because megalodons were highly\nmobile predators,"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 252.456,
"text": "their extinction had global consequences."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 254.834,
"text": "The end of their long-distance travels\nprobably disrupted nutrient transport"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 259.171,
"text": "between different ecosystems."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 260.965,
"text": "And many animals were suddenly released"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 263.342,
"text": "from the immense predatory pressure\nof their bite."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 267.054,
"text": "Interestingly, some marine mammals\ndramatically increased in size afterwards,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 271.642,
"text": "which was perhaps partially afforded"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 273.686,
"text": "because they were no longer dealing\nwith such a mega-existential threat."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 278.607,
"text": "Knowing that the decline of apex predators\ncan destabilize entire ecosystems,"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 283.779,
"text": "conservationists are working to prevent\ntoday’s sharks from facing a similar fate—"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 289.16,
"text": "this time, because of humans."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 291.37,
"text": "And meanwhile, the megalodon remains\na colossal testament"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 294.999,
"text": "to ecological interdependence"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 297.209,
"text": "and millions of years of bones well-bitten\nand waters well-wandered."
}
] |
eBz7iUJu9UM
|
How to enter flow state
|
Explore the defining features of being in a flow state, and get tips on how you can find flow in your daily life.
--
Flow is more than just concentrating or paying attention; it's a unique mental state of effortless engagement. And those who more frequently experience flow report higher levels of positive emotions, creativity, and feelings of accomplishment. But what exactly is flow? And how can we find it in our daily lives? Explore steps you can take to increase your chances of finding flow.
Directed by Leah Putnam.
This video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
A special thanks to David Melnikoff who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-enter-flow-state
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-enter-flow-state#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.leahputnamillustration.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia and Denise A Pitts.
|
2023-07-27T15:01:13Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "In a 2019 study, over 400 participants\nwere enlisted to learn"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 12.216,
"text": "a mysterious, invented language."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 15.72,
"text": "Individuals were asked\nabout three pairs of runes—"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 19.14,
"text": "for example, which of these two characters\nrepresents an animal?"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 23.853,
"text": "Then, after a brief break,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 25.396,
"text": "they were asked about the same rune pairs\nwith questions flipped,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 29.692,
"text": "as in, which of these two runes\nrepresents a non-living object?"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 34.781,
"text": "But this game had a secret—"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 37.408,
"text": "The subjects’ answers in round one"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 40.119,
"text": "determined the runes’ meanings\nin round two."
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 43.372,
"text": "In the first round,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 44.582,
"text": "participants either had all their answers\nmarked as correct no matter what,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 49.295,
"text": "or they were forced to fail\nevery question."
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 52.632,
"text": "This meant that at the break,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 54.383,
"text": "every participant had\nthe same amount of information,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 57.845,
"text": "and in round two\nthey were playing for real."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 60.848,
"text": "But despite this even playing field,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 63.226,
"text": "the successful participants from round one\nrose to the top of the ranks,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 68.022,
"text": "while those cast as failures kept,\nwell, failing."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 73.82,
"text": "People often describe failure\nas a teachable moment—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 77.323,
"text": "a necessary stumble\non our way to improvement."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 80.493,
"text": "But learning from our mistakes\nisn't always easy,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 83.329,
"text": "especially when those failures\nare demoralizing, overwhelming,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 86.666,
"text": "or just downright confusing."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 89.377,
"text": "So what exactly prevents us from turning\nour mistakes into mastery?"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 95.341,
"text": "Perhaps the most obvious hurdle\nto learning from failure"
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 98.427,
"text": "is how painful it can be."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 101.389,
"text": "People generally want to think\nof themselves as capable and competent,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 105.768,
"text": "and experiencing failure threatens\nthat self-image."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 109.355,
"text": "In a survey following a replication\nof the rune study,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 112.316,
"text": "participants in the failure group\nindicated much lower levels"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 115.778,
"text": "of self-confidence after participating."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 118.948,
"text": "It’s tempting to dismiss this\npain as a temporary setback."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 122.91,
"text": "But some studies have found that when\npeople feel demoralized or incompetent,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 127.665,
"text": "their brains often stop processing\nnew information."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 131.961,
"text": "This suggests that if a threat\nto your self-esteem is large enough,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 135.506,
"text": "it can undermine your ability to learn."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 138.384,
"text": "However, your tolerance for failure\nalso depends on your relationship"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 142.388,
"text": "with the task at hand."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 144.015,
"text": "In a study from 2011, researchers surveyed\na group of American students"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 148.477,
"text": "enrolled in introductory and advanced\nFrench courses."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 152.106,
"text": "These students completed a questionnaire"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 154.4,
"text": "asking what kind of teacher\nthey preferred—"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 157.069,
"text": "one who emphasized their\nstrengths and successes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 160.489,
"text": "or one who highlighted their mistakes\nand corrected their weaknesses."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 165.494,
"text": "In general, responses showed\nthat while beginner students"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 168.539,
"text": "sought positive reinforcement,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 170.333,
"text": "advanced students were more eager\nfor critical feedback."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 174.921,
"text": "Researchers have theorized a handful\nof explanations for these results."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 178.925,
"text": "Having just started out,\nbeginners are still determining"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 181.969,
"text": "if they enjoy learning French \nand if they want to continue studying,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 185.806,
"text": "so they might crave praise\nas a way to stay motivated."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 190.144,
"text": "On the other hand, the advanced students\nare already invested,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 194.065,
"text": "so they may want to improve their skills\nas efficiently as possible."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 197.86,
"text": "The process of gaining expertise also\ncomes with its fair share of failure,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 202.114,
"text": "so the advanced students may have built\na higher tolerance for making mistakes."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 206.827,
"text": "But whether you're an expert or a novice,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 208.871,
"text": "it’s usually much more straightforward\nto learn from your successes"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 212.416,
"text": "than your failures."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 213.834,
"text": "For example, imagine getting\nyour grade back on an exam."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 218.13,
"text": "If you aced it, you could reasonably\nassume you made good choices"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 222.093,
"text": "around when, what, and how much to study,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 224.512,
"text": "and you can replicate those decisions\nfor the next test."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 227.598,
"text": "But if you failed,\nit could be for any number of reasons."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 231.435,
"text": "Maybe you didn’t study enough,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 233.396,
"text": "maybe you studied the wrong information,\nor maybe you did everything right"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 238.359,
"text": "and the test covered things you shouldn't\nhave been expected to know."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 242.446,
"text": "In cases like this,\nit’s unclear exactly what went wrong,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 245.825,
"text": "making it difficult to learn\nhow to improve."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 248.828,
"text": "Wanting to learn from our failures\nis completely natural,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 252.29,
"text": "and there’s a lot to gain\nby being resilient"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 254.5,
"text": "and cultivating a growth mindset."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 257.086,
"text": "But fixating on your failures can make\nit easy to forget all your successes."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 262.341,
"text": "And building on what you’re doing right\ncan be more effective"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 265.845,
"text": "than focusing on what you did wrong."
}
] |
bH3O69BscYg
|
3 questions to ask yourself before you believe something - Siska De Baerdemaeker
|
Get to know 3 factors that can help you identify pseudoscience, and find out how it differs from actual science.
--
Pseudoscience is a set of theories, methods, and assumptions that appear scientific, but aren’t. In the worst cases, pseudoscience practitioners encourage this confusion to exploit people. But even when it's well-intentioned, pseudoscience can still prevent people from getting the help they need. So, how can you tell what’s science and what’s pseudoscience? Siska De Baerdemaeker investigates.
Lesson by Siska De Baerdemaeker, directed by Eoin Duffy.
This video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/science-vs-pseudoscience-siska-de-baerdemaeker
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/science-vs-pseudoscience-siska-de-baerdemaeker#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://eoinduffy.me
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson and Thawsitt.
|
2023-07-25T15:01:29Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "In 2019, Eliud Kipchoge finished\na Vienna marathon"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 11.758,
"text": "in one hour, 59 minutes, and 40 seconds."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 16.137,
"text": "This staggering time broke\nthe two-hour barrier"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 19.265,
"text": "that most runners previously\ndeemed impossible."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 23.061,
"text": "However, some researchers\nweren't as surprised."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 26.647,
"text": "Recent studies investigating if humans\ncould maintain such a high pace"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 31.402,
"text": "for the length of a marathon\nhad found that elite runners"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 35.198,
"text": "can take in twice as much oxygen\nas non-runners."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 39.619,
"text": "And it’s likely that this superhuman\nability played a role in Eliud’s victory."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 44.582,
"text": "But when it comes\nto breathing efficiently,"
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 47.001,
"text": "not even the best runners in the world\ncan compete with the average fish."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 52.965,
"text": "That’s right— you’re looking at some\nof the best breathers on Earth;"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 57.47,
"text": "which actually makes sense when you\nconsider how little oxygen there is"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 62.141,
"text": "in their aquatic environments."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 64.477,
"text": "Fish can breathe in a variety of ways,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 67.021,
"text": "but the most common\nis through the use of gills."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 70.149,
"text": "These branching organs typically\ncome in four pairs,"
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 74.529,
"text": "all enclosed in gill chambers."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 77.573,
"text": "These chambers are protected\nby opercle, or gill covers,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 82.161,
"text": "which are just as essential to underwater\nbreathing as the gills themselves."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 87.208,
"text": "When most fish take a breath,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 89.168,
"text": "they first close these covers\nand take a gulp of water."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 93.422,
"text": "Then, they open their opercle,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 95.842,
"text": "creating a pressure differential\nthat pulls water through the gills,"
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 100.054,
"text": "which are composed of thread-like\nfilaments spaced evenly along a gill arch."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 106.519,
"text": "These filaments are covered in countless\nsmall blood vessels called capillaries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 112.066,
"text": "in addition to tiny extensions\nknown as gill lamellae"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 116.654,
"text": "which further increase \nthe gill’s surface area."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 120.199,
"text": "When water passes over these capillaries,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 122.994,
"text": "the membrane is thin enough\nfor the fish’s red blood cells"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 127.123,
"text": "to pull dissolved oxygen from the water\ninto the bloodstream."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 131.752,
"text": "And just like when we breathe\nwith our lungs,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 134.38,
"text": "this process releases carbon dioxide,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 137.3,
"text": "which passes out into the water\nthrough the open gill cover."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 141.804,
"text": "This technique only works underwater—"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 144.473,
"text": "on the surface, the pressure differential\ncreated by opening and closing gill covers"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 149.353,
"text": "isn’t strong enough to pull\nin sufficient air."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 152.565,
"text": "But under the surface,\nit’s remarkably efficient."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 155.86,
"text": "Inside the lamellae, blood flows\nin the opposite direction to the water,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 160.615,
"text": "creating a counter-current system\nthat optimizes gas exchange."
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 165.912,
"text": "In fact, gills can absorb roughly 75%\nof the oxygen passing through them;"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 172.376,
"text": "that’s twice the percentage of oxygen\nour lungs extract from a breath of air."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 178.341,
"text": "Fish also breathe much more frequently\nthan we do."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 182.345,
"text": "The average adult human breathes\n12 to 18 times a minute,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 186.474,
"text": "while most fish pull water\nover their gills"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 189.56,
"text": "anywhere from 20 to 80 times a minute."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 192.813,
"text": "Those numbers would raise\neven a marathoner’s eyebrows."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 196.901,
"text": "Thanks to this fast, frequent,\nand efficient breathing"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 200.446,
"text": "fish process far more oxygen than we do."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 203.741,
"text": "It's also why some species\ncan live at great depths."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 207.912,
"text": "Bodies of water get most\nof their oxygen from the surface,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 211.54,
"text": "where O2 dissolves into the water\nand begins circulating."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 216.087,
"text": "But further down, there are\noxygen minimum zones,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 219.757,
"text": "with concentrations as low as\n0.5 milligrams of oxygen per liter."
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 225.263,
"text": "To get the oxygen they need,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 227.181,
"text": "fish living at these depths rely\non increased gill ventilation"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 231.894,
"text": "and hearts that pump high volumes of\noxygenated blood throughout the body."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 237.817,
"text": "Even with these tricks, sometimes there's\nstill not enough oxygen to go around,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 243.03,
"text": "forcing fish to adapt\nmore extreme solutions."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 246.534,
"text": "For example, the Australian lungfish\nlives in a habitat"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 250.663,
"text": "where the water level drops precipitously\nin August and September,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 255.376,
"text": "making it almost impossible\nto survive with gills alone."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 259.714,
"text": "Fortunately, these fish\nhave gills and lungs."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 263.801,
"text": "Using their long, thin limbs,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 265.928,
"text": "they can lift their mouths above the\nsurface and take deep breaths of air,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 271.142,
"text": "allowing them to survive out of the water\nfor several days."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 275.604,
"text": "And other species of lungfish can survive\nabove ground even longer"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 280.359,
"text": "in cocoons of mud and mucus."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 283.821,
"text": "Fortunately, for most fish these extreme\nadaptations aren’t necessary."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 288.826,
"text": "After all, 71% of Earth is covered in H2O,"
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 293.205,
"text": "giving these aquatic animals plenty\nof room to flaunt their gills’ skills."
}
] |
DXgrI8GlUB8
|
Become a patron of TED-Ed! #shorts
|
If you would like to help support TED-Ed’s nonprofit mission to bring free, high-quality educational resources to the world, join our community of supporters on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
#shorts
|
2023-07-21T18:25:16Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "In the 19th century, "
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 8.838,
"text": "Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire\nlived as second-class citizens."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 15.97,
"text": "They were taxed disproportionately,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 18.723,
"text": "forbidden from giving testimony\nin Ottoman courts,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 22.643,
"text": "and frequently attacked\nby local Kurdish tribes."
},
{
"duration": 6.882,
"start": 27.315,
"text": "In 1878, Armenian activists negotiated\na treaty to enact reforms,"
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 34.655,
"text": "but Sultan Abdul Hamid II refused\nto make good on these promises."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 40.828,
"text": "And when an Armenian resistance\nmovement began to form,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 44.957,
"text": "the sultan took decisive action."
},
{
"duration": 6.132,
"start": 48.377,
"text": "From 1894 to 1896, he led\nthe Hamidian Massacres—"
},
{
"duration": 6.548,
"start": 54.634,
"text": "a relentless campaign of violence that\ntook the lives of over 150,000 Armenians."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 61.891,
"text": "These massacres were the culmination\nof centuries of Armenian oppression."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 68.064,
"text": "Yet they were only the beginning\nof an even greater tragedy—"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 72.652,
"text": "a genocide hidden under the guise\nof World War I"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 76.697,
"text": "that would include the deportation,\nforced Islamization, "
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 81.744,
"text": "and mass murder of nearly\n1 million Armenians."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 88.793,
"text": "As some of the most ancient\ninhabitants of this region,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 92.338,
"text": "the Armenian people were\noriginally a collective of tribes"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 96.217,
"text": "living in the mountains of Western Asia."
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 99.595,
"text": "By the 6th century BCE, these tribes\nwere living in one nation "
},
{
"duration": 1.584,
"start": 105.143,
"text": "called Armenia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 107.061,
"text": "which, over the following 2,000 years,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 110.231,
"text": "was controlled by various local\nand invading leaders."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 114.944,
"text": "But whoever ruled their homeland,"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 116.904,
"text": "a devotion to Christianity became \na vital part of their ethnic identity,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 122.618,
"text": "even as their neighbors\nincreasingly adopted Islam."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 127.206,
"text": "In what’s currently eastern Turkey,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 129.709,
"text": "Christian Armenians shared the area\nwith Muslim Kurds for centuries,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 135.464,
"text": "until Turkic-speaking peoples\ninvaded the region."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 140.803,
"text": "Four centuries later, Ottoman Turks\nclaimed these communities"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 145.85,
"text": "as part of the vast Ottoman Empire."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 149.979,
"text": "While the empire’s systematic preference\ntowards Muslims"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 153.441,
"text": "made life difficult \nfor Armenians, Greeks, and Jews,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 157.528,
"text": "by the late 19th century,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 159.53,
"text": "well-educated Armenian elites were able\nto attain prominent positions"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 164.619,
"text": "in banking, commerce, and government."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 168.206,
"text": "However, this rise in influence\nbecame a source of resentment,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 173.252,
"text": "and many Muslim Ottomans\nbelieved Armenians"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 176.088,
"text": "would eventually betray the empire\nto form their own independent state."
},
{
"duration": 6.798,
"start": 181.636,
"text": "This belief is partly what led Abdul Hamid\nto begin the Hamidian Massacres."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 188.976,
"text": "Thankfully, the Ottoman Armenians fighting\nthe sultan’s forces weren’t alone."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 195.233,
"text": "Armenians from neighboring Russia"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 197.652,
"text": "had recently founded\ntwo resistance organizations"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 201.113,
"text": "which offered a haven for refugees\nand supplied arms to villages under siege."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 207.286,
"text": "Finally, in April 1909,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 209.997,
"text": "the sultan was deposed following\nthe Young Turk Revolution."
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 214.919,
"text": "But despite initial promises,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 216.837,
"text": "this new government also failed\nto pass meaningful reforms."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 222.301,
"text": "A second wave of massacres ravaged\nthe Armenian population,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 227.348,
"text": "and the era of international warfare\nto come would only make things worse."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 233.271,
"text": "During the First Balkan War,"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 235.648,
"text": "thousands of Muslim refugees were sent\nto the Armenian stronghold of Anatolia,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 242.238,
"text": "further increasing tensions between\nChristian and Muslim Ottomans."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 247.159,
"text": "And in the first winter of World War I,"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 250.037,
"text": "Ottoman general Enver Pasha attempted\nto flank opposing Russian forces"
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 255.584,
"text": "by sending his troops through the\nfrigid Sarıkamış mountains."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 260.214,
"text": "When their unit froze to death."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 262.675,
"text": "Enver Pasha blamed the disaster\non “Armenian treachery,”"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 267.722,
"text": "and ordered the immediate disarming\nof all non-Muslims—"
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 272.476,
"text": "a decision which moved many Armenians\nfrom the front lines of an external war"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 277.982,
"text": "to the trenches of an internal one."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 281.402,
"text": "By 1915, the Ottomans were\nenacting more violence"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 285.698,
"text": "on their own Armenian citizens\nthan any foreign enemy."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 290.411,
"text": "At this time, Turkish nationalist\nTalaat Pasha"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 294.123,
"text": " had become the de facto leader\nof the Ottoman Empire,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 297.752,
"text": "and he ordered the deportation\nof all Armenians in eastern Anatolia"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 303.174,
"text": "on the grounds of national security."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 305.968,
"text": "Talaat’s new legislation"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 307.887,
"text": "allowed Armenian property and businesses\nto be seized as wartime necessities,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 313.893,
"text": "and able-bodied Armenian men\nwere routinely killed"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 318.147,
"text": "to lower the likelihood of resistance."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 321.275,
"text": "Most Armenians were marched to\nconcentration camps in the Syrian desert,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 326.864,
"text": "where they regularly suffered\nrobbery, abduction, and rape."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 331.452,
"text": "The few women and children\nwho escaped deportation"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 335.122,
"text": "were forcibly converted to Islam."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 338.042,
"text": "The ruling Turks saw Muslim identity"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 341.17,
"text": "as the cornerstone of their vision\nfor the empire,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 344.715,
"text": "so escaped Armenian youths\nwere placed in orphanages"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 348.302,
"text": "to indoctrinate them\nwith Muslim culture and traditions."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 352.723,
"text": "Children who resisted were subjected\nto violence and torture."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 358.437,
"text": "When the majority of these\nkillings ended in 1916,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 362.733,
"text": "it was estimated that the population\nof Ottoman Armenians"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 366.779,
"text": "had dropped from 1.5 million\nto roughly 500,000."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 372.743,
"text": "In the decades that followed,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 374.495,
"text": "many of the remaining Armenians\ndispersed across the globe."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 379.458,
"text": "Families who immigrated to eastern Russia"
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 382.545,
"text": "may have eventually been incorporated\ninto the modern nation of Armenia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 387.967,
"text": "which received its independence in 1991."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 393.431,
"text": "But to this day the Turkish government\ndenies this genocide occurred."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 398.686,
"text": "Official government language\nacknowledges the violence"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 402.148,
"text": "but defines the Ottoman’s actions\nas “necessary measures,”"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 407.153,
"text": "and Armenian deaths\nas unfortunate consequences of war."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 412.825,
"text": "In recent years, some Turkish historians\nhave refuted this stance"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 417.621,
"text": "and begun writing about this period\nwith less fear of retribution."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 422.585,
"text": "In the pursuit of justice,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 424.503,
"text": "many Armenians and Armenian-led\nnon-profit organizations"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 429.258,
"text": "work tirelessly to advocate for the\nrecognition of this genocide,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 434.555,
"text": "and accountability for those responsible."
}
] |
fKja0y17vt4
|
The rise and fall of Italy’s warriors-for-hire - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Dig into the history of the elite mercenaries known as condottieri, who were soldiers for hire for Italy's rich and powerful.
--
During the 14th and 15th centuries, mercenaries known as condottieri dominated Italian warfare, profiting from— and encouraging— the region’s intense political rivalries. As rulers competed for power and prestige, their disputes often played out in military conflicts, fought almost entirely by the condottieri. So who were these elite and conniving warriors? Stephanie Honchell Smith investigates.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Yael Reisfeld.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-merciless-mercenaries-of-the-italian-renaissance-stephanie-honchell-smith
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-merciless-mercenaries-of-the-italian-renaissance-stephanie-honchell-smith#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.yaelreisfeld.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O and Weronika Falkowska.
|
2023-07-20T15:01:06Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "Globally, around 23 million pregnancies\nend in miscarriage each year."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 11.966,
"text": "Despite how common it is, miscarriage\nis still considered a taboo subject."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 17.263,
"text": "The experience can feel isolating,\nand for some, emotionally traumatizing."
},
{
"duration": 2.585,
"start": 22.06,
"text": "And myths about miscarriage\nadd to the stigma,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 24.729,
"text": "leading many to blame themselves\nfor the loss."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 27.94,
"text": "However, most miscarriages\nare unpreventable"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 31.527,
"text": "and caused by factors\nbeyond a person’s control."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 35.031,
"text": "They happen because pregnancy\nis a complex process,"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 38.367,
"text": "which requires careful choreography\nbetween the fertilized egg and uterus."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 43.831,
"text": "In fact, of every three eggs\nthat are fertilized,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 46.542,
"text": "only one progresses to a live birth."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 49.837,
"text": "So, let’s take a closer look at what\nhappens in the body"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 53.049,
"text": "during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 55.51,
"text": "when a majority of miscarriages occur."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 58.93,
"text": "Pregnancy is maintained\nby several hormones:"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 62.1,
"text": "progesterone and estrogen,\nproduced within the ovaries,"
},
{
"duration": 5.84,
"start": 65.269,
"text": "and human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG,\nsent out by the fertilized egg."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 71.317,
"text": "During the first half of each\nmenstrual cycle estrogen levels increase,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 75.446,
"text": "followed by an increase in progesterone."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 77.865,
"text": "These hormones signal to the uterine\nlining to enhance its blood supply"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 82.453,
"text": "and thicken its mucosa,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 84.413,
"text": "creating the conditions needed\nfor an early pregnancy to grow."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 88.167,
"text": "If an egg arrives at the\nuterus unfertilized,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 91.129,
"text": "these hormone levels naturally drop,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 93.756,
"text": "triggering contractions and the shedding\nof the uterine lining in menstruation."
},
{
"duration": 6.34,
"start": 98.469,
"text": "Yet, if the egg arrives fertilized,\nits outermost layer begins producing hCG."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 105.017,
"text": "This hormone travels to the ovaries\nand stimulates the continued release"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 109.397,
"text": "of progesterone and estrogen,"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 111.44,
"text": "halting menstruation."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 113.109,
"text": "hCG also binds to receptors\non the uterine lining"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 116.779,
"text": "to prevent it from rejecting\nthe fertilized cell mass as it embeds."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 121.117,
"text": "This is a stage where things\noften go awry."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 124.495,
"text": "For reasons that are not fully understood,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 126.622,
"text": "as many as one third of fertilized eggs\nfail to properly attach,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 131.919,
"text": "passing undetected in a normal-seeming\nmenstrual period."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 135.923,
"text": "And implantation is only the first hurdle\nfor fertilized eggs"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 139.802,
"text": "that do properly attach."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 141.596,
"text": "Once burrowed in the uterine lining,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 143.848,
"text": "the rapidly dividing fertilized egg’s\nown DNA guides its growth."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 149.478,
"text": "Chromosomal abnormalities can therefore\ncause irregular development,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 153.774,
"text": "or stop embryo growth entirely."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 156.36,
"text": "While many mistakenly believe their\nmiscarriage was caused by factors"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 160.406,
"text": "like stress, exercise, vaccination,\nor past birth control use,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 165.036,
"text": "a vast majority are in fact caused\nby these genetic issues"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 169.79,
"text": "or other health factors\nbeyond a person’s control."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 172.96,
"text": "Some pregnancy losses lead to few, if any,\nnoticeable physical symptoms."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 178.424,
"text": "In other cases, hCG levels drop,\nfollowed by a decrease in progesterone,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 183.596,
"text": "causing bleeding and cramping."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 185.932,
"text": "In either situation,\nthere are three treatment options—"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 189.393,
"text": "two of which are also used\nfor induced abortion procedures,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 192.647,
"text": "when patients choose to end a pregnancy."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 195.65,
"text": "The first of the three options is\nwhat’s commonly known"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 198.611,
"text": "as the “watch-and-wait” method."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 201.53,
"text": "A person waits for pregnancy hormones\nto drop further,"
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 204.825,
"text": "allowing the pregnancy tissue to be\nreleased with the shedding uterine wall."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 209.33,
"text": "This approach works up to 90% of the time,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 212.333,
"text": "but it can involve several weeks\nof unpredictable pain and bleeding."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 216.879,
"text": "Others may opt for option two,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 218.923,
"text": "taking the pills mifepristone\nand misoprostol in sequence."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 223.302,
"text": "The first works hormonally,\nby blocking progesterone receptors,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 227.223,
"text": "and the second mimics a molecule\nwhich induces labor,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 230.977,
"text": "stimulating uterine contractions and\ncausing the cervix to soften and dilate."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 236.732,
"text": "After taking the second pill,\nthe process normally takes 1 to 6 hours."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 241.904,
"text": "It’s often safely self-managed,\nand can be done privately at home."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 246.367,
"text": "The third possible treatment option\nis known as vacuum aspiration."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 250.83,
"text": "During this five-minute procedure,\nthe healthcare provider numbs the cervix,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 255.501,
"text": "then places a thin tube connected\nto a syringe-like device"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 259.338,
"text": "to remove the pregnancy tissue."
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 261.716,
"text": "Treatment choice is often based\non the pregnant person’s medical history,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 265.594,
"text": "timeline, expectations, \nand personal preferences,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 269.265,
"text": "and all three methods have proven\nto be safe and effective."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 273.269,
"text": "However, without the medication\nor vacuum aspiration options,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 277.231,
"text": "an untreated or an incomplete miscarriage\ncan lead to life-threatening infections"
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 282.528,
"text": "and hemorrhage."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 284.071,
"text": "And because they are the same treatments\nused in induced abortion care,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 288.159,
"text": "they can be harder to access\nand even criminalized in some areas."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 292.246,
"text": "Beyond this, over half the world’s\npopulation lacks access"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 296.334,
"text": "to reliable basic healthcare,"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 298.753,
"text": "including these essential\nreproductive health services."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 303.09,
"text": "While pregnancy means different\nthings to different people"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 306.177,
"text": "at different points in their lives,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 308.137,
"text": "for many, losing a pregnancy can be\ndevastating and overwhelming."
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 312.767,
"text": "During this difficult time,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 314.393,
"text": "everyone deserves to be met\nwith care and support,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 317.563,
"text": "and to have access to these\nlife-saving treatments."
}
] |
Wver27ebRWU
|
One of history's most dangerous myths - Anneliese Mehnert
|
Examine the empty land theory, which was created by European colonizers in South Africa to support their claims to the region.
--
From the 1650s through the late 1800’s, European colonists descended on South Africa. They sought to claim the region, becoming even more aggressive after discovering the area’s abundant natural resources. To support their claims to the land, the colonizers asserted they were settling in empty land devoid of local people. Was this argument true? Anneliese Mehnert debunks the Empty Land Theory.
Lesson by Anneliese Mehnert, directed by Héloïse Dorsan-Rachet.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-s-most-dangerous-myth-anza-mehnert
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-s-most-dangerous-myth-anza-mehnert#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.heloisedr.com & https://www.instagram.com/helo.dr
Music: https://www.campstudio.co/
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang and Chau Hong Diem.
|
2023-07-18T15:00:32Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 7.045,
"text": "After helping develop the first\ninsulin therapy in 1921,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 10.631,
"text": "Canadian physician Frederick Banting\ntransferred his patent rights"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 14.302,
"text": "to the University of Toronto for $1,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 16.721,
"text": "stating that insulin belonged\nto the world— not to him."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 19.974,
"text": "A century later, insulin medications\nremain essential in treating diabetes,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 24.312,
"text": "and have relatively low production costs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 26.272,
"text": "with a vial generally costing\nless than $6 to make."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 29.859,
"text": "But how much it costs a patient to buy\nvaries greatly by country."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 33.571,
"text": "Those in the US may pay thousands\nfor insulin annually—"
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 37.075,
"text": "on average 10 times more than those\nin many other countries—"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 40.453,
"text": "leading some patients to take\nless than prescribed."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 43.247,
"text": "And this is part of a much larger trend."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 45.458,
"text": "Let’s take a look at the US drug\nsupply chain to understand why."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 49.545,
"text": "First, there’s research and development,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 51.547,
"text": "which ranges widely in cost,\ndepending on the drug."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 54.675,
"text": "Expenses incurred by the many drugs\nthat don’t make it to market"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 58.012,
"text": "also need to be factored in here."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 60.056,
"text": "And almost every approved drug\nhas been subsidized by taxes."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 64.352,
"text": "Before pharmaceutical companies\nactually release a drug,"
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 67.396,
"text": "they set its price."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 68.815,
"text": "Historically, they haven't been required\nto justify the pricing they land on."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 73.653,
"text": "Pharmaceutical companies are also allowed\nterms of drug patent protection"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 77.406,
"text": "and exclusivity rights that prevent\nother manufacturers"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 80.409,
"text": "from launching identical drugs\nfor a set period of time."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 83.788,
"text": "Once patents expire, competition\nusually causes prices to drop,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 87.75,
"text": "so some companies invest heavily\nto extend their patents."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 91.129,
"text": "They may make tweaks—"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 92.38,
"text": "like small changes in dosage\nand modes of delivery—"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 95.174,
"text": "to obtain new patents and sue competitors "
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 97.593,
"text": "into delaying the release\nof similar drugs."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 99.929,
"text": "The companies responsible for Humira,\nthe best-selling autoimmune drug,"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 103.85,
"text": "for example, have defended its patents\nand raised its price 27 times since 2003."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 109.939,
"text": "Without insurance, it can cost\nover $96,000 a year."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 114.402,
"text": "And as three pharmaceutical companies\nhave dominated the insulin market"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 117.864,
"text": "with similar tactics,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 119.157,
"text": "average insulin list prices have tripled\nover the last two decades."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 124.37,
"text": "Once a drug is approved, there are two\nmain distribution channels it can take:"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 128.291,
"text": "the retail route includes drugs\nyou pick up at pharmacies;"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 131.419,
"text": "the other consists of drugs administered\nat hospitals and clinics."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 134.964,
"text": "This includes many of the more expensive,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 137.175,
"text": "research-intensive therapies\nfor rare conditions."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 140.052,
"text": "Each channel involves unique businesses."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 143.014,
"text": "Most drugs— including insulin—\nfollow the retail channel."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 146.684,
"text": "It starts with a pharmaceutical company\nselling the drug to wholesalers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 150.229,
"text": "which buy in bulk and sell to pharmacies,\nwhich sell to patients."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 154.15,
"text": "But the US doesn't provide\nuniversal health care,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 156.736,
"text": "so many Americans use health insurance."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 159.28,
"text": "When an insured patient picks\nup their prescription,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 161.741,
"text": "they often pay a portion while the\npharmacy bills their insurer the rest."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 165.912,
"text": "Pharmacy benefit managers,\nor PBMs,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 168.539,
"text": "which are companies unique\nto the US market,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 170.875,
"text": "negotiate on behalf of insurers to get\ndiscounts from manufacturers"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 175.004,
"text": "in exchange for insurance coverage."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 177.34,
"text": "PBMs may pass some of the\nnegotiated discount to insurers—"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 181.01,
"text": "but they may also take\na considerable portion."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 183.596,
"text": "Their role tends to limit patient choice,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 185.932,
"text": "and they’ve sometimes covered more\nexpensive branded drugs"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 188.726,
"text": "instead of cheaper generics because\nit earns them a greater profit."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 192.563,
"text": "Without insurance, patients may be\nexpected to foot the bill entirely,"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 196.275,
"text": "at non-negotiated rates."
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 198.527,
"text": "Money flows between the different\nbusinesses as fees, rebates, discounts,"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 202.657,
"text": "and copay assistance. "
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 204.283,
"text": "If it feels hard to follow,\nthat's because it is."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 207.161,
"text": "And it's tough to know exactly\nhow much money goes where"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 209.997,
"text": "because these transactions\nlack transparency."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 213,
"text": "But for insulin in 2018, of all that\nwas spent on the medication:"
},
{
"duration": 6.548,
"start": 217.046,
"text": "manufacturers received about 46%;\nwholesalers got about 8%; pharmacies, 20%;"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 223.803,
"text": "insurance companies, 10%;\nand PBMs, 14%."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 228.474,
"text": "Interestingly, as insulin list prices\nincreased between 2014 and 2018,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 233.604,
"text": "the amount manufacturers\nretained decreased,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 236.399,
"text": "and more than half went to intermediaries."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 239.36,
"text": "Where the US has businesses negotiate\nat various steps,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 242.321,
"text": "other countries generally have government\nagencies evaluate a drug’s benefit,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 246.659,
"text": "make bulk purchases, and regulate pricing."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 249.37,
"text": "The US sees the most drug development—\nand profit— of any country."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 253.207,
"text": "But about 1 in 4 Americans reported\ntrouble affording prescriptions in 2019."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 258.337,
"text": "Many experts have called for measures\nlike increased regulation"
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 261.299,
"text": "in drug pricing, patenting,\nand intermediary profits,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 264.593,
"text": "along with more national health\nand research funding."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 267.263,
"text": "This way, the US could\nideally lower prices"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 270.308,
"text": "and encourage more innovative,\nlifesaving drug development."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 273.352,
"text": "And by making medications affordable,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 275.354,
"text": "pharmaceutical companies could\ntheoretically maintain profits."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 279.317,
"text": "In 2023, one of the largest insulin\nmanufacturers announced"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 283.362,
"text": "it would substantially decrease\nthe drug’s list price,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 286.198,
"text": "and two others followed suit."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 288.659,
"text": "This should make insulin more affordable."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 291.078,
"text": "But system-wide changes would\nhave to be instated"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 293.664,
"text": "to make sure patients are getting\nthe medications they need."
}
] |
al_H8f1cG-I
|
3 ways to choose a sunscreen #shorts
|
An excerpt of our video “Which sunscreen should you choose?” written by Mary Poffenroth and animated by Rob Kohr and Travis Spangler.
Watch the full video: https://bit.ly/TEDEdSunscreen
#shorts
|
2023-07-14T16:15:01Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 6.6690000000000005,
"text": "In the 1930s, doctors began\nexperimenting with a procedure"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 10.673,
"text": " long thought to be medically impossible: "
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 12.967,
"text": "an organ transplant."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 14.802,
"text": "Many pioneering surgeons\nfocused on the kidney,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 17.847,
"text": "taking a healthy one from a living\nor recently deceased person"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 21.601,
"text": "and transplanting it into a patient\ndying from kidney failure."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 25.772,
"text": "But these early surgeries faced\na major problem:"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 29.192,
"text": "patients’ immune systems would quickly\nrecognize the new kidney"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 33.279,
"text": "as a foreign object\nand start to destroy it."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 36.657,
"text": "Few patients survived\npast the first few days."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 40.411,
"text": "Then, in 1954, Joseph Murray attempted\na type of kidney swap"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 45.833,
"text": "that no doctor had tried before."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 48.377,
"text": "The surgery was a success,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 50.338,
"text": "and the patient would go on to live the\nnext 8 years with the transplanted organ,"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 55.384,
"text": "thanks to one key factor:\nit came from his identical twin"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 59.931,
"text": "70 years later,"
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 61.307,
"text": "upwards of 100,000 kidneys\nare transplanted annually in the US alone."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 67.396,
"text": "So how does this surgery work today?"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 70.274,
"text": "Kidneys are true workhorses—"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 72.61,
"text": "these fist-sized organs filter"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 75.238,
"text": "the equivalent of an entire bathtub’s\nworth of blood each day."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 79.7,
"text": "In addition to removing this waste\nand extra fluid through urine,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 83.955,
"text": "the kidneys also regulate the production\nof red blood cells, vitamin D,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 88.876,
"text": "and other hormones."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 90.67,
"text": "Certain medical conditions can prompt\nthe kidneys to work overtime,"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 95.299,
"text": "leading to gradual deterioration."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 97.552,
"text": "For example, in diabetes, higher blood\nsugar concentrations can trigger"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 102.557,
"text": "increased kidney filtration, swelling,\nand inflammation."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 107.145,
"text": "High blood pressure can\nconstrict and damage"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 109.689,
"text": "the organ’s delicate blood vessels."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 112.15,
"text": "Over time, people can lose complete\nfunction of their kidneys"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 115.945,
"text": "and must rely on a treatment\ncalled dialysis to survive."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 119.699,
"text": "Yet dialysis is time consuming"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 122.118,
"text": "and fraught with serious\nmedical complications."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 125.496,
"text": "A kidney transplant offers a more\npermanent solution"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 128.875,
"text": "with a dramatically improved\nquality of life."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 131.586,
"text": "Once a patient is approved\nfor the surgery,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 133.921,
"text": "the search for a suitable organ begins."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 136.799,
"text": "Historically, the biggest barrier\nwas finding a donor"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 139.969,
"text": "whose immune system makeup\nclosely resembled that of the patient’s,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 143.89,
"text": " like an identical twin,\nas to reduce the risk of organ rejection."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 148.311,
"text": "But today, thanks to medical advances,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 150.605,
"text": "a patient’s family member, friend,\nor even a stranger"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 154.275,
"text": "can donate one of their kidneys."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 156.235,
"text": "New drug therapies can effectively\nsuppress a patient’s immune response"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 160.74,
"text": "before and long after the transplant,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 163.951,
"text": "meaning that patients and donor pairs\nno longer must be perfect matches."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 168.915,
"text": "Still, the closer the match, the better."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 171.375,
"text": "So another option is a paired\norgan exchange,"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 175.254,
"text": "where two or more incompatible donor\nand patient pairs are matched up,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 180.509,
"text": "allowing each patient to receive a more\ncompatible kidney from the other pair."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 185.473,
"text": "Once an organ is found, the surgery\nitself is straightforward."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 189.727,
"text": "First, the living donor's kidney is\nremoved using minimally invasive"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 193.814,
"text": "and often robotic techniques."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 195.983,
"text": "As for the transplant patient,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 197.944,
"text": "an incision is made in their lower abdomen\nand the donor organ is implanted."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 202.782,
"text": "The new kidney’s artery and vein\nare connected to the recipient’s"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 206.494,
"text": "to create blood flow,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 207.912,
"text": "and its ureter is attached\nto the patient's bladder."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 211.165,
"text": "The failed kidneys are typically\nleft in place,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 214.293,
"text": "allowing them to continue to aid\nin filtration."
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 217.546,
"text": "After surgery, a patient is closely\nmonitored for the next several days"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 221.968,
"text": "to ensure the new kidney starts\nfiltering their blood,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 225.012,
"text": "and subsequently producing urine\non its own."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 227.974,
"text": "This new kidney typically lasts\nbetween 12 to 20 years."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 232.27,
"text": "Some people will have multiple kidney\ntransplants in their lifetime,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 235.815,
"text": "meaning at some point they may have four\nor even five kidneys in their bodies."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 240.945,
"text": "As for donors, most leave\nthe hospital the next day,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 244.24,
"text": "and can resume normal activity\nwithin a few weeks."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 247.493,
"text": "While all surgeries carry risks,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 249.704,
"text": "most donors go on to lead\nnormal, healthy lives, "
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 252.832,
"text": "facing no, or relatively\nfew, complications"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 256.043,
"text": "related to living with a single kidney."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 258.462,
"text": "But not all patients\nwill have a willing living donor."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 262.174,
"text": "In the US alone, around 90,000 patients\nsit on the national waiting list"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 267.263,
"text": "to be matched with a kidney\nfrom a deceased donor."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 270.349,
"text": " While many people register\nas organ donors,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 273.019,
"text": "only 0.3% will lose their lives\nin circumstances"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 277.523,
"text": "that allow for organ donation. "
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 279.65,
"text": "Due to this organ shortage,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 281.485,
"text": "about 17 patients die every day\nwaiting for a new kidney."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 286.324,
"text": "Thankfully, doctors continue to push\nagainst the limits of what's possible,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 290.536,
"text": "exploring new treatments"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 292.246,
"text": "and the potential of lab-grown,\n3D printed, and even artificial kidneys."
}
] |
R03DjtCPkGE
|
What's happening to Earth's core? - Shannon Odell
|
Explore the science of why Earth’s atmosphere is losing hydrogen, and find out what other leaks could affect life on our planet.
--
A hydrogen atom is traveling high within the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere. This particular atom first entered the exosphere millions of years ago, but today it overcomes Earth’s gravitational pull and escapes, joining the roughly 90 tons of material that leak out of our atmosphere each day. Should we be worried about these leaks? Shannon Odell digs into our planet’s imperfect plumbing.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Eva Münnich, Strange Beast.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
A special thanks to Mary Kang and Jean-Baptiste Koehl who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-happening-to-earth-s-core-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-happening-to-earth-s-core-shannon-odell#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.studiocool.cool
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario and Dominik Kugelmann - they-them.
|
2023-07-13T15:01:49Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 6.836,
"text": "The Canary Islands are home\nto Mount Teide,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 9.839,
"text": "one of the world’s largest\nactive volcanoes."
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 13.092,
"text": "Capable of spewing tens of millions of\ncubic meters of lava in a single eruption,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 18.973,
"text": "Teide’s destructive power\nis nothing to scoff at."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 22.769,
"text": "But there may be a way to use the basalt\nrock inside Teide to save humanity."
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 29.233,
"text": "That’s right— blowing up this volcano\ncould offset Earth’s emissions"
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 34.072,
"text": "for the foreseeable future."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 36.324,
"text": "Obviously, destroying an ancient\nvolcano is not a good idea."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 41.37,
"text": "The ecological fallout would be\ncatastrophic and unpredictable."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 45.583,
"text": "But even if we harvested\nsome of that basalt,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 48.878,
"text": "could we really use it\nto stop climate change?"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 52.882,
"text": "This theoretical scheme is a\ndramatic way to enhance"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 56.552,
"text": "one of Earth’s least\ndramatic natural processes:"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 60.306,
"text": "rock weathering."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 61.682,
"text": "Rock weathering occurs whenever it rains."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 64.435,
"text": "As falling rainwater mixes\nwith atmospheric carbon dioxide,"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 68.731,
"text": "it becomes a weak acid that can eat away\nat minerals called silicates."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 73.861,
"text": "And since silicates are in over 90%\nof Earth’s exposed rock,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 78.282,
"text": "this happens pretty much anywhere\nrain hits stone."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 81.953,
"text": "As this acid reacts with the stone,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 84.539,
"text": "this dissolved carbon dioxide\nin the rainwater"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 87.458,
"text": "turns into a new form called bicarbonate,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 90.67,
"text": "which trickles downstream\nalongside the rain to the ocean."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 94.34,
"text": "Here marine critters use it\nto create structures like shells."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 98.302,
"text": "And when they die,\nthose shells sink to the seafloor,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 101.681,
"text": "trapping that carbon dioxide\nin the ocean for millennia."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 105.643,
"text": "This process has a massive impact\non Earth's climate."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 110.022,
"text": "When it's warm and wet,\nthe rock weathering speeds up,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 113.234,
"text": "tempering greenhouse warming."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 115.278,
"text": "When it's cold and dry,\nthe process slows down,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 118.406,
"text": "building up atmospheric carbon dioxide."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 121.45,
"text": "But these effects take time—"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 123.494,
"text": "natural rock weathering balances\nEarth’s climate over millions of years."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 129.083,
"text": "Thankfully, experts working to sequester\natmospheric carbon"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 132.545,
"text": "have plans to speed things up."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 134.881,
"text": "Two major factors determine the pace\nof this process:"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 138.009,
"text": "the types of rock exposed to weather\nand the amount of rock that’s exposed."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 142.555,
"text": "Silicates that form at higher temperatures\ntend to weather faster"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 146.642,
"text": "due to their chemical composition."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 148.561,
"text": "These rocks include those\nfrom Earth’s deep mantle"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 151.48,
"text": "and volcanic rocks like basalt."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 154.066,
"text": "But piled up in a mountain,\nnot very much rock is exposed."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 157.778,
"text": "So, some climate experts believe we should\nharvest that fast-weathering rock,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 162.325,
"text": "crush it, and spread it out to weather\nmore rock in less time."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 166.996,
"text": "This sped up process is called\nenhanced rock weathering,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 170.249,
"text": "and it’s among the most practical plans\nwe have for drawing down carbon."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 174.212,
"text": "Rather than needing to invent\nall-new technology,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 177.59,
"text": "we can rely on existing systems\nfor mining and processing rock."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 181.719,
"text": "And since agricultural communities have\nlong known that volcanic rocks and soils"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 186.474,
"text": "can improve crop yield,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 188.1,
"text": "farmlands could be the perfect\ndispersal sites."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 191.604,
"text": "But for this approach to have impact,\nit needs to be deployed globally."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 196.567,
"text": "And even without demolishing\nany volcanoes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 199.362,
"text": "large-scale solutions always come\nwith large-scale problems."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 204.367,
"text": "First off, rock weathering—\nenhanced or otherwise—"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 208.371,
"text": "runs through the entire\nglobal water cycle."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 211.916,
"text": "Since this open system has more\nvariables than we could ever account for,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 216.671,
"text": "it’s difficult to measure enhanced\nrock weathering’s precise impact."
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 221.259,
"text": "Second, despite existing\nmining technology,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 224.679,
"text": "it would be a massive ecological\nand engineering challenge"
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 228.975,
"text": "to quarry, crush, transport,\nand spread this much rock."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 234.689,
"text": "The logistical difficulty\nof distributing this material"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 238.025,
"text": "would be similarly demanding."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 240.027,
"text": "And unless the energy used for both\ntasks came from mostly clean sources,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 244.573,
"text": "it would undermine the project's\nnet carbon impact."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 247.994,
"text": "Finally, any endeavor that impacts\nEarth’s natural systems at this scale"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 253.124,
"text": "might have unpredictable side effects."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 255.96,
"text": "For example, quarried rocks\nmight contain dangerous heavy metals"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 260.047,
"text": "or other unknown elements."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 262.883,
"text": "But these challenges aren’t reasons\nto abandon enhanced rock weathering—"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 267.013,
"text": "they’re just the first obstacles\nto implementing this promising strategy."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 271.434,
"text": "Simulations suggest a global\nenhanced rock weathering program"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 275.688,
"text": "that spreads 10 tons of basalt dust\non every hectare of global farmland"
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 280.651,
"text": "could sequester over 200 gigatons\nof CO2 over a 75-year period."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 287.074,
"text": "Those are remarkable figures\nfor an approach this cheap and practical,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 291.871,
"text": "and they prove you don't need to blow\nup a mountain to have big impact."
}
] |
_EF4LXLxquM
|
Can other animals understand death? - Barbara J. King
|
Do nonhuman animals experience grief? Explore mourning in the animal kingdom to find out the answer to this tricky question.
--
In 2018, an orca called Tahlequah gave birth. But her daughter died within an hour. Tahlequah, however, didn’t leave her body. Over the next 17 days and 1,600 kilometers, she kept it afloat atop her own. By altering her feeding and travel patterns, Tahlequah’s behavior was certainly unusual. But was she mourning— or just confused? Barbara J. King explores whether nonhuman animals experience grief.
Lesson by Barbara J. King, directed by Denis Chapon, The Animation Workshop.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-animals-feel-grief-barbara-j-king
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-animals-feel-grief-barbara-j-king#digdeeper
Animator's website: http://denischapon.com & https://animationworkshop.via.dk
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart and Tyron Jung.
|
2023-07-11T15:01:14Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 6.961,
"text": "If you've ever looked at the bottom\nof a disposable bottle or cup,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 10.798,
"text": "you've probably noticed this symbol."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 13.926,
"text": "Seeing this, many people assume the item\nthey’re holding"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 16.804,
"text": "should be tossed in a recycling bin."
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 19.474,
"text": "Yet many of these plastics are incapable\nof being recycled at most centers."
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 25.271,
"text": "In fact, of the 360 million tons\nof plastic created worldwide each year,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 31.486,
"text": "only 9% is ever recycled."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 34.447,
"text": "So why are so few plastics recycled?"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 36.991,
"text": "And what do these codes actually mean?"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 40.203,
"text": "Our recycling problem is multi-layered,\nbeginning at production."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 44.207,
"text": "About 18% of plastics are made from what\nis known as thermosetting polymers."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 49.754,
"text": "These plastics gain stability\nthrough curing,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 53.007,
"text": "a process that hardens a material\nby irreversibly crosslinking"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 57.637,
"text": "its molecular chains."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 59.764,
"text": "The very properties that make\nthermoset plastics so useful,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 64.102,
"text": "in that they keep their shape and\nintegrity under extreme conditions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 68.064,
"text": "mean that they can’t be\nbroken down and rebuilt"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 70.942,
"text": "by the vast majority of recycling plants."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 74.654,
"text": "Thankfully, most plastics\nare thermoplastics,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 77.949,
"text": "which can be melted and remolded."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 80.868,
"text": "But this category encompasses\na variety of materials"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 84.33,
"text": "with unique chemical structures, \nweights, and properties,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 88.292,
"text": "all of which require\ndifferent conditions for recycling."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 92.338,
"text": "As a result, \nonly some of these thermoplastics"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 95.258,
"text": "are accepted at most recycling centers."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 98.094,
"text": "Which brings us to our next problem:\nthe confusing code system."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 103.015,
"text": "Developed and introduced\nby the plastics industry in 1988,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 107.395,
"text": "this code was presented as a way\nto help consumers and facilities"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 111.732,
"text": "sort their trash."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 113.484,
"text": "Each number indicates the material the\nplastic is made of,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 116.946,
"text": "known as its resin."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 118.781,
"text": "Some resin numbers are recyclable\nat most centers,"
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 122.16,
"text": "while others are not."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 123.911,
"text": "And yet, within this system,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 125.538,
"text": "all numbers are surrounded by the\nuniversally recognized recycling symbol,"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 130.126,
"text": "misleading consumers into thinking \nthat many unsalvageable plastics"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 134.755,
"text": "have a chance at a second life."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 137.592,
"text": "And just because a technically recyclable\nresin makes it to a recycling bin,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 142.68,
"text": "doesn’t mean it will continue its journey."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 145.683,
"text": "Plastics often contain multiple resins,\nare mixed with dyes and additives,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 150.563,
"text": "or are affixed with difficult-to-remove\nstickers and labels,"
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 155.109,
"text": "all of which can cause them to be rerouted\nto the incinerator or trash bin."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 160.198,
"text": "In short, many companies don't design\npackaging with recovery in mind."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 166.329,
"text": "Even under pristine conditions,"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 168.623,
"text": "plastic resins can only be melted down\nand remolded a handful of times,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 173.753,
"text": "as their polymers degrade with each use."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 177.006,
"text": "If all these issues make you feel\nas if recycling plastics is infeasible,"
},
{
"duration": 1.544,
"start": 182.386,
"text": "you wouldn't be the first."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 184.055,
"text": "This reality was well known to the\nplastics industry as early as the 1970s."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 189.685,
"text": "Despite their doubts\nthat widespread recycling"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 192.48,
"text": "would ever be economically viable,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 194.815,
"text": "the industry threw millions of dollars\ninto ad campaigns."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 198.778,
"text": "Within the US, the plastics industry\nquietly lobbied state governments,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 203.532,
"text": "leading a majority to adopt laws\nrequiring that plastics"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 207.703,
"text": "bear the confusing resin codes."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 210.915,
"text": "And with this, the burden of “fixing”\nthe growing plastic waste problem"
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 215.711,
"text": "was pushed from the industry\nonto the consumer."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 219.84,
"text": "Today, the situation\nhas only gotten worse."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 222.718,
"text": "The rising costs to properly separate\nall this waste,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 226.764,
"text": "paired with fewer international buyers\nof recyclable scraps,"
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 231.06,
"text": "has forced many cities to shut down their\ncurbside recycling programs altogether."
},
{
"duration": 4.17,
"start": 237.4,
"text": "So how can we fix our growing\nplastic waste system?"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 242.613,
"text": "It’s clear that we must reduce\nthe plastics we consume."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 245.95,
"text": "More than a quarter of our plastic waste\ncomes from packaging materials."
},
{
"duration": 3.421,
"start": 250.579,
"text": "Many manufacturers have taken steps\nin the right direction,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 254.083,
"text": "phasing out unnecessary plastic films,\nand switching out plastic tubs and tubes"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 259.463,
"text": "with more easily recyclable materials,\nor compostable options."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 264.093,
"text": "For the plastics that do remain,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 266.053,
"text": "one solution is to work\ntowards a circular economy for plastics."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 270.641,
"text": "This means creating fewer new plastics,\neliminating those that are single-use,"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 275.604,
"text": "and ensuring the plastics that remain can\nstay in circulation via recycling."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 281.11,
"text": "Such a system would rely on policies that\nregulate plastics"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 284.822,
"text": "starting at their production—"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 286.782,
"text": "ensuring that all plastics created\nare free from contaminants"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 291.412,
"text": "that could harm their ability\nto be recycled."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 294.707,
"text": "In the meantime, many experts believe\nthe current resin code system"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 298.711,
"text": "should be eliminated,"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 300.087,
"text": "and swapped out for clear, simplified\nrecyclable versus non-recyclable labels."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 306.177,
"text": "This would help consumers more easily sort\ntheir waste, but more importantly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 310.973,
"text": "allow them to make informed\ndecisions at purchase,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 314.435,
"text": "ultimately putting the pressure \nback on manufacturers"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 317.938,
"text": "to ensure a recyclable future."
}
] |
kU8s_4HBG98
|
Can you solve the time traveling car riddle? - Dan Finkel
|
Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd
—
You and the professor have driven your DeLorean back to the past to fix issues with the spacetime continuum caused by your time traveling. But another DeLorean appears with older versions of you and the professor. The professors panic and explain that the universe could collapse now that you’re both in the same time and place. Can you merge the timestreams and travel home? Dan Finkel shows how.
Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-time-traveling-car-riddle-dan-finkel
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-time-traveling-car-riddle-dan-finkel#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
Educator's website: https://mathforlove.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey and Yelena Baykova.
|
2023-07-06T15:00:52Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 11.132,
"text": "Welcome one and all!"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 13.301,
"text": "It’s time to grab your seat\nfor the biggest battle"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 16.137,
"text": "in the soon-to-be-formed universe."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 18.389,
"text": "That’s right— \nthe Big Bang is about to go down!"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 22.685,
"text": "In one corner is the force that brings\nall matter together."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 27.273,
"text": "It acts on any particle with mass,\nand its range is infinite—"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 31.652,
"text": "give it up for gravity!"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 36.574,
"text": "In the other corner, our contender can\npush matter away"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 40.036,
"text": "with spectacular strength."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 42.288,
"text": "When the going gets tough,\nthis fighter just gets tougher."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 46.042,
"text": "That’s right, it’s pressure!"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 50.88,
"text": "Over the next several\nhundred thousand years,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 53.883,
"text": "these two contenders will be wrestling\nfor the fate of the universe."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 58.262,
"text": "That’s right folks, the ripple effects\nof this historic match"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 61.307,
"text": "will shape the structure of the universe\nas we know it today."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 65.061,
"text": "But what are these powers fighting over?"
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 67.188,
"text": "We’ll find out when the Big Bang\nhits right... now!"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 73.694,
"text": "Let’s zoom in for the play-by-play."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 76.155,
"text": "This epic event has brought three\ncomponents into our infant universe."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 81.119,
"text": "Dark matter, which only interacts\nwith gravity."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 83.913,
"text": "Baryonic matter, which makes\nup all matter you’ve ever seen,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 87.291,
"text": "is affected by both gravity and pressure."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 90.086,
"text": "And radiation composed \nof innumerable particles of light,"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 93.589,
"text": "also known as photons."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 95.842,
"text": "In the moments just after the Big Bang,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 97.844,
"text": "all three components are in equilibrium,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 100.596,
"text": "meaning no one location\nis denser than another."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 103.891,
"text": "But as the universe starts expanding,\ndifferences in density start to emerge."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 108.187,
"text": "Gravity immediately gets to work\npulling matter together."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 111.524,
"text": "Dark matter begins to collect\nat the center"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 113.734,
"text": "of these increasingly\ndense regions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 115.987,
"text": "forming the foundations\nof future galaxies."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 118.906,
"text": "Meanwhile, pressure begins gathering\nits strength."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 121.659,
"text": "In this hot, high-energy environment,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 123.911,
"text": "protons and electrons can’t come\ntogether to form atoms,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 127.373,
"text": "so these loose particles zip around,\nfreely interacting with ambient photons."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 132.503,
"text": "The result is almost a fluid\nof baryonic matter and radiation."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 137.049,
"text": "But the closer these baryonic particles\nget, the hotter the fluid becomes,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 141.22,
"text": "pushing photons to ping\naround with incredible force."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 144.974,
"text": "This is the power of pressure,\nspecifically radiation pressure,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 149.645,
"text": "battling to push things apart."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 152.064,
"text": "With each of gravity’s vicious tugs\nsqueezing photons and matter together,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 156.444,
"text": "pressure exerts a forceful shove back."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 159.28,
"text": "And as the two giants struggle,\nthey heave this fluid back and forth—"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 163.576,
"text": "creating massive waves called\nbaryonic acoustic oscillations."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 168.039,
"text": "Moving at almost two thirds\nthe speed of light"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 170.833,
"text": "these BAOs ripple across space,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 173.544,
"text": "impacting the universe\non the biggest scale imaginable."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 177.34,
"text": "These rolling waves determine the\ndistribution of matter throughout space,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 181.385,
"text": "meaning that today— almost 14 billion\nyears after this fight began—"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 186.39,
"text": "we're more likely to find\ngalaxies at their peaks"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 189.352,
"text": "and empty space in their troughs."
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 191.646,
"text": "And that’s not all."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 192.73,
"text": "We can still see these ripples in the\nbackground radiation of the universe,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 197.193,
"text": "a permanent reminder of this epic brawl."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 200.78,
"text": "But after being locked in a stalemate\nfor roughly 370,000 years,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 205.534,
"text": "the tide of our battle finally\nbegins to turn."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 208.996,
"text": "After all this time, the heat from the\nBig Bang has dissipated significantly,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 213.459,
"text": "cooling the universe down to a temperature"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 215.836,
"text": "at which loose electrons\nstart to pair up with protons."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 219.715,
"text": "Known as the “era of recombination,”"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 222.26,
"text": "this stops electrons\nfrom recklessly pinging around."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 225.179,
"text": "This allows light to stream freely\nfor the first time,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 228.891,
"text": "illuminating the universe."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 231.143,
"text": "These photons now only exert a tiny force\non the neutral atoms they interact with,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 236.315,
"text": "gradually reducing the power of pressure."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 239.61,
"text": "And with that, it’s time to crown\nour champion!"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 243.781,
"text": "The undefeated force,\nthe most pervasive power in the universe:"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 247.618,
"text": "it’s gravity!"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 251.08,
"text": "And yet, this rivalry isn’t over."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 253.749,
"text": "A similar battle continues between these\ntwo sworn enemies today,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 257.878,
"text": "within every single star."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 260.214,
"text": "As gravity pulls a star’s gas inward,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 262.967,
"text": "pressure increases and pushes\nthe matter back outward."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 266.762,
"text": "This push and pull keeps the Sun,\nand all other stars,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 270.141,
"text": "stable for billions of years."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 272.852,
"text": "In fact, this clash of the titans\nis the same reason"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 275.563,
"text": "Earth’s atmosphere doesn’t collapse\nto the ground."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 278.524,
"text": "So while their greatest fight\nmight have ended,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 280.985,
"text": "these two warriors are still\nto be locked in combat—"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 288.034,
"text": "even as a new challenger approaches."
}
] |
USW8yf4L-R4
|
3 things you may not know about the Declaration of Independence #shorts
|
An excerpt of our video “What you might not know about the Declaration of Independence”, written by Kenneth C. Davis and animated by Karrot Animation
Watch the full video: https://bit.ly/TEDEdDeclaration
#shorts
|
2023-07-04T13:00:43Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 7.462,
"text": "Everyone needs time to themselves,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 9.881,
"text": "and peaceful solitude\nhas stress-relieving benefits."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 13.468,
"text": "But being alone takes on an entirely\ndifferent dimension when it creeps up"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 19.432,
"text": "or is forced upon you."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 22.143,
"text": "When that's the case,\nthe effects can be surprisingly extensive."
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 27.065,
"text": "And though different people experience\ndistinct effects at different times,"
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 32.07,
"text": "symptoms tend to become more severe\nand persistent the longer one's isolated."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 38.993,
"text": "When someone is involuntarily confined\nto one space indefinitely—"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 44.29,
"text": "for days, weeks, months, or even years—"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 49.337,
"text": "alone and without productive tasks,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 52.59,
"text": "their body will likely\nundergo numerous changes."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 57.386,
"text": "Let's take a look at what\nmay happen and why."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 61.641,
"text": "Early on, stress hormones may spike,\nand as time passes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 66.479,
"text": "that stress can become chronic."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 69.023,
"text": "Social interactions and meaningful\nactivities are essential"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 73.361,
"text": "for emotional stability."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 75.279,
"text": "This may be because they provide us\nwith what researchers call"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 79.117,
"text": "“social reality testing”—"
},
{
"duration": 5.171,
"start": 82.12,
"text": "a sort of sounding board where we can\ngauge how rational our perceptions are."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 87.792,
"text": "So, when someone’s deprived of those\nkinds of communication and tasks,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 92.922,
"text": "their sense of identity and reality\nbecomes threatened."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 97.218,
"text": "Their thoughts spiral\nand their impulses take the reins,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 101.139,
"text": "setting the stage for depression,\nobsessions, suicidal ideation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 105.935,
"text": "and, for some, delusions\nand hallucinations."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 110.398,
"text": "Over time, this prolonged agitation\ncan cause the brain's limbic system,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 115.82,
"text": "which regulates fear and stress,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 118.156,
"text": "to become especially\nresponsive and hyperactive."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 122.41,
"text": "Meanwhile, the prefrontal cortex,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 125.037,
"text": "the brain’s hub for reasoning\nand moral judgment,"
},
{
"duration": 1.085,
"start": 128.457,
"text": "may shrink,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 129.584,
"text": "impairing one's focus,\nmemory, and cognition."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 134.338,
"text": "Overall, the balance shifts from\nrational thinking towards emotionality."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 140.136,
"text": "And as someone remains in this state,\nthe imbalance becomes ingrained,"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 145.099,
"text": "making them more prone to bouts\nof anxiety, rage, and irrational actions."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 151.689,
"text": "Isolation will also affect other parts\nof the person's health."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 155.985,
"text": "They may lose sense of time\nand have difficulties sleeping."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 160.573,
"text": "They're more likely to experience\nheart palpitations, headaches, dizziness,"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 165.453,
"text": "and hypersensitivity."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 167.538,
"text": "And they may also lose weight"
},
{
"duration": 4.422,
"start": 169.498,
"text": "because of stress-induced\ndigestive issues and poor appetite."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 174.503,
"text": "One can attempt to cope by establishing\nthe healthiest routine possible"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 179.383,
"text": "under the extreme circumstances,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 181.594,
"text": "including robust exercise,\nreading, and writing."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 185.723,
"text": "But that can only do so much."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 188.1,
"text": "The United Nations, many human\nrights organizations, and experts"
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 192.73,
"text": "classify this kind of forced,\nprolonged isolation as torture."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 198.361,
"text": "And yet, it’s something imprisoned people\nin many countries endure."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 203.658,
"text": "Also called “solitary confinement”\nor “restrictive housing,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 208.037,
"text": "the practice is most common\nin the United States."
},
{
"duration": 7.007,
"start": 211.916,
"text": "In 2019, more than 120,000 US\nprisoners lived in solitary confinement,"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 219.048,
"text": "spending 22 to 24 hours a day\nin mostly windowless cells"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 224.804,
"text": "spanning roughly six by nine feet."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 228.099,
"text": "Quaker groups introduced\nsolitary confinement to US prisons"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 232.228,
"text": "in the late 1700s,"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 234.146,
"text": "as an alternative to corporal punishment,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 236.732,
"text": "believing it could bring\nabout reflection and penitence—"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 240.486,
"text": "hence “penitentiary.”"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 243.03,
"text": "But the practice quickly faced criticism,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 245.616,
"text": "from public figures all the way\nto the Supreme Court."
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 249.662,
"text": "Charles Dickens, for one,"
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 251.58,
"text": "condemned solitary confinement as\n“worse than any torture of the body.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 257.628,
"text": "Its use dwindled, but then, in the 1980s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 261.215,
"text": "alongside more punitive,\ntough-on-crime laws,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 264.927,
"text": "US prison populations skyrocketed."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 268.556,
"text": "As prisons grew crowded,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 270.308,
"text": "incidences of protests,\nrebellions, and violence grew,"
},
{
"duration": 6.214,
"start": 274.687,
"text": "and prison authorities increasingly used\nsolitary confinement to maintain control."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 281.819,
"text": "Many people have been placed\nin solitary confinement"
},
{
"duration": 5.338,
"start": 285.156,
"text": "for minor, nonviolent infractions,\nlike talking back to prison guards."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 290.703,
"text": "And solitary confinement\nis harmful to everyone,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 294.248,
"text": "but many who’ve experienced it have\npre-existing mental health disorders,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 299.045,
"text": "which it only exacerbates."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 301.672,
"text": "Solitary confinement also seems to have\nlasting effects"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 305.426,
"text": "that make readjusting to life\noutside of a cell difficult."
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 309.93,
"text": "People who have gone through solitary\nconfinement are three times more likely"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 314.769,
"text": "to show signs of post-traumatic\nstress disorder."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 318.064,
"text": "And they commonly report experiencing\nshifts in their personalities,"
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 322.276,
"text": "increased anxiety and paranoia\nin otherwise ordinary situations,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 327.073,
"text": "and difficulty concentrating\nand connecting with others."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 331.16,
"text": "Some states have restricted the use\nof solitary confinement"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 334.455,
"text": "in cases involving serious mental illness,\nchildren, or pregnancy,"
},
{
"duration": 4.547,
"start": 339.543,
"text": "and some have adopted 15 or 20 day\nlimits for everyone."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 344.799,
"text": "But laws that regulate solitary\nconfinement aren’t always enforced—"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 349.303,
"text": "and prison authorities\nhave created loopholes."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 353.015,
"text": "Yet solitary confinement does immense\ndamage that is contrary to rehabilitation,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 358.479,
"text": "while failing to reduce prison violence."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 361.482,
"text": "Meanwhile, other countries have centered\nmore humane approaches."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 365.236,
"text": "Norway, for example, imprisons far\nfewer people per capita than the US"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 370.574,
"text": "while spending five times more\nper prisoner on accommodations,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 375.121,
"text": "classes, and work-release programs."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 377.915,
"text": "Norway also sees far fewer people return\nto prison after release,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 383.337,
"text": "with one of the world’s lowest\nrates of recidivism,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 386.632,
"text": "indicating we tend to get better together."
}
] |
O7O-3NeXm9g
|
Why did Megalodon go extinct? - Jack Cooper and Catalina Pimiento
|
Dive into the ocean’s depths to see how the gigantic megalodon ruled the seas, and find out what caused its extinction.
—
20 million years ago, the ocean housed a creature so colossal that its stomach could reach volumes of almost 10,000 liters— big enough to fit an entire orca. It was the megalodon, the biggest shark to ever live. So, what was it like when megalodon ruled the seas? And what brought this formidable predator to extinction? Jack Cooper and Catalina Pimiento investigate.
Lesson by Jack Cooper and Catalina Pimiento, directed by Vitalii Nebelskyi, and action creative agency.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-megalodon-go-extinct-jack-cooper-and-catalina-pimiento
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-megalodon-go-extinct-jack-cooper-and-catalina-pimiento#digdeeper
Animator's website:
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman and Kurt Paolo Sevillano.
|
2023-07-03T15:00:06Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 7.211,
"text": "Today is the annual Sly Wizard Tournament\nfeaturing competitors"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 11.215,
"text": "from the wizarding world’s\nthree greatest schools,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 13.926,
"text": "and you’ve been entrusted\nwith an enormous responsibility."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 17.221,
"text": "You are to administer the tournament."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 19.515,
"text": "First, you and you alone will determine\nhow many events there will be"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 23.936,
"text": "and their scoring system."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 25.855,
"text": "Then the three wizards will\nenter your maze"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 28.566,
"text": "and compete in your chosen\nevents in utmost secrecy;"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 32.653,
"text": "only you and they will see what happens."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 35.615,
"text": "The competition begins and..."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 38.242,
"text": "Wow, that was one for the record books."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 40.953,
"text": "The winner was... wait, you have no idea."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 45.041,
"text": "The last thing you remember was\na dark wizard showing up"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 48.503,
"text": "and casting a forgetting curse."
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 51.339,
"text": "The competitors seem even more confused—\neach is convinced they won."
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 56.552,
"text": "This is bad."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 57.637,
"text": "There can be no do-overs,"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 59.514,
"text": "and the last failure to declare a winner\nset off the first Great Wizarding War."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 65.186,
"text": "You’ve got to figure this out— and fast."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 67.814,
"text": "But for the life of you,\nyou can’t remember a thing."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 70.9,
"text": "You know you had to follow a few rules:"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 73.444,
"text": "there had to be three or more events,\neach with a single winner and loser."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 77.949,
"text": "Every event used the same scoring system,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 80.868,
"text": "where first place received more points\nthan second,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 83.83,
"text": "and second more than third."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 85.581,
"text": "All points were positive integers."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 88.417,
"text": "Maybe there’s a record somewhere...\noh, of course, your scorecard."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 92.505,
"text": "Well, that leaves something to be desired."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 94.841,
"text": "All that you wrote down was\nthat in Calchemy,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 97.677,
"text": "Newt-niz won,\nLeib-ton took second,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 100.304,
"text": "and that was the only time\nMagnificent Marigold’s Magical Macademy"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 104.308,
"text": "got third all day."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 106.519,
"text": "Oh, and some final scores:"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 108.938,
"text": "one school got 22 points,\nand both of the others got 9."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 113.734,
"text": "Why are you so bad at taking notes?!"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 116.237,
"text": "No time for self-recrimination."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 118.364,
"text": "The wizarding world is waiting."
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 120.616,
"text": "Who won the tournament?"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 121.993,
"text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself.\nAnswer in 3"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 124.495,
"text": "Answer in 2"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 126.956,
"text": "Answer in 1"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 129.417,
"text": "At first, it may seem like there are\nan overwhelming number"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 132.295,
"text": "of possible scoring systems,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 134.13,
"text": "so let's see if we can narrow our options."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 136.966,
"text": "We can start by looking for clues\nin the total scores."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 140.678,
"text": "Every event was scored the same way,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 143.097,
"text": "so the sum of all points\nin the entire tournament"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 145.808,
"text": "must be a multiple of one event’s total."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 149.02,
"text": "In other words, if there were three events\nthat scored 3, 2, 1,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 153.274,
"text": "which adds up to 6,\nthe total points for the day would be 18,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 157.862,
"text": "which is three events times 6 points."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 160.531,
"text": "Our total is 40."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 162.241,
"text": "So we can make a table of possibilities:\none event totaling 40 points,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 167.413,
"text": "two totaling 20, four totaling 10,\nand so on."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 171.751,
"text": "We know there were at least three events,\nwhich eliminates these options,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 176.172,
"text": "and we can also get rid of events\nwith fewer than 6 points,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 179.467,
"text": "because the smallest possible total\nis 3 plus 2 plus 1."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 183.387,
"text": "That leaves two prospects."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 185.556,
"text": "Let’s try to narrow those further\nby breaking down the possible points"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 189.602,
"text": "earned in each event:"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 191.27,
"text": "if first place received 7 points,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 193.981,
"text": "the teams that had totals of 9\ncouldn’t have won an event"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 197.318,
"text": "because their total score\nwould be 10 or more."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 200.029,
"text": "That means the team with 22\nwould have to have won all four."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 204.2,
"text": "But then their total would be 28,\nso we can eliminate that option."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 208.079,
"text": "And with four events, these numbers\ncan't be made to add up to 22."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 212.667,
"text": "Finally, if first place got 5 points,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 215.628,
"text": "the highest possible score \nwith four events would be 20,"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 219.298,
"text": "getting rid of these two as well."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 221.634,
"text": "In fact, five events scoring 4 each\ncould only reach 20 as well."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 226.722,
"text": "That leaves us with just one possibility:"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 229.35,
"text": "five events each scored 5, 2, 1."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 233.229,
"text": "There’s exactly one way to make\nthose scores add up to 22:"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 237.275,
"text": "the winner finished first\nfour times and second once."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 241.862,
"text": "The scores of 9 mean one team won once\nand lost four times,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 246.659,
"text": "and the other lost once\nand took second four times."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 250.329,
"text": "That must be Marigold’s Macademy,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 252.79,
"text": "whose only third place finish\nwas Calchemy based on your note."
},
{
"duration": 5.089,
"start": 257.044,
"text": "And Leib-ton’s second place finish\nin Calchemy means they scored 22"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 262.133,
"text": "and won the Sly Wizard Tournament."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 264.51,
"text": "You have just enough evidence to prove it,\nkeep your job, and avert war."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 269.348,
"text": "Phew!"
}
] |
dGr8VaITKbA
|
Gravity vs. Pressure: The battle that formed the universe - Fabio Pacucci
|
Explore what happened after the Big Bang and how the battle between gravity and pressure shaped the structure of our universe.
--
It’s time for the biggest battle in the Universe: the Big Bang. In one corner is gravity— the force that brings all matter together. In the other is pressure— the force that can push matter away. Over the next several hundred thousand years, these two contenders will be wrestling for the fate of the Universe. But what are these powers fighting over? Fabio Pacucci digs into this historic matchup.
Lesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by Joseph Clark.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-battle-that-formed-the-universe-fabio-pacucci
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-battle-that-formed-the-universe-fabio-pacucci#digdeeper
Animator's website: http://ohstudio.co.uk
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq and Gerardo Castro.
|
2023-06-29T15:01:18Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 6.878,
"text": "In the time it takes to snap your fingers,"
},
{
"duration": 6.423,
"start": 8.88,
"text": "the Sun releases enough energy to power\nour entire civilization for 4,500 years."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 15.72,
"text": "So naturally, scientists and engineers\nhave been working to build"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 19.223,
"text": "a miniature star here on Earth...\nto plug into our power grid."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 23.352,
"text": "And the thing is, we already kind of have."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 26.689,
"text": "It just doesn’t look like a tiny star\nfloating in a lab."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 30.026,
"text": "The stars are made of an almost\nincomprehensible number of particles,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 34.197,
"text": "which gravity compresses\ninto a super dense core."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 37.867,
"text": "This core is hot and dense enough\nto force atomic nuclei together,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 42.163,
"text": "forming larger, heavier nuclei\nin a process known as fusion."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 46.584,
"text": "The reverse process, where one atom\nsplits into two, is called fission."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 51.214,
"text": "In both processes, the mass of the end\nproducts is slightly less"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 55.009,
"text": "than the mass of the initial atoms."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 56.928,
"text": "But that lost mass doesn’t disappear—"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 59.555,
"text": "it’s converted to energy according\nto Einstein’s famous equation."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 63.434,
"text": "And since c² is such\na massive number,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 65.728,
"text": "both fission and fusion\ngenerate a lot of energy."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 70.191,
"text": "Fusion in our Sun mostly\nproduces helium nuclei."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 73.82,
"text": "In the most common pathway, two protons\nfuse to form a deuterium nucleus,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 78.282,
"text": "which then fuses with another proton\nto form a helium-3 nucleus,"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 82.787,
"text": "which then fuses with another helium-3\nnucleus to form a helium-4 nucleus."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 88.417,
"text": "But there’s a catch—\nthat first step is incredibly rare."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 92.255,
"text": "Only 1 in 100 septillion collisions\nbetween protons"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 96.3,
"text": "results in a deuterium nucleus."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 98.678,
"text": "In the Sun this isn’t a problem\nbecause there are so many protons"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 101.848,
"text": "that even a reaction this rare\nhappens all the time."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 105.476,
"text": "But on Earth, researchers rely\non a more easily reproducible reaction,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 109.814,
"text": "where a deuterium nucleus fuses\nwith a tritium nucleus"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 112.984,
"text": "to form a helium-4 nucleus and a neutron."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 116.737,
"text": "We’ve actually been doing reactions\nlike this one inside particle accelerators"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 120.95,
"text": "since the 1930s."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 122.91,
"text": "But these accelerators are not designed to\nharness the energy this reaction releases."
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 127.165,
"text": "Rather, they’re used to generate neutrons"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 129.208,
"text": "for a variety of scientific\nand military purposes."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 132.378,
"text": "Whereas if we want to use fusion\nto produce limitless energy,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 136.09,
"text": "we’d need a device that can\nharness the energy released,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 138.968,
"text": "channel enough of that energy back into\nthe device to keep the reaction going,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 143.639,
"text": "and then send the rest\nout to our power grid."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 146.35,
"text": "And for that job,\nwe need a nuclear fusion reactor."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 150.396,
"text": "Like a particle accelerator, a reactor\nwould generate helium nuclei and neutrons."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 155.276,
"text": "But that reaction would happen\nin a superhot core"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 158.279,
"text": "and the resulting neutrons\nwould shoot outward"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 160.448,
"text": "to heat up a layer of lithium metal."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 162.909,
"text": "That heat would then boil water,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 164.452,
"text": "generating steam to run turbines\nand produce electricity."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 167.914,
"text": "Meanwhile, the helium nuclei\nwould stay in the core"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 171.375,
"text": "and slam into other nuclei\nto keep the reaction going—"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 174.754,
"text": "and the electricity flowing."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 176.631,
"text": "This tech has many practical challenges,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 178.591,
"text": "including how to confine a swirling\nmass of million-degree matter."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 182.887,
"text": "But the biggest hurdle is achieving\nwhat's called ignition."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 186.224,
"text": "An energy technology is only\ncommercially viable"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 188.893,
"text": "if it puts out more energy than it uses."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 191.354,
"text": "And a fusion reactor needs a lot of energy\nto get the core hot enough"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 195.191,
"text": "for fusion to occur."
},
{
"duration": 1.335,
"start": 196.984,
"text": "So there’s a tipping point:"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 198.319,
"text": "a moment when the fuel is hot\nenough to start the reaction"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 201.489,
"text": "and release more energy than is needed\nto reach and maintain that temperature."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 206.244,
"text": "This is ignition."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 207.87,
"text": "Stars reach ignition under the force\nof huge amounts of gravity,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 211.374,
"text": "but this approach is impossible on Earth"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 213.334,
"text": "since you’d need thousands of times\nthe mass of, well, the entire Earth."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 218.047,
"text": "So researchers typically rely\non vast arrays of lasers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 221.634,
"text": "or methods that combine magnets\nwith high energy particles"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 225.096,
"text": "or electromagnetic waves similar\nto those in your microwave oven."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 229.392,
"text": "In 2022, scientists at the\nUS National Ignition Facility"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 232.979,
"text": "demonstrated ignition\nfor the first time ever,"
},
{
"duration": 6.506,
"start": 235.982,
"text": "using 192 lasers to heat deuterium\nand tritium to 100 million degrees."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 242.822,
"text": "While this was a huge step forward,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 244.824,
"text": "we’re still a ways off from a\nself-sustaining, long-running reactor"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 248.452,
"text": "that produces more energy than it uses."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 251.038,
"text": "But once operational, these relatively\nsmall reactors could power a city"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 254.709,
"text": "of a million people for a year\nwith just two pickup trucks of fuel."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 259.547,
"text": "Today, you’d have to burn\nroughly 3 million tons of coal"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 263.426,
"text": "to produce that much energy."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 265.678,
"text": "That is the promise of fusion:"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 267.847,
"text": "limitless, on-demand energy\nwith almost no emissions."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 271.976,
"text": "True star power, right here on Earth."
}
] |
TjPFZaMe2yw
|
What caused the Rwandan Genocide? - Susanne Buckley-Zistel
|
Dig into the history of the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, during which over one-tenth of the country’s population was killed.
--
For one hundred days in 1994, the African country of Rwanda suffered a horrific campaign of mass murder. Neighbor turned against neighbor as violence engulfed the region, resulting in the deaths of over one-tenth of the country’s population. How did this happen? And why didn't international organizations intervene? Susanne Buckley-Zistel digs into the history of the Rwandan Genocide.
Lesson by Susanne Buckley-Zistel, directed by Mohammad Babakoohi.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-caused-the-rwandan-genocide-susanne-buckley-zistel
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-caused-the-rwandan-genocide-susanne-buckley-zistel#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://mohammadbabakoohi.tumblr.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon and Eddy Trochez.
|
2023-06-27T15:00:49Z
|
[
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 7.253,
"text": "During their training,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 8.504,
"text": "medical residents learn countless\ntechniques, surgeries, and procedures"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 13.009,
"text": "which they’ll later use to save lives."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 15.47,
"text": "Being able to remember these skills"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 17.847,
"text": "can quite literally be\na matter of life and death."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 20.892,
"text": "With this in mind, a 2006 research study\ntook a class of surgical residents"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 26.397,
"text": "learning to suture arteries\nand split them into two groups."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 30.443,
"text": "Each received the same study materials,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 33.071,
"text": "but one group implemented a small\nchange in how they studied them."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 37.658,
"text": "And when tested one month later,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 39.744,
"text": "this group performed the surgeries\nsignificantly better"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 43.664,
"text": "than the other residents."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 45.5,
"text": "We’ll discuss the secret \nto that group’s success,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 48.419,
"text": "along with two other highly effective\nstudy techniques"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 51.881,
"text": "which can be applied both\nin and out of the classroom."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 55.468,
"text": "But to understand why these methods work,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 57.929,
"text": "let's first unpack how the brain\nlearns and stores information."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 62.975,
"text": "Say you're trying to memorize\nthe anatomy of the heart."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 66.27,
"text": "When you’re introduced to a new concept,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 68.564,
"text": "the memory is temporarily encoded\nin groups of neurons"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 72.485,
"text": "in a brain area called the hippocampus."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 75.363,
"text": "As you continue to learn\nabout workings of the heart"
},
{
"duration": 3.294,
"start": 78.116,
"text": "in class or study its chambers\nfor an exam,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 81.494,
"text": "you reactivate these same neurons."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 84.247,
"text": "This repeated firing strengthens\nthe connections between the cells,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 88.668,
"text": "stabilizing the memory."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 90.67,
"text": "Gradually, the knowledge of heart anatomy\nis stored long-term,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 94.799,
"text": "which involves another brain area\nknown as the neocortex."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 99.345,
"text": "How information is transferred\nfrom short-term to long-term storage"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 103.85,
"text": "is still not completely understood,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 106.269,
"text": "but it’s thought to happen\nin between study sessions"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 109.272,
"text": "and perhaps most crucially during sleep."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 112.4,
"text": "Here the new knowledge is integrated with\nother related concepts you already know,"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 117.28,
"text": "such as how to measure heart rate,\nor the anatomy of other organs."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 122.16,
"text": "And the process doesn’t end there."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 124.412,
"text": "Each time you recall heart anatomy,\nyou reactivate the long-term memory,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 129.25,
"text": "which makes it susceptible to change."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 131.502,
"text": "The knowledge can be\nupdated, strengthened,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 133.963,
"text": "and reintegrated with other\npieces of information."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 137.717,
"text": "This is where our first study\ntechnique comes in."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 140.97,
"text": "Testing yourself\nwith flashcards and quizzes"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 144.015,
"text": "forces you to actively\nretrieve knowledge,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 146.767,
"text": "which updates and strengthens\nthe memory."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 149.645,
"text": "Students often prefer other study methods,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 152.523,
"text": "like rereading textbooks\nand highlighting notes."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 155.526,
"text": "But these practices can generate\na false sense of competence,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 159.572,
"text": "since the information is\nright in front of you."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 162.116,
"text": "Testing yourself, however,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 163.743,
"text": "allows you to more accurately gauge\nwhat you actually know."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 167.663,
"text": "But what if, while doing this,\nyou can’t remember the answers?"
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 171.709,
"text": "Not to worry—"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 172.835,
"text": "making mistakes can actually improve\nlearning in the long term."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 177.298,
"text": "It’s theorized that as you rack your brain\nfor the answer,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 180.843,
"text": "you activate relevant pieces of knowledge."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 183.512,
"text": "Then, when the correct answer\nis later revealed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 186.307,
"text": "the brain can better integrate this\ninformation with what you already know."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 190.603,
"text": "Our second technique builds on the first."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 193.356,
"text": "When using flashcards to study, it's best\nto mix the deck with multiple subjects."
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 198.653,
"text": "Interleaving, or mixing the concepts\nyou focus on in a single session,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 203.407,
"text": "can lead to better retention\nthan practicing a single skill"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 207.245,
"text": "or topic at a time."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 208.913,
"text": "One hypothesis of why this works is that,\nsimilar to testing,"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 213.042,
"text": "cycling through different subjects forces\nyour brain to temporarily forget,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 217.672,
"text": "then retrieve information,\nfurther strengthening the memory."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 221.259,
"text": "You may also find connections\nacross the topics,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 224.428,
"text": "and better understand their differences."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 226.889,
"text": "Now that you know how and what to study,\nour final technique concerns when."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 232.812,
"text": "Spacing your review across multiple days"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 235.94,
"text": "allows for rest and sleep\nbetween sessions."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 239.277,
"text": "While “offline,”\nthe brain is actively at work,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 242.947,
"text": "storing and integrating knowledge\nin the neocortex."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 246.45,
"text": "So while cramming the night before\nthe exam may seem logical—"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 250.204,
"text": "after all, won’t the material\nbe fresh in your mind?—"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 253.082,
"text": "the information won’t stick\naround for the long term."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 257.128,
"text": "This brings us back to our\nmedical residents."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 260.172,
"text": "Both groups studied the surgery\nfor the same amount of time."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 263.551,
"text": "Yet one group’s training was\ncrammed in a single day,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 267.388,
"text": "while the other more successful group’s\ntraining was spread over four weeks."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 272.31,
"text": "The reason all three of these\nstudy techniques work"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 275.313,
"text": "is because they’re designed\nwith the brain in mind."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 278.274,
"text": "They complement and reinforce\nthe incredible way the brain works,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 282.528,
"text": "sorting through and storing the\nabundance of information"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 285.906,
"text": "it’s fed day after day."
}
] |
x1trgRlaw6Y
|
Should you switch to solar? - Shannon Odell
|
Explore how solar units can help you save money on energy costs, and the most common challenges of switching to solar power.
--
Today in many countries solar is the cheapest form of energy to produce. Millions of homes are equipped with rooftop solar, with most units paying for themselves in their first seven to 12 years and then generating further savings. So, how much money can you save by switching to solar? Shannon Odell shares how solar units could help pave the way for a cleaner and more reliable energy future.
Lesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Biljana Labović.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
A special thanks to Eric O'Shaughnessy who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
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Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-solar-panels-worth-it-shannon-odell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-solar-panels-worth-it-shannon-odell#digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law and Hiroshi Uchiyama.
|
2023-06-22T15:01:02Z
|
[
{
"duration": 8.48,
"start": 0,
"text": "[Music]"
},
{
"duration": 5.88,
"start": 9.12,
"text": "in 1624 mugal Emperor jungar received"
},
{
"duration": 6.24,
"start": 12.799,
"text": "word of yet another defeat at the hands"
},
{
"duration": 6.08,
"start": 15,
"text": "of his greatest enemy Malik Amar despite"
},
{
"duration": 4.361,
"start": 19.039,
"text": "coming to India as an enslaved youth"
},
{
"duration": 3.7199999999999998,
"start": 21.08,
"text": "Amar had risen to rule over the Indian"
},
{
"duration": 4.24,
"start": 23.4,
"text": "sultanate of"
},
{
"duration": 4.799,
"start": 24.8,
"text": "amagar and His Brilliant military"
},
{
"duration": 5.64,
"start": 27.64,
"text": "tactics had brought the mul's march of"
},
{
"duration": 6.081,
"start": 29.599,
"text": "Conquest to a screeching halt jungar was"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 33.28,
"text": "so obsessed with defeating his rival"
},
{
"duration": 3.84,
"start": 35.68,
"text": "he'd commissioned a painting of himself"
},
{
"duration": 5.32,
"start": 37.2,
"text": "shooting an arrow at amar's"
},
{
"duration": 6.76,
"start": 39.52,
"text": "skull Malik Amar was born in the late"
},
{
"duration": 7.4,
"start": 42.52,
"text": "1540s in central Ethiopia as chapu a"
},
{
"duration": 5.24,
"start": 46.28,
"text": "member of the aromo people every year as"
},
{
"duration": 3.76,
"start": 49.92,
"text": "part of ongoing conflicts with their"
},
{
"duration": 4.519,
"start": 51.52,
"text": "neighbors aromo youth were among the"
},
{
"duration": 5.44,
"start": 53.68,
"text": "thousands of Ethiopians captured and"
},
{
"duration": 4.961,
"start": 56.039,
"text": "sold into the Indian Ocean slave trade"
},
{
"duration": 4.48,
"start": 59.12,
"text": "in this part of the World enslaved"
},
{
"duration": 4.439,
"start": 61,
"text": "individuals retained some legal rights"
},
{
"duration": 4.76,
"start": 63.6,
"text": "and enslavers could be held accountable"
},
{
"duration": 4.881,
"start": 65.439,
"text": "for severe mistreatment there was also"
},
{
"duration": 4.72,
"start": 68.36,
"text": "less legal discrimination against"
},
{
"duration": 4.5600000000000005,
"start": 70.32,
"text": "previously enslaved people allowing some"
},
{
"duration": 4.039,
"start": 73.08,
"text": "individuals who gained their freedom to"
},
{
"duration": 4.599,
"start": 74.88,
"text": "acquire great wealth and"
},
{
"duration": 4.401,
"start": 77.119,
"text": "power however these circumstances"
},
{
"duration": 4.161,
"start": 79.479,
"text": "shouldn't overshadow the trauma of"
},
{
"duration": 5.599,
"start": 81.52,
"text": "enslavement which violently severed"
},
{
"duration": 6.88,
"start": 83.64,
"text": "individuals from their lives and loved"
},
{
"duration": 6.121,
"start": 87.119,
"text": "ones around the age of 12 chapu was"
},
{
"duration": 4.2,
"start": 90.52,
"text": "among those taken into bondage captives"
},
{
"duration": 4.4,
"start": 93.24,
"text": "were typically shipped to the Middle"
},
{
"duration": 5.439,
"start": 94.72,
"text": "East or South Asia women were sold into"
},
{
"duration": 4.64,
"start": 97.64,
"text": "sexual slavery as concubines were forced"
},
{
"duration": 3.6,
"start": 100.159,
"text": "to become domestic servants a position"
},
{
"duration": 4.199,
"start": 102.28,
"text": "in which they often had to endure"
},
{
"duration": 4.36,
"start": 103.759,
"text": "harassment and sexual violence men were"
},
{
"duration": 3.761,
"start": 106.479,
"text": "either purchased for Dangerous physical"
},
{
"duration": 3.8810000000000002,
"start": 108.119,
"text": "labor or by wealthy individuals who"
},
{
"duration": 5.519,
"start": 110.24,
"text": "trained them to become Servants of the"
},
{
"duration": 5.96,
"start": 112,
"text": "political and Military Elite chapu was"
},
{
"duration": 4.201,
"start": 115.759,
"text": "part of the latter group he was taken to"
},
{
"duration": 3.839,
"start": 117.96,
"text": "Baghdad where he was educated in in"
},
{
"duration": 4.92,
"start": 119.96,
"text": "Arabic among other subjects and"
},
{
"duration": 6,
"start": 121.799,
"text": "converted to Islam before being resold"
},
{
"duration": 5.4,
"start": 124.88,
"text": "to the Chief Minister of amagar the"
},
{
"duration": 4.761,
"start": 127.799,
"text": "minister himself was a formerly enslaved"
},
{
"duration": 4,
"start": 130.28,
"text": "African but after being freed he'd risen"
},
{
"duration": 5.399,
"start": 132.56,
"text": "through the ranks becoming second in"
},
{
"duration": 6.4,
"start": 134.28,
"text": "command to the sultan himself chapu now"
},
{
"duration": 5.241,
"start": 137.959,
"text": "known as Malik Amar became the chief"
},
{
"duration": 5.199,
"start": 140.68,
"text": "Minister's Protege observing him advise"
},
{
"duration": 5.36,
"start": 143.2,
"text": "the sultan enact policies and navigate"
},
{
"duration": 5.401,
"start": 145.879,
"text": "Court politics after The Minister's"
},
{
"duration": 4.8,
"start": 148.56,
"text": "death his widow Grant amar's freedom and"
},
{
"duration": 5.08,
"start": 151.28,
"text": "like many newly freed Africans in India"
},
{
"duration": 5.68,
"start": 153.36,
"text": "at the time Amar became a mercenary"
},
{
"duration": 4.799,
"start": 156.36,
"text": "Soldier amagar was frequently under"
},
{
"duration": 4.76,
"start": 159.04,
"text": "attack from mugal Invaders who were"
},
{
"duration": 5.521,
"start": 161.159,
"text": "determined to expand their empire but"
},
{
"duration": 5.799,
"start": 163.8,
"text": "umar's daring Guerilla tactics derailed"
},
{
"duration": 5.76,
"start": 166.68,
"text": "The Invader Plans by interrupting mile"
},
{
"duration": 5.28,
"start": 169.599,
"text": "supply lines umar's military success"
},
{
"duration": 4.6,
"start": 172.44,
"text": "earned him a following and in 1600 he"
},
{
"duration": 5.761,
"start": 174.879,
"text": "used his influence to take advantage of"
},
{
"duration": 6.279,
"start": 177.04,
"text": "a royal power vacuum after placing a"
},
{
"duration": 6.159,
"start": 180.64,
"text": "young puppet ruler on the throne Umar"
},
{
"duration": 5.2,
"start": 183.319,
"text": "became the Regent and new chief minister"
},
{
"duration": 4.281,
"start": 186.799,
"text": "he also married his daughter to the new"
},
{
"duration": 5.36,
"start": 188.519,
"text": "Sultan creating a direct tie to the"
},
{
"duration": 5.32,
"start": 191.08,
"text": "royal family not all parties were"
},
{
"duration": 4.761,
"start": 193.879,
"text": "pleased with amar's power grab and the"
},
{
"duration": 5.199,
"start": 196.4,
"text": "new Sultan eventually conspired to"
},
{
"duration": 5.8,
"start": 198.64,
"text": "remove Amar from power but before these"
},
{
"duration": 6.72,
"start": 201.599,
"text": "plans could take form both conspirators"
},
{
"duration": 5.879,
"start": 204.44,
"text": "were mysteriously poisoned the Sultan's"
},
{
"duration": 5.28,
"start": 208.319,
"text": "5-year-old son was the placed on the"
},
{
"duration": 6.441,
"start": 210.319,
"text": "throne giving Malik Amar a once enslaved"
},
{
"duration": 6.321,
"start": 213.599,
"text": "EXs Soldier complete political economic"
},
{
"duration": 6.24,
"start": 216.76,
"text": "and Military control over"
},
{
"duration": 5.959,
"start": 219.92,
"text": "amagar Umar remained in power for over"
},
{
"duration": 5.04,
"start": 223,
"text": "25 years bringing long-term stability to"
},
{
"duration": 4.681,
"start": 225.879,
"text": "the embattled region he built a new"
},
{
"duration": 4.52,
"start": 228.04,
"text": "capital city negotiated trade deals with"
},
{
"duration": 3.8,
"start": 230.56,
"text": "Indian and European merchants and"
},
{
"duration": 5.239,
"start": 232.56,
"text": "reformed the tax system to better"
},
{
"duration": 5.92,
"start": 234.36,
"text": "protect peasants but most importantly he"
},
{
"duration": 5.201,
"start": 237.799,
"text": "continued to foil the m"
},
{
"duration": 4.84,
"start": 240.28,
"text": "Invasion his ragtag army of local"
},
{
"duration": 4.439,
"start": 243,
"text": "Indians enslaved and newly freed"
},
{
"duration": 5.44,
"start": 245.12,
"text": "Africans was religiously and ethnically"
},
{
"duration": 5.36,
"start": 247.439,
"text": "diverse yet they were United by umar's"
},
{
"duration": 4.08,
"start": 250.56,
"text": "leadership and he made up for his lack"
},
{
"duration": 4.16,
"start": 252.799,
"text": "of numbers by launching lightning"
},
{
"duration": 4.119,
"start": 254.64,
"text": "attacks that demoralized and exhausted"
},
{
"duration": 3.24,
"start": 256.959,
"text": "the mugal troops long before they"
},
{
"duration": 4.361,
"start": 258.759,
"text": "reached the"
},
{
"duration": 5.361,
"start": 260.199,
"text": "battlefield jealous of amar's success"
},
{
"duration": 4.4,
"start": 263.12,
"text": "and popularity some of his enemies"
},
{
"duration": 4.9190000000000005,
"start": 265.56,
"text": "accused him of maintaining power through"
},
{
"duration": 5.399,
"start": 267.52,
"text": "sorcery or devil worship others"
},
{
"duration": 4.641,
"start": 270.479,
"text": "begrudgingly acknowledged his piety"
},
{
"duration": 4.761,
"start": 272.919,
"text": "generosity and Military"
},
{
"duration": 5.519,
"start": 275.12,
"text": "genius regardless very few ever"
},
{
"duration": 6.959,
"start": 277.68,
"text": "outmaneuvered him Malik Amar died of"
},
{
"duration": 6.521,
"start": 280.639,
"text": "natural causes in 1626 leaving amagar to"
},
{
"duration": 5.441,
"start": 284.639,
"text": "his son who was unable to maintain his"
},
{
"duration": 5.64,
"start": 287.16,
"text": "father's military record just 7 years"
},
{
"duration": 5.52,
"start": 290.08,
"text": "later the sultanate finally fell to the"
},
{
"duration": 5.76,
"start": 292.8,
"text": "mugal forces heralding the fall of the"
},
{
"duration": 4.84,
"start": 295.6,
"text": "Kingdom Amar had risen to"
},
{
"duration": 4.32,
"start": 298.56,
"text": "lead"
},
{
"duration": 5.4,
"start": 300.44,
"text": "who was behind This ferocious and"
},
{
"duration": 4.52,
"start": 302.88,
"text": "seemingly Unstoppable Mughal Empire"
},
{
"duration": 3.7199999999999998,
"start": 305.84,
"text": "trace the rise and fall of one of the"
},
{
"duration": 4.41,
"start": 307.4,
"text": "world's wealthiest and most powerful"
},
{
"duration": 8.779,
"start": 309.56,
"text": "dynasties with this"
},
{
"duration": 6.529,
"start": 311.81,
"text": "[Music]"
},
{
"duration": 3,
"start": 318.8,
"text": "video"
}
] |
MF7EbUGlaOU
|
Why is Marie Antoinette so controversial? - Carolyn Harris
|
Marie Antoinette became a symbol for the evils of excess— but was she a wasteful queen or a convenient scapegoat? You decide.
--
She was the Queen of France, notorious for living in opulence while peasants starved and became a symbol of everything wrong with monarchy. But was Marie Antionette a heartless, wasteful queen, or a convenient scapegoat in turbulent times? Carolyn Harris puts this controversial figure on trial in History vs. Marie Antoinette.
Lesson by Carolyn Harris, directed by Brett Underhill, PorkchopBob Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-marie-antoinette-so-controversial-carolyn-harris
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-marie-antoinette-so-controversial-carolyn-harris#digdeeper
Animator's website: http://porkchopbob.com
Music: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti and Hoai Nam Tran.
|
2023-06-20T15:00:49Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 8.046,
"text": "For 100 days in 1994,\nthe African country of Rwanda"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 13.593,
"text": "suffered a horrific campaign\nof mass murder."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 17.055,
"text": "Neighbor turned against neighbor\nas violence engulfed the region,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 21.267,
"text": "resulting in the deaths of over one-tenth\nof the country’s population."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 26.397,
"text": "The seeds of this conflict were\nplanted a century earlier,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 29.817,
"text": "first when German, and later Belgian,\ncolonizers arrived in the country."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 35.031,
"text": "At the time, Rwanda was ruled\nby a monarchy of Tutsi,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 39.035,
"text": "one of the three ethnic groups\ncomprising the population."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 42.497,
"text": "Tutsi and the even smaller Twa communities\nwere minority groups,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 47.001,
"text": "while Hutu composed the majority."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 49.879,
"text": "Many Hutus and Tutsi civilians\nwere on good terms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 53.257,
"text": "but colonial powers encouraged\npolitical division."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 57.97,
"text": "Belgians enforced record keeping\naround ethnic identity,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 61.808,
"text": "and created a public narrative that cast\nTutsi as elite rulers"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 66.145,
"text": "and Hutu as ordinary farmers."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 68.898,
"text": "Over time, this propaganda led \nto intense political hostility."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 72.985,
"text": "And while colonial powers had\nlargely withdrawn by 1959,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 76.948,
"text": "lingering anger motivated a Hutu revolt,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 79.826,
"text": "forcing many Tutsi leaders\nto flee the country."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 83.204,
"text": "Over the following decade,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 84.664,
"text": "Rwanda transitioned to an independent\nrepublic with a Hutu government."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 89.335,
"text": "This new administration argued\nthat as the majority group,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 92.588,
"text": "Hutu deserved exclusive access\nto political power."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 96.217,
"text": "They excluded the Tutsi minority \nby appointing offices based on population"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 100.888,
"text": "and prohibited the return of Tutsi\nfamilies that had fled years earlier."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 105.393,
"text": "Hutu extremists also circulated propaganda"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 108.813,
"text": "blaming Tutsi for the country’s economic,\nsocial, and political problems."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 114.318,
"text": "Discontent with their life in exile,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 116.362,
"text": "a small group of Tutsi insurgents\ninvaded Rwanda in 1990,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 121.2,
"text": "beginning a violent civil war."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 123.244,
"text": "The conflict lasted three years before it\nwas resolved with a formal peace accord."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 128.166,
"text": "But the war’s aftermath was\nrife with insecurity."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 131.377,
"text": "While some civilians in both groups\nremained amicable,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 134.714,
"text": "the treaty intensified\npolitical polarization."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 137.925,
"text": "And in 1994, when a plane carrying\nthe Hutu Rwandan president was shot down,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 143.222,
"text": "the conflict broke out anew."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 145.474,
"text": "This time, Hutu officials had prepared\na deadly response"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 149.061,
"text": "to ensure they stayed in power."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 151.147,
"text": "Working off a list of targets,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 152.982,
"text": "government-funded Hutu militias\nflooded the streets,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 156.235,
"text": "perpetrating acts of physical\nand sexual violence"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 159.405,
"text": "against Tutsi political enemies\nand civilians."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 162.658,
"text": "Over the chaotic following months,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 164.619,
"text": "over 1 million Hutu civilians joined\ntheir ranks due to coercion,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 168.581,
"text": "self-preservation, or the pursuit\nof personal agendas."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 172.877,
"text": "Tutsi victims sought refuge\nat churches and schools"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 176.172,
"text": "where they hoped international\norganizations would protect them,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 179.258,
"text": "but no outside party came to their aid."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 181.677,
"text": "UN soldiers who’d overseen\nthe Peace Accord"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 184.305,
"text": "were instructed to abandon\nTutsi civilians,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 186.891,
"text": "and UN leadership refused to acknowledge\nthe genocide taking place."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 191.187,
"text": "The violence didn’t end until mid-July,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 193.731,
"text": "when the Tutsi army—\nwho instigated the previous civil war—"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 196.901,
"text": "seized control of the country."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 199.111,
"text": "By the time the fighting was over,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 201.072,
"text": "roughly 800,000 Rwandans had been killed,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 204.242,
"text": "and only a small fraction of the\nTutsi population was left alive."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 208.621,
"text": "In the months that followed,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 210.164,
"text": "there was no easy strategy for bringing\nthe killers to justice."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 213.876,
"text": "The UN established a special tribunal\nin Tanzania to try the key perpetrators."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 219.924,
"text": "But Hutu civilians from every level\nof society had committed atrocities"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 224.178,
"text": "against their neighbors, friends,\nand even family members."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 227.974,
"text": "There were roughly 120,000 Rwandans\nawaiting trial,"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 231.602,
"text": "and inmates were dying from overcrowding\nand poor hygiene."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 235.439,
"text": "The new Rwandan government estimated \nit would take 100 years to prosecute"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 239.902,
"text": "every accused civilian in national court."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 242.697,
"text": "So officials determined \nthe best path forward involved"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 245.908,
"text": "looking to the country’s past."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 248.077,
"text": "Rwanda has a traditional process"
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 249.745,
"text": "for resolving interpersonal conflicts\ncalled gacaca."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 253.624,
"text": "Roughly translating\nto “justice on the grass,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 256.627,
"text": "gacaca had long been used to address\noffenses within villages."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 260.464,
"text": "Local witnesses would offer testimony"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 262.883,
"text": "and could then speak for\nor against the accused."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 266.178,
"text": "Then, appointed lay judges would determine\nan appropriate penalty"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 270.057,
"text": "within the community’s means."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 272.435,
"text": "In the hope of trying perpetrators\nmore quickly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 275.229,
"text": "the government adapted gacaca\nfor their formal courts."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 278.441,
"text": "These hybrid trials had \nno professional attorneys or judges,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 282.32,
"text": "and no evidence outside the spoken word"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 284.739,
"text": "and a case file detailing the crimes\nof the accused."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 288.2,
"text": "All charges were then divided\ninto four categories:"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 291.662,
"text": "masterminding the genocide\nand committing acts of sexual violence,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 295.124,
"text": "participating in the killings,\nphysical assault,"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 297.752,
"text": "or destroying Tutsi property."
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 299.879,
"text": "Those found guilty\nof the first two categories"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 302.089,
"text": "were entered into the\ntraditional court system,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 305.009,
"text": "but the other crimes were\nassigned set penalties"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 308.012,
"text": "which could be reduced\nif the accused pled guilty."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 311.265,
"text": "Beginning in 2002, thousands of gacaca\ncourts convened every week."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 316.52,
"text": "The process proved faster \nthan conventional courts,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 319.44,
"text": "but Rwandan opinion on the trials\nwas mixed."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 322.693,
"text": "Some didn’t want to accuse\ntheir neighbors in a community setting,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 326.072,
"text": "and many potential witnesses were\nintimidated to prevent their testimony."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 330.201,
"text": "Additionally, while the trial showed that\nnot all Hutu participated in the killings,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 335.206,
"text": "the courts only reviewed cases\nwith Tutsi victims,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 338.334,
"text": "ignoring the Hutu casualties incurred\nduring the genocide"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 341.67,
"text": "and the preceding civil war."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 343.923,
"text": "When the trials concluded in 2012,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 346.425,
"text": "the courts had convicted\n1.7 million individuals."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 350.137,
"text": "For some families, these verdicts \nhelped restore the dignity"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 353.557,
"text": "of those lost in the violence."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 355.684,
"text": "For others, the trials\nwere a decade-long reminder"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 359.188,
"text": "of a past they were desperate\nto leave behind."
}
] |
_ivM7J2ao1s
|
What is Juneteenth, and why is it important? #shorts #juneteenth
|
An excerpt of our video, “What is Juneteenth, and why is it important?” written by Karlos K. Hill and Soraya Field Fiorio, and directed by Rémi Cans, Atypicalist.
Watch the full animation: https://bit.ly/TEDEdJuneteenth
#shorts #juneteenth
|
2023-06-19T13:00:32Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "In 1952, polio was everywhere."
},
{
"duration": 6.215,
"start": 11.257,
"text": "For years, this virus killed or paralyzed\nroughly half a million people annually,"
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 17.638,
"text": " leaving survivors reliant on crutches,\nwheelchairs, and respirators."
},
{
"duration": 7.007,
"start": 23.519,
"text": "Yet just 10 years later, paralytic polio\ncases in the US dropped by 96%."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 31.194,
"text": "Soon, similar trends spread worldwide,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 34.113,
"text": "and it looked like we were on track\nto eradicate polio for good."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 39.786,
"text": "But in the 21st century, the virus\nstarted striking back."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 44.082,
"text": "So, what’s the source\nof these recent spikes,"
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 47.21,
"text": "and how can researchers fighting polio\nfinally get rid of this deadly disease?"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 54.092,
"text": "To answer these questions, we first need\nto understand the true danger of polio."
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 59.472,
"text": "Most infected individuals only present\nmild flu symptoms or no symptoms at all,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 65.603,
"text": "with paralysis occurring\nin less than 1% of cases."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 70.608,
"text": "Which is why the real danger of polio\nis how infectious it is."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 75.738,
"text": "Historically, there have been\nthree strains of poliovirus,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 79.659,
"text": "all of which typically enter our mouths\nfrom airborne droplets"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 83.913,
"text": "or contact with infected fecal matter."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 87.041,
"text": "This means polio runs rampant\nin communities with poor sanitation."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 92.13,
"text": "And once infected, individuals remain\ncontagious for 3 to 6 weeks,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 97.385,
"text": "spreading a silent outbreak\nwith few trackable symptoms."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 102.098,
"text": "This is what made polio unstoppable"
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 104.725,
"text": "until US physician Jonas Salk found\na solution in the early 1950s."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 110.94,
"text": "He created an inactivated version\nof the virus that, when injected,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 116.112,
"text": "prevented all three strains\nfrom causing paralysis."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 120.199,
"text": "However, this inactivated\npoliovirus vaccine, or IPV,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 125.496,
"text": "didn’t stop poliovirus from living\nin our bodies and spreading to others."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 131.169,
"text": "Fortunately, Polish American\nmicrobiologist Albert Sabin"
},
{
"duration": 5.672,
"start": 135.59,
"text": "was creating the oral polio vaccine,\nor OPV, at the same time."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 141.637,
"text": "This even cheaper and easier\nto administer treatment"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 145.558,
"text": "contained weakened variants\nof each poliovirus strain, "
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 149.77,
"text": "known as attenuated viruses,"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 152.732,
"text": "And once ingested, these prevented polio\nfrom settling in the body altogether."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 158.946,
"text": "Over the next several decades,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 160.948,
"text": "IPV and OPV eliminated polio\nin country after country."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 166.871,
"text": "But near the turn of the century,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 168.664,
"text": "this arms race between medical ingenuity\nand viral evolution took a turn."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 174.42,
"text": "Scientists discovered variant\nstrains of polio—"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 178.174,
"text": "each almost identical to one\nof the three existing strains."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 183.262,
"text": "And their source was even more troubling."
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 186.724,
"text": "Up to this point, one of OPV’s greatest\nadvantages was that its attenuated viruses"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 192.98,
"text": "could spread just like wild polio,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 195.65,
"text": "moving through the air and immunizing\nunvaccinated individuals."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 200.863,
"text": "But researchers discovered that if\nthese weakened viruses circulated"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 205.076,
"text": "for several weeks\nin under-vaccinated populations,"
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 209.121,
"text": "they could mutate into new\nvaccine-derived strains."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 214.21,
"text": "To be clear, this didn’t mean\nthe attenuated vaccine"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 217.505,
"text": "was inherently dangerous."
},
{
"duration": 6.214,
"start": 219.215,
"text": "OPV had already been used to stop\nwild poliovirus type 2 worldwide"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 225.721,
"text": "and eradicate all wild poliovirus"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 229.016,
"text": "from the Americas, West Pacific,\nand countless other countries."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 233.813,
"text": "The issue was ensuring populations met\na certain vaccination threshold—"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 239.527,
"text": "specifically, at least 80% of every\ncommunity needed to be vaccinated"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 244.991,
"text": "to prevent strains from mutating."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 247.451,
"text": "So, in our current fight against polio,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 250.121,
"text": "we've taken two approaches\nto this problem."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 253.624,
"text": "First, vaccine developers have made\neven safer forms of OPV."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 259.088,
"text": "Monovalent and bivalent OPVs "
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 262.008,
"text": "respectively contain one or two types\nof attenuated poliovirus,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 267.096,
"text": "reducing the number of strains\nthat could possibly mutate."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 271.017,
"text": "These vaccines helped eradicate\nwild poliovirus types 2 and 3,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 276.772,
"text": "and today they’re tackling\nthe last remnants of type 1 poliovirus"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 281.444,
"text": "in Pakistan and Afghanistan."
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 284.322,
"text": "Vaccine researchers also developed OPVs\ntargeting vaccine-derived polio."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 291.037,
"text": "Currently, most polio cases are caused\nby vaccine-derived poliovirus"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 296.542,
"text": "type 2 outbreaks in Africa\nand the Middle East."
},
{
"duration": 5.463,
"start": 300.755,
"text": "So researchers created a new vaccine\nspecifically to tackle this strain"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 306.218,
"text": "with minimal risk of mutating."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 308.804,
"text": "Second, medical workers on the front lines\nare using cutting-edge technology"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 314.018,
"text": "to ensure every population meets\nthat 80% threshold."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 318.898,
"text": "Digital tools like geospatial imaging\nand analysis"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 322.818,
"text": "help them locate and immunize\nremote communities."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 326.28,
"text": "Extensive monitoring systems ensure\nthey don’t miss a single child."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 331.327,
"text": "And waste surveillance systems\nemployed across the globe"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 335.164,
"text": "can alert us to potential outbreaks."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 338,
"text": "Today, the fight against polio\nis at a critical moment."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 342.004,
"text": "We’re primed to eradicate\nwild poliovirus in the near future,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 346.759,
"text": "and with our new vaccines,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 348.344,
"text": "eradicating vaccine-derived strains\nmight not be much further off."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 353.641,
"text": "But doctors still struggle to reach areas"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 356.602,
"text": "experiencing military conflict\nand civil unrest."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 360.94,
"text": "And without keeping\nvaccination rates high,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 363.818,
"text": "polio’s silent outbreaks\ncould easily surge."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 367.738,
"text": "So it’s essential that we keep\nup the pressure"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 370.741,
"text": " to finally finish what we started\nover 70 years ago."
}
] |
kVvewT_tWUA
|
Do your students have big ideas? #shorts
|
Bring TED-Ed Student Talks to your school!
Educators can support students’ skill development and socio-emotional well-being via free and customizable TED-Ed Student Talks activities. Apply to get access to resources and our exclusive online educator platform!
Apply here: https://bit.ly/3qmLZm3
#shorts
|
2023-06-15T20:30:09Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 7.253,
"text": "As one of the agency’s best employees,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 10.173,
"text": "you’ve been selected as a finalist"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 12.133,
"text": "to potentially take on a new\ntop-secret mission."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 15.511,
"text": "You've already shown your aptitude\nfor surveillance and disguise,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 18.848,
"text": "but the agency is looking\nto test one last critical skill:"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 22.977,
"text": "how well you can drive."
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 25.521,
"text": "To prove yourself, you’ll need to complete\na series of complicated challenges"
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 29.567,
"text": "behind the wheel."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 30.902,
"text": "As the test begins, you notice\nthat the distances between yourself"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 35.073,
"text": "and the cars around you\nare being meticulously monitored."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 39.118,
"text": "One of the most widely recommended\nstrategies when it comes to safe driving"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 42.83,
"text": "is known as defensive driving."
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 45.458,
"text": "It doesn’t mean driving paranoid—"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 47.418,
"text": "but rather, making a conscious effort to\nanticipate potential errors and accidents."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 52.34,
"text": "For example, keeping a three-second\ndistance from the car in front of you"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 56.177,
"text": "increases your chances of stopping\nin time if traffic suddenly halts."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 60.807,
"text": "You soon approach your first obstacle:\na sudden lane closure."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 65.937,
"text": "While many assume that good driving\netiquette requires them to merge"
},
{
"duration": 1.167,
"start": 69.232,
"text": "as soon as possible,"
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 70.399,
"text": "most safety studies suggest the opposite."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 73.069,
"text": "Continuing at a consistent speed\nuntil you reach the lane end point,"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 77.156,
"text": "and then zipper merging"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 78.658,
"text": "decreases the number of potentially\ndangerous lane switches."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 82.245,
"text": "And this doesn’t just improve safety—\nit also keeps traffic moving."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 86.749,
"text": "One study found that using signs\nthat encourage drivers to zipper merge"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 91.087,
"text": "can reduce traffic backup lengths by 40%."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 94.966,
"text": "Your phone lights up—\nit’s the agency."
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 98.344,
"text": "Should you pick it up?"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 99.679,
"text": "While it might seem easy\nto multitask while you drive,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 103.266,
"text": "most people can't balance driving\nwith anything else effectively."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 107.728,
"text": "It's estimated that 80%\nof accidents happen"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 110.523,
"text": "when the drivers look away from the road."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 112.859,
"text": "And just because your hands\nare on the wheel"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 114.944,
"text": "doesn’t mean you’re not distracted."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 117.238,
"text": "In one study, drivers who were talking\non the phone hands-free"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 120.825,
"text": "had delayed braking reactions\nand made as many mistakes"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 123.828,
"text": "as drivers who were intoxicated."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 126.414,
"text": "And those who think they're the exception\nto the rule might be most at risk."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 130.585,
"text": "People who self-identify\nas multitasking pros"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 133.754,
"text": "tend to perform worst at tests\nthat require dividing their attention."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 138.551,
"text": "Suddenly, a car cuts you off, "
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 140.72,
"text": "and your hand instinctively moves\ntowards the horn."
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 143.806,
"text": "You’re not alone—"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 144.849,
"text": "up to a third of drivers report that\nthey’ve acted aggressively on the road,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 148.936,
"text": "honking or shouting at another driver."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 151.814,
"text": "Road rage is thought to be sparked\nby the perception of other drivers"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 155.234,
"text": "as reckless, rude, or even\ndeliberately trying to impede you."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 159.947,
"text": "And it’s typically exacerbated\nby personal factors"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 162.533,
"text": "like stress or being in a rush."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 164.827,
"text": "Some psychologists theorize that we can\nfeel isolated from others"
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 168.623,
"text": "while in our cars,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 169.874,
"text": "and, therefore, somewhat anonymous."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 173.211,
"text": "This may make us more prone\nto act aggressively"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 175.838,
"text": "or to even retaliate\nagainst other drivers."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 179.091,
"text": "But being aware of this tendency\nand practicing relaxation techniques,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 182.887,
"text": "like taking a deep breath in the moment,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 185.431,
"text": " can help you avoid these\nhot-tempered situations."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 189.352,
"text": "Finally, you approach your last test:\na stop sign."
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 193.814,
"text": "But you don’t see it."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 195.149,
"text": "You mistakenly cruise through without\nlooking and narrowly miss an accident."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 200.071,
"text": "Mistakes don't feel great, but they're\nactually a valuable part of learning."
},
{
"duration": 2.545,
"start": 204.825,
"text": "This is especially true for new drivers."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 208.246,
"text": "In one study, participants who\npracticed using a driving simulator"
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 211.666,
"text": "that flagged their errors performed\nbetter on subsequent driving tests."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 216.462,
"text": "And like any skill, becoming an expert\ndriver takes time and practice."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 221.467,
"text": "After all, controlling a vehicle while\nproperly assessing your surroundings"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 225.596,
"text": "and following the often-complicated\nrules of the road is no easy feat."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 230.393,
"text": "A majority of drivers first learn\nin their teens and early 20s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 234.146,
"text": "when the brain is uniquely wired\nto learn from new experiences"
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 237.858,
"text": "and take on risks and challenges."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 240.611,
"text": "New drivers can take full advantage\nof this window of opportunity,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 243.948,
"text": "beginning with short, familiar journeys\nto build confidence,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 247.201,
"text": "and then tackling as many different\ndriving conditions as they can."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 251.789,
"text": "You arrive back at the agency\nfeeling defeated,"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 255.376,
"text": "but to your surprise,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 256.961,
"text": "you’re handed an envelope\nwith all the assignment details."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 260.756,
"text": "While you may have made a few mistakes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 262.8,
"text": "it turns out you’re the only agent\nwho can parallel park."
}
] |
btWlBHE0pe4
|
Who is the fastest god in all mythology? - Iseult Gillespie
|
Witness the clash of mythology’s speediest supernaturals in an epic race and find out which creature is the fastest.
--
It’s time for the Myth Olympics: the eternal arena in which creatures and deities compete for glory. Almost every mythical tradition claims one creature as the fastest— from goddesses who run like the wind to creatures who outstrip every captor. So, who will emerge victorious in a race of superhuman swiftness? Iseult Gillespie convenes mythology’s speediest supernaturals for an epic showdown.
Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by BASA.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-is-the-fastest-creature-in-mythology-iseult-gillespie
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-is-the-fastest-creature-in-mythology-iseult-gillespie#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.basaestudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley and Elija Peterson.
|
2023-06-15T15:00:34Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 7.253,
"text": "You are the only you that's existed\nin all of human history."
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 12.3,
"text": "Your experiences are yours\nand yours alone."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 15.553,
"text": "Some of those experiences have taught\nyou things that are absolutely"
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 19.348,
"text": "worth sharing with an audience."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 21.309,
"text": "And that's what we're here\nto learn how to do."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 23.811,
"text": "Once you've found an idea that you're\nexcited to share with an audience,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 27.732,
"text": "you're ready to start\nputting a talk together."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 32.028,
"text": "The purpose of a talk is to say\nsomething meaningful."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 35.364,
"text": "But many talks never quite do that."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 37.992,
"text": "The number one reason this happens is\nthat a speaker does not have a proper plan"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 43.289,
"text": "for the talk as a whole."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 45.458,
"text": "They may have planned what to say\npoint by point or sentence by sentence,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 49.879,
"text": "but did not plan how everything\nin the talk would link up"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 53.257,
"text": "to deliver a meaningful message."
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 56.552,
"text": "There’s a helpful word that people use\nto analyze plays, movies, and novels."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 61.891,
"text": "It applies to talks, too."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 63.893,
"text": "The word is throughline."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 66.729,
"text": "The throughline of a talk is the main idea"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 69.524,
"text": "that ties together everything\nthe speaker presents."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 72.568,
"text": "Every talk should have a throughline."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 75.613,
"text": "That doesn't mean a talk\nmust only cover one topic,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 78.783,
"text": "or only tell a single story,\nor proceed in only one direction."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 83.746,
"text": "It just means that everything\nin the talk"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 85.832,
"text": "should connect to support the main idea."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 89.836,
"text": "Here’s the start of a talk\nwithout a throughline:"
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 92.964,
"text": "“I want to share with you some experiences\nI had during my recent trip to Cape Town,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 97.468,
"text": "and then make a few observations\nabout life on the road.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 101.18,
"text": "Now here’s the start of a talk where the\nthroughline is made clear from the start:"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 106.519,
"text": "“On my recent trip to Cape Town,\nI learned something new about strangers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 110.648,
"text": "when you can trust them,\nand when you definitely can’t."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 113.609,
"text": "Let me share with you two\nvery different experiences I had.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 118.281,
"text": "The version without a throughline\nmight work for your family,"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 122.285,
"text": "but the version with a throughline is\nmore exciting for a general audience."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 127.623,
"text": "Here are the throughlines\nof some popular TED Talks:"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 131.335,
"text": "“More choice actually makes\nus less happy.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 134.714,
"text": "“Vulnerability is something to be\ntreasured, not hidden from.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 139.677,
"text": "“Let’s bring on a quiet revolution—\na world redesigned for introverts.”"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 145.349,
"text": "“A history of the universe in 18 minutes\nshows a journey from chaos to order.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 151.063,
"text": "“Terrible city flags can reveal\nsurprising design secrets.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 155.443,
"text": "“A ski trek to the South Pole\nthreatened my life"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 158.446,
"text": "and changed my sense of purpose.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 161.991,
"text": "Remember lesson one when we compared\na talk to a journey"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 165.661,
"text": "that a speaker and an audience\ngo on together?"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 168.372,
"text": "If a talk is a journey,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 169.874,
"text": "then the throughline is the path\nthat journey takes."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 173.92,
"text": "Following the path of a throughline\nmakes sure there are no impossible leaps."
},
{
"duration": 1.168,
"start": 179.717,
"text": "By the end of the talk,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 180.885,
"text": "the speaker and the audience have arrived\ntogether at a satisfying destination."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 186.599,
"text": "So, how do you figure\nout your throughline?"
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 189.352,
"text": "Pick an idea that can be properly explored\nin the time you have to give your talk."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 194.857,
"text": "Then make sure everything you include\nin your talk links back to this main idea."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 200.238,
"text": "Creating a great talk that fits into a\nlimited period of time can be hard work."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 205.785,
"text": "But there’s a right way\nand a wrong way to go about it."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 209.163,
"text": "The wrong way is to include all\nthe points you think you need,"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 213.501,
"text": "but cover them as briefly as possible—"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 215.586,
"text": "maybe skipping out on details or examples."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 219.09,
"text": "You can create a short script this way\nwith every topic you want to cover"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 222.843,
"text": "included in summary form."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 224.929,
"text": "You may even think there’s a\nthroughline connecting it all together."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 228.766,
"text": "But throughlines that connect a great\nmany things don’t often work."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 233.187,
"text": "If you rush through many different topics\nwithout exploring them deeply,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 237.692,
"text": "your points won’t land with any force."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 240.486,
"text": "It’s a simple equation:"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 242.196,
"text": "overstuffed equals under-explained."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 246.534,
"text": "To say something meaningful in a talk,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 248.911,
"text": "you have to take the time\nto do at least two things."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 252.623,
"text": "First, you have to show why\nwhat you have to say matters."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 256.961,
"text": "What is the question\nyou're trying to answer?"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 259.338,
"text": "What's the problem you're trying to solve?"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 261.716,
"text": "What's the experience\nyou're trying to share?"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 265.219,
"text": "Second, you have to flesh out\neach point you make"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 268.764,
"text": "with real examples, stories, and facts."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 272.435,
"text": "This is how an idea that’s important to\nyou can be built in someone else’s mind."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 278.399,
"text": "To give a really good talk,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 280.86,
"text": "you may have to cut back on how\nmany topics you want to cover"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 284.238,
"text": "and instead focus on a single\nconnected thread— a throughline—"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 288.909,
"text": "that you have time to present\nthoroughly and completely."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 292.538,
"text": "This is the right way to make a great\ntalk fit into a limited amount of time."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 298.085,
"text": "You may make fewer points than you\nwould without a throughline,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 301.714,
"text": "but the points you do make\nwill have more of an impact."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 305.676,
"text": "Less can be more. "
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 309.096,
"text": "Choosing a throughline\nwill help you determine"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 311.265,
"text": "which topics to include in your talk\nand which to leave out."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 315.311,
"text": "It will help you filter out anything\nthat doesn't connect to your main idea."
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 319.94,
"text": "If you’re having trouble focusing\nyour throughline,"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 322.36,
"text": "a good exercise is to try to say it\nin no more than 15 words."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 328.24,
"text": "What is the precise idea you want\nto build inside your listeners?"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 332.828,
"text": "What do you want them\nto take away from your talk?"
},
{
"duration": 4.13,
"start": 336.248,
"text": "Here are some questions to ask yourself\nas you’re working out your throughline:"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 340.836,
"text": "Is this a topic\nthat means something to me?"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 343.464,
"text": "Does it inspire curiosity?"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 345.966,
"text": "Does it offer the audience a new way\nof looking at something?"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 349.261,
"text": "Is my talk a gift? Does it ask a question?"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 352.556,
"text": "Is the information fresh\nor unexpected in some way?"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 356.394,
"text": "Can I truly explain the topic\nin the time I have,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 360.106,
"text": "complete with necessary examples?"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 362.691,
"text": "Do I know enough about the topic,\nor do I need to do some research?"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 366.737,
"text": "Does this topic connect to my experience?"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 369.49,
"text": "What are the 15 words that capture\nmy talk?"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 373.536,
"text": "Would those 15 words make someone\ninterested to hear my talk?"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 378.457,
"text": "A speaking coach named\nAbigail Tenembaum"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 381.043,
"text": "recommends testing your throughline\nout on someone."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 384.213,
"text": "Saying everything you'd like\nto include in your talk out loud"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 387.425,
"text": "will help you notice which bits are clear,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 389.885,
"text": "which bits could use more explanation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 392.221,
"text": "and which bits should be cut\nin order for your central message"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 395.808,
"text": "to land more powerfully."
},
{
"duration": 1.544,
"start": 398.602,
"text": "Once you have your throughline,"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 400.146,
"text": "you’re ready to plan\nwhat you’ll attach to it."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 402.69,
"text": "Whether your time limit is two minutes,\n18 minutes, or an hour,"
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 406.777,
"text": "remember: only cover as much as you\nhave time to really explore in depth."
}
] |
qwCBEgjUluU
|
What it means if you can see faces in objects - Susan G. Wardle
|
Dig into the phenomenon of face pareidolia, which is the tendency of our brains to see faces in everyday objects.
--
Imagine opening a bag of chips, only to find Santa Claus looking back at you. Or turning a corner to see a building smiling at you. Humans see faces in all kinds of mundane objects, but these faces aren’t real— they're illusions due to a phenomenon known as face pareidolia. So why exactly does this happen, and how far does this distortion go? Susan G. Wardle explores why we see illusory faces.
Lesson by Susan G. Wardle, directed by Oksana Kurmaz.
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-our-brains-see-faces-everywhere-susan-g-wardle
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-our-brains-see-faces-everywhere-susan-g-wardle#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://kurmaz.me
Music: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath and Dan Nguyen.
|
2023-06-13T15:00:15Z
|
[
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 6.7940000000000005,
"text": "Each year, approximately 20 million\npeople across the world"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 10.923,
"text": "receive a cancer diagnosis."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 13.092,
"text": "At this overwhelming,\nand often scary time,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 16.22,
"text": "a patient usually learns\ntheir cancer’s stage,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 19.223,
"text": "which is typically a number,\nranging from 1 to 4."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 23.019,
"text": "While staging is designed in part\nto help patients better understand"
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 27.148,
"text": "what they’re facing,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 28.357,
"text": "extracting this information\nfrom a simple number"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 31.319,
"text": "can be confusing\nand less than straightforward."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 34.572,
"text": "So, what do cancer stages actually mean?"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 38.159,
"text": "To understand stage numbers,"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 40.203,
"text": "we first need to unpack\nthe three variables that inform it."
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 44.373,
"text": "Doctors utilize a system which uses\nthe letters T, N, and M"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 49.337,
"text": "to describe a tumor’s size,"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 51.255,
"text": "its presence in the immune system’s\nlymph nodes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 54.133,
"text": "and whether it has metastasized,\nor spread, to other organs."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 58.513,
"text": "Arriving at this letter staging\ntakes thorough investigation—"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 62.934,
"text": "physicians will consider a person’s\nsymptoms and overall health,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 66.562,
"text": "and may sample, or biopsy,\ncancerous tissue,"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 69.774,
"text": "order medical scans,\nand analyze blood tests."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 74.112,
"text": "The T designation is usually\na number between 1 to 4,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 78.199,
"text": "and is, in most cases,\nbased on tumor size."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 81.786,
"text": "But each type of cancer has\nits own T staging criteria."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 86.29,
"text": "Five-centimeter-wide tumors are labeled\nas T3 in oral cancers,"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 91.295,
"text": "but T2 in breast cancers."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 93.965,
"text": "And some cancers use\nother staging criteria,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 97.135,
"text": "like esophageal cancers, which are staged\nbased on how deeply"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 101.514,
"text": "the tumor invades the layers of tissue."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 104.183,
"text": "To assign an N stage,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 106.31,
"text": "doctors evaluate the lymph nodes\nthrough biopsies and imaging."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 110.898,
"text": "Cancer cells tend to break off\nfrom the initial tumor and spread."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 115.361,
"text": "They often travel through the\nlymphatic system—"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 118.156,
"text": "a network of vessels and nodes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 120.366,
"text": "which filter waste and harbor cells\nthat help fight infection."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 124.745,
"text": "Cancers that spread to larger,\nmore distant,"
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 127.665,
"text": "or a greater number of lymph nodes\ntypically file into higher N stages."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 133.671,
"text": "M staging involves a more threatening\ncategory of cancers’ spread—"
},
{
"duration": 6.256,
"start": 138.009,
"text": "when diseased cells scatter and then\nsettle on other organs or on bones."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 144.473,
"text": "Historically, this stage has been\na matter of just “yes” or “no,”"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 148.436,
"text": "because once a cancer has metastasized,\nit’s considered to be much more lethal."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 153.149,
"text": "But advances in treatment have recently\nprompted the medical community"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 156.819,
"text": "to rethink the M stage as a continuum."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 160.198,
"text": "Doctors now consider the number of organs\nin which the cancer has spread,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 164.744,
"text": "as well as the abundance and\ncharacteristics of the metastatic tumors."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 169.332,
"text": "All sorts of combinations\nof T, N, and M are possible,"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 174.17,
"text": "and one letter doesn't always\nfollow the other."
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 177.089,
"text": "For example, some head and neck cancers\nwill test positive in the lymph nodes N1"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 182.762,
"text": "with no clear initial tumor,\nor T0."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 186.265,
"text": "So how do these three variables inform\na cancer's stage number?"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 190.77,
"text": "Each TNM combination correlates\nto a different overall stage,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 196.317,
"text": "ordered by how difficult\nthe cancer is to treat."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 199.987,
"text": "This sorting is rigidly defined\nfor each type of cancer,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 203.616,
"text": "based on generations of research looking\nat how cancers with different spreads"
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 207.912,
"text": "and characteristics tend to behave."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 210.831,
"text": "Importantly, what a certain overall stage\nmeans varies from cancer to cancer."
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 216.879,
"text": "For example, a T3N1M0 combination\nfor a breast cancer"
},
{
"duration": 5.63,
"start": 222.677,
"text": "is considered stage 3 and carries\nan 85% five-year survival rate."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 228.766,
"text": "A pancreatic cancer with this same\nTNM combination, however,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 233.062,
"text": "is sorted to stage 2,\nand yet is more difficult to treat"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 237.316,
"text": "with a 15% survival rate."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 240.152,
"text": "The system is intricate—\nand ever-changing."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 242.989,
"text": "For instance, someone with a stage 4\nthroat tumor in 2017,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 247.618,
"text": "might be considered stage 1\njust one year later."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 251.539,
"text": "The cancer didn’t improve;\nthe staging system did."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 255.418,
"text": "Experts realized that a subset\nof these advanced cancers"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 259.297,
"text": "responded to existing treatment\nbetter than others,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 262.591,
"text": "so their staging was downgraded."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 265.344,
"text": "Similar discoveries and advancements\nin the genetic testing of tumors"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 269.557,
"text": "are refining staging in breast, prostate,\nand gynecological cancers."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 275.104,
"text": "Meanwhile, breakthroughs in therapies can\nchange things seemingly overnight."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 280.484,
"text": "Many cancers one considered\nnear impossible to treat"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 284.071,
"text": "are now met with high rates of remission."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 286.407,
"text": "And thanks to improvements in screenings,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 288.868,
"text": "more and more cancers are being\ndiscovered at early stages."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 293.205,
"text": "So while many will deal\nwith the reality of cancer,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 296.459,
"text": "either for themselves,\nor through the diagnosis of a loved one,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 300.004,
"text": "these advances offer better treatments,\nmore targeted cures,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 304.008,
"text": "and greater hope for the years to come."
}
] |
e4Mj6wOURSg
|
What did people do before anesthesia? - Sally Frampton
|
Trace the history of anesthesia from the 3rd century to today, and explore how doctors performed surgery before anesthetic drugs.
--
The quest for anesthetics that could induce unconsciousness and enable more meticulous surgeries began around the early 3rd century CE. Before anesthesia was widely used, patients had to consciously endure every moment of surgery. So, what methods did doctors use before modern medicine caught up? Sally Frampton traces the history of anesthetic drugs.
Lesson by Sally Frampton, directed by Alexander Hellebaut.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
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Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-did-people-do-before-anesthesia-sally-frampton
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-did-people-do-before-anesthesia-sally-frampton#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://alexanderhellebaut.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale and Gatsby Dkdc.
|
2023-06-08T15:00:32Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 7.253,
"text": "The vast, white ice surface of Antarctica"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 10.048,
"text": "stretches for over 3 million\nsquare kilometers:"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 12.884,
"text": "empty, desolate,\nand almost completely silent."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 16.637,
"text": "But appearances can be deceiving."
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 18.681,
"text": "On the coast of this expanse,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 20.391,
"text": "just a few meters beneath the ice\nlies a multicolored constellation of life."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 24.812,
"text": "This remarkably diverse realm is home\nto over 8,000 species of sea denizens"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 29.984,
"text": "who rely on an arsenal\nof otherworldly traits to survive."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 34.113,
"text": "So how do these species not only live,\nbut thrive,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 36.783,
"text": "in conditions most animals\nwould be unable to bear?"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 40.119,
"text": "Antarctic waters are some of the most\nconsistently frigid in the world,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 44.207,
"text": "hovering below 0 degrees Celsius\nfor a large portion of the year."
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 48.377,
"text": "This means burning energy\ntoo quickly can be deadly,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 51.714,
"text": "so survival in this ecosystem\nlooks slow and steady."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 55.551,
"text": "Freezing temperatures persist\neven in the summer,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 58.471,
"text": "but this season brings\na rare gift: sunlight."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 61.766,
"text": "For a brief period, it’s abundant,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 63.893,
"text": "shining through the ice\nfor 24 hours a day."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 66.687,
"text": "This infusion of energy drives intense\ncoastal phytoplankton blooms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 71.192,
"text": "transforming the waters\ninto a thick green soup."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 74.737,
"text": "Marine life both large and small\ntakes advantage of this bounty,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 78.574,
"text": "including the giant Antarctic isopod."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 81.16,
"text": "Cousins of the humble pill bug,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 83.079,
"text": "these crustaceans can reach\nup to 11 centimeters long,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 86.791,
"text": "and they never miss the opportunity\nfor a meal."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 89.669,
"text": "The scavengers eat a wide variety of prey,\nincluding other giant isopods."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 94.09,
"text": "And by slowing their metabolisms,\nthey can make this food last,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 97.552,
"text": "with one study showing specimens surviving\nfor 50 days without eating."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 102.014,
"text": "Since this adaptation involves careful\nconservation of energy,"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 105.685,
"text": "giant isopods spend most of their time\nstationary or inching across the seafloor."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 111.607,
"text": "Meanwhile, their tiny amphipod relatives\ncelebrate the summer"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 115.361,
"text": "by releasing offspring\nalongside the algal explosion,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 118.531,
"text": "ensuring their young have\nan abundance of food."
},
{
"duration": 4.629,
"start": 121.117,
"text": "And sea cucumbers carpeting the seafloor\nhoover up the dense plankton"
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 125.788,
"text": "with outstretched\ntentacles,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 127.248,
"text": "producing nutrient-rich feces\nthat nourish nearby life."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 130.751,
"text": "But this big summer blowout\ndoesn’t last long."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 133.462,
"text": "The first signs of autumn arrive\nin fine needles of frazil ice."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 137.967,
"text": "These slowly coagulating crystals\nform a skin across the surface,"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 142.096,
"text": "then mix with falling snow\nbefore freezing into a thin crust of ice."
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 146.642,
"text": "The waters get darker and colder."
},
{
"duration": 1.876,
"start": 148.603,
"text": "And in this swiftly dimming world,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 150.479,
"text": "a set of long, spiky limbs\nsidle into view."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 153.524,
"text": "With up to six pairs of legs,\nthese giant sea spiders aren’t arachnids,"
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 157.82,
"text": "but rather a related class of marine\narthropod unique to the seafloor."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 162.2,
"text": "In addition to housing some\nof the animal’s organs,"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 164.911,
"text": "its legs are covered in tiny holes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 167.079,
"text": "which grow more numerous\nas the spider ages."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 169.832,
"text": "These holes will likely help absorb\nthe dissolved oxygen"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 172.71,
"text": "that saturates these freezing\nsouthern waters."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 175.004,
"text": "Since oxygen fuels growth,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 176.839,
"text": "many local species have evolved\nto take advantage of this abundance,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 180.593,
"text": "and it may be one of the reasons that\ngigantism is so common in this region."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 185.181,
"text": "Individual sea spiders, for instance,\ncan grow to the size of dinner plates."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 189.227,
"text": "But soon, these underwater giants\nwill be moving slower than ever."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 193.94,
"text": "As winter settles in,\nthe sea floor becomes even colder."
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 197.36,
"text": "Waters fall to negative\n1.8 degrees Celsius."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 201.03,
"text": "On the surface, the thin icy crust\nthickens into a layer called nilas,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 206.035,
"text": "and young sea ice starts forming\nridges that block out the sun."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 209.914,
"text": "The ocean begins to mirror\nthe still landscape above it."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 213.626,
"text": "Antarctic sea cucumbers and urchins\ngo into dormancy for months,"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 217.838,
"text": "and their metabolic rates fall\nto the slowest on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 220.8,
"text": "Antarctic limpets continue feeding,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 223.219,
"text": "but at such a gradual pace that they're\nlargely still surviving"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 226.264,
"text": "on energy reserves from the summer."
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 228.557,
"text": "Tiny crustaceans survive off the traces\nof algae"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 231.644,
"text": "growing on their home’s icy ceiling,"
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 233.729,
"text": "raising their young in these expansive\nwinter nurseries."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 236.691,
"text": "But this seemingly endless winter\nwon't last forever."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 240.236,
"text": "As spring comes, light slowly begins\nto trickle back down through the ice."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 244.198,
"text": "And week by week, bit by bit,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 246.117,
"text": "this underwater world will begin waking up"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 248.661,
"text": "to begin its delicate,\nslow-motion dance once again."
}
] |
F4sVhVi0Ijo
|
Food expiration dates don’t mean what you think - Carolyn Beans
|
Find out what expiration date labels on food actually mean, and discover ways communities and governments can lessen food waste.
--
Countries around the world waste huge amounts of food every year: roughly a fifth of food items in the US are tossed because consumers aren’t sure how to interpret expiration labels. But most groceries are still perfectly safe to eat past their expiration dates. If the dates on our food don’t tell us that something’s gone bad, what do they tell us? Carolyn Beans shares how to prevent food waste.
Lesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Anton Bogaty.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
A special thanks to Roni Neff who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/food-expiration-dates-don-t-mean-what-you-think-carolyn-beans
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/food-expiration-dates-don-t-mean-what-you-think-carolyn-beans#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://antonbogaty.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman and Edgardo Cuellar.
|
2023-06-06T15:02:02Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 7.795,
"text": "In 1834, the British Royal Navy ship,\nthe Chanticleer,"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 13.176,
"text": "was dealing with a terrible\ncockroach infestation."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 17.68,
"text": "The ship's surgeon, however, wrote\nenthusiastically about the stowaways,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 23.269,
"text": "describing them as\na “most valuable insect.”"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 27.44,
"text": "Their shining characteristic?"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 29.525,
"text": "Devouring every bedbug on board."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 33.529,
"text": "Bedbugs have tormented\nhumans for millennia,"
},
{
"duration": 6.59,
"start": 37.158,
"text": "so detested that their mere mention\ncan make hearts race and arms itch."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 43.915,
"text": "So why are these unwelcomed\nhouseguests so difficult to defeat?"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 50.046,
"text": "There are approximately\n100 species of bedbugs."
},
{
"duration": 6.173,
"start": 54.467,
"text": "Thankfully, only three feed on humans,\nall of which are chestnut brown,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 61.015,
"text": "half a centimeter long,\nand incredibly flat—"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 64.852,
"text": "as long as they haven’t eaten recently."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 67.605,
"text": "To find their next blood meal,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 70.191,
"text": "bedbugs follow the biological signals\nour bodies release,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 75.029,
"text": "such as carbon dioxide, odor,\nand body heat."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 79.367,
"text": "Once located, they use their\nstraw-like mouthparts"
},
{
"duration": 6.924,
"start": 83.579,
"text": "to inject a cocktail of proteins that\ndilate blood vessels for easier feeding,"
},
{
"duration": 5.256,
"start": 90.711,
"text": "along with an anesthetic to block\nany pain that might give them away."
},
{
"duration": 6.631,
"start": 96.551,
"text": "These compounds and other foreign proteins\nare what can trigger our immune response."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 103.641,
"text": "While some people’s bodies\ndon’t react to these bites,"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 107.478,
"text": "others develop itchy, red lesions\nthat can stick around for several weeks."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 113.734,
"text": "And these bites can appear\nanywhere on the body—"
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 117.655,
"text": "it’s a myth that they always appear\nin neat rows or sets of three."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 122.785,
"text": "While they're not considered\nsocial insects like bees or ants,"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 127.748,
"text": "bedbugs cooperate in fascinating ways."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 131.252,
"text": "They huddle together in piles,\ncalled refugia,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 135.423,
"text": "stacking their flat bodies\nwithin wall cracks or furniture,"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 140.261,
"text": "which is thought to help them preserve\nprecious moisture and energy reserves."
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 145.6,
"text": "They release chemical signals,\nknown as pheromones,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 149.353,
"text": "to alert each other to threats."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 151.439,
"text": "And their feces are rich\nin volatile compounds"
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 155.86,
"text": "that help guide feeding bedbugs back\nto the safety of the refugia in the dark."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 162.533,
"text": "Once a colony is established,\nit has tremendous staying power."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 167.496,
"text": "Bedbugs can go weeks\nor months without a meal."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 172.335,
"text": "If they find themselves\nin a particularly cool environment,"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 176.297,
"text": "they can enter a dormant state\nand survive over a year without feeding."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 182.511,
"text": "While bedbugs can easily move around,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 185.306,
"text": "they usually stay within 20 feet"
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 188.142,
"text": "of where their human host is regularly\nsitting or sleeping."
},
{
"duration": 5.131,
"start": 193.105,
"text": "So new infestations are most\noften the result of humans"
},
{
"duration": 6.297,
"start": 198.236,
"text": "accidentally transporting bugs\nvia furniture, clothing, or other items."
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 204.909,
"text": "Throughout human history,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 206.744,
"text": "we've tried almost everything\nto prevent these itchy invasions."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 212.208,
"text": "In Eastern Europe, for example,\npeople used bean leaves,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 216.629,
"text": "which can trap bedbugs\nin their tiny, hooked hairs."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 221.217,
"text": "Another common trick was running\nlit candles along bed frames"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 226.43,
"text": "to burn any hiding insects."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 229.475,
"text": "While these methods were\noccasionally effective,"
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 232.77,
"text": "bedbugs continued to thrive."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 235.564,
"text": "And in the early 1900s,"
},
{
"duration": 6.173,
"start": 237.775,
"text": "as central heating made homes more livable\nto humans and bugs year-round,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 244.115,
"text": "populations hit unprecedented heights."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 247.827,
"text": "But this bedbug renaissance\nwas short lived."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 251.664,
"text": "In the 1940s, the pest faced\nan existential threat"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 256.252,
"text": "in the powerful insecticide\ncalled dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane."
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 262.967,
"text": "Also known as DDT, this neurotoxin\ndisrupts insects’ nervous systems,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 269.056,
"text": "causing spasms and death."
},
{
"duration": 6.381,
"start": 271.809,
"text": "For decades, DDT was used across\nthe globe to control agricultural pests"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 278.357,
"text": "and combat insect-borne diseases."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 281.736,
"text": "However, in the 1970s,"
},
{
"duration": 5.881,
"start": 284.28,
"text": "scientists realized DDT had accumulated\nto dangerous levels in the environment,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 290.369,
"text": "potentially putting human health at risk."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 293.331,
"text": "Many countries began banning DDT,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 296.208,
"text": "but not before it had rid the world\nalmost entirely of bedbugs."
},
{
"duration": 1.043,
"start": 301.797,
"text": "Almost. "
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 303.257,
"text": "After decades of quiet comfort,\nbedbugs reemerged in the early 2000s,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 309.472,
"text": "shepherded by fast-moving\ninternational trade."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 313.768,
"text": "Many of these insects have since\nbecome pesticide resistant,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 318.272,
"text": "developing traits\nlike thicker exoskeletons,"
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 321.484,
"text": "and the enhanced ability to break\ndown insecticide toxins in their bodies."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 327.948,
"text": "Thankfully, we still have options."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 330.576,
"text": "People can utilize high heat,"
},
{
"duration": 6.757,
"start": 332.828,
"text": "as most bedbugs and their eggs can’t\nsurvive temperatures above 45° Celsius."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 339.752,
"text": "And despite their adaptations,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 342.004,
"text": "bedbugs remain vulnerable\nto the suction of a vacuum cleaner."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 347.718,
"text": "While simple, these tools\nwarrant some gratitude."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 351.847,
"text": "After all, unlike naval ships of the past,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 355.393,
"text": "we no longer rely on the services\nof our other age-old nemesis,"
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 360.981,
"text": "the cockroach."
}
] |
pFRXY8bV_ug
|
Test yourself: Can you tell the difference between music and noise? - Hanako Sawada
|
Get to know avant-garde music composer John Cage, whose work challenged the boundaries between music and noise.
--
In 1960, composer John Cage went on television to share his latest work. But rather than using traditional instruments, Cage appeared surrounded by household clutter, including a bathtub, ice cubes, a toy fish, a rubber duck, several radios, and performed “Water Walk.” Most people watching had the same question: is this even music? Hanako Sawada explores the boundaries between music and noise.
Lesson by Hanako Sawada, directed by Héloïse Dorsan-Rachet.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/test-yourself-can-you-tell-the-difference-between-music-and-noise-hanako-sawada
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/test-yourself-can-you-tell-the-difference-between-music-and-noise-hanako-sawada#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.instagram.com/helo.dr
Music: https://yessian.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch and Tejas Dc.
|
2023-06-01T15:01:17Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 10.214,
"text": "One fall evening in 1779,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 13.468,
"text": "Seneca Chief Handsome Lake lay down"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 16.387,
"text": "for what he thought would be\nhis final rest."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 20.058,
"text": "Instead, he had a vision\nthat would change his life—"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 24.062,
"text": "and countless others."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 26.105,
"text": "Before this moment, the US military had\nunleashed a brutal, months-long campaign"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 31.527,
"text": "that plunged Handsome Lake’s village,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 33.321,
"text": "and the larger Haudenosaunee Confederacy\nit belonged to,"
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 36.866,
"text": "into turmoil."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 38.034,
"text": "The military’s attacks\non the Haudenosaunee,"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 40.745,
"text": "who they commonly referred\nto as the Iroquois,"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 43.706,
"text": "destroyed entire communities\nand killed many."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 48.753,
"text": "Suffering illness and despair,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 51.13,
"text": "Handsome Lake prepared for death\nwhen suddenly,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 54.509,
"text": "he found himself walking\nthrough a planted field."
},
{
"duration": 5.213,
"start": 59.472,
"text": "He felt something graze his shoulder\nand heard a woman call out behind him."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 64.852,
"text": "But when he turned around, all he saw\nwere the long, golden leaves of corn"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 69.732,
"text": "brushing against his shoulders."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 71.859,
"text": "Again, he heard the woman’s voice."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 74.32,
"text": "She told Handsome Lake that she\ncould sense his thoughts,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 77.573,
"text": "and that the recent devastation\nhad also left her and her sisters"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 81.702,
"text": "with little hope for the future."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 84.038,
"text": "She asked if they could join him\non his journey toward death."
},
{
"duration": 5.965,
"start": 88.584,
"text": "At that moment, Handsome Lake realized the\nwoman speaking was the spirit of the corn—"
},
{
"duration": 3.878,
"start": 94.549,
"text": "her sisters,\nthe spirits of the beans and squash."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 98.553,
"text": "For generations, the Haudenosaunee had\nsustained themselves off these crops,"
},
{
"duration": 2.293,
"start": 103.141,
"text": "known as the Three Sisters."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 105.893,
"text": "Planted together in the same mound,\neach sister helped the others grow."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 111.482,
"text": "First, the corn, the eldest sister,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 113.985,
"text": "provides a long stalk\nthat acts as a sturdy trellis."
},
{
"duration": 1.8359999999999999,
"start": 117.446,
"text": "Then the second sister, beans,"
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 119.282,
"text": "sends out its stems with touch-sensing\ntips that search for nearby supports."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 125.288,
"text": "When they encounter the corn stalk,\nthey wrap around it and climb upwards,"
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 129.625,
"text": "their leaves capturing ever more light."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 132.837,
"text": "Reciprocally, when the corn\nfaces heavy winds,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 135.798,
"text": "the bean plant provides\nstructural support."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 139.093,
"text": "It also helps the corn grow by boosting\nthe amount of available nitrogen—"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 144.307,
"text": "an essential nutrient for plant growth."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 147.226,
"text": "The bean plant does this by releasing\nchemical messengers from its roots,"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 151.23,
"text": "attracting rhizobia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 152.982,
"text": "a kind of nitrogen-fixing bacteria\nliving in the soil."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 156.694,
"text": "The bacteria infiltrate its cell walls,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 158.988,
"text": "then begin siphoning food\nfrom the bean plant."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 161.949,
"text": "And in return, the rhizobia bacteria\nconvert atmospheric nitrogen"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 166.787,
"text": "into a form of nitrogen\nthe plants can use for growth."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 171,
"text": "The third and lowest-lying sister, squash,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 174.587,
"text": "produces large, umbrella-like leaves\nthat shade the soil and keep it moist."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 180.092,
"text": "Some squash varietals are even\nequipped with prickly hairs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 183.846,
"text": "which protect the Three Sisters\nfrom foraging animals."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 187.934,
"text": "Handsome Lake realized that\nif he left the world at that moment,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 192.313,
"text": "he would take the millennia-old knowledge\nof the Three Sisters with him,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 196.692,
"text": "uprooting tradition,\ndepriving his community of a lifeline,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 200.821,
"text": "and estranging the sisters\nfrom one another."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 204.283,
"text": "He couldn’t bear this fate."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 206.41,
"text": "So he promised instead to stay\nand re-teach his community"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 210.289,
"text": "how to care for the Three Sisters"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 212.5,
"text": "and allow the crops to provide\nfor them in return."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 216.295,
"text": "Today, the Haudenosaunee\ncontinue to grow the Three Sisters."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 220.508,
"text": "And the ancient farming practice\nhas inspired solutions to many issues"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 224.428,
"text": "caused by modern and industrial farming."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 227.014,
"text": "For example, monocropping,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 228.849,
"text": "where farmers plant a single type\nof plant in a field year after year,"
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 233.145,
"text": "depletes soil of nutrients."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 235.523,
"text": "And, as of 2022, it’s estimated\nthat one third of the world’s soil"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 239.777,
"text": "is moderately to highly degraded."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 242.905,
"text": "While a majority of US farmland now\nutilizes some form of crop rotation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 247.618,
"text": "this practice alone might not\nadequately replenish the soil."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 251.622,
"text": "Meanwhile, crops tend to use\nground nutrients more efficiently"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 255.876,
"text": "when grown together in close proximity,\nlike the Three Sisters."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 260.047,
"text": "Many modern farms also overuse\nnitrogen-based fertilizers."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 264.844,
"text": "But since crops, on average,\ntake up only half the nitrogen"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 268.222,
"text": "released by these fertilizers,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 269.89,
"text": "the remainder is broken down by microbes\nin the soil"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 273.102,
"text": "and released as greenhouse gases—"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 275.98,
"text": "or it washes away and pollutes\nlocal bodies of water."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 279.734,
"text": "Planting beans, however, can decrease\nthe need for fertilizer."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 284.53,
"text": "And current industrial farming practices\nare also water-intensive,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 288.826,
"text": "demanding over 70% of the world's water."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 291.787,
"text": "Incorporating low-lying cover\ncrops like squash, however,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 295.666,
"text": "can increase the soil’s\nwater-holding capacity."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 299.462,
"text": "The success of the Three Sisters shows us\nthat there are more sustainable ways"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 304.3,
"text": "to grow food."
},
{
"duration": 3.5460000000000003,
"start": 305.634,
"text": "And they’re just one example\nof regenerative agriculture—"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 309.18,
"text": "a practice with ancient roots \nthat recognizes nature"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 312.224,
"text": "as a dynamic, interconnected system."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 315.269,
"text": "By implementing regenerative principles,\nwe can aid— not degrade—"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 319.565,
"text": "the land that gives us food,"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 321.275,
"text": "while honoring those who preserved this\ntransformative, traditional knowledge."
}
] |
dhiWSsKUWEg
|
How (and why) to read William Faulkner - Sascha Morrell
|
Get to know the works of William Faulkner, whose inventive literature made him one of America’s most remarkable writers.
--
William Faulkner is considered one of America’s most remarkable and perplexing writers. He confused his audience intentionally, using complex sentences, unreliable narrators, and outlandish imagery. His body of work is shocking, inventive, hilarious, and challenging. So how can readers navigate his literary labyrinths? Sascha Morrell explains how to read one of literature's most confusing writers.
Lesson by Sascha Morrell, directed by Naghmeh Farzaneh, Sarah Saidan.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-william-faulkner-so-difficult-to-read-sascha-morrell
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-william-faulkner-so-difficult-to-read-sascha-morrell#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.naghmehfarzaneh.com and https://vimeo.com/user8581494
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer and Javid Gozalov.
|
2023-05-30T15:00:40Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 7.754,
"text": "In the spring of 1954,"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 9.839,
"text": "the press excitedly gathered around\nBell Laboratories’ latest invention—"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 14.844,
"text": "a silicon-based solar cell\nthat could efficiently convert"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 18.598,
"text": "the sun's energy into electrical current."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 22.226,
"text": "The creation was celebrated\nas the dawn of a new era,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 26.647,
"text": "as reporters touted that civilization\nwould soon"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 29.567,
"text": "run on the sun’s limitless energy."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 32.445,
"text": "But the dream had a catch,\nas this first commercially sold solar cell"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 37.492,
"text": "cost around $300 per watt,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 40.745,
"text": "meaning at its current rate,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 42.413,
"text": "it would cost well over a million\nto buy a unit large enough"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 47.293,
"text": "to power a single home."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 49.796,
"text": "But today in many countries"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 51.631,
"text": "solar is the cheapest form\nof energy to produce,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 54.634,
"text": "surpassing fossil fuel alternatives\nlike coal and natural gas."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 59.222,
"text": "Millions of homes are equipped\nwith rooftop solar,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 62.475,
"text": "with most units paying for themselves\nin their first 7 to 12 years"
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 66.729,
"text": "and then generating further savings."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 69.816,
"text": "So how did solar become so affordable?"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 74.362,
"text": "A turning point in solar’s\nprice history occurred"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 77.281,
"text": "on the floor of Germany’s parliament,\nwhere in 2000,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 81.035,
"text": "Herman Scheer introduced \nthe Renewable Energy Sources Act."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 85.623,
"text": "This legislation laid out a vision\nfor the country’s energy future"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 89.21,
"text": "in solar and wind."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 91.087,
"text": "It incentivized citizens to personally\ninvest in rooftop solar panels"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 96.008,
"text": "by guaranteeing payment to homeowners\nfor the renewable energy they generated"
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 100.471,
"text": "and sold to the grid."
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 102.682,
"text": "The pay rate for this electricity was\nhighly subsidized,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 105.726,
"text": "at times reaching four times\nthe market price."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 109.063,
"text": "Several other countries soon\nfollowed Germany’s example,"
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 112.525,
"text": "implementing similar\npolicies and incentives"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 115.319,
"text": "to drive their country’s solar use."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 118.823,
"text": "This created unprecedented demand\nfor solar panels worldwide."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 123.035,
"text": "Manufacturers were\nable to scale up production"
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 125.454,
"text": "and innovate in ways that cut costs."
},
{
"duration": 4.462,
"start": 127.999,
"text": "As a result, solar panel prices dropped,\nwhile efficiency grew."
},
{
"duration": 4.797,
"start": 133.045,
"text": "Today, a 46-square-meter rooftop\nsolar unit is often efficient enough"
},
{
"duration": 1.626,
"start": 137.842,
"text": "to fully power a home,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 139.76,
"text": "and this residential unit\nno longer costs millions—"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 143.222,
"text": "in the US in 2022, the average\nconsumer cost of a rooftop solar unit"
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 148.519,
"text": "ranged from around $17,000 to $23,000."
},
{
"duration": 6.59,
"start": 153.941,
"text": "These prices dropped by over 60%\nbetween 2010 and 2020 alone."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 160.907,
"text": "So how much money can you save\nby switching to solar?"
},
{
"duration": 6.048,
"start": 165.411,
"text": "US solar equipped homeowners\ncan save around $1,500 per year"
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 171.459,
"text": "on their energy bills,"
},
{
"duration": 6.465,
"start": 172.96,
"text": "equating to a net savings of $10,000\nto $30,000 during the unit’s lifetime."
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 179.842,
"text": "Month-to-month savings\ntend to vary,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 182.094,
"text": "based on the amount of direct sunlight \nyour panel receives,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 185.264,
"text": "weather conditions, and the price\nof electricity where you live."
},
{
"duration": 2.253,
"start": 189.393,
"text": "But not everyone can get solar."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 191.771,
"text": "Adopting solar can be difficult\nfor renters, and in many countries,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 195.107,
"text": "more than 25% of adults don’t own\ntheir own homes."
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 199.111,
"text": "Even if you do, your roof must meet\ncertain orientation and tilt requirements"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 203.991,
"text": "to make solar a worthwhile investment."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 207.161,
"text": "And while units often pay for themselves\nthrough offset energy costs,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 211.04,
"text": "the initial purchase and installation\nprice for solar can be expensive."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 215.336,
"text": "But several companies have adopted\nsolar leasing models,"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 218.673,
"text": "where they finance the material costs,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 220.883,
"text": "installation, and upkeep\nof the rooftop systems."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 225.012,
"text": "Homeowners can then buy the panel’s\ngenerated electricity"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 228.057,
"text": "at a fixed rate that’s generally lower\nthan the local utility’s price."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 233.729,
"text": "Still, many are working\ntowards community-based solutions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 237.733,
"text": "which would enable entire neighborhoods\nto profit from solar use."
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 241.862,
"text": "Europe is home to more than 7,000\ncommunity energy associations,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 246.534,
"text": "where local members collectively\ninvest in wind turbines and solar panels"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 250.913,
"text": "to power their local grid."
},
{
"duration": 6.715,
"start": 252.873,
"text": "In 2005, the German town of Wolfhagen\ncreated an 800 member citizens co-op,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 259.588,
"text": "which communally invested $2.84 million"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 263.467,
"text": "to buy up 25% of the local energy company"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 266.846,
"text": "and expand its renewables program."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 269.64,
"text": "Today, its turbines and panels\ngenerate enough energy"
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 272.893,
"text": "to meet the town’s needs and then some."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 275.813,
"text": "Surplus energy is sold\nto neighboring towns,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 278.441,
"text": "and profits are reinvested\nback into the community."
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 282.903,
"text": "For many, the appeal of solar\ngoes beyond just savings."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 287.116,
"text": "Homes equipped with it are\nmore climate resilient,"
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 289.744,
"text": "because they can be protected\nfrom utility grid outages and brownouts."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 293.622,
"text": "Not to mention solar’s key role\nin decarbonizing the energy grid."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 298.21,
"text": "By working together with larger-scale\nwind and solar farms,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 302.089,
"text": "rooftop solar units help reduce\nour reliance on fossil fuels,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 306.469,
"text": "paving the way for a cleaner\nand more reliable energy future."
}
] |
S_mtmDL31g4
|
Can you outsmart Fate and break her ancient curse? - Dan Finkel
|
Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd
--
Hundreds of years ago, your ancestor stole a magical tarot deck from Fate herself— and it came with a terrible cost. Once every 23 years, one member of your family must face Fate in a duel with rules only known to your opponent. And every time, generation after generation, the outcome is the same: Fate claims their soul. Today, it’s your turn. Can you defeat Fate? Dan Finkel shows how.
Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-outsmart-fate-and-break-her-ancient-curse-dan-finkel
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-outsmart-fate-and-break-her-ancient-curse-dan-finkel#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
Educator's website: https://mathforlove.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez and Brian A. Dunn.
|
2023-05-25T15:00:18Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "The windows shuddered,\nthe chimney howled,"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 10.882,
"text": "and rain crashed upon\nMr. and Mrs. White’s roof"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 14.302,
"text": "as they sat fireside\nwith their son, Herbert."
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 18.139,
"text": "They were expecting someone..."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 25.897,
"text": "When a knock finally sounded at the door,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 28.483,
"text": "Mr. White rose and welcomed\nhis old friend,"
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 32.028,
"text": "Sergeant-Major Morris."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 36.24,
"text": "Time flew as the sergeant regaled the\nfamily with epic tales from faraway lands—"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 41.954,
"text": "until Mr. White asked about an artifact\nthe sergeant had alluded to."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 49.629,
"text": "Slowly, the sergeant produced\nthe object from his pocket:"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 53.883,
"text": "a mummified monkey’s paw."
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 57.762,
"text": "He explained that, in order to teach\nthe consequences of meddling with fate,"
},
{
"duration": 6.298,
"start": 62.683,
"text": "a holy man had imbued the paw with the\npower to grant three wishes to three men."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 69.857,
"text": "The sergeant said he’d obtained the paw\nafter the first man made his final wish"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 75.238,
"text": "for death."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 77.115,
"text": "When Herbert asked why he hadn’t\nused his wishes,"
},
{
"duration": 5.673,
"start": 80.451,
"text": "the sergeant tensed and replied simply\nthat he had."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 87.083,
"text": "Suddenly, he flung the paw into the fire,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 89.627,
"text": "but Mr. White yelped and plucked\nit out of the flames."
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 92.755,
"text": "And despite the sergeant’s warnings,"
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 95.133,
"text": "Mr. White persuaded him to part\nwith the paw."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 101.973,
"text": "After their guest had gone, Herbert\nplayfully suggested that his father wish"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 106.561,
"text": "for the rest of their home’s\nmortgage money."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 108.855,
"text": "Mr. White chuckled and wished for £200."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 113.276,
"text": "But just as the utterance left his lips,\nhe screamed out in terror."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 118.489,
"text": "The paw had curled in his grasp."
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 123.87,
"text": "The Whites soon bid each other good night."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 126.038,
"text": "But as Mr. White sat staring\ninto the dying flames"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 129.75,
"text": "that flickered in the fireplace,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 131.627,
"text": "they morphed into blazing faces\nbefore him."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 135.715,
"text": "He reached for a water glass to extinguish\nthe apparition, but as he did,"
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 139.927,
"text": "the monkey’s paw grazed his hand\never so slightly."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 147.101,
"text": "The morning's light soothed\nthe night's disquiet,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 149.979,
"text": "and the family joked with one another\nabout the paw’s magical powers."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 153.733,
"text": "Herbert left for work,"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 155.318,
"text": "and Mr. and Mrs. White passed\ntheir day as usual."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 159.447,
"text": "But as evening loomed, Mrs. White noticed\na man at their gate,"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 163.826,
"text": "who appeared to be deliberating\nwhether to enter."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 166.829,
"text": "She ushered him in and he broke the news:"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 173.127,
"text": "Herbert had died,\ncaught in the factory machinery."
},
{
"duration": 1.293,
"start": 179.842,
"text": "To the Whites’ horror."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 181.135,
"text": "the company would reward them\ncompensation, the man went on,"
},
{
"duration": 4.964,
"start": 185.681,
"text": "in the form of £200."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 200.863,
"text": "They buried Herbert at a cemetery\ndown the road,"
},
{
"duration": 1.376,
"start": 209.372,
"text": "and over the following days,"
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 210.748,
"text": "the cold, heavy grief of their loss\nsettled upon the home."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 220.216,
"text": "One night, as Mr. White tried to comfort\nhis weeping wife,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 224.428,
"text": "she bolted up,\npossessed by an idea."
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 227.139,
"text": "They still had the monkey’s paw—\nand Mr. White had two remaining wishes."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 232.019,
"text": "He could will their son back to life."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 240.403,
"text": "Yet the thought of the monkey's paw\nand Herbert's mangled body,"
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 243.864,
"text": "reanimated after 10 days buried,\npetrified Mr. White."
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 252.873,
"text": "Mrs. White, however, was insistent."
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 254.959,
"text": "She hurried him downstairs\nto find the paw."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 257.92,
"text": "And, moved by his wife’s desperation,"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 260.256,
"text": "Mr. White clutched it and wished\nfor Herbert to be alive again,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 265.052,
"text": "then let the monkey’s paw\nfall to the floor."
},
{
"duration": 2.377,
"start": 271.142,
"text": "At first nothing happened, "
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 273.519,
"text": "and Mr. White felt a sneaking sense\nof relief."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 277.023,
"text": "His suspicions that the paw was\njust an inanimate token"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 280.318,
"text": "and the death of his beloved son\na sick coincidence"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 283.446,
"text": "were affirmed."
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 285.031,
"text": "But as he lit a candle, a gust of wind\nextinguished the flame."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 294.623,
"text": "A moment later, Mr. White\nheard a tap at the door."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 300.713,
"text": "Gradually, it crescendoed\ninto a booming knock."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 304.717,
"text": "He tried to restrain her,\nbut Mrs. White rushed to the door."
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 307.762,
"text": "Her shaking hands struggled\nwith its stubborn bolt,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 310.973,
"text": "and she begged her husband for help."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 313.017,
"text": "Mr. White, however, was scrambling\non the floor in frenzied horror,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 316.937,
"text": "hands outstretched,\nsearching for the monkey’s paw."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 321.233,
"text": "The knocks quickened\nand crashed at the door."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 331.535,
"text": "And with a final force, Mrs. White\nshrieked and wrenched the bolt free"
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 335.206,
"text": "as Mr. White managed to seize the paw\nand choke out his third and final wish."
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 352.473,
"text": "The door opened to reveal\ntheir empty, lamplit street,"
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 358.854,
"text": "and a frigid draft of air\nrushed into the house..."
},
{
"duration": 6.966,
"start": 367.571,
"text": "Thus concludes W.W. Jacobs’\n1902 short story, “The Monkey’s Paw.”"
}
] |
RSbi3BC-N9k
|
We can prevent the next epidemic - George Zaidan
|
What makes for an effective outbreak response? Explore successful systems from around the world that prevented epidemics.
--
In 2013, an Ebola outbreak began in Guinea. The country had no formal response system and the outbreak became the largest Ebola epidemic in recorded history. Guinea then completely overhauled their response system, and were able to successfully combat another outbreak in 2021. So what does an effective epidemic response look like? George Zaidan explores how different communities have taken action.
Lesson by George Zaidan, directed by Gavin Edwards, Movult.
This video made possible in collaboration with the Skoll Foundation
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-epidemics-that-almost-happened-george-zaidan
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-epidemics-that-almost-happened-george-zaidan#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.movult.com
Music: https://www.workplaywork.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski and Noah Webb.
|
2023-05-23T15:00:45Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.04,
"start": 0.04,
"text": "I learned about Ted through my son and I"
},
{
"duration": 5.76,
"start": 3,
"text": "researched about Ted Ed clubs after that"
},
{
"duration": 4.679,
"start": 6.08,
"text": "and when I saw the impact that it could"
},
{
"duration": 4.2,
"start": 8.76,
"text": "have my mind just was creating all kinds"
},
{
"duration": 4.721,
"start": 10.759,
"text": "of scenarios that we could go with since"
},
{
"duration": 5.8,
"start": 12.96,
"text": "then our Eagle 7 Ted Ed Club has helped"
},
{
"duration": 6.2,
"start": 15.48,
"text": "to spark this initiative with exposing"
},
{
"duration": 5.04,
"start": 18.76,
"text": "more youth more parents more of my"
},
{
"duration": 4.72,
"start": 21.68,
"text": "community to Ted and just see the"
},
{
"duration": 5.04,
"start": 23.8,
"text": "snowball eff of what can happen I think"
},
{
"duration": 4.5600000000000005,
"start": 26.4,
"text": "student voices matter and so by giving"
},
{
"duration": 4.32,
"start": 28.84,
"text": "them a platform to be able to express"
},
{
"duration": 4.52,
"start": 30.96,
"text": "themselves and find strength in their"
},
{
"duration": 3.88,
"start": 33.16,
"text": "voice can help them overcome a lot of"
},
{
"duration": 3.56,
"start": 35.48,
"text": "obstacles that they're going to face as"
},
{
"duration": 4.16,
"start": 37.04,
"text": "they grow up if we don't work and"
},
{
"duration": 4.32,
"start": 39.04,
"text": "nurture them and develop these skills in"
},
{
"duration": 5.08,
"start": 41.2,
"text": "them at this point in time then we're"
},
{
"duration": 6,
"start": 43.36,
"text": "missing an opportunity so it's up to us"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 46.28,
"text": "as facilitators that see the future"
},
{
"duration": 3.719,
"start": 49.36,
"text": "knowing that we may not be a part of"
},
{
"duration": 4.44,
"start": 51.16,
"text": "that landscape but we can affect how it"
},
{
"duration": 5.96,
"start": 53.079,
"text": "looks and we can do that by impacting"
},
{
"duration": 3.439,
"start": 55.6,
"text": "one youth at a time"
}
] |
U0EySK4T2aY
|
Is it normal to talk to yourself?
|
Dig into the psychological benefits of positive self-talk, and find out when it can become problematic.
--
Being caught talking to yourself can feel embarrassing, and some people even stigmatize this behavior as a sign of mental instability. But decades of research show that talking to yourself is completely normal; most if not all of us engage in some form of self-talk every day. So why do we talk to ourselves? And does what we say matter? Dig into the psychological benefits of positive self-talk.
Directed by Avi Ofer.
This video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-it-normal-to-talk-to-yourself
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-it-normal-to-talk-to-yourself#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://aviofer.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory and Blas Borde.
|
2023-05-18T15:00:55Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 7.128,
"text": "According to legend,\nin the 27th century BCE,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 10.798,
"text": "the Yellow Emperor of China charged\nhis historian, Cangjie,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 14.761,
"text": "to develop a system of writing."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 17.138,
"text": "Sitting alongside a riverbank, Cangjie\nnoticed the imagery that surrounded him."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 22.226,
"text": "From this, he created\nthe first Chinese characters."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 25.73,
"text": "And that night, the sky rained millet\nwhile ghosts cried,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 29.525,
"text": "fearing their actions may now be\ncondemned by the written word."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 32.987,
"text": "We can’t say for sure whether\nthe story is true."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 35.74,
"text": "But the earliest artifacts containing\nChinese characters"
},
{
"duration": 4.671,
"start": 38.743,
"text": "date to the Shang Dynasty,\naround 1250 to 1050 BCE,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 43.664,
"text": "still making it one of the earliest\nforms of written language."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 47.293,
"text": "Characters etched on ox bones\nand turtle shells"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 50.004,
"text": "show Shang kings’ writings\nto their ancestors,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 53.257,
"text": "discussing everything from agriculture\nto the origins of a toothache."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 57.095,
"text": "And as the legend suggests,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 58.638,
"text": "these ancient characters\nwere mainly pictograms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 61.516,
"text": "or symbols that resemble\nwhat they’re meant to represent."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 64.894,
"text": "Even today, some of the most foundational\nChinese characters remain pictographic,"
},
{
"duration": 5.088,
"start": 69.232,
"text": "like rén (人), which means person,\nand mù (木), which means wood or tree."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 74.654,
"text": "Some characters are ideograms, or\nsymbols that represent abstract concepts,"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 79.158,
"text": "like the numbers yī (一),\nèr (二), and sān (三)."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 82.62,
"text": "Others are compound ideograms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 84.622,
"text": "which combine two or more\npictograms or ideograms."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 87.875,
"text": "For example, xiū (休) places\nthe character for person"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 91.42,
"text": "next to the character for tree\nand means to rest."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 94.882,
"text": "However, most modern-day characters\nare known as logograms,"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 98.678,
"text": "and are constructed of two components:\na radical component,"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 102.181,
"text": "which gestures at the meaning\nof the character,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 104.433,
"text": "and a sound component,\nwhich hints at its pronunciation."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 107.812,
"text": "And all characters are built\nfrom a variety of strokes,"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 110.982,
"text": "which are often simplified\nto eight basic types."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 113.86,
"text": "There are 214 radicals,\neach with its own definition."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 117.655,
"text": "Some can stand alone, while others cannot."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 120.366,
"text": "For instance, the radical rì (日),\nwritten on its own means sun."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 124.787,
"text": "It’s also used in characters\nwith sun-related definitions,"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 127.832,
"text": "such as xiǎo (晓) meaning dawn."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 130.459,
"text": "The radical cǎo (艹), on the other hand,\nnever stands alone,"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 133.754,
"text": "but can be found within characters related\nto grass and plants,"
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 136.799,
"text": "like huā (花) meaning flower."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 139.01,
"text": "And the radical shuǐ (水), meaning water,\nalways stands alone,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 142.722,
"text": "but has a variant (氵) that is used when\nit’s part of more complex characters"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 146.434,
"text": "like hé (河), meaning river."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 148.686,
"text": "Radicals can appear\nin different positions:"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 150.897,
"text": "to the left, to the right, above, below,"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 154.4,
"text": "or even surrounding the rest\nof the character."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 156.986,
"text": "There are many more sound components\nthan radicals,"
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 159.739,
"text": "with estimates ranging in the thousands."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 162.074,
"text": "Similar sounding words often share\nthe same sound component,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 165.286,
"text": "and their radicals help shed light\non their meanings."
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 167.83,
"text": "Take fēng (峰) and fēng (蜂)."
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 169.79,
"text": "The radical shān (山) means mountain,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 171.834,
"text": "which hints at the first\ncharacter’s definition: summit."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 175.004,
"text": "The radical in the second character,\nchóng (虫), means insect,"
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 178.674,
"text": "and together with the sound component\nmeans bee."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 182.094,
"text": "While many words in Chinese sound similar,\njust like in other languages,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 185.973,
"text": "context or tonality helps\nclarify their meaning."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 189.101,
"text": "Yet how each character is pronounced\ndepends on dialect,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9609999999999999,
"start": 192.688,
"text": "which varies across the country."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 194.899,
"text": "So conversations in Chengdu may sound\nvastly different than in Nanjing,"
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 199.445,
"text": "but in both places,\nthe written language is the same."
},
{
"duration": 1.669,
"start": 202.698,
"text": "And unlike the romance languages,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 204.367,
"text": "Chinese has no gendered nouns\nor verb conjugations."
},
{
"duration": 3.6710000000000003,
"start": 207.411,
"text": "So the character chī (吃), meaning to eat,\nremains unchanged"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 211.082,
"text": "whether the subject is yourself,\na coworker, or a lesion of fearful ghosts."
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 216.045,
"text": "To indicate the past, a marker\nlike le (了) can be added."
},
{
"duration": 2.794,
"start": 219.757,
"text": "So “I eat bread” becomes “I ate bread.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 222.927,
"text": "Over the years, the Chinese writing\nsystem has undergone many changes."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 227.014,
"text": "As characters went from being\netched in bone, to cast in bronze,"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 230.393,
"text": "to brushed on paper,"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 231.727,
"text": "their script has evolved along the way."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 233.896,
"text": "In the 1950s and 60s,\nthe Chinese Communist Party introduced"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 237.9,
"text": "new simplified versions\nof the traditional characters,"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 240.611,
"text": "which are now standard in China,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 242.53,
"text": "though traditional characters remain\nin use in Hong Kong and Taiwan."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 246.033,
"text": "And while the Chinese character\nsystem may seem unique,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 248.786,
"text": "its development greatly influenced\nthe spoken languages"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 251.664,
"text": "and writing systems of its neighbors."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 253.833,
"text": "For example, around 60% of Japanese\ndictionary entries are kanji—"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 258.337,
"text": "characters that originated in Chinese\nor were created from its elements."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 262.55,
"text": "With a 3,000 year history,"
},
{
"duration": 3.753,
"start": 264.719,
"text": "Chinese characters have and will\ncontinue to leave their mark."
}
] |
tekiHV-e8Uw
|
The strangest summer in recorded history - David Biello
|
Dig into geoengineering, which uses technology to manipulate Earth’s environments to counteract climate change.
--
In 1815, Mount Tambora erupted and its emissions spread across the globe, blotting out the sun for almost an entire year. This wreaked havoc on agriculture, leading to famines all across the Northern hemisphere. It was the year without summer— one of the darkest periods in human history. So why are some modern researchers considering repeating it? David Biello digs into geoengineering.
Lesson by David Biello, directed by Léon Moh-Cah, Andi Concha, Na Na Na Studio.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
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----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
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Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-year-without-summer-david-biello
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-year-without-summer-david-biello#digdeeper
Animator's website: http://nananastudio.com
Music: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles and Heather Slater.
|
2023-05-16T15:00:57Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "The Parker Solar Probe, the fastest\nobject ever made by human hands,"
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 12.133,
"text": "surfs the solar winds at more than\n630,000 kilometers per hour."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 18.431,
"text": "That’s more than 500 times\nthe speed of sound on Earth."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 23.019,
"text": "Its mission? "
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 24.187,
"text": "To touch the Sun— and, ideally,\nto avoid melting in the process."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 29.65,
"text": "It achieved this goal in 2021,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 32.904,
"text": "when the probe flew by Venus\nand skimmed through the corona,"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 38.076,
"text": "the Sun’s outermost atmosphere."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 40.828,
"text": "Since then, it's carved\ncloser and closer paths,"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 44.707,
"text": "revealing extraordinary details\nabout our star in the process."
},
{
"duration": 6.089,
"start": 49.796,
"text": "On its closest approach, it’s projected\nto cross within 8.8 solar radii—"
},
{
"duration": 5.131,
"start": 55.968,
"text": "that’s less than 4.5 sun lengths\naway from the solar surface."
},
{
"duration": 5.839,
"start": 61.224,
"text": "And it will endure temperatures\nof 1,500 degrees Celsius."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 67.396,
"text": "But there’s a limit to just how close\nParker can get."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 71.192,
"text": "And there are questions scientists\ncan't answer without probing even deeper"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 76.489,
"text": "into the solar atmosphere."
},
{
"duration": 4.63,
"start": 78.908,
"text": "Among these mysteries is the astonishing\nfact that the solar surface"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 83.579,
"text": "is actually much cooler\nthan the outer corona."
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 87.333,
"text": "Above the solar surface is a thin\n100 kilometer layer"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 91.879,
"text": "known as the transition zone,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 94.048,
"text": "where temperatures dip\nfrom a scorching 500,000°C"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 99.137,
"text": "to a relatively cool 8,000 degrees."
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 102.515,
"text": "While physicists have theories\non how the transition zone forms,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 106.686,
"text": "we won't know for sure until\nwe can make closer observations."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 111.357,
"text": "Further, some scientists predict\nthat if a spacecraft"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 115.57,
"text": "could fly within about 3 solar radii\nfrom the Sun’s surface"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 119.991,
"text": "and fire its rockets\nat just the right time,"
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 123.202,
"text": "it could use the Sun’s gravity\nto slingshot itself"
},
{
"duration": 2.128,
"start": 127.039,
"text": "into the outer solar system."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 129.792,
"text": "This daring flight path,\ncalled the Oberth maneuver,"
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 133.588,
"text": "could propel a spacecraft past Pluto\nin just three years,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 138.259,
"text": "a trip that currently\ntakes around a decade."
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 141.929,
"text": "But probing deeper into the corona—"
},
{
"duration": 4.046,
"start": 144.223,
"text": "without melting, exploding,\nor falling directly into the Sun—"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 148.269,
"text": "is a monumental engineering challenge."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 151.272,
"text": "The first challenge is directing\nthe probe's path."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 154.692,
"text": "A probe falling directly towards the Sun\nwould likely pick up so much speed"
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 159.697,
"text": "in its descent that it would either crash\nor be flung in the opposite direction."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 164.911,
"text": "To avoid this, the Parker Space Probe"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 167.622,
"text": "made a series of complicated orbital\nmaneuvers around Venus."
},
{
"duration": 2.836,
"start": 172.251,
"text": "Using the planet’s gravity as a brake,"
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 175.171,
"text": "it could readjust its orbit\nand get incrementally closer."
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 179.884,
"text": "But these current orbital tricks\ncan only get us so far."
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 184.722,
"text": "As for the scorching heat,"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 186.891,
"text": "the Parker Probe used a strategy that is\nnot unlike sitting under a beach umbrella."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 192.813,
"text": "Its instrumentation is packed behind\na heat shield just 4.5 inches thick."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 199.153,
"text": "One side is made of highly reflective\nwhite ceramic"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 203.032,
"text": "that scatters much\nof the incoming sunlight."
},
{
"duration": 6.34,
"start": 205.91,
"text": "The other side consists of a carbon foam\nsandwiched between two layers of carbon,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 212.375,
"text": "further reinforced with carbon fiber."
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 215.503,
"text": "The foam is around 97% air,\nso it acts as an insulator,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 220.758,
"text": "not allowing much heat to flow through."
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 223.552,
"text": "The outer carbon panel is very dark\nand can withstand high temperatures,"
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 228.474,
"text": "so it efficiently absorbs any remaining\nheat and radiates it back out to space."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 234.647,
"text": "A sensor system\nconstantly adjusts this shield"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 238.401,
"text": "to ensure the craft’s instruments\nremain in its shadow."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 242.363,
"text": "But Parker’s heat shield can only\nget so close."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 246.534,
"text": "To get even closer,"
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 248.119,
"text": "one possibility would be to ditch the\nheat-absorbing carbon materials entirely"
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 253.374,
"text": "and double down on deflection."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 256.085,
"text": "Researchers at NASA’s Innovative Advanced\nConcepts program"
},
{
"duration": 5.13,
"start": 260.381,
"text": "have developed a novel ultra-reflective\ncoating called Solar White"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 265.636,
"text": "that’s predicted to reflect 99.9%\nof the Sun’s energy."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 271.517,
"text": "They plan to use Solar White to coat\nan outer curved umbrella-like shield."
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 277.231,
"text": "Then, a second conical shield made\nfrom a silvered reflective material"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 282.611,
"text": "would shunt away any remaining\nradiation that escapes through."
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 287.158,
"text": "With both novel shields,"
},
{
"duration": 5.548,
"start": 288.909,
"text": "scientists believe they could surf a probe\nas close as 2 solar radii"
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 294.457,
"text": "from the surface."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 295.666,
"text": "But we won’t know for sure until\nthese materials are further tested."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 300.296,
"text": "At these close distances, we might\nunlock the mystery of the transition zone."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 305.76,
"text": "We may learn how to better\npredict solar behaviors"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 309.138,
"text": "like flares and geomagnetic storms,"
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 311.766,
"text": "which puts satellites and our\ncommunication systems on Earth at risk."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 316.52,
"text": "And we’d get an unprecedented look\nat our star, and perhaps one day,"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 321.817,
"text": "with the Sun’s assistance,\nat our most distant neighbors."
}
] |
jdOjB0j329g
|
Why were there three popes at the same time? - Joëlle Rollo-Koster
|
Dig into the history of the Papal Schism, which caused a split in the Catholic Church while 3 popes vied for supremacy.
--
For almost two millennia, the Pope has been a figure of supreme spiritual authority for Catholics around the world. But in the late 14th century, Catholics found themselves with not one, not two, but three popes. Where did this plethora of popes come from? And who among them was the genuine article? Joëlle Rollo-Koster shares the origins of this papal predicament.
Lesson by Joëlle Rollo-Koster, directed by Kaspar Jancis.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
----------------------------------------------
Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop
----------------------------------------------
Connect With Us
----------------------------------------------
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter
Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook
Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter
Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram
----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-were-there-three-popes-at-the-same-time-joelle-rollo-koster
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-were-there-three-popes-at-the-same-time-joelle-rollo-koster#digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango and alessandra tasso.
|
2023-05-11T15:01:09Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "You're stranded at sea\nand getting thirsty."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 10.298,
"text": "Water fills the horizon— but you know\nyou’re not supposed to drink it."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 14.385,
"text": "So, what would actually happen to you\nif you did?"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 17.764,
"text": "And how can you find a way to hydrate?"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 20.6,
"text": "The danger in drinking saltwater\nlies at the cellular level."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 24.937,
"text": "To maintain their structural integrity,"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 27.565,
"text": "your body’s cells match the concentration\nof certain ions, like salt,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 32.528,
"text": " within their membranes with the\nconcentration outside of them—"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 36.491,
"text": "in your bloodstream, for instance."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 38.701,
"text": "Seawater is about four times\nsaltier than your blood."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 42.914,
"text": "So when it's ingested, the fluid outside\nyour cells becomes much saltier."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 48.461,
"text": "To relieve the resulting\npressure difference,"
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 50.922,
"text": "water flows out of your cells."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 53.758,
"text": "Your kidneys use this water to begin\nremoving the excess salt—"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 58.096,
"text": "but they require much more freshwater\nto actually flush it all out."
},
{
"duration": 5.798,
"start": 62.85,
"text": "Consuming enough seawater without any\nfreshwater can lead to salt poisoning."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 68.856,
"text": "The effects can be devastating as the\nbody's cells lose water and contract."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 74.32,
"text": "This can cause tissues\nto shift and rupture"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 77.073,
"text": "and fluids to collect in critical organs."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 80.451,
"text": "Overall, drinking seawater\nonly makes things worse."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 84.413,
"text": "Survival depends on finding—\nor creating— freshwater."
},
{
"duration": 2.169,
"start": 88.918,
"text": "In the 4th century BCE,"
},
{
"duration": 5.922,
"start": 91.087,
"text": "Greek philosopher Aristotle described\ntwo main modes of seawater desalination,"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 97.009,
"text": "which are still used today."
},
{
"duration": 1.5430000000000001,
"start": 99.095,
"text": "One is thermal,"
},
{
"duration": 5.339,
"start": 100.638,
"text": "and relies on heating seawater to yield\nvaporized condensed freshwater,"
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 106.227,
"text": "a method ancient Greek sailors\nused regularly."
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 110.106,
"text": "The other is reverse osmosis,"
},
{
"duration": 4.879,
"start": 112.567,
"text": "which uses pressure to push seawater\nthrough a salt-filtering membrane—"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 117.655,
"text": "a process Aristotle documented\nwith a sealed wax jar."
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 122.243,
"text": "In the intervening millennia,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 123.911,
"text": "people continued using and innovating\non these methods."
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 127.999,
"text": "Making potable freshwater from seawater\nis a bigger project now than ever."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 133.379,
"text": "Today, 2 billion people can't\naccess clean drinking water,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 137.341,
"text": "and 87 different countries,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 139.427,
"text": "including many currently\nconsidered “water rich,”"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 142.597,
"text": "are projected to be “water scarce”\nby 2050."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 146.267,
"text": "As of 2022, the world’s largest\ndesalination plant"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 150.229,
"text": "turned over 2 billion liters of saltwater\ninto drinkable freshwater"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 155.109,
"text": "every day using mostly thermal technology."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 158.613,
"text": "But this method has drawbacks."
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 160.781,
"text": "A lot of energy is required to generate\nthe necessary heat,"
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 164.619,
"text": "which is usually provided by fossil fuels."
},
{
"duration": 5.631,
"start": 167.705,
"text": "Thermal desalination plants also produce\nconsiderable waste in the form of brine—"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 173.502,
"text": "ultra-concentrated saltwater\nthat can be harmful"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 176.589,
"text": "if simply returned\nto natural bodies of water."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 179.717,
"text": "Many see more promise in reverse osmosis,"
},
{
"duration": 5.547,
"start": 182.887,
"text": "which nowadays uses synthetic membranes\nto filter out salt and other impurities."
},
{
"duration": 5.381,
"start": 188.684,
"text": "Overall, it’s more energy-efficient\nand less briny than thermal desalination."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 194.315,
"text": "As of 2020,\naround 17,000 desalination plants"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 198.444,
"text": "supplied more than 300 million\npeople with freshwater, "
},
{
"duration": 2.461,
"start": 202.323,
"text": "most of them using reverse osmosis."
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 204.951,
"text": "Those numbers are increasing."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 206.869,
"text": "But waste, cost, efficiency, and\nsustainability remain big issues."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 211.916,
"text": "More research is needed to make\nrenewable-powered desalination plants"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 216.045,
"text": "energy- and cost-effective \nat larger scales."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 219.799,
"text": "Meanwhile, another body of water\nappears promising"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 223.094,
"text": "in combating water scarcity: wastewater."
},
{
"duration": 5.131,
"start": 226.555,
"text": "Reverse osmosis membranes actually\nrequire less energy to remove contaminants"
},
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 231.686,
"text": "and the small amounts of salt\nfound in wastewater"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 234.647,
"text": "than they do to desalinate saltwater."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 237.942,
"text": "And, importantly,\nwastewater recycling operations"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 241.279,
"text": "still yield pure, safe drinking water."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 244.615,
"text": "Okay, but back to the boat\nstranded at sea."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 248.035,
"text": "First, a couple dehydration don’ts."
},
{
"duration": 2.503,
"start": 250.788,
"text": "Drinking your own urine\nisn’t recommended"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 253.291,
"text": "because a few days of filtering\naccumulating waste products"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 256.794,
"text": "without any freshwater relief\ncan cause kidney damage."
},
{
"duration": 4.922,
"start": 260.589,
"text": "And while it might feel counterintuitive,\nif you don’t have any freshwater to drink,"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 265.594,
"text": "it’s best not to eat—\nespecially protein-rich food—"
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 269.932,
"text": "because your body doesn’t have enough\nwater to digest it"
},
{
"duration": 2.21,
"start": 272.977,
"text": "without becoming more dehydrated."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 275.313,
"text": "You can, however, work to secure\nfreshwater sources"
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 278.691,
"text": "using any water-wicking materials you can\nfind to help collect rain and dew."
},
{
"duration": 4.088,
"start": 284.363,
"text": "And you could get a low-tech\nthermal desalination operation going"
},
{
"duration": 4.88,
"start": 288.451,
"text": "by letting seawater sunbake in containers\nand collecting the condensation."
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 293.622,
"text": "You can also try getting some hydration\nby drinking bird and turtle blood"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 298.919,
"text": "and fish spinal fluid and eyes."
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 302.298,
"text": "Maybe that sounds unappealing—"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 304.008,
"text": "but desperate times might call for a\ncollection of thirst-quenching measures."
}
] |
fLu080UX25o
|
Humans are all almost exactly the same... almost - Greg Foot
|
Dig into why ethnic diversity is so important to medical research when creating new treatments and medicines for diseases.
--
While all humans share 99.9% of our DNA, differences in the remaining 0.1% hold important clues about the causes of diseases—and their potential treatments. The problem is, the genetics that researchers are combing through are heavily biased to those of people from European descent, and often overlook other ethnicities. Greg Foot explains the importance of ethnic diversity in medical research.
Lesson by Greg Foot, directed by Kirk Zamieroski.
This video was produced for TED-Ed by NIHR, the National Institute for Health and Care Research
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-missing-in-medical-research-greg-foot
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-missing-in-medical-research-greg-foot#digdeeper
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Jasdeep Brar, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND and Samyogita Hardikar.
|
2023-05-09T15:01:16Z
|
[
{
"duration": 6.966,
"start": 7.211,
"text": "The year is 2050 and your morning\nis not off to a good start."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 14.677,
"text": "School is closed for yet another heat day,"
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 18.056,
"text": "meaning the kids need to stay home\nand the AC needs to stay on."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 24.187,
"text": "Your usual babysitter can’t come help"
},
{
"duration": 4.255,
"start": 26.939,
"text": "because the rails for their commuter train\nwere warped by the heat."
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 31.569,
"text": "And to make matters worse,\nyour dog is desperate for a walk,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 35.406,
"text": "but the pavement is hot enough\nto give third degree burns"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 39.577,
"text": "to any paw or person that touches it."
},
{
"duration": 5.506,
"start": 43.831,
"text": "In many parts of the world,\nthis sweltering future is already here."
},
{
"duration": 5.505,
"start": 49.879,
"text": "On average, heat waves are happening\nmore often with greater intensity"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 55.426,
"text": "and for longer durations. "
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 57.678,
"text": "But according to a 2022 projection,"
},
{
"duration": 6.382,
"start": 60.556,
"text": "by 2050, Earth’s mid-latitudes could be\nexperiencing extreme heat"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 67.146,
"text": "between 90 and 180 days a year,"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 70.733,
"text": "with tropical regions enduring even more."
},
{
"duration": 5.255,
"start": 74.779,
"text": "So, how hot is too hot, and what can\npeople do to handle the heat?"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 80.284,
"text": "While human bodies are decent\nat managing temperature,"
},
{
"duration": 4.546,
"start": 83.788,
"text": "our cooling mechanisms only work\nunder the right conditions."
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 88.543,
"text": "When air temperatures climb,"
},
{
"duration": 5.046,
"start": 90.67,
"text": "the hypothalamus tells blood vessels\nnear the skin to widen,"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 95.967,
"text": "allowing more blood to flow near the\nbody's surface and release heat."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 101.889,
"text": "This hormonal cascade also\nturns on our sweat glands."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 106.978,
"text": "As sweat evaporates, it pulls\nthe heat from our skin."
},
{
"duration": 6.548,
"start": 111.274,
"text": "But if humidity is high, the rate of\nevaporation slows and eventually stops."
},
{
"duration": 4.505,
"start": 118.03,
"text": "Scientists use this principle to track\nhumidity with a metric"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 122.535,
"text": "called wet-bulb temperature,"
},
{
"duration": 4.504,
"start": 125.58,
"text": "in which they wrap a wet, room temperature\ncloth around a thermometer"
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 130.209,
"text": "to see if evaporation will\nlower the reading."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 133.421,
"text": "If it doesn't, it's too humid\nfor sweat to cool us off."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 138.759,
"text": "A wet-bulb temperature of roughly 35°C"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 143.556,
"text": "is generally considered\nthe limit of human survival,"
},
{
"duration": 3.838,
"start": 147.476,
"text": "though current temperatures\nrarely reach this threshold."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 152.023,
"text": "The US National Weather Service uses\nthe relationship between humidity"
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 156.736,
"text": "and air temperature as the basis\nfor their heat index."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 160.865,
"text": "As those two metrics rise,\nso too does the heat index;"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 165.536,
"text": "and heat is considered dangerous"
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 167.622,
"text": "if the index climbs above 39.4°C."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 173.085,
"text": "That’s 103°F."
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 176.047,
"text": "But even a lower heat index can\nbe hazardous over multiple days."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 181.219,
"text": "A heat wave is a streak of two or more\ndays of unusually hot weather"
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 187.016,
"text": "for a place and season. "
},
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 189.101,
"text": "For example, a string of 32°C days\nin Houston, Texas,"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 194.565,
"text": "is standard in the summer, "
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 196.275,
"text": "but would constitute a heat wave in March."
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 199.445,
"text": "And the impact of these events touches\nnearly every aspect of daily life."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 205.117,
"text": "Imagine a June heat wave\nstrikes a tropical city."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 209.747,
"text": "The first to experience effects\nare outdoor workers."
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 213.459,
"text": "Their excessive sweating leads\nto dehydration and muscle pain"
},
{
"duration": 2.044,
"start": 218.13,
"text": "known as heat cramps."
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 220.341,
"text": "If they push on,\ntheir conditions could worsen"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 223.427,
"text": "to heat exhaustion and even heat stroke—"
},
{
"duration": 6.674,
"start": 227.014,
"text": "a life-threatening ailment that occurs\nwhen a body’s temperature exceeds 40°C."
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 233.938,
"text": "Medical emergency calls\nspike across the city,"
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 237.984,
"text": "often for children and people\nwho are pregnant or elderly."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 242.655,
"text": "The heat also increases hospital\nvisits for heart, kidney,"
},
{
"duration": 2.085,
"start": 247.493,
"text": "and lung-related conditions,"
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 249.62,
"text": "creating an influx of patients that\nthreatens to overwhelm medical providers."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 255.543,
"text": "Over the following week,\nthe city slows to a crawl."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 259.964,
"text": "Schools and construction sites close."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 263.759,
"text": "Airplanes need to reduce\ntheir weight limits to take off,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 268.055,
"text": "bumping countless travelers\nfrom their flights."
},
{
"duration": 6.131,
"start": 271.726,
"text": "Restaurants shut down as overheated\nkitchens become unbearable."
},
{
"duration": 4.963,
"start": 278.232,
"text": "Residents who remain inside\nwith air conditioners stay safe."
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 283.321,
"text": "But blasting AC isn’t cheap,"
},
{
"duration": 5.214,
"start": 286.532,
"text": "and many families have to choose\nbetween keeping cool and staying fed."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 291.996,
"text": "Either way, if the heat continues,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 294.707,
"text": "the stress of these air conditioners\ncould overwhelm the power grid,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 299.128,
"text": "potentially leading to city-wide outages."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 303.09,
"text": "These consequences are all very real."
},
{
"duration": 5.714,
"start": 306.761,
"text": "Each year, close to 500,000 people\ndie due to excessive heat,"
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 312.683,
"text": "and these extreme conditions\nare only growing more common."
},
{
"duration": 5.964,
"start": 317.063,
"text": "We can limit medical impacts by seeking\nhelp for heat-related illnesses,"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 323.235,
"text": "staying hydrated, "
},
{
"duration": 5.715,
"start": 324.653,
"text": "and keeping people cool\nthrough public access to water and AC."
},
{
"duration": 5.297,
"start": 330.701,
"text": "But don’t let anyone tell you\n1 to 2 degrees doesn’t matter."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 336.29,
"text": "It will change our very way of life."
}
] |
ZExGV6jSuBw
|
The rise and fall of the Mughal Empire - Stephanie Honchell Smith
|
Trace the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire, which became one of the wealthiest and most powerful states in the early modern world.
--
Though he was descended from some of the world’s most successful conquerors, Babur struggled to gain a foothold among the many other ambitious princes in Central Asia. So he turned his attention to India, where his descendants stayed and built the Mughal Empire. Stephanie Honchell Smith details the rise and fall of one of the wealthiest and most powerful states in the early modern world.
Lesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Raghav Arumugam, Jagriti Khirwar.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon
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Keep Learning
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View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-mughal-empire-stephanie-honchell-smith
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-mughal-empire-stephanie-honchell-smith#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com & https://www.jagritikhirwar.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey and Akinola Emmanuel.
|
2023-05-04T15:00:34Z
|
[
{
"duration": 5.464,
"start": 7.003,
"text": "American engineer Percy Spencer developed\nWorld War II RADAR technology"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 12.467,
"text": "that helped detect Nazi airplanes—"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 15.094,
"text": "but it would soon have other\nsurprising applications."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 19.182,
"text": "One day in 1945, Spencer was standing\nnear a RADAR instrument"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 24.02,
"text": "called a magnetron,"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 25.772,
"text": "a device that produced high-intensity\nmicrowaves that could reflect off planes."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 31.569,
"text": "Suddenly, he noticed that the\ncandy bar in his pocket had melted."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 36.532,
"text": "He exposed other things to the magnetron\nand, sure enough,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 39.869,
"text": "popcorn kernels popped,"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 41.662,
"text": "and an egg—well— exploded\nonto a colleague."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 45.416,
"text": "Soon after, the first microwave oven\nbecame available,"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 48.92,
"text": "operating using the very same technology."
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 52.256,
"text": "So, how does it work?"
},
{
"duration": 5.797,
"start": 54.342,
"text": "All light energy travels in waves of\noscillating electric and magnetic fields."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 60.306,
"text": "These oscillations span a range\nof frequencies"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 63.184,
"text": "comprising the electromagnetic spectrum."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 66.646,
"text": "The higher the frequency,\nthe more energetic."
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 69.816,
"text": "Gamma rays and X-rays\nhave the highest frequencies;"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 73.277,
"text": "microwaves and radio waves,\nthe lowest."
},
{
"duration": 5.172,
"start": 76.364,
"text": "Generally, light’s oscillating electric\nfield exerts forces on charged particles,"
},
{
"duration": 2.043,
"start": 81.536,
"text": "like the electrons in a molecule."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 83.621,
"text": "When light encounters polar molecules,\nlike water,"
},
{
"duration": 1.751,
"start": 87.542,
"text": "it can make them rotate,"
},
{
"duration": 4.672,
"start": 89.293,
"text": "as their positive and negative regions are\npushed and pulled in different directions."
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 94.132,
"text": "The frequency the light is traveling at"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 96.467,
"text": "also determines how it\ninteracts with matter."
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 100.138,
"text": "Microwaves interact strongly with the\nwater molecules found in most foods."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 104.851,
"text": "Essentially, they make the molecules\njostle against each other,"
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 108.521,
"text": "creating frictional heat."
},
{
"duration": 4.338,
"start": 111.941,
"text": "Household microwave ovens are\nfitted with cavity magnetrons."
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 116.362,
"text": "When you activate\na microwave oven,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 118.489,
"text": "a heated element within the magnetron\nejects electrons,"
},
{
"duration": 3.963,
"start": 122.201,
"text": "and a strong magnet forces them\nto spiral outwards."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 126.33,
"text": "As they pass over the magnetron’s\nmetallic cavities,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 129.625,
"text": "the electrons induce\nan oscillating charge,"
},
{
"duration": 4.588,
"start": 132.628,
"text": "generating a continuous stream\nof electromagnetic microwaves."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 137.3,
"text": "A metal pipe directs the microwaves\ninto the main food compartment,"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 141.596,
"text": "where they bounce off the metal walls"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 143.514,
"text": "and penetrate a few centimeters\ninto the food inside."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 148.394,
"text": "When the microwaves encounter\npolar molecules in the food, like water,"
},
{
"duration": 2.8369999999999997,
"start": 152.773,
"text": "they make them vibrate\nat high frequencies."
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 156.777,
"text": "This can have interesting effects\ndepending on the food's composition."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 161.449,
"text": "Oil and sugar absorb fewer\nmicrowaves than water,"
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 165.453,
"text": "so if you microwave them alone,\nnot much happens."
},
{
"duration": 3.045,
"start": 169.29,
"text": "But when microwaves encounter\na marshmallow,"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 172.335,
"text": "they heat the moisture trapped\nwithin its gelatin-sugar matrix,"
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 176.172,
"text": "making the hot air expand\nand the marshmallow puff."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 180.468,
"text": "Butter is essentially a suspension\nof water droplets in fat."
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 185.097,
"text": "When microwaved,\nthe water rapidly vaporizes,"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 188.434,
"text": "making the butter melt quickly—\nand sometimes, a bit violently."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 193.689,
"text": "So microwaves heat food molecules\nmechanically, through friction—"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 197.818,
"text": "but they don't alter them chemically."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 200.071,
"text": "Soup heated in the microwave\nis molecularly indistinguishable"
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 203.95,
"text": "from soup heated using a stove or oven."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 206.827,
"text": "The term “microwave radiation”\ncan be alarming."
},
{
"duration": 6.006,
"start": 210.331,
"text": "But in physics, radiation simply describes\nany transfer of energy across a gap."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 216.796,
"text": "High frequency, ionizing radiation\nmay be harmful"
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 220.675,
"text": "because it can strip electrons\nfrom molecules, including DNA."
},
{
"duration": 4.838,
"start": 225.012,
"text": "However, microwaves aren’t energetic\nenough to alter chemical bonds."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 229.892,
"text": "And microwave ovens are designed\nto prevent leakage—"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 233.771,
"text": "for safety and efficiency’s sake."
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 236.816,
"text": "Nonetheless, to totally limit exposure,"
},
{
"duration": 5.422,
"start": 239.694,
"text": "experts recommend simply standing a\nfew feet away when a microwave oven is on."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 245.908,
"text": "Microwaving metal is dangerous, \nthough, right?"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 249.829,
"text": "Well, it depends."
},
{
"duration": 1.501,
"start": 251.414,
"text": "Metals are conductors,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 252.915,
"text": "meaning their electrons are loosely bound\nto their atoms"
},
{
"duration": 3.254,
"start": 256.043,
"text": "and move freely in response\nto electric fields."
},
{
"duration": 2.544,
"start": 259.338,
"text": "Instead of absorbing microwave radiation,"
},
{
"duration": 3.087,
"start": 261.882,
"text": "the metal’s electrons concentrate\non the surface,"
},
{
"duration": 4.713,
"start": 264.969,
"text": "leading to high voltages at sharp edges,\ncorners, and small gaps."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 269.724,
"text": "This includes areas between the creases\non a sheet of aluminum foil,"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 273.936,
"text": "the prongs of a fork,"
},
{
"duration": 3.92,
"start": 275.438,
"text": "or a metal object\nand the microwave oven’s metal walls."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 279.567,
"text": "Sometimes, voltages get high enough\nto strip electrons"
},
{
"duration": 2.002,
"start": 282.82,
"text": "from the surrounding air molecules."
},
{
"duration": 5.756,
"start": 284.905,
"text": "This electrically charged gas, or plasma,\nmay then form lightning-like sparks"
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 290.661,
"text": "and grow as it absorbs more microwaves."
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 293.539,
"text": "Once the oven is turned off,\nthe plasma dissipates."
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 297.96,
"text": "But not all metal objects\nspark in the microwave—"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 301.464,
"text": "though they might make things\ncook a little unevenly."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 304.717,
"text": "In fact, a lot of microwavable packaging\ntakes advantage of this,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 309.305,
"text": "using a thin metal coating\nto crisp the food’s surface."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 313.309,
"text": "And overall, as long as it doesn't\napproach the oven's walls,"
},
{
"duration": 3.044,
"start": 316.604,
"text": "leaving a metal spoon\nin a microwaving bowl of soup"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 319.648,
"text": "should be a pretty uneventful affair."
},
{
"duration": 4.171,
"start": 322.276,
"text": "That’s just another neat benefit\nof cooking with RADAR."
}
] |
Z7bfPaTfU0c
|
Why do we have crooked teeth when our ancestors didn’t? - G. Richard Scott
|
Explore the prevailing scientific theory of why crooked teeth and impacted wisdom teeth are recent developments in human evolution.
--
According to the fossil record, ancient humans usually had straight teeth, complete with wisdom teeth. In fact, the dental dilemmas that fuel the demand for braces and wisdom teeth extractions today appear to be recent developments. So, what happened? While it’s nearly impossible to know for sure, scientists have a hypothesis. G. Richard Scott shares the prevailing theory on crooked teeth.
Lesson by G. Richard Scott, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.
Support Our Non-Profit Mission
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----------------------------------------------
Keep Learning
----------------------------------------------
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-we-have-crooked-teeth-when-our-ancestors-didn-t-g-richard-scott
Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-we-have-crooked-teeth-when-our-ancestors-didn-t-g-richard-scott#digdeeper
Animator's website: https://www.artrake.com
Music: https://www.campstudio.co
----------------------------------------------
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem and Ujjwal Dasu.
|
2023-05-02T15:01:16Z
|
[
{
"duration": 2.961,
"start": 7.17,
"text": "Great public speaking is like magic."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 10.173,
"text": "Whether it's a presentation for school,\na talk for your community,"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 13.885,
"text": "or a video message for family and friends,"
},
{
"duration": 4.921,
"start": 16.596,
"text": "a good talk can electrify an audience\nand even change the world."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 21.684,
"text": "It all starts with an idea."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 24.145,
"text": "Ideas change everything."
},
{
"duration": 4.796,
"start": 26.856,
"text": "They bring people together,\nspark curiosity, and inspire action."
},
{
"duration": 4.379,
"start": 32.07,
"text": "The right idea can ripple across\nthe planet at the speed of light."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 36.824,
"text": "But what is an idea, exactly?"
},
{
"duration": 5.38,
"start": 39.994,
"text": "Your number one mission as a speaker is to\ntake something that matters deeply to you"
},
{
"duration": 3.461,
"start": 45.5,
"text": "and rebuild it in the minds\nof your listeners."
},
{
"duration": 1.919,
"start": 49.42,
"text": "That's something is an idea."
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 51.672,
"text": "Think of it like a gift you give\nyour audience;"
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 54.884,
"text": "something they can walk away with, value,\nand be changed by."
},
{
"duration": 4.463,
"start": 59.138,
"text": "Your idea doesn’t need to be a\nscientific discovery or a genius invention"
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 63.601,
"text": "to be great."
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 64.644,
"text": "You can share instructions\nfor a special skill you have."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 67.897,
"text": "Or a story from your life\nand the lessons it taught you."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 71.067,
"text": "Or a vision you have for the future."
},
{
"duration": 2.92,
"start": 73.861,
"text": "Or just a reminder of the things\nthat matter most."
},
{
"duration": 4.254,
"start": 77.115,
"text": "An idea is anything that can change\nhow people see the world."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 81.452,
"text": "If you can conjure up an exciting\nidea in someone's mind,"
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 84.997,
"text": "you have done something wondrous."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 87.667,
"text": "A little piece of you\nhas become part of them."
},
{
"duration": 4.421,
"start": 92.171,
"text": "In March 2015, a scientist named\nSophie Scott gave a TED Talk:"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 96.843,
"text": "“What I’m going to do now is just\nplay some examples"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 99.303,
"text": "of real human beings laughing."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 101.097,
"text": "And I want you just to think\nabout the sounds people make"
},
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 103.808,
"text": "and how odd that can be, and in fact,\nhow primitive laughter is as a sound."
},
{
"duration": 2.753,
"start": 107.353,
"text": "It's much more like an animal\ncall than it is like speech."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 110.106,
"text": "So here we’ve got some laughter for you—\nthe first one is pretty joyful.”"
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 128.291,
"text": "Within minutes, Sophie\nhad the entire audience cracking up."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 132.879,
"text": "She's one of the world's\nleading researchers on laughter."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 136.632,
"text": "She was showing the audience just\nhow weird a phenomenon laughter is."
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 141.304,
"text": "“Now, this next guy,\nI need him to breathe."
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 144.307,
"text": "There’s a point in this when I’m like\nyou’ve got to get some air in there,"
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 147.81,
"text": "because he just sounds\nlike he’s breathing out."
},
{
"duration": 1.835,
"start": 158.321,
"text": "This hasn’t been edited, this is him.”"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 167.288,
"text": "“More like an animal call than speech,”\nas Sophie put it."
},
{
"duration": 2.419,
"start": 171.25,
"text": "Sophie’s talk was a lot of fun\nto listen to,"
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 173.92,
"text": "but she gave her audience\nsomething more than just a good time."
},
{
"duration": 2.795,
"start": 177.506,
"text": "She changed the way\nthey think about laughter."
},
{
"duration": 5.589,
"start": 180.468,
"text": "Sophie's core idea is that laughter\nexists as a way human beings form bonds"
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 186.057,
"text": "with one another. "
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 187.266,
"text": "Her research shows that\nlaughing strengthens relationships."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 191.27,
"text": "Nobody who listened to Sophie's\ntalk will ever hear laughter"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 194.649,
"text": "the same way again. "
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 196.234,
"text": "A laugh isn’t just a silly sound\nin reaction to a joke—"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 199.445,
"text": "it’s a biological process through\nwhich we can connect with one another."
},
{
"duration": 2.752,
"start": 203.366,
"text": "Sophie gave her audience a gift."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 206.202,
"text": "She gave them an idea\nthat will be part of them forever."
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 210.289,
"text": "In order for an audience\nto receive the gift of an idea,"
},
{
"duration": 4.839,
"start": 213.834,
"text": "a speaker has to deliver the idea\nin a way that the audience can understand."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 218.881,
"text": "How does a speaker do that?"
},
{
"duration": 3.503,
"start": 220.341,
"text": "Well, it can be helpful to think\nof a talk as a journey that a speaker"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 223.844,
"text": "and an audience take together."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 225.68,
"text": "You, the speaker,\nare the trusty tour guide."
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 229.475,
"text": "To be a good tour guide,"
},
{
"duration": 2.919,
"start": 230.977,
"text": "a speaker must start\nwhere the audience is,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 234.105,
"text": "and must be careful not\nto lose anyone by rushing ahead"
},
{
"duration": 2.168,
"start": 237.275,
"text": "or constantly changing direction."
},
{
"duration": 3.9619999999999997,
"start": 239.485,
"text": "The goal is to lead the audience\nto a beautiful new place,"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 243.447,
"text": "step by step."
},
{
"duration": 2.336,
"start": 245.032,
"text": "And this is done using language."
},
{
"duration": 3.754,
"start": 247.576,
"text": "Language is a very powerful tool.\nLet’s prove it."
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 251.497,
"text": "Imagine an elephant\nwith its trunk painted bright red,"
},
{
"duration": 1.585,
"start": 255.459,
"text": "waving the trunk to and fro"
},
{
"duration": 3.379,
"start": 257.044,
"text": "in sync with the shuffling steps\nof a giant orange parrot,"
},
{
"duration": 3.128,
"start": 260.423,
"text": "dancing on the elephant’s\nhead and shrieking over and over:"
},
{
"duration": 2.335,
"start": 263.551,
"text": "“let’s do the fandango!”"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 266.137,
"text": "You have just formed in your mind\nan image of something"
},
{
"duration": 2.294,
"start": 268.848,
"text": "that has never existed in history,"
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 271.142,
"text": "except in the minds of the people\nwho have heard that sentence."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 274.854,
"text": "A single sentence can do that."
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 278.316,
"text": "The fact that we can transfer ideas\nin this way"
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 281.485,
"text": "is why speaking skills are so important."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 284.363,
"text": "Language builds our world."
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 287.158,
"text": "Our ideas make us who we are."
},
{
"duration": 4.337,
"start": 289.869,
"text": "And speakers who have figured out how\nto spread their ideas into others’ minds"
},
{
"duration": 3.129,
"start": 294.206,
"text": "have the power to make\nan incredible impact."
},
{
"duration": 2.67,
"start": 297.626,
"text": "Do you have ideas that deserve\na wider audience?"
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 300.546,
"text": "Focusing on what gift you would like\nto give your audience,"
},
{
"duration": 2.086,
"start": 303.799,
"text": "or what journey you might lead them on,"
},
{
"duration": 3.17,
"start": 306.01,
"text": "are two great ways to start\npreparing your talk."
}
] |
5D3hQS6ezXc
|
Trust the process #shorts
|
Take a look behind the scenes of our video, “The Opposites Game”, animated by Anna Samo and Lisa LaBracio! Here's the creative process behind the final animation’s scenes.
#shorts #animation #behindthescenes
|
2023-04-28T21:00:03Z
|
[
{
"duration": 3.545,
"start": 7.086,
"text": "Order! Order! Who’s the defendant today?\nLooks pretty fancy."
},
{
"duration": 1.084,
"start": 11.007,
"text": "Indeed, Your Honor."
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 12.091,
"text": "This is Marie Antoinette,\nthe Queen of France"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 15.386,
"text": "who was notorious for living in opulence\nwhile the peasants starved."
},
{
"duration": 2.628,
"start": 20.266,
"text": "That is sensationalist slander."
},
{
"duration": 3.628,
"start": 22.894,
"text": "Marie Antoinette had little power\nover her circumstances"
},
{
"duration": 4.755,
"start": 26.522,
"text": "and spent her brief life trying to survive\nin a turbulent, foreign country."
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 31.569,
"text": "You mean she wasn't French?"
},
{
"duration": 1.334,
"start": 34.197,
"text": "That’s right, Your Honor."
},
{
"duration": 5.923,
"start": 35.531,
"text": "She was born in 1755 as the\nHapsburg Archduchess Maria Antonia."
},
{
"duration": 2.42,
"start": 41.662,
"text": "After two of her older sisters\npassed away,"
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 44.082,
"text": "she became the only choice for a political\nmarriage to Louis-August,"
},
{
"duration": 1.627,
"start": 48.294,
"text": "heir to the French throne."
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 50.088,
"text": "Essentially, she was sacrificed to secure\npeace between Austria and France,"
},
{
"duration": 2.502,
"start": 55.093,
"text": "all at the age of 14."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 58.054,
"text": "She seemed to have had adjusted\nto this “sacrifice” by 1774"
},
{
"duration": 1.9180000000000001,
"start": 62.35,
"text": "when her husband was crowned king."
},
{
"duration": 3.462,
"start": 64.352,
"text": "She lived a life of luxury, \nwearing elaborate headdresses,"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 67.814,
"text": "importing foreign fabrics—"
},
{
"duration": 3.212,
"start": 69.607,
"text": "she even had her own private chateau\nnear Versailles!"
},
{
"duration": 3.086,
"start": 72.902,
"text": "Meanwhile, France was \nin an economic tailspin."
},
{
"duration": 2.9619999999999997,
"start": 75.988,
"text": "Bad harvests resulted\nin mass food shortages,"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 78.95,
"text": "wages were falling,\nand the cost of living had skyrocketed."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 82.787,
"text": "Marie Antoinette’s expensive tastes\nwere completely insensitive"
},
{
"duration": 1.6680000000000001,
"start": 86.916,
"text": "to the plight of her subjects."
},
{
"duration": 1.251,
"start": 88.96,
"text": "She was the Queen!"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 90.211,
"text": "If she hadn’t looked glamorous,\nshe would have been criticized."
},
{
"duration": 2.627,
"start": 93.256,
"text": "Besides, she sometimes used\nher image for good."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 95.883,
"text": "After convincing the King to be\nvaccinated against smallpox,"
},
{
"duration": 5.005,
"start": 99.47,
"text": "she commissioned a special headdress\nto make the treatment fashionable for all."
},
{
"duration": 4.213,
"start": 104.767,
"text": "She also used her influence to appoint\nunqualified friends and admirers"
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 108.98,
"text": "to important posts."
},
{
"duration": 3.336,
"start": 110.398,
"text": "Even more disastrous, she encouraged\nthe King to get involved"
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 113.734,
"text": "in the American Revolution,"
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 115.111,
"text": "a conflict that cost France\n1.5 billion francs."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 119.907,
"text": "Objection!"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 120.908,
"text": "The Queen had very little influence over\nher husband’s political decisions"
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 124.912,
"text": "at that time."
},
{
"duration": 3.67,
"start": 125.955,
"text": "Besides, France’s financial crisis was\nmuch more related to the country’s"
},
{
"duration": 3.8369999999999997,
"start": 129.625,
"text": "outdated tax system and lack\nof an effective central bank."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 133.88,
"text": "How so?"
},
{
"duration": 4.087,
"start": 135.173,
"text": "While France's nobility and clergy\nhad numerous tax exemptions,"
},
{
"duration": 3.42,
"start": 139.26,
"text": "peasants often paid more than half\ntheir income in taxes."
},
{
"duration": 4.045,
"start": 142.722,
"text": "This system buried France in debt\nlong before the Queen's arrival."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 146.767,
"text": "Her personal expenses were\nmerely a scapegoat"
},
{
"duration": 2.378,
"start": 149.353,
"text": "for decades of financial negligence."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 151.939,
"text": "That doesn’t change that Marie Antoinette\nspent tax money on luxuries"
},
{
"duration": 1.794,
"start": 155.818,
"text": "while the masses starved!"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 157.82,
"text": "She was so oblivious that when she heard\npeople couldn’t afford bread,"
},
{
"duration": 2.878,
"start": 161.532,
"text": "she recommended they eat cake instead."
},
{
"duration": 5.047,
"start": 164.785,
"text": "This is almost certainly a fabrication\nattributed to the Queen by her enemies."
},
{
"duration": 3.5869999999999997,
"start": 169.874,
"text": "In fact, Marie Antoinette frequently\nengaged in charity work"
},
{
"duration": 1.7930000000000001,
"start": 173.461,
"text": "focused on addressing poverty."
},
{
"duration": 4.296,
"start": 175.379,
"text": "Her reputation as a heartless queen\nwas based on rumors and slander."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 179.675,
"text": "Even the most famous case against her\nwas a complete fraud."
},
{
"duration": 1.001,
"start": 183.846,
"text": "Pardon?"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 184.889,
"text": "In 1784, a thief forged fake letters\nfrom the Queen"
},
{
"duration": 3.295,
"start": 188.684,
"text": "to purchase an outrageously expensive\ndiamond necklace."
},
{
"duration": 1.46,
"start": 192.104,
"text": "The truth came out eventually,"
},
{
"duration": 3.504,
"start": 193.564,
"text": "but the public already saw\nher as a wasteful spendthrift."
},
{
"duration": 3.378,
"start": 197.235,
"text": "Meanwhile, it's really her husband\nwho ruined France's finances."
},
{
"duration": 1.418,
"start": 200.988,
"text": "On that, we agree."
},
{
"duration": 2.211,
"start": 202.448,
"text": "Louis XVI was an incompetent king."
},
{
"duration": 2.877,
"start": 204.659,
"text": "Even after the revolution began\nand he lost much of his power"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 207.536,
"text": "to the newly formed National Assembly,"
},
{
"duration": 1.877,
"start": 209.413,
"text": "he refused to yield control."
},
{
"duration": 2.586,
"start": 211.374,
"text": "Louis vetoed numerous pieces\nof legislation—"
},
{
"duration": 3.169,
"start": 213.96,
"text": "and he was supported \nby his conservative Queen."
},
{
"duration": 1.126,
"start": 217.338,
"text": "To a point."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 218.464,
"text": "Marie Antoinette believed\nin the divine right of kings,"
},
{
"duration": 3.629,
"start": 221.175,
"text": "but despite personal reservations,\nshe tried to work with reformers."
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 224.804,
"text": "Though all she got in return were false\nreports that she was sleeping with them."
},
{
"duration": 4.129,
"start": 228.599,
"text": "No amount of charity work could counter\nthis avalanche of slander."
},
{
"duration": 3.9210000000000003,
"start": 232.728,
"text": "The revolutionaries also prevented\nthe King’s family from leaving Paris—"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 236.649,
"text": "how could she negotiate with people\nkeeping her prisoner?"
},
{
"duration": 1.502,
"start": 239.902,
"text": "Well, they were right to do so!"
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 241.404,
"text": "In 1791, the royal couple tried\nfleeing to Austria"
},
{
"duration": 2.46,
"start": 245.116,
"text": "to gather support and regain power."
},
{
"duration": 1.377,
"start": 247.576,
"text": "Even after they were caught,"
},
{
"duration": 3.003,
"start": 248.953,
"text": "the King and Queen continued\nto pass military secrets"
},
{
"duration": 1.752,
"start": 251.956,
"text": "to their Austrian contacts."
},
{
"duration": 1.209,
"start": 253.958,
"text": "Isn't that treason?"
},
{
"duration": 4.754,
"start": 255.293,
"text": "Certainly, and Louis was executed for it,\nalongside 32 other charges."
},
{
"duration": 3.253,
"start": 260.381,
"text": "Even if you believe the King's\nexecution was just,"
},
{
"duration": 3.7960000000000003,
"start": 263.634,
"text": "there's no excuse for how the new\ngovernment treated Marie Antoinette."
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 267.68,
"text": "She was separated from her son\nand kept in a cell with no privacy."
},
{
"duration": 4.212,
"start": 271.684,
"text": "The tribunal in charge of prosecuting \nthe Queen had no proof of her treason,"
},
{
"duration": 4.38,
"start": 275.896,
"text": "so they denigrated her with baseless\naccusations of incest and orgies."
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 280.443,
"text": "Yet she maintained composure\nuntil the very end."
},
{
"duration": 3.7119999999999997,
"start": 283.154,
"text": "The Queen’s final words were an apology\nto her executioner"
},
{
"duration": 1.71,
"start": 286.866,
"text": "for stepping on his foot."
},
{
"duration": 1.96,
"start": 289.035,
"text": "However refined she may have been,"
},
{
"duration": 4.004,
"start": 290.995,
"text": "Marie Antoinette was willing to betray\nher country to stay in power."
},
{
"duration": 3.879,
"start": 294.999,
"text": "In life and death, she remains a symbol\nof everything wrong"
},
{
"duration": 2.127,
"start": 298.878,
"text": "with the decadent monarchy."
},
{
"duration": 1.21,
"start": 301.505,
"text": "A convenient symbol—"
},
{
"duration": 3.337,
"start": 302.715,
"text": "and an example of the public’s appetite\nfor smearing prominent women"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 306.052,
"text": "with their own fantasies and frustrations."
},
{
"duration": 2.669,
"start": 309.18,
"text": "So what you’re saying is she\nwas guilty of being Queen?"
},
{
"duration": 2.711,
"start": 312.558,
"text": "Should monarchs be judged \nby their personal qualities"
},
{
"duration": 2.252,
"start": 315.269,
"text": "or the historical role they occupied?"
},
{
"duration": 3.211,
"start": 317.605,
"text": "And can even the powerful be\nvictims of circumstance?"
},
{
"duration": 3.795,
"start": 321.025,
"text": "These are the questions that arise\nwhen we put history on trial."
}
] |
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