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65502636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20K%C3%A4llgren	Erik Källgren	Erik Källgren ( ; ; born 14 October 1996) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender for the Utica Comets of the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract to the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL). Källgren was drafted in the seventh round, 183rd overall, of the 2015 NHL Entry Draft by the Arizona Coyotes, and made his NHL debut in 2022 with the Toronto Maple Leafs. Playing career In the 2020–21 season, Källgren appeared in 21 regular season games for the Växjö Lakers collecting 12 wins with a 2.37 goals-against average and a .911 save percentage. In 10 postseason games Källgren posted a 7–3–0 record with a .937 save percentage, capturing the Swedish Hockey League Championship. As a free agent following his break out year, Källgren initially joined fellow SHL outfit, Frölunda HC, on a two-year deal on 17 May 2021. However just two days later, Källgren used his NHL opt out clause, agreeing to a two-year, two-way contract to return to North America with the Toronto Maple Leafs on 19 May 2021. Källgren began the next season with the Toronto Marlies, but was called up by the team on 10 March 2022, on an emergency basis after starting netminder Jack Campbell was announced to have an injury. Källgren served as backup that same night in a game against the Arizona Coyotes. After goaltender Petr Mrázek allowed four goals on twelve shots, Källgren was placed in the team goal and made his NHL debut, playing just over 30 minutes and allowing one goal as the team fell in overtime, 5–4. On 15 March, Källgren recorded his first career NHL shutout in his first career NHL start against the Dallas Stars. Källgren faced 35 shots in the 4–0 victory. He became the fourth Maple Leaf goalie to record a shutout in his first NHL start. Following two seasons within the Maple Leafs organization, Källgren left as a free agent to sign a one-year, two-way contract with the New Jersey Devils for the season on 1 July 2023. Career statistics Awards and honours References External links 1996 births Living people AIK IF players Arizona Coyotes draft picks HC TPS players Ice hockey people from Stockholm IK Oskarshamn players Rapid City Rush players Swedish ice hockey goaltenders Toronto Maple Leafs players Toronto Marlies players Tucson Roadrunners players Utica Comets players Växjö Lakers players
13285345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obispo	Obispo	Obispo is the Spanish and Tagalog word for bishop. Obispo may also refer to: Geography Spain Aldea del Obispo, Spain Carrascal del Obispo, Spain La Aldea del Obispo, Spain Losa del Obispo, Spain United States San Luis Obispo, California San Luis Obispo County, California Camp San Luis Obispo Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport Cerro San Luis Obispo San Luis Obispo Creek Venezuela Obispos Municipality Obispo Ramos de Lora Municipality Elsewhere Obispo Santistevan Province, Bolivia San Juan del Obispo, Guatemala People with the name Armando Obispo, Dutch professional footballer Pascal Obispo, French singer Wirfin Obispo, Dominican professional baseball player Other uses Obispo "Bishop" Losa, a main character in the FX television series Mayans M.C. San Luis Obispo Handicap, a horse race Supreme Bishop (Obispo Maximo), title of the leader of the Philippine Independent Church
16027053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20in%20Norway	2001 in Norway	Events in the year 2001 in Norway. Incumbents Monarch – Harald V Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg (Labour Party) until 19 October, Kjell Magne Bondevik (Christian Democratic Party) Events January 26 January: Murder of Benjamin Hermansen. February February – Former Prime Minister, then foreign affairs minister Thorbjørn Jagland makes a political scandal when he jokingly refers to Gabon's president Omar Bongo, due for a state visit to Norway, as "Bongo from Congo". February – Around 40,000 people in Oslo march in a rally to express their outrage and devastation over the racially motivated murder in Holmlia, Oslo of a young black Norwegian boy, Benjamin Hermansen at the hands of a group af neo-Nazis. Marches take place simultaneously all over Norway. March 25 March – The Schengen Agreement treaty comes into force in Norway. April May June 18 June – The state-owned oil and gas company Statoil is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. July August August – The Bratsberg Line in Nedre Telemark closes down. It was opened in 1917. 25 August – Wedding of Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, and Mette-Marit Tjessem Høiby. September 10 September – The 2001 Norwegian parliamentary election takes place. The Norwegian Labour Party won a plurality of votes and seats, closely followed by the Conservative Party. The Labour Party was unable to form a government, and a centre-right coalition of the Conservative Party, the Christian People's Party and the Liberal Party was formed, led by Norwegian Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik of the Christian Democratic Party. October 19 October – Norwegian Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik's Second Cabinet was appointed. November 3 November – Population Census: 4,520,900 inhabitants in Norway. 17 November – Eurasian harvest mouse is observed in Norway for the first time. December Popular culture Sports Music Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 Film Literature Jan Kjærstad is awarded the Nordic Council Literature Prize, for The Discoverer. Television Notable births 12 January – Vilde Nilsen, Paralympic cross-country skier and biathlete 16 April – Mia Svele, handball player 14 July – Maren Grøthe, politician. Notable deaths 17 January – Sigurd Vestad, cross country skier (born 1907) 26 January – Benjamin Hermansen, murder victim (born 1985) 29 January – Ingebrigt Davik, children's writer (born 1925) 4 February – Asbjørn Antoni Holm, politician (born 1921) 8 February – Ivo Caprino, film director and writer (born 1920) 8 February – Torkell Tande, politician (born 1901) 13 February – Knut Theodor Gleditsch, sports commentator (born 1938) 14 February – Olav Reiersøl, statistician and econometrician (born 1908) 8 March – David Sandved, architect (born 1912) 11 March – Finn Ferner, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (born 1920) 22 March – Rolf Birger Pedersen, football player and coach (born 1939) 28 March – Alf Frotjold, trade unionist (born 1929) 29 March – Helge Ingstad, explorer (born 1899) 4 April – Sverre Engen, skier, ski coach, ski area manager and filmmaker in America (born 1911) 10 April – Knut Andreas Knudsen, politician (born 1919) 12 April – Reidar Hirsti, newspaper editor and politician (born 1925) 24 April – Gro Anita Schønn, singer (born 1950) 26 April – Sverre Walter Rostoft, politician and Minister (born 1912) 7 May – Thor Støre, politician (born 1924) 19 May – Vidkunn Hveding, politician and Minister (born 1921) 27 May – Knut Myrstad, politician (born 1913) 5 June – Sigmund P. Haave, politician (born 1916) 14 June – Andreas Wormdahl, politician (born 1911) 2 July – Fredrik Stabel, illustrator and satirical writer (born 2001). 15 July – Helge Rognlien, politician and Minister (born 1920) 21 July – Gudmund Grytøyr, politician (born 1920) 24 July – Sven Olsen, politician (born 1922) 31 August – Odd Steinar Holøs, politician (born 1922) 12 October – Gunnar Thorleif Hvashovd, politician (born 1924) 27 October – Ellisiv Steen, literary scholar (b. 1908). 1 November – Engly Lie, politician (born 1919) 3 November – Liv Paulsen, sprinter and shot putter (born 1925). 8 November – Alf Hellevik, philologist (born 1909). 18 November – Roar Hauglid, art historian (born 1910). 1 December – Olav Mosebekk, illustrator and painter (born 1910). 10 December – Knut Fægri, botanist (born 1909) 15 December – Leif Kolflaath, politician (born 1927) 19 December – Jakob Weidemann, painter (born 1923) 28 December – Arne Rettedal, politician and Minister (born 1926) Full date unknown Odd Abrahamsen, poet (born 1924) Håkon Flood, professor of inorganic chemistry (born 1905) Henriette Bie Lorentzen, humanist, peace activist, feminist and editor (born 1911) Anfinn Lund, civil servant and politician (born 1926) Nils Slaatto, architect (born 1923) See also References External links Norway
58082331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Indonesian%20football%20transfers%202018	List of Indonesian football transfers 2018	This is a list of Indonesian football transfers featuring at least one Liga 1 or Liga 2 club. The transfer window of Liga 1 for pre season was opened from 10 February 2018 to 5 April 2018 and for mid season was opened from 5 July 2018 to 3 August 2018. The club without flag in table below are from Indonesia. Transfers Note: Those clubs in bold is currently play in Liga 1 this season and in italic is currently play in Liga 2 this season. Pre Season During The Season For this season, kick off Liga 1 at 23 March 2018 and Liga 2 at 23 April 2018. 2018 Liga 1 Indonesia Indonesia Lists of Indonesian football transfers
1393406	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropeway	Ropeway	Ropeway may refer to: Cable transport Cableway, or cable transport, a broad class of transport modes that have cables Aerial lift, a means of cable transport in which cabins, cars, gondolas, or open chairs are hauled above the ground by means of one or more cables Aerial tramway, a type of aerial lift which cabins shuttle back and forth on cables Ropeway conveyor, a subtype of aerial lift, from which containers for goods rather than passenger cars are suspended Other use Ropeway (sailing), a form of naval lifting device used to transport light stores and equipment across rivers or ravines; see Gyn
1410847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%20Rydberg%20Gymnasium	Viktor Rydberg Gymnasium	Viktor Rydberg Gymnasium (VRG) is a group of four gymnasium (upper secondary schools) in Stockholm, Sweden named after the famous Swedish author Viktor Rydberg. The four upper secondary schools are VRG Djursholm, VRG Odenplan, VRG Jarlaplan and VRG Sundbyberg, run by the Viktor Rydberg Schools Foundation. The foundation also runs three secondary schools, Viktor Rydbergs samskola Djursholm, Viktor Rydbergs skola Vasastan, and Viktor Rydbergs skola Sundbyberg. Members of its board of directors are currently Louise Ankarcrona, Louise Westerberg, Fredrik Palmstierna, Stefan Persson, Fanny Falkenberg, Nils Andersson, Thomas Hvid and Sofia Bendz. All four upper secondary schools are bilingual and about one fourth of the tuition is given in English by native speakers. This also means that course materials are both in Swedish and English. The schools have students attending from all over the greater Stockholm region, making admission highly competitive. VRG Odenplan has some of the highest minimum admission requirements in the country. Admission to its natural sciences program with natural sciences orientation is especially competitive; in 2009 all students had perfect grades, and since 2016 all students has had a score of at least 330.0 (with a national average of 228.7; out of maximum possible 340.0) translated from their grades from Swedish primary school, due to high application rates. History The first Viktor Rydberg gymnasium was established in 1994, soon after the 1992 "Free School Reform". The reform enabled private actors to run publicly funded schools, in a way similar to charter schools. Such a free school was started by the two parents Louise Westerberg and Louise Andersson in the halls of Djursholm samskola's eastern wing. After three years the number of applicants had risen so drastically that a new school was started at Odenplan in central Stockholm. In its first year, a large number of students and 580 teachers applied to the school. In 2003, a new school was started at Jarlaplan in order to provide an option for students who wanted to pursue artistic activities more fully. VRG Djursholm The school was established in 1994 and is located in Djursholm, Danderyd north of Stockholm. It has 534 students from 18 different municipalities, and the student body VRG Djursholms elevkår. Study programs Natural Science program with orientation in natural science, social science and special variants in arts and music Economic program with orientation in business and special variants in arts and music Social Science program with orientation in behavioral science. This is also an advanced placement program in English () in cooperation with Stockholm University, with all tuition in English. VRG Odenplan The school was established in 1998 and is since 2015 located in the newly renovated southern pavilion of Norrtulls sjukhus, Vasastan in central Stockholm. It has 594 students from 30 different municipalities, and an active and award-winning student body Viktor Rydberg Odenplans elevkår. Study programs Natural Science program () with orientation in natural science, social science and special variants in arts and music Social Science program () with orientation in behavioral science Economics program () with orientation in business VRG Jarlaplan The school was established in 2003 and is located at Jarlaplan, Östermalm in central Stockholm. It has 522 students from 32 different municipalities, and the student body VRG Jarlaplans elevkår. Study programs Social Science program with orientation in social science Economic program with orientation in business Arts program () with orientation in arts, dance, music and drama VRG Sundbyberg The school was established in 2019 and is located at Landsvägen, Sundbyberg a close suburb to Stockholm. It has 160 students in year one and will by the school year of 2021/2022 have around 600 students. Study programs Natural Science program () with orientation in natural science or social science. Economic program with orientation in business or law Arts program () with orientation in estetics and media, music - singer/songwriter or music production. Projects The schools have several projects, such as European Youth Parliament, Model European Parliament, Model United Nations and the yearly VRG-musical. Notable alumni Daniel Adams-Ray Oskar Linnros See also Djursholms samskola Education in Sweden Enskilda Gymnasiet Kungsholmens Gymnasium Norra Real Östra Real Södra Latin References External links Schools in Sweden International schools in Sweden Gymnasiums (school) in Sweden Education in Stockholm Schools in Stockholm Educational institutions established in 1994 1994 establishments in Sweden
71897048	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwon%20Jae-chan	Kwon Jae-chan	Kwon Jae-chan (Korean:권재찬; born 7 April 1969) is a South Korean serial killer who robbed and murdered three people between 2003 and 2021 in the Michuhol District of Incheon, South Korea. He was arrested shortly after his last two murders and sentenced to death. Early life In 1969, Kwon Jae-chan, the second oldest of three children, was born in Incheon. In school, Kwon received low grades in every subject, and he was frequently bullied. When he reached secondary school, Kwon repeatedly ran away from home. In December 1985, Kwon was sentenced to juvenile detention for trespassing and theft. Shortly after he was released, Kwon dropped out of school and briefly worked as a hairdresser. On March 30, 1987, he was sentenced to eight months in prison and two years of probation for theft. In November 1991, Kwon entered an unlocked house in Michuhol-gu, Incheon. Once inside, he raped a woman and attempted to rob her. He was then sentenced to six years in prison for sexual assault, robbery, and attempted blackmail. After he was released from prison in October 1997, Kwon entered another unlocked home where he assaulted a woman and stole 2.6 million won from her. For this crime, he was sentenced to five years in prison. Murders In January 2003, Kwon bludgeoned a 69-year-old pawnshop owner to death in Michuhol-gu, Incheon. He then stole 320,000 won from the pawnshop, but was caught after attempting it into Japan. For the murder, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison. While imprisoned, he assaulted a fellow inmate. He was also diagnosed with raynaud syndrome and several mental illnesses, including depression. After being released from prison in 2018, Kwon worked at a construction site, but he soon became involved with gambling and owed 90 million in debts. Because of this, Kwon planned to rob and murder another person to pay off his debt. At about 7 a.m. on December 4, 2021, Kwon assaulted a 59-year-old woman in the parking garage of a building in Michuhol-gu, Incheon. He then strangled the woman to death and hid her body in the trunk of a car. Kwon and an accomplice used the victim's credit card to withdraw 4.5 million won from an ATM. They also stole an additional 11 million won in jewelry. The following day, Kwon bludgeoned his accomplice – a middle-aged man – to death on a hill near Eulwangri Beach on Incheon's Yeongjong Island, and buried him nearby. Arrest On December 7, 2021, Kwon Jae-chan was arrested and charged with two counts of murder, abandonment of a corpse, and robbery. On 22 June 2022, Kwon was sentenced to death. See also Capital punishment in South Korea Crime in South Korea List of serial killers by country List of serial killers active in the 2020s References 1969 births Living people South Korean serial killers People convicted of murder by South Korea Prisoners sentenced to death by South Korea People convicted of theft People convicted of sexual assault People convicted of robbery South Korean prisoners sentenced to death
43926590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20E.%20Bronston	Jack E. Bronston	Jack E. Bronston (January 10, 1922 – December 7, 2017) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. Life He was born in Plainfield, Union County, New Jersey, the son of Harry E. Bronston (1892–1972). He attended Plainfield High School and graduated A.B. from Harvard College in 1942. During World War II he served in the U.S. Marine Corps. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1948, and received an LL.M. in taxation from New York University School of Law. He was admitted to the bar in 1949, and practiced in New York City. He married Adele Schwartz. He entered politics as a Democrat, and was a member of the New York State Senate from 1959 to 1978, sitting in the 172nd, 173rd, 174th, 175th, 176th, 177th, 178th, 179th, 180th, 181st and 182nd New York State Legislatures. On January 2, 1981, he was sentenced by Milton Pollack, of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, to four months in prison for fraud. Bronston had helped one company to get a contract for New York City bus shelters while having been retained by, and thus legally representing, a competing company. On August 19, 1981, the conviction was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. On June 18, 1981, Bronston's license to practice law was suspended by the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division effective July 17. On March 5, 1985, the suspension was declared as terminated, effectively from September 17, 1984. Sources 1922 births 2017 deaths Plainfield High School (New Jersey) alumni Politicians from Plainfield, New Jersey Democratic Party New York (state) state senators American politicians convicted of fraud Harvard Law School alumni New York University School of Law alumni Politicians from Queens, New York United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
12895097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Caso	Mike Caso	Mike Caso (born July 13, 1984 in San Mateo, California) is an American soccer player, currently without a team. Career Youth and College Caso attended Hart High School in Newhall, California, played club soccer for West Valley Samba, and played college soccer at the University of San Diego, scoring 22 goals in a four-year career with the Toreros, and being named to the All-WCC First Team as a junior. Professional Caso played extensively in the MLS Reserve Division, for both Los Angeles Galaxy and Columbus Crew, before being signed to a development contract by Galaxy in 2007. His first - and, to date, only - professional appearance came on August 26, 2007 during the Galaxy's 3-0 loss to the Colorado Rapids. He played the first 45 minutes of the game before being substituted out for Peter Vagenas. References External links USD profile 1984 births Living people American men's soccer players University of San Diego alumni LA Galaxy players San Diego Toreros men's soccer players Major League Soccer players Men's association football midfielders Sportspeople from San Mateo, California William S. Hart High School alumni Sportspeople from Santa Clarita, California
1499640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Fin%20Barre%27s%20Cathedral	Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral	Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral () is a Gothic Revival three-spire Church of Ireland cathedral in the city of Cork. It is located on the south bank of the River Lee and dedicated to Finbarr of Cork, patron saint of the city. Formerly the sole cathedral of the Diocese of Cork, it is now one of three co-cathedrals in the United Dioceses of Cork, Cloyne and Ross in the ecclesiastical province of Dublin. Christian use of the site dates back 7th-century AD when, according to local lore, Finbarr of Cork founded a monastery. The original building survived until the 12th century, when it either fell into disuse or was destroyed during the Norman invasion of Ireland. Around 1536, during the Protestant Reformation, the cathedral became part of the established church, later known as the Church of Ireland. The previous building was constructed in the 1730s, but was widely regarded as plain and featureless. The cathedral's demolition and rebuild was commissioned in the mid-19th century by an Anglican church intent on strengthening its hand after the reforms of penal law. Work began in 1863, and resulted in the first major commissioned project for the Victorian architect William Burges, who designed most of the cathedral's architecture, sculpture, stained glass, mosaics and interior furniture. Saint Fin Barre's foundation stone was laid in 1865. The cathedral was consecrated in 1870 and the limestone spires completed by October 1879. Saint Fin Barre's is mostly built from local stone sourced from Little Island and Fermoy. The exterior is capped by three spires: two on the west front and one above the nave, at the crossing with the transept. Many of the external sculptures, including the gargoyles, were modelled by Thomas Nicholls. The entrances contain figures of over a dozen biblical characters, surmounted by a tympanum showing a Resurrection scene. History Finbarr of Cork The church grounds are south of the River Lee on Holy Island, on one of the many inlets forming the Great Marsh of Munster (Corcach Mor na Mumhan). Saint Fin Barre's is on the site of at least two previous church buildings, each dedicated to Fin Barre of Cork, patron saint of Cork city and founder of the monastic hermitage at Gougane Barra. Finbarr was born in about 550. He was, by legend, given Gougane Barra as a place of contemplation, and visited Cork city to lay the foundation stones for the "one true Christian faith". According to tradition, after Finbarr died his remains were brought to Cork to be enclosed in a shrine near the site of today's cathedral. Archaeological evidence suggests the first site at Fin Barre's probably dates from the 7th century, and consisted of a church and round tower that survived until the 12th century, after which it fell into neglect, or was destroyed during the Norman invasions. Medieval and 18th-century churches A 1644 reference to the site notes that "in one of the suburbs of Korq [Cork] there is an old tower ten or twelve feet [3.3 m] in circumference, and more than one hundred feet [30 m] high ... believ[ed] to have been built by St. Baril [Finbarr]". The building was badly damaged in 1690 during the siege of Cork, after which only the steeple remained intact, due to an outbreak of fire and the impact of a 24-pound (11-kg) shot from Elizabeth Fort in nearby Barrack Street. The cannonball was rediscovered during the 1865 demolition and is now on display in the cathedral. The church was demolished in 1735 and replaced the same year by a smaller building, as part of a citywide phase of construction and renovation. Only the earlier spire was retained for the new building. The older part of this church was described in 1862 as Doric in style, attached to a featureless modern tower with an "ill-formed" spire. The building was widely considered to be poorly designed. The Dublin Builder called it "a shabby apology for a cathedral which has long disgraced Cork", while The Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland judged it "a plain, massive, dull, tasteless, oblong pile, totally destitute of what is usually regarded as cathedral character, and possessing hardly a claim to any sort of architectural consideration". It was demolished in 1865. 19th-century building In April 1862, the Church of Ireland, in pursuit of a larger, more attractive cathedral, and determined to reassert its authority in response to resurgent Catholicism, initiated a competition for a replacement building, which became the commission for the first cathedral to be built in the British Isles since London's St Paul's. The next February, the designs of the architect William Burges, then 35, were declared the winner of the competition. Burges disregarded the £15,000 budget, producing a design that he estimated would cost twice as much. Despite the protestations of fellow competitors, it won. His diary records his reaction—"Got Cork!"—while cathedral accounts mention a payment of £100 as prize money. The foundation stone was laid on 12 January 1865, the unfinished cathedral consecrated in 1870 by Bishop John Gregg, and the spires topped out in 1879, though minor work continued on the cathedral for many years afterward. Burges used a number of his earlier unrealised designs for the exterior, including those intended for the Crimea Memorial Church, Istanbul, St John's Cathedral, Brisbane and elevations for Lille Cathedral. The main obstacle was economics. Despite the efforts of fundraisers, Cork was unable to afford a large cathedral. Burges partially alleviated this by designing a three-spired exterior that enhanced the size of the building to viewers. He realised early on the build would vastly exceed the money the city had raised. The superiority of his design was recognised by Gregg, who supported Burges and lobbied for additional funding. Gregg was instrumental in sourcing additional money, including local merchants such as William Crawford of the Crawford brewing family and Francis Wise, a local distiller. The final total was significantly over £100,000. Assured by Gregg's efforts, Burges was unconcerned. Gregg died before the completion of the project. In his place, his son Robert continued his father's support, and in 1879 ceremoniously placed the final stone on the eastern spire. By then the contractors estimated that the build was nearing its completion, with only a number of pre-designed stained glass fittings left to be installed. The cathedral holds the book of estimates prepared for the decoration of the west front. Nicholls was paid £1,769 for the modelling, and Robert McLeod £5,153 for the carving. Burges took 10 per cent for the design, more than his usual 5 per cent, apparently due to his high level of personal involvement. Its construction took seven years before the first service was held in 1870. During the first building phase, three firms of contractors were employed, owned by, chronologically, Robert Walker, Gilbert Cockburn and John Delany, who completed the spires' construction in 1879. Building, carving and decoration continued into the 20th century, long after Burges's death in 1881, including the marble panelling of the aisles, the installation of the reredos and side choir walls, and the 1915 construction of the chapter house. The architectural historians David Lawrence and Ann Wilson call Saint Fin Barre's "undoubtedly [Burges's] greatest work in ecclesiastical architecture", with an "overwhelming and intoxicating" interior. Through his ability, careful leadership of his team, artistic control, and by vastly exceeding the intended budget, Burges produced a building that—though not much larger than a parish church—has been called "a cathedral becoming such a city and one which posterity may regard as a monument to the Almighty's praise". 20th and 21st centuries Mindful that the cathedral was unlikely to be finished in his lifetime, Burges produced comprehensive plans for its decoration and furnishing, recorded in his Book of Furniture and Book of Designs. At the end of the 20th century, a major restoration of the cathedral, costing £5 million, was undertaken. This included the reinstatement and restoration of the twin trumpets held by the resurrection angel which had been vandalised in 1999. The restoration programme also saw the cleaning, repointing and repair of the exterior of the building, including the re-carving of some of Burges's gargoyles, where repair proved impracticable. The cathedral's heating system was also replaced when it was found to be damaging the intricate mosaic floor. In 2006, Lawrence and Wilson published the first detailed study of the cathedral's history and architecture, The Cathedral of Saint Fin Barre at Cork: William Burges in Ireland. The building is also covered in Frank Keohane's volume Cork: City and County, in the Buildings of Ireland series, published in 2020. The cathedral is one of the three cathedrals of the Anglican Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross, the other two being Saint Colmán's Cathedral in Cloyne, and Saint Fachtna's Cathedral in Rosscarbery. Notable interments in the graveyard include those of archbishop William Lyon (died 1617), Richard Boyle (died 1644), and, in a family vault, the first "Lady Freemason", Elizabeth Aldworth (died ). Exterior Architecture The cathedral's style is Gothic Revival, Burges's preferred period, which he used for his own home, The Tower House, in London. He reused elements of unsuccessful designs he had produced for competitions for cathedrals at Lille and Brisbane. The shell of the building is mostly limestone, sourced from near Cork, with the interior walls formed from stone brought from Bath. The red marble came from Little Island, the purple-brown stone from Fermoy. Each of the three spires supports a Celtic cross, a reference to Saint Patrick, seen as a foundational ancestor by both Irish Catholics and Protestants. This inclusion was an implicit statement of national identity, but was against Burges's wishes. His initial design included weather vanes, a choice rejected by the building committee, which, according to the historian Antóin O'Callaghan, wanted the church to "retain the continuity with the one true faith of the ancient past". The northwestern tower hosts a ring of twelve bells, as well as an additional sharp second bell, which forms part of a diatonic ring of eight bells, for a total of 13 bells. Originally, eight bells were hung on a wooden frame in the tower in either 1752 or 1753, which were cast by Abel Rudman of Gloucester. The bells were taken down in 1865 in advance of the original cathedral's demolition. They were reinstated at some point before the new cathedral's consecration in 1870. But at this point, the towers and spires had not been constructed above the level of the nave, and consequently the bells were hung lower than is appropriate, which meant that they could not be rung properly. In 1902, an appeal was launched in an attempt to raise £500 to properly fit the bells, and the next year they were hung from a steel frame higher in the cathedral. Due to corrosion of the frame in 2007, the frame was replaced, which created an opportunity to expand on the collection of bells: in 2008 four trebles were added, along with the additional second bell. Between their initial installation and today, many of the bells have been recast, and all were restored in 2008. The spires had a troubled construction: it was a difficult build technically and thus expensive to fund. The cost reached £40,000 early in the build, with a further £60,000 spent by the time the spires were in place. Along the way, a number of sub-contractors were hired and dismissed; the contract was eventually completed by the Cork builder John Delaney, hired in May 1876. By the end of the next year the main and two ancillary spires were complete. Sculpture An 1881 estimate by the local stonemason McLeod suggests that Burges provided around 844 sculptures, of which around 412 were for the interior. The total of some 1,260 sculptures include 32 gargoyles, each with different animal heads. Burges oversaw nearly all aspects of the design, headquartered in his office in Buckingham Street and on numerous site visits. Most modern scholars agree that his overarching control over the design of the architecture, statuary, stained glass and internal decorations led to the cathedral's unity of style. He considered sculpture an "indispensable attribute of architectural effect" and, at Saint Fin Barre's, believed he was engaged upon "a work which has not been attempted since the West front of Wells Cathedral". In the designs for the pieces decorating the cathedral, Burges worked closely with Thomas Nicholls, who constructed each figure in plaster, and with McLeod and local stonemasons, who carved almost all of the sculptures in situ. Burges's designs for the western façade were based on medieval French iconography. He considered this front to be the most important exterior feature, as it would be lit by the setting sun and thus the most dramatic. The theme is The Last Judgement, with representations of the twelve Apostles bearing instruments of their martyrdom, the Wise and the Foolish Virgins, the Resurrection of the Dead and the Beasts of The Evangelists. The gilded copper "resurrection angel" facing eastward on the main spire is locally the cathedral's most iconic feature, and colloquially known as the "goldie angel". It was designed by Burges and erected in 1870 free of charge as his gift to the city, in recognition of Cork's willingness to fund his original design, and positioned in place of an intended wrought-iron cross. The imagery of the tympanum is taken from the Book of Revelation, with the divine on the upper register and mortals below. It shows an angel, accompanied by John the Evangelist, measuring the temple in Jerusalem, while beneath them the dead rise from their graves. Of these sculptures, the Victorian critic Charles Eastlake wrote in A History of the Gothic Revival, "no finer examples of decorative sculpture have been produced during the Revival". Burges found it difficult to realise some of his original images for the sculptures and stained glass panels; a number of them contained frontal nudes, including the designs for the creation of the planets, the figures of Adam and Eve, Christ in Glory, Our Lord as King Crucified, the dead rising from their graves, and the welcoming angels. In August 1868, some Protestant committee members, led by the chancellor, George Webster, rejected the use of images of the naked human body in ecclesiastical iconography, especially in images of Christ, and forced Burges to provide clothed designs, modesty-providing loincloths, or strategically placed foliage or books. In frustration Burges wrote, "I am sorry to see Puritanism so rampant in Cork ... I wish we could transplant the building to England". His revised designs were reviewed in April and May 1869, but again rejected. Both Gregg and the dean, Arthur Edwards, supported Burges, and moved the decision from the general committee to a select vestry sub-committee. Webster continued to object, but the modified designs were finally approved. Interior Plan and elevation The cathedral's plan is conventional; the west front is opened by three entrance doors leading to the nave, with internal vaulting, arcade, triforium and clerestory, rising to a timber roof. Beyond the nave, the pulpit, choir, bishop's throne and altar end in an ambulatory. The small floor plan drew criticism both at the time and in later years. The building is relatively short at 180 feet, but contains all of the traditional elements of a larger cathedral. A contemporary critic, Robert Rolt Brash, wrote, "the effect of this is to make the building look exceedingly short, and disproportionately high". Although modest in size, the compact design makes the most of the small footprint. The three spires allow the illusion of greater interior space. Main features Burges designed most of the interior, including the mosaic pavement, the altar, the pulpit and bishop's throne. The narrow and unusually high marble nave, from red and puce stone, is supported by large columns supporting the central tower and spire. The exterior gives the impression of a large structure, which is at odds with the reduced size of the interior, where the choir, sanctuary and ambulatory take up almost half of the floor space. The interior is filled with colour, most especially from the stained glass windows. This aspect of the interior is in marked contrast to the uniform and austere grey exterior. The cylindrical pulpit is near the entrance and was completed in 1874, but not painted until 1935. Like the baptismal font, it is placed on four sculpted legs. It contains five stone relief figures, assumed to be the four evangelists, and Paul the Apostle sitting on an upturned "pagan" altar, and a winged dragon below the reading stand. The baptismal font is near the entrance. Its ledge is decorated with a carving of the head of John the Baptist. The font's bowl is of Cork red marble, and supported by a stem, also red marble, a marble shaft of sculpted capitals, and an octagonal base. Brass lettering reads "We are buried with Him by baptism into death". The lectern (reading desk) is made of solid brass, from a design Burges originally intended for Lille Cathedral. It is decorated with the heads of Moses and King David. There is a "Heroes Column" (War Memorial) by the Choir, at the Dean's chapel. It contains the names of 400 men from the dioceses killed in battle during the First World War. A processional cross, completed in 1974 by Patrick Pye, is in front of the Dean's chapel. The 46-foot 'Great Oak Throne' of the Cork Dioceses Bishop was installed in 1878, alongside a statue of Fin Barre of Cork and a kneeling angel. Stained glass Burges conceived the iconographical scheme for the stained glass windows, designed the individual panels for each of the 74 windows, and oversaw every stage of their production. According to Maurice Carey, "in consequence, the windows have a consistent cohesive style and follow a logical sequence in subject matter". The panels were cartooned by H. W. Lonsdale and manufactured in London between 1868 and 1869 by William Gualbert Saunders, who worked in Burges's office before forming his own firm of stained glass makers. Doctrinal objections to some of the figures, particularly of Christ, lead to a four-year delay, with their eventual installation between 1873 and 1881. Four windows remain incomplete. Lonsdale's cartoons are kept at the cathedral. Many of the figures relate to Christian iconography, and echo those in the tympanum, including, in the ambulatory a window showing God as the King of Heaven overlooking the evangelists Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. In the panel, Matthew takes human form, Mark is depicted as a lion, Luke as an ox, while John takes the form of an eagle. As elsewhere in the cathedral, the illustrations can be divided between the divine, wise and foolish. The scheme begins and ends with two rose windows, at the west front and south transept respectively. The west rose window shows God as the creator resting on a rainbow and in the act of blessing. He is surrounded by eight compartments, each inspired by the scenes from Book of Genesis, beginning with the creation of light, and ending with the birth of Eve, and Adam naming the animals. The south transept rose window, known as the "Heavenly Hierarchies", places Christ the King in the centre, with the compartments containing a series of angels, archangels and cherubim. Separate glass sheets containing building tools are placed between each angelic compartment. The nave windows contain signs of the Zodiac. Each lancet by the arcade contains a grisaille panel. These scenes are mostly from the Old Testament, while those from the transepts onward are of prophets who foretold Christ's coming, or from the New Testament. The clerestory panels above the high altar depict Christ reigning from his cross alongside His Mother, John, the Three Marys and various disciples. The windows around the ambulatory include scenes from the life of Christ, culminating in a representation of heaven at worship from the Book of Revelation. Pipe organ The organ was built in 1870 by William Hill & Sons. It consisted of three manuals, over 4,500 pipes and 40 stops. The main organ utilised a tubular-pneumatic action, with tracker action for the other two manuals. It was in place for the cathedral's grand opening on Saint Andrew's Day, 1870, and positioned in the west gallery, but moved to the north transept in 1889, to improve acoustics, maximise space, and avoid its interference with the view of the windows. That year, a 14-foot pit was dug in the floor beside the nave, as the new location for the organ. Its maintenance has been one of the most expensive parts of the cathedral's upkeep. It was overhauled in 1889 by the Cork firm T.W. Magahy, which added three new stops. The organ was moved from the west gallery (balcony) down to a pit in the north transept, where it sits today. Most of the choir organ is housed in an enclosure attached to the console, the lid of which the organist can raise or lower electrically. The next major overhaul was in 1906 by Hele & Company of Plymouth, which added a fourth manual (the Solo). By this stage, the action of the organ was entirely pneumatic. In 1965–1966, J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd of London overhauled the soundboards, installed a new console with electropneumatic action, and lowered the pitch. By 2010 the organ's electrics were unreliable. Trevor Crowe was employed to reconstruct and increase the number of pipes, and make tonal enhancements, including a 32′ extension to the pedal trombone. The project cost €1.2m and took three years to complete. References Notes Sources External links Cork 19th-century Church of Ireland church buildings Churches completed in 1879 Gothic Revival church buildings in the Republic of Ireland Churches in Cork (city) Tourist attractions in County Cork William Burges church buildings Bell towers in Ireland Churches in the Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross 1879 establishments in Ireland 19th-century churches in the Republic of Ireland
1749496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental%20investment	Parental investment	Parental investment, in evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, is any parental expenditure (e.g. time, energy, resources) that benefits offspring. Parental investment may be performed by both males and females (biparental care), females alone (exclusive maternal care) or males alone (exclusive paternal care). Care can be provided at any stage of the offspring's life, from pre-natal (e.g. egg guarding and incubation in birds, and placental nourishment in mammals) to post-natal (e.g. food provisioning and protection of offspring). Parental investment theory, a term coined by Robert Trivers in 1972, predicts that the sex that invests more in its offspring will be more selective when choosing a mate, and the less-investing sex will have intra-sexual competition for access to mates. This theory has been influential in explaining sex differences in sexual selection and mate preferences, throughout the animal kingdom and in humans. History In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. This introduced the concept of natural selection to the world, as well as related theories such as sexual selection. For the first time, evolutionary theory was used to explain why females are "coy" and males are "ardent" and compete with each other for females' attention. In 1930, Ronald Fisher wrote The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, in which he introduced the modern concept of parental investment, introduced the sexy son hypothesis, and introduced Fisher's principle. In 1948, Angus John Bateman published an influential study of fruit flies in which he concluded that because female gametes are more costly to produce than male gametes, the reproductive success of females was limited by the ability to produce ovum, and the reproductive success of males was limited by access to females. In 1972, Trivers continued this line of thinking with his proposal of parental investment theory, which describes how parental investment affects sexual behavior. He concludes that the sex that has higher parental investment will be more selective when choosing a mate, and the sex with lower investment will compete intra-sexually for mating opportunities. In 1974, Trivers extended parental investment theory to explain parent-offspring conflict, the conflict between investment that is optimal from the parent's versus the offspring's perspective. Parental care Parental investment theory is a branch of life history theory. The earliest consideration of parental investment is given by Ronald Fisher in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, wherein Fisher argued that parental expenditure on both sexes of offspring should be equal. Clutton-Brock expanded the concept of parental investment to include costs to any other component of parental fitness. Male dunnocks tend to not discriminate between their own young and those of another male in polyandrous or polygynandrous systems. They increase their own reproductive success through feeding the offspring in relation to their own access to the female throughout the mating period, which is generally a good predictor of paternity. This indiscriminative parental care by males is also observed in redlip blennies. In some insects, male parental investment is given in the form of a nuptial gift. For instance, ornate moth females receive a spermatophore containing nutrients, sperm and defensive toxins from the male during copulation. This gift, which can account for up to 10% of the male's body mass, constitutes the total parental investment the male provides. In some species, such as humans and many birds, the offspring are altricial and unable to fend for themselves for an extended period of time after birth. In these species, males invest more in their offspring than do the male parents of precocial species, since reproductive success would otherwise suffer. The benefits of parental investment to the offspring are large and are associated with the effects on condition, growth, survival, and ultimately on reproductive success of the offspring. For example, in the cichlid fish Tropheus moorii, a female has very high parental investment in her young because she mouthbroods the young and while mouthbrooding, all nourishment she takes in goes to feed the young and she effectively starves herself. In doing this, her young are larger, heavier, and faster than they would have been without it. These benefits are very advantageous since it lowers their risk of being eaten by predators and size is usually the determining factor in conflicts over resources. However, such benefits can come at the cost of parent's ability to reproduce in the future e.g., through increased risk of injury when defending offspring against predators, loss of mating opportunities whilst rearing offspring, and an increase in the time interval until the next reproduction. A special case of parental investment is when young do need nourishment and protection, but the genetic parents do not actually contribute in the effort to raise their own offspring. For example, in Bombus terrestris, oftentimes sterile female workers will not reproduce on their own, but will raise their mother's brood instead. This is common in social Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy, whereby males are haploid and females are diploid. This ensures that sisters are more related to each other than they ever would be to their own offspring, incentivizing them to help raise their mother's young over their own. Overall, parents are selected to maximize the difference between the benefits and the costs, and parental care will be likely to evolve when the benefits exceed the costs. Parent-offspring conflict Reproduction is costly. Individuals are limited in the degree to which they can devote time and resources to producing and raising their young, and such expenditure may also be detrimental to their future condition, survival, and further reproductive output. However, such expenditure is typically beneficial to the offspring, since it enhances their condition, survival, and reproductive success. These differences may lead to parent-offspring conflict. Parents are naturally selected to maximize the difference between the benefits and the costs, and parental care will tend to exist when the benefits are substantially greater than the costs. Parents are equally related to all offspring, and so in order to optimize their fitness and chance of reproducing their genes, they should distribute their investment equally among current and future offspring. However, any single offspring is more related to themselves (they have 100% of their DNA in common with themselves) than they are to their siblings (siblings usually share 50% of their DNA), so it is best for the offspring's fitness if the parent(s) invest more in them. To optimize fitness, a parent would want to invest in each offspring equally, but each offspring would want a larger share of parental investment. The parent is selected to invest in the offspring up until the point at which investing in the current offspring is costlier than investing in future offspring. In iteroparous species, where individuals may go through several reproductive bouts during their lifetime, a tradeoff may exist between investment in current offspring and future reproduction. Parents need to balance their offspring's demands against their own self-maintenance. This potential negative effect of parental care was explicitly formalized by Trivers in 1972, who originally defined the term parental investment to mean any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring. Penguins are a prime example of a species that drastically sacrifices their own health and well-being in exchange for the survival of their offspring. This behavior, one that does not necessarily benefit the individual, but the genetic code from which the individual arises, can be seen in the King Penguin. Although some animals do exhibit altruistic behaviors towards individuals that are not of direct relation, many of these behaviors appear mostly in parent-offspring relationships. While breeding, males remain in a fasting-period at the breeding site for five weeks, waiting for the female to return for her own incubation shift. However, during this time period, males may decide to abandon their egg if the female is delayed in her return to the breeding grounds. It shows that these penguins initially show a trade-off of their own health, in hopes of increasing the survivorship of their egg. But there comes a point where the male penguin's costs become too high in comparison to the gain of a successful breeding season. Olof Olsson investigated the correlation between how many experiences in breeding an individual has and the duration an individual will wait until abandoning his egg. He proposed that the more experienced the individual, the better that individual will be at replenishing his exhausted body reserves, allowing him to remain at the egg for a longer period of time. The males' sacrifice of their body weight and possible survivorship, in order to increase their offspring's chance of survival is a trade-off between current reproductive success and the parents' future survival. This trade-off makes sense with other examples of kin-based altruism and is a clear example of the use of altruism in an attempt to increase overall fitness of an individual's genetic material at the expense of the individual's future survival. Maternal-offspring conflict in investment The maternal-offspring conflict has also been studied in animals species and humans. One such case has been documented in the mid-1970s by ethologist Wulf Schiefenhövel. Eipo women of West New Guinea engage in a cultural practice in which they give birth just outside the village. Following the birth of their child, each woman weighed whether or not she should keep the child or leave the child in the brush nearby, inevitably ending in the death of the child. Likelihood of survival and availability of resources within the village were factors that played into this decision of whether or not to keep the baby. During one illustrated birth, the mother felt the child was too ill and would not survive, so she wrapped the child up, preparing to leave the child in the brush; however, upon seeing the child moving, the mother unwrapped the child and brought it into the village, demonstrating a shift of life and death. This conflict between the mother and the child resulted in detachment behaviors in Brazil, seen in Scheper-Hughes work as "many Alto babies remain[ed] not only unchristened but unnamed until they begin to walk or talk", or if a medical crisis arose and the baby needed an emergency baptism. This conflict between survival, both emotional and physical, prompted a shift in cultural practices, thus resulting in new forms of investment from the mother towards the child. Alloparental care Alloparental care also referred to as 'Allomothering,' is when a member of a community, apart from the biological parents of the infant, partake in offspring care provision. A range of behaviors fall under the term alloparental care, some of which are: carrying, feeding, watching over, protecting, and grooming. Through alloparental care stress on parents, especially the mother, can be reduced, therefore reducing the negative effects of the parent-offspring conflict on the mother. The apparent altruistic nature of the behavior may seem at odds with Darwin's theory of natural selection, as taking care of offspring which are not one's own would not increase one's direct fitness, while taking time, energy and resources away from raising one's own offspring. However, the behavior can be explained evolutionarily as increasing indirect fitness, as the offspring is likely to be non-descendent kin, therefore carrying some of the genetics of the alloparent. Offspring and situation direction Parental investment behavior enhances the chances of survival of offspring, and it does not require underlying mechanisms to be compatible with empathy applicable to adults, or situations involving unrelated offspring, and it does not require the offspring to reciprocate the altruistic behavior in any way. Parentally investing individuals are not more vulnerable to being exploited by other adults. Trivers' parental investment theory Parental investment as defined by Robert Trivers in 1972 is the investment in offspring by the parent that increases the offspring's chances of surviving and hence reproductive success at the expense of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring. A large parental investment largely decreases the parents' chances of investing in other offspring. Parental investment can be split into two main categories: mating investment and rearing investment. Mating investment consist of the sexual act and the sex cells invested. The rearing investment is the time and energy expended to raise the offspring after conception. In most species, the female's parental investment in both mating and rearing efforts greatly surpasses that of the male. In terms of sex cells (egg and sperms cells), the female's investment is typically a larger portion of both genetic material and overall verillity, while typically males produce thousands of sperm cells on a daily basis. Human parental investment Human women have a fixed supply of around 400 ova, while sperm cells in men are supplied at a rate of twelve million per hour. Also, fertilization and gestation occur in women, investments which outweigh the man's investment of a single effective sperm cell. Furthermore, for women, one act of sexual intercourse could result in a nine-month commitment such as human gestation and subsequent commitments related to rearing such as breastfeeding. From Trivers' theory of parental investment, several implications follow. The first implication is that women are often but not always the more investing sex. The fact that they are often the more investing sex leads to the second implication that evolution favors females who are more selective of their mates to ensure that intercourse would not result in unnecessary or wasteful costs. The third implication is that because women invest more and are essential for the reproductive success of their offspring, they are a valuable resource for men; as a result, males often compete for sexual access to females. Males as the more investing sex For many species the only type of male investment received is that of sex cells. In those terms, the female investment greatly exceeds that of male investment as previously mentioned. However, there are other ways in which males invest in their offspring. For example, the male can find food as in the example of balloon flies. He may find a safe environment for the female to feed or lay her eggs as exemplified in many birds. He may also protect the young and provide them with opportunities to learn as young, as is the case with many wolves. Overall, the main role that males overtake is that of protection of the female and their young. That often can decrease the discrepancy of investment caused by the initial investment of sex cells. There are some species such as the Mormon cricket, pipefish seahorse and Panamanian poison arrow frog males invest more. Among the species where the male invests more, the male is also the pickier sex, placing higher demands on their selected female. For example, the female that they often choose usually contain 60% more eggs than rejected females. This links Parental Investment Theory (PIT) with sexual selection: where parental investment is bigger for a male than a female, it's usually the female who competes for a mate, as shown by Phalaropidae and polyandrous bird species. In these species females are usually more aggressive, brightly colored, and larger than males, suggesting the more investing sex has more choice while selecting a mate compared to the sex engaged in intra-sexual selection. Females as a valuable resource for males The second prediction that follows from Trivers' theory is that the fact that females invest more heavily in offspring makes them a valuable resource for males as it ensures the survival of their offspring which is the driving force of natural selection. Therefore, the sex that invests less in offspring will compete among themselves to breed with the more heavily investing sex. In other words, males will compete for females. It has been argued that jealousy has developed to avert the risk of potential loss of parental investment in offspring. If a male redirects his resources to another female it is a costly loss of time, energy and resources for her offspring. However, the risks for males are higher because although women invest more in their offspring, they have bigger maternity certainty because they themselves have carried out the child. However, males can never have 100% paternal certainty and therefore risk investing resources and time in offspring that is genetically unrelated. Evolutionary psychology views jealousy as an adaptive response to this problem. Application of Trivers' theory in real life Trivers' theory has been very influential as the predictions it makes correspond to differences in sexual behaviors of men and women, as demonstrated by a variety of research. Cross-cultural study from Buss (1989) shows that males are tuned into physical attractiveness as it signals youth and fertility and ensures male reproductive success, which is increased by copulating with as many fertile females as possible. Women on the other hand are tuned into resources provided by potential mates, as their reproductive success is increased by ensuring their offspring will survive, and one way they do so is by getting resources for them. Alternatively, another study shows that men are more promiscuous than women, giving further support to this theory. Clark and Hatfield found that 75% of men were willing to have sex with a female stranger when propositioned, compared to 0% of women. On the other hand, 50% of women agreed to a date with a male stranger. This suggests males seek short-term relationships, while women show a strong preference for long-term relationships. However, these preferences (male promiscuity and female choosiness) can be explained in other ways. In Western cultures, male promiscuity is encouraged through the availability of pornographic magazines and videos targeted to the male audience. Alternatively, both Western and Eastern cultures discourage female promiscuity through social checks such as slut-shaming. PIT (Parental Investment Theory) also explains patterns of sexual jealousy. Males are more likely to show a stress response when imagining their partners showing sexual infidelity (having sexual relations with someone else), and women showed more stress when imagining their partner being emotionally unfaithful (being in love with another woman). PIT explains this, as woman's sexual infidelity decreases the male's paternal certainty, thus he will show more stress due to fear of cuckoldry. On the other hand, the woman fears losing the resources her partner provides. If her partner has an emotional attachment to another female it's likely that he won't invest into their offspring as much, thus a greater stress response is shown in this circumstance. A heavy criticism of the theory comes from Thornhill and Palmer's analysis of it in A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion, as it seems to rationalise rape and sexual coercion of females. Thornhill and Palmer claimed rape is an evolved technique for obtaining mates in an environment where women choose mates. As PIT claims males seek to copulate with as many fertile females as possible, the choice women have could result in a negative effect on the male's reproductive success. If women didn't choose their mates, Thornhill and Palmer claim there would be no rape. This ignores a variety of sociocultural factors, such as the fact that not only fertile females are raped – 34% of underage rape victims are under 12, which means they are not of fertile age, thus there is no evolutionary advantage in raping them. 14% of rapes in England are committed on males, who cannot increase a man's reproductive success as there will be no conception. Thus, what Thornhill and Palmer called an 'evolved machinery' might not be very advantageous. Versus sexual strategies Trivers' theory overlooks that women do have short-term relationships such as one-night stands, while not all men behave promiscuously. An alternative explanation to PIT (Parental Investment Theory) and mate preferences would be Buss and Schmitt's sexual strategies theory. SST argues that both sexes pursue short-term and long-term relationships, but seek different qualities in their short- and long-term partners. For a short-term relationship women will prefer an attractive partner, but in a long-term relationship they might be willing to trade-off that attractiveness for resources and commitment. On the other hand, men might be accepting of a sexually willing partner in a short-term relationships, but to ensure their paternal certainty they will seek a faithful partner instead. International politics Parental investment theory is not only used to explain evolutionary phenomena and human behavior but describes recurrences in international politics as well. Specifically, parental investment is referred to when describing competitive behaviors between states and determining aggressive nature of foreign policies. The parental investment hypothesis states that the size of coalitions and the physical strengths of its male members determines whether its activities with its foreign neighbors are aggressive or amiable. According to Trivers, men have had relatively low parental investments, and were therefore forced into fiercer competitive situations over limited reproductive resources. Sexual selection naturally took place and men have evolved to address its unique reproductive problems. Among other adaptations, men's psychology has also developed to directly aid men in such intra-sexual competition. One essential psychological developments involved decision-making of whether to take flight or actively engage in warfare with another rivalry group. The two main factors that men referred to in such situations were (1) whether the coalition they are a part of is larger than its opposition and (2) whether the men in their coalition have greater physical strength than the other. The male psychology conveyed in the ancient past has been passed on to modern times causing men to partly think and behave as they have during ancestral wars. According to this theory, leaders of international politics were not an exception. For example, the United States expected to win the Vietnam war due to its greater military capacity when compared to its enemies. Yet victory, according to the traditional rule of greater coalition size, did not come about because the U.S. did not take enough consideration to other factors, such as the perseverance of the local population. The parental investment hypothesis contends that male physical strength of a coalition still determines the aggressiveness of modern conflicts between states. While this idea may seem unreasonable upon considering that male physical strength is one of the least determining aspects of today's warfare, human psychology has nevertheless evolved to operate on this basis. Moreover, although it may seem that mate seeking motivation is no longer a determinant, in modern wars sexuality, such as rape, is undeniably evident in conflicts even to this day. Sexual selection In many species, males can produce a larger number of offspring over the course of their lives by minimizing parental investment in favor of investing time impregnating any reproductive-age female who is fertile. In contrast, a female can have a much smaller number of offspring during her reproductive life, partly due to higher obligate parental investment. Females will be more selective ("choosy") of mates than males will be, choosing males with good fitness (e.g., genes, high status, resources, etc.), so as to help offset any lack of direct parental investment from the male, and therefore increase reproductive success. Robert Trivers' theory of parental investment predicts that the sex making the largest investment in lactation, nurturing, and protecting offspring will be more discriminating in mating; and that the sex that invests less in offspring will compete via intrasexual selection for access to the higher-investing sex (see Bateman's principle). In species where both sexes invest highly in parental care, mutual choosiness is expected to arise. An example of this is seen in crested auklets, where parents share equal responsibility in incubating their single egg and raising the chick. In crested auklets, both sexes are ornamented. Parental investment in humans Humans have evolved increasing levels of parental investment, both biologically and behaviorally. The fetus requires high investment from the mother, and the altricial newborn requires high investment from a community. Species whose newborn young are unable to move on their own and require parental care have a high degree of altriciality. Human children are born unable to care for themselves and require additional parental investment post-birth in order to survive. Maternal investment Trivers (1972) hypothesized that greater biologically obligated investment will predict greater voluntary investment. Mothers invest an impressive amount in their children before they are even born. The time and nutrients required to develop the fetus, and the risks associated with both giving these nutrients and undergoing childbirth, are a sizable investment. To ensure that this investment is not for nothing, mothers are likely to invest in their children after they are born, to be sure that they survive and are successful. Relative to most other species, human mothers give more resources to their offspring at a higher risk to their own health, even before the child is born. This is associated with the evolution of a slower life history, in which fewer, larger offspring are born after longer intervals, requiring increased parental investment. The developing human fetus––and especially the brain––requires nutrients to grow. In the later weeks of gestation, the fetus requires increasing nutrients as the growth of the brain increases. Rodents and primates have the most invasive placenta phenotype, the hemochorial placenta, in which the chorion erodes the uterine epithelium and has direct contact with maternal blood. The other placental phenotypes are separated from the maternal bloodstream by at least one layer of tissue. The more invasive placenta allows for a more efficient transfer of nutrients between the mother and fetus, but it comes with risks as well. The fetus is able to release hormones directly into the mother's bloodstream to “demand” increased resources. This can result in health problems for the mother, such as pre-eclampsia. During childbirth, the detachment of the placental chorion can cause excessive bleeding. The obstetrical dilemma also makes birth more difficult and results in increased maternal investment. Humans have evolved both bipedalism and large brain size. The evolution of bipedalism altered the shape of the pelvis, and shrunk the birth canal at the same time brains were evolving to be larger. The decreasing birth canal size meant that babies are born earlier in development, when they have smaller brains. Humans give birth to babies with brains 25% developed, while other primates give birth to offspring with brains 45-50% developed. A second possible explanation for the early birth in humans is the energy required to grow and sustain a larger brain. Supporting a larger brain gestationally requires energy the mother may be unable to invest. The obstetrical dilemma makes birth challenging, and a distinguishing trait of humans is the need for assistance during childbirth. The altered shape of the bipedal pelvis requires that babies leave the birth canal facing away from the mother, contrary to all other primate species. This makes it more difficult for the mother to clear the baby's breathing passageways, to make sure the umbilical cord isn't wrapped around the neck, and to pull the baby free without bending its body the wrong way. The human need to have a birth attendant also requires sociality. In order to guarantee the presence of a birth attendant, humans must aggregate in groups. It has been controversially claimed that humans have eusociality, like ants and bees, in which there is relatively high parental investment, cooperative care of young, and division of labor. It is unclear which evolved first; sociality, bipedalism, or birth attendance. Bonobos, our closest living relatives alongside chimpanzees, have high female sociality and births among bonobos are also social events. Sociality may have been a prerequisite for birth attendance, and bipedalism and birth attendance could have evolved as long as five million years ago. As female primates age, their ability to reproduce decreases. The grandmother hypothesis describes the evolution of menopause, which may or may not be unique to humans among primates. As women age, the costs of investing in additional reproduction increase and the benefits decrease. At menopause, it is more beneficial to stop reproduction and begin investing in grandchildren. Grandmothers are certain of their genetic relation to their grandchildren, especially the children of their daughters, because maternal certainty of their own children is high, and their daughters are certain of their maternity to their children as well. It has also been theorized that grandmothers preferentially invest in the daughters of their daughters because X chromosomes carry more DNA and their granddaughters are most closely related to them. Paternal investment As altriciality increased, investment from individuals other than the mother became more necessary. High sociality meant that female relatives were present to help the mother, but paternal investment increased as well. Paternal investment increases as it becomes more difficult to have additional children, and as the effects of investment on offspring fitness increase. Men are more likely than women to give no parental investment to their children, and the children of low-investing fathers are more likely to give less parental investment to their own children. Father absence is a risk factor for both early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy. Father absence raises children's stress levels, which are linked to earlier onset of sexual activity and increased short-term mating orientation. Daughters of absent fathers are more likely to seek short-term partners, and one theory explains this as a preference for outside (non-partner) social support because of the perceived uncertain future and uncertain availability of committing partners in a high-stress environment. Investment as predictor of mating strategies Concealed ovulation Women can only get pregnant while ovulating. Human ovulation is concealed, or not signaled externally. Concealed ovulation decreases paternity certainty because men are unsure when women ovulate. The evolution of concealed ovulation has been theorized to be a result of altriciality and increased need for paternal investment—if men are unsure of the time of ovulation, the best way to successfully reproduce would be to repeatedly mate with a woman throughout her cycle, which requires pair bonding, which in turn increases paternal investment. Mating orientations Sociosexuality was first described by Alfred Kinsey as a willingness to engage in casual and uncommitted sexual relationships. Sociosexual orientation describes sociosexuality on a scale from unrestricted to restricted. Individuals with an unrestricted sociosexual orientation have higher openness to sex in less committed relationships, and individuals with a restricted sociosexual orientation have lower openness to casual sexual relationships. However, today it is acknowledged that sociosexuality does not in reality exist on a one-dimensional scale. Individuals who are less open to casual relationships are not always seeking committed relationships, and individuals who are less interested in committed relationships are not always interested in casual relationships. Short- and long-term mating orientations are the modern descriptors of openness to uncommitted and committed relationships, respectively. Parental investment theory, as proposed by Trivers, argues that the sex with higher obligatory investment will be more selective in choosing sex partners, and the sex with lower obligatory investment will be less selective and more interested in "casual" mating opportunities. The more investing sex cannot reproduce as frequently, causing the less investing sex to compete for mating opportunities. In humans, women have higher obligatory investment (pregnancy and childbirth), than men (sperm production). Women are more likely to have higher long-term mating orientations, and men are more likely to have higher short-term mating orientations. Short- and long-term mating orientations influence women's preferences in men. Studies have found that women put great emphasis on career-orientation, ambition and devotion only when considering a long-term partner. When marriage is not involved, women put greater emphasis on physical attractiveness. Generally, women prefer men who are likely to perform high parental investment and have good genes. Women prefer men with good financial status, who are more committed, who are more athletic, and who are healthier. Some inaccurate theories have been inspired by parental investment theory. The "structural powerlessness hypothesis" proposes that women strive to find mates with access to high levels of resources because as women, they are excluded from these resources directly. However, this hypothesis has been disproved by studies which found that financially successful women place an even greater importance on financial status, social status, and possession of professional degrees. Sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is the difference in body size between male and female members of a species as a result of both intersexual and intrasexual selection, which is sexual selection that acts both within and between the sexes. High levels of sexual dimorphism and larger body size in males is driven by a combination of male-male competition and female selective pressure. Primate species in which groups are formed of many females and one male have higher sexual dimorphism than species that have both multiple females and males, or one female and one male. Polygynous primates have the highest sexual dimorphism, and polygamous and monogamous primates have less. Decreased polygyny is associated with increased paternal investment. The demographic transition The demographic transition describes the modern decrease in both birth and death rates. From a Darwinian perspective, it does not make sense that families with more resources are having fewer children. One explanation for the demographic transition is the increased parental investment required to raise children who will be able to maintain the same level of resources as their parents. See also Cinderella effect Cost of raising a child Kin selection Mate desertion Parental care in birds Precociality and altriciality r/K selection theory References Further reading Clutton-Brock, T.H. and C. Godfray. 1991. "Parental investment," in Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Edited by J.R. Krebs and N.B. Davies, pp. 234–262. Boston: Blackwell. Geary, D. C. (2005). Evolution of paternal investment. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 483–505). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Full text Evolutionary biology Reproduction in animals Ethology Sexual selection Evolutionary psychology
26744346	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Johns-Indian%20River%20Barge%20Canal	St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal	The St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal was a planned canal in the state of Florida, in length and linking the Intracoastal Waterway and the Indian River south of Oak Hill with the St. Johns River, originally intended to be just south of Lake Harney, but later shifted to be near Lake Monroe, with all but three miles of the route within Volusia County. However, by 1968 the more southerly Lake Harney alignment had returned to favor. Originally proposed in the 1850s, then again in 1909 and in the late 1930s, the St. Johns-Indian River Canal Authority was established in 1960. The canal would have been wide and deep, with three high-level and one bascule highway bridges, two bascule railroad bridges, two locks measuring by , two navigation dams wide, and a pumping station. Combined with the Cross Florida Barge Canal, the canal would have provided a shipping route across the Florida peninsula between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico; construction was planned to begin in 1968, with the canal to open in 1971, however construction never began as delays to the Cross Florida Barge Canal project mounted, with the projected groundbreaking pushed back first to 1970, then further, with conservation issues dogging the project especially with regard to spawning shad. After the suspension of work on the Cross Florida Barge Canal, the St. Johns-Indian River canal concept was abandoned, and the Canal Authority was dissolved in 1973. References Canals in Florida Transportation buildings and structures in Volusia County, Florida Transportation buildings and structures in Brevard County, Florida Transportation buildings and structures in Seminole County, Florida History of transportation in Florida
27507605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Filippov	Anton Filippov	Anton Filippov (born 6 December 1986 in Tashkent) is an Uzbekistani chess Grandmaster (2008). He won the Asian Under 16 Chess Championship 2001 in Doha, and the Asian U18 Athletics Championship in 2004. In 2007 he tied for 1st–3rd with Vladimir Egin and Timur Gareev in the Uzbekistani Chess Championship. In 2008 he won the first Kuala Lumpur Open Championship and tied for 4–8th with Tamaz Gelashvili, Constantin Lupulescu, Nidjat Mamedov and Alexander Zubarev in the Open Romgaz Tournament in Bucharest 2008. In 2009, he won the fourth President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Cup in Manila, tied for second with Shakhriyar Mamedyarov in the fourth Kolkata Open, tied for 3rd–8th with Vadim Malakhatko, Elshan Moradiabadi, Merab Gagunashvili, Alexander Shabalov and Niaz Murshed in the Ravana Challenge Tournament in Colombo. He qualified for the Chess World Cup 2009 and was knocked out by Surya Shekhar Ganguly in the first round. In 2010 he tied for 3rd–6th with Ding Liren, Zhou Jianchao and Merab Gagunashvili in the first Florencio Campomanes Memorial in Manila and came first in the First Safin Memorial in Tashkent. In 2011, he tied for 1st–3rd with Tigran L. Petrosian and Marat Dzhumaev in the Georgy Agzamov Memorial in Tashkent. Filippov played for Uzbekistan in the Chess Olympiads of 2004, 2006, 2010, 2012 and 2014. Filippov recorded his career best performance of 2820 at the 40th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul 2012, where he won the individual silver medal on board two. References External links Anton Filippov chess games at 365Chess.com 1986 births Living people Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Uzbekistani chess players Chess players at the 2010 Asian Games Sportspeople from Tashkent Asian Games competitors for Uzbekistan
26619130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLRC	KLRC	KLRC (90.9 MHz) is a non-commercial FM radio station licensed to Tahlequah, Oklahoma. It serves sections of Northwest Arkansas, Eastern Oklahoma and Southwest Missouri. KLRC broadcasts a Christian adult contemporary radio format and is owned by John Brown University. It is simulcast on KLAB at 101.1 MHz in Siloam Springs, Arkansas, as well as FM translators 99.1 K256BG in Bentonville, 101.1 K266BS in Van Buren and 103.5 K278BG in Springdale. KLRC and KLAB use periodic on-air fundraisers to seek support from listeners for the running of the stations. KLRC has an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts, the maximum for non-grandfathered FM stations. The transmitter is on North 4670 Road in Dripping Springs, Oklahoma. KLAB is powered at 7,700 watts, using a transmitter on West University Street in Siloam Springs. The studios and offices are on North Broadway in Siloam Springs. History On October 1, 1983, KLRC signed on the air. It was a 115 watt station at 90.3 MHz, serving only the John Brown University (JBU) campus and surrounding community. The station was housed in the "Cathedral of the Ozarks" on the JBU campus and carried Christian radio and classical music programs. Its primary purpose was to serve as a training ground for JBU broadcasting students. In the fall of 1988, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved an increase to 3,100 watts effective radiated power. The FCC also changed the frequency of KLRC from 90.3 to 101.1 MHz. KLRC continued to see steady growth through the early 1990s. The number of listeners increased, and the donations received during each on-air fundraiser grew as well. In January 1996, KLRC began broadcasting 24 hours a day. In 2000, the 60-year-old tower from which KLRC had been broadcasting was brought down as the station began broadcasting from a new tower and transmitter. And, in September of that year, KLRC debuted worldwide with its live internet stream. In 2002, KLRC moved out of the Learning Resource Center and into its own building on the west end of the John Brown University campus, giving the station more room to expand. By July 2005, KLRC was broadcasting 23 hours of locally generated music programming each weekday. The station also added a new "Family Hour" each weeknight, comprising two family-oriented talk shows. The studios were moved again in the summer of 2011, this time to a building located off-campus in downtown Siloam Springs. The station went from one full-time employee in 1996 to ten full-time and several part-time staff as of 2019. In February 2013, KLRC launched a new 100,000 watt signal on 90.9 MHz. The tower is located in Dripping Springs, Oklahoma, and the station is licensed to Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The station in Siloam Springs on the 101.1 FM frequency changed its call sign to KLAB. The two stations simulcast the same programming, with additional FM translators added in three communities in Northeast Arkansas. On-air staff Mark Michaels and Christy are the station's morning hosts. Ansen Bayer and Kara Culver are heard in the afternoon. Robert Forbes is the midday host, and Penny is heard in the evening. Several part-time staff and John Brown University broadcasting students fill the remaining on-air roles. Awards KLRC has been named the Christian Music Broadcasters (CMB) "Small Market Radio Station of the Year" six times: in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, and 2016. The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) named KLRC the Marconi Award winner for Religious Station of the Year in 2013. References External links 90.9 KLRC Official Website LRC Radio stations established in 1983 1983 establishments in Arkansas John Brown University LRC
21743594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20MacDonald	Arthur MacDonald	General Sir Arthur Leslie MacDonald, (30 January 1919 – 20 January 1995) was a senior officer in the Australian Army, who served in the positions of Chief of the General Staff from 1975 to 1977, then Chief of the Defence Force Staff from 1977 to 1979; the professional head of the Australian Army and Australian Defence Force respectively. Military career MacDonald was born in Rockhampton, Queensland, on 30 January 1919. Entering the Royal Military College, Duntroon, he graduated as a lieutenant in 1939, and was posted to the 2/15th Battalion the following year for active service during the Second World War. MacDonald remained with the unit until the end of the war, which included seeing action at El Alamein during the North African Campaign, and New Guinea in the South West Pacific theatre. In the 1953 New Year Honours, MacDonald was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his service with the Australian Staff Corps. On 14 March 1953, MacDonald was posted to Korea and assumed command of the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. During his command of the unit, MacDonald was Mentioned in Despatches for his "personal example and professional ability". He returned to Australia during February 1954, and was posted as Director of Military Operations. In 1965, MacDonald was posted as Commander Papua New Guinea Command. He returned to Australia the following year, and was posted as Deputy Chief of the General Staff and later as Adjutant General to the Australian Army. On 26 January 1968, MacDonald arrived in Vietnam and assumed command of the army component of the Australian forces in the country. He served in this position until February 1969, at which time he was re-posted as Adjutant General. For his services in Vietnam, MacDonald was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, an Officer of the National Order of Vietnam and awarded the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry with Palm. In 1975, MacDonald was promoted to lieutenant general and assumed the position of Chief of the General Staff; the professional head of the Australian Army. Two years later, he was promoted to general and appointed Chief of the Defence Force Staff (CDFS) on 21 April 1977 in succession to General Sir Frank Hassett. In the 1978 New Years Honours, MacDonald was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Later life MacDonald retired from the Australian Army on 20 April 1979 and was succeeded as CDFS by Admiral Sir Anthony Synnot. In retirement, he served as Colonel Commandant of the Royal Australian Regiment from 1981 to 1985 and was part of the Defence Review Committee in 1981 to 1982. Aged 75, MacDonald died on 20 January 1995. A military funeral was held in St. John's Cathedral, Brisbane, on 2 February. He is remembered as one who "possessed a fierce temper and an often irascible nature, which, combined with considerable intelligence and a capacity for hard work, made him a sometimes difficult superior." Notes References 1919 births 1995 deaths Australian generals Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Australian military personnel of the Korean War Australian military personnel of the Malayan Emergency Australian military personnel of the Vietnam War Australian Army personnel of World War II Military personnel from Queensland Chiefs of Defence Force Staff (Australia) Companions of the Order of the Bath People from Rockhampton Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam) Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
60094044	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasby	Clasby	Clasby is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Bob Clasby (born 1960), American American football player John Clasby (1891–1932), Australian politician See also Cleasby (surname)
22706773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souquet	Souquet	Souquet may refer to: Arnaud Souquet (born 1992), a French football player Ralf Souquet (born 1968), a German professional pool player
23224139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassavola%20flagellaris	Brassavola flagellaris	Brassavola flagellaris is a species of epiphytic orchid of the Cattleya alliance. It grows wild in eastern Brazil (from Minas Gerais to Paraná), where it fills the evening air with the citrus-like fragrance of its blossoms. Etymology The specific epithet, flagellaris, refers to the elongated (whip-like) leaves. In Brazil, the common name is , meaning "whip". Description Brassavola flagellaris is a sympodial epiphyte (sometimes a lithophyte) with terete pseudobulbs, 6–30 cm long, each carrying a single elongated succulent leaf. The erect or pendulous inflorescence carries one to several flowers bearing long and narrow light-green sepals which closely resemble the lateral petals. The broad white lip closely encircles most of the light yellow-green column. Members of this species grow readily under cultivation and are resistant to drought. They can be placed on slabs to allow their roots sufficient aeration. References External links flagellaris Epiphytic orchids Endemic orchids of Brazil Plants described in 1882
11457715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebec%20Journal	Kennebec Journal	The Kennebec Journal is a six-day morning daily newspaper published in Augusta, Maine. Colloquially called KJ, it covers Augusta and the surrounding capital area and southern Kennebec County. In August 2023, the newspaper was acquired by the Maine Trust for Local News, a non-profit newspaper group that also publishes the state's largest newspaper, the Portland Press Herald. History The Kennebec Journal began publishing as a weekly newspaper in 1825, five years after Maine had become a state. James G. Blaine bought half of the newspaper in 1854 and became its editor. Blaine later served as United States Senator from Maine from 1876 to 1881, United States Secretary of State in 1881 and from 1889 to 1892. He was also the Republican Party's nominee for president during the 1884 election. In November 1922, Charles F. Flint, general manager of The Kennebec Journal, and his three sons, Roy, Charles, and Leigh, purchased stock control of the newspaper. For much of the 20th century, the Journal (along with its sister papers the Press Herald and Morning Sentinel) was part of Guy Gannett Communications, a family-owned media company based in Maine. In 1998, Guy Gannett's newspapers were sold to Blethen Maine Newspapers, a subsidiary of The Seattle Times Company. The group was sold to MaineToday Media in 2009. MaineToday Media sold the newspapers to Masthead Maine in 2015, which in turn sold them in 2023 to the National Trust for Local News, a non-profit organization who operates the papers under its subsidiary, the Maine Trust for Local News. Prices The price of each for the Saturday/Sunday “Weekend Edition” issue of The Kennebec Journal is $1.50, while the daily issues cost $1.00 each. References External links centralmaine.com, Kennebec Journal and Morning Sentinel (sister paper) official website The Seattle Times Company official website Kennebec Journal front pages on Newseum Companies based in Augusta, Maine Newspapers published in Maine Publications established in 1825 1825 establishments in Maine 2023 mergers and acquisitions
55688004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20G%C3%B3mez	Karen Gómez	Karen Gómez Espinoza (born 10 June 1993) is a former Mexican professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Querétaro in the Liga MX Femenil. She has represented Mexico on the under-17 and under-20 national teams. Early life and education Gómez attended Universidad Panamerica where she played on the soccer team and majored in industrial engineering. Playing career Guadalajara, 2017–18 Gómez started the inaugural season of the Liga MX Femenil as Guadalajara's starting goalkeeper, but suffered an injury to her arm in August and lost her starting spot. She returned to the squad in February 2018. Cruz Azul, 2018–19 In December 2018, Gómez signed with Cruz Azul. Honors Club Guadalajara Liga MX Femenil: Apertura 2017 References External links Karen Gómez at C.D. Guadalajara Femenil (archived) 1993 births Living people Mexican women's footballers Footballers from Jalisco Liga MX Femenil players C.D. Guadalajara (women) footballers Cruz Azul (women) footballers Querétaro F.C. (women) footballers Women's association football goalkeepers 21st-century Mexican women 21st-century Mexican people
1989118	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averchenko	Averchenko	Averchenko is a gender-neutral Slavic surname. Notable people with the surname include: Arkady Averchenko (1881–1925), Russian playwright and satirist Evgeniy Averchenko (born 1982), Kazakh footballer Slavic-language surnames
69999780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor%20Lodge%2C%20Plympton	Tudor Lodge, Plympton	Tudor Lodge is a Grade II* listed building in Plympton, Devon, England. Standing at 63 Fore Street, Plympton's main street, it dates to the late 17th century. A former merchant's house, it is timber-framed and boarded to the second tier, with rendered rubble to the ground floor. The 18th-century pilastered doorcase has moulded entablatures either side of it. A wide carriage-entrance passage on the right displays part of the cellar in its wall. The building was evaluated by Time Team during their visit to Plympton in 1999. Its basement walls were found to be pre-17th century due to the fact that a chamfered beam at head height in the basement was believed to have formerly sat on top of a wall (the others around it still being in place today), taking the line of the roof upwards. References Grade II* listed buildings in Devon Buildings and structures in Plympton, Devon 17th-century establishments in England
29387917	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctia%20lapponica	Arctia lapponica	Arctia lapponica is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Carl Peter Thunberg in 1791. It is found in northern Eurasia and the Arctic part of North America. The wingspan is 37–45 mm. The larvae feed on Betula nana, Vaccinium uliginosum and Rubus chamaemorus. This species was formerly a member of the genus Pararctia, but was moved to Arctia along with the other species of the genera Acerbia, Pararctia, Parasemia, Platarctia, and Platyprepia. Subspecies Arctia lapponica lapponica (Polar Eurasia) Arctia lapponica lemniscata (Stichel, 1911) (mountains of eastern Yakutia) Arctia lapponica hyperborea (Curtis, 1835) Arctia lapponica gibsoni (Bang-Haas, 1927) References External links "Nordlig bjørnespinner". Norwegian Lepidoptera. Naturhistorisk museum. Archived March 29, 2012. Arctiina Moths of North America Moths of Europe Insects of the Arctic Moths described in 1791
58468343	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Always%20Wanna%20Die%20%28Sometimes%29	I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)	"I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" is a song by English band the 1975 from their third studio album, A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships (2018). The song was written by band members Matty Healy, George Daniel, Adam Hann and Ross MacDonald. Daniel and Healy handled the production alongside Jonathan Gilmore. Healy began the songwriting process at his home using an acoustic guitar, while the production was built around the song's opening guitar riff. Inspired to create a cinematic, gritty version of Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing", the band worked with David Campbell, who conducts the string arrangements. "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" is an experimental Britpop power ballad with an electronic sound. The production comprises melancholic acoustic guitar strums, a cascading piano, shuffling drums, cinematic strings and elements of 1980s and 1990s adult contemporary rock. Lyrically, the song explores Healy's struggle with suicidal thoughts and details the desire for a different life and a return to the past. Thematically, the song reflects upon depression, isolation and loneliness. Upon release, "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics. Reviewers praised the production, lyrics and its placement on the album's tracklist, drawing numerous comparisons between the song and Oasis' "Champagne Supernova". It peaked at number 70 on the UK Singles Chart, number 16 in New Zealand, number 67 in Ireland and number 31 on the US Billboard Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart. Background and development The 1975 released their second studio album I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It in February 2016 to critical and commercial success. Domestically, it topped the UK Albums Chart and the Scottish Albums Chart. In the United States, the album peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200, Top Alternative Albums and Top Rock Albums charts. The album received positive reviews and is considered by various publications as one of the best albums of 2016. In April 2017, the band announced their third studio album would be titled Music For Cars, set for release in 2018. In April 2018, posters promoting Music For Cars began emerging around London and Manchester. However, in May, Healy announced that Music For Cars would now represent an "era" composed of two studio albums. The first, A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships (2018), was released in November of the same year and includes "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)". In an interview with Genius, Healy said that unlike most of the 1975's songs–which have "a lot more stylistic bigger kind of [songwriting] process"–he created "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" at his home using an acoustic guitar. Regarding the song's conception, the singer called it "quite a humble thing". The production began after they developed the opening guitar riff, which Healy said was instantly recognised by the band as something "really good", and based the instrumentation around it. While the song originally had a more traditional Britpop sound, he wanted to incorporate his love of "big American rock music"–specifically from the late-1990s and early-2000s–into the composition. Looking to emulate production elements from the two eras, Healy decided to add a large string arrangement to give the song an uplifting and cinematic quality. Healy contacted David Campbell, his roommate's father and the track's conductor, and asked him to compose the string arrangements. Speaking to Sam Sodomsky of Pitchfork, the singer said he strove to develop "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" as a midway point between the darkness of both the Verve's "Bitter Sweet Symphony" (1997) and the music of Oasis, while retaining the lyrics and vocals characteristic of Manchester. Ultimately, he was inspired to create a gritty, cinematic version of Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" (1998). Music and lyrics Musically, "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" is an experimental Britpop power ballad that runs for a length of five minutes and 15 seconds (5:15). According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Music Publishing, "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" is set in the time signature of common time with a slow tempo of 74 beats per minute. The track is composed in the key of E major, with Healy's vocals ranging between the notes of B2 and A4. It follows a chord progression of E5–Emaj(no3)–E6(no3)–E5. The production of "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" contains a heavy electronic sound, composed of keyboards, cellos, violas, violins, synths, melancholic acoustic guitar strums, a cascading piano, shuffling drums, crashing drum fills and waves of canned, cinematic strings. It continuously builds, ending with a key change that signals a "blissful" transition to a minute-long "restless dream" of cellos and strings. The title mixes irony and honesty, meant to represent someone whose suicidal thoughts often come and go. Lyrically, "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" details Healy's struggles with suicidal thoughts and offers honest reasons why suicide is not the answer. The song's narrative describes living through the mundane, longing for the past and wanting a different life. It eschews the singer's preceding sarcasm and reflects upon themes of depression, isolation and loneliness. "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" begins with Healy singing: "I bet you thought your life would change / But you're sat on a train again". In the verses, the singer ruminates on his mortality and struggles with the difficulty that his death would have on others: "But your death it won't happen to you / It happens to your family and your friends". Later, he asks listeners to live by their own rules and be present in their joy. Healy's vocals are delivered in a gentle, whispered tone but shift to a strong falsetto in the chorus–which incorporates backing strings and elements from 1980s and 1990s adult contemporary rock–as the singer repeats the titular phrase. In the second verse, he sings in an inspired tone and reflects upon defiance in facing adversity, singing: "You win, you lose, you sing the blues / There's no point in buying concrete shoes, I refuse". As the song reaches its conclusion, Healy delivers one final plea in the middle-eight: "If you can't survive, just try". Eve Barlow of GQ wrote that "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" is reminiscent of Oasis' "Champagne Supernova" (1996), saying the song embodies the "moment we combust from indulgence, excessive stimuli, even anxiety". Kelsey Sullivan of Soundigest also drew similarities to the works of Oasis and wrote that the acoustic guitar and strings serve to highlight the fragility of the song's lyrics, comparing the latter instrument to the Verve's "Bitter Sweet Symphony", while saying it "would be easy to imagine this song used in a movie when a character is going through a difficult situation". Andrew Unterberger of Billboard said the song is evocative of a VH1 morning video block and the year 1998, calling it "the sound of Ethan Embry driving around while moping about his unrequited love for Jennifer Love Hewitt". He noted that unlike the 1975's "Give Yourself a Try" (2018), which contains searing guitars and a "choose-life" chorus, "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" indulges the listener's depression while ultimately encouraging them to persevere and "fight [their] way back out". Cory McConnell of The Ringer said the song embraces "titanic [1990s] Britpop", comparing it to a mix between Radiohead's The Bends (1995) and Sigur Rós' music. Will Richards of DIY deemed "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" a cacophonous, widescreen outcry, while Consequence of Sound writer David Sackllah compared the song to Oasis, calling it a "go-for-broke anthem" about suicidal thoughts. Reception Upon release, "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" was met with generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics and was heavily compared to Oasis' "Champagne Supernova". Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph called the former a "dreamily epic" song. Ross Horton of musicOMH said "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" is "so huge and atmospheric that it might have been made by Sigur Rós on a rainy day". Dan Stubbs of NME called the song "massive" and praised its personal and intense qualities, saying they "might just leave you in tears". Sackllah wrote that "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" is "revealing, tragic and optimistic all at once". While deeming the track one of the album's three essential songs, he declared it a career highlight for the 1975 that reveals their true potential. Conrad Duncan of Under the Radar called the song a "festival-ready" anthem that "unbelievably justifies its ridiculous title". Unterberger called "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" one of the most interesting and special songs on A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships. He praised the band for exploring a period of gentle sorrow and subtle crisis, noting it would introduce new listeners to 1990s rock music while reflecting "what so many of their fans still feel like on a daily basis". Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork deemed the track "the most life-affirming 1975 song to date", saying its "fist-pump theatrics" are reminiscent of Oasis. Tom Connick of NME said the couplet "But your death it won't happen to you / It happens to your family and your friends" is perhaps the most important line of 1975's career and said "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" deserves to be heard by anyone struggling themselves. The publication also declared the track the sixth-best song of the band's career, with TC saying it showcases their grandeur and ambition. He praised Healy's honest reflection in the lyrics, and deemed the song a masterpiece and lost classic comparable to Radiohead's The Bends and the Verve's Urban Hymns (1997). Micah Peters of The Ringer said "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" is an "extremely relatable death wish". Barlow called the song a "tear jerker", saying: "You can't listen to it without envisioning him doing it during headline festival slots. This is the encore." Sputnikmusic staff writer SowingSeason praised the sincerity and romance of "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)". Joe Goggins of Drowned in Sound praised the song's placement on A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships and its handling of mental health issues in the lyrics, saying Healy delivers an "admirably forthright reflection on depression". Sullivan praised the placement of "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" on the album and deemed it an emotional and honest masterpiece, calling the song soft, bleak, melodic and honest. Elaborating further, she said: "It is a beautiful, sad, and almost ominous way to end the album while capturing its essence." McConnell called the song a "jaw-dropping conclusion to an already bombastic album". He noted that while it is not as "sonically far removed" from I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It compared to the 1975's "I Like America & America Likes Me" (2018) and "TooTimeTooTimeTooTime" (2018), the song's use of Britpop feels unexpected. Isaac Feldberg of The Boston Globe called "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" a fitting end to the album, praising Healy's "gently devastating vocals". Claire Biddles of The Line of Best Fit said the song ends the album on a self-conscious, euphoric note. She commented that it functions as both a natural end-point and a high-concept track made for encores, calling the song a "final Britpop goodbye in the world's dying embers, because we all want to go out to the sound of something familiar". Libby Cudmore of Paste gave "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" a mixed review, calling the song a "slow bummer". While she praised it for mostly managing to achieve a balance that the majority of I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It strives for and misses, she criticised the overproduced sound for creating a barrier between the listener and the singer. Chris Conaton of PopMatters felt the song is non-specific but praised Healy's falsetto and the string section's forward motion. Pryor Stroud of Slant Magazine gave "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" a negative review, calling it the equivalent of a half-finished sketch, "without a memorable melody in sight". Commercially, "I Always Wanna Die (Sometimes)" performed modestly on international music charts. In the 1975's native United Kingdom, the song peaked at number 70 on the UK Singles Chart. Internationally, it reached number 67 in Ireland, number 16 in New Zealand and number 31 on the US Billboard Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart. Credits and personnel Credits adapted from A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships album liner notes. Matthew Healy composer, producer, acoustic guitar, guitar, vocals, background vocals George Daniel composer, producer, drums, keyboards, synthesizer Adam Hann composer, guitar Ross MacDonald composer, bass guitar Jonathan Gilmore producer, recording engineer David Campbell conductor, string arranger, piano Derek Stein cello Rudolph Stein cello Luke Maurer viola Thomas Lea viola Mario de Leon violin Michele Richards violin Nina Evtuhov violin Sara Parkins violin Songa Lee violin Travis Warner recording engineer Robin Schmidt mastering engineer Luke Gibbs assistant recording engineer Nick Rives assistant recording engineer Mike Crossey mixer Charts See also The 1975 discography List of songs by Matty Healy References External links 2018 songs The 1975 songs Britpop songs 2010s ballads Rock ballads Songs about depression Songs about suicide Songs by Matty Healy
1821478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29	Sherwood (UK Parliament constituency)	Sherwood is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Mark Spencer, a Conservative. The constituency takes its name from the Sherwood Forest which is in the area. Under the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the constituency will only be subject to minor boundary changes, but is to be renamed Sherwood Forest - to be first contested at the next general election. Boundaries 1983–1997: The District of Newark wards of Bilsthorpe, Blidworth, Boughton, Clipstone, Dover Beck, Edwinstowe, Farnsfield, Fishpool, Lowdham, Ollerton North, Ollerton South, Rainworth, and Rufford, the District of Ashfield wards of Hucknall Central, Hucknall East, Hucknall North, and Hucknall West, and the Borough of Gedling wards of Bestwood St Albans (Bestwood Village only), Calverton, Lambley, Newstead, and Woodborough. 1997–2010: The District of Newark and Sherwood wards of Bilsthorpe, Blidworth, Boughton, Clipstone, Dover Beck, Edwinstowe, Farnsfield, Lowdham, Ollerton North, Ollerton South, Rainworth, and Rufford, the District of Ashfield wards of Hucknall Central, Hucknall East, Hucknall North, and Hucknall West, and the Borough of Gedling wards of Bestwood Park, Calverton, Lambley, Newstead, Ravenshead, and Woodborough. 2010–present: The District of Newark and Sherwood wards of Bilsthorpe, Blidworth, Boughton, Clipstone, Edwinstowe, Farnsfield, Ollerton, and Rainworth, the District of Ashfield wards of Hucknall Central, Hucknall East, Hucknall North, and Hucknall West, and the Borough of Gedling wards of Bestwood Village, Calverton, Lambley, Newstead, Ravenshead, and Woodborough. The constituency is in central Nottinghamshire, covering parts of three local government authorities: the Ashfield district, parts of the Gedling borough, and the western part of the Newark and Sherwood district, the largest geographical area of the seat. Constituency profile The seat name refers to the Sherwood Forest, world famous for its association with the legend of Robin Hood. The seat is an area of contrasts such as Ravenshead, home to some of Nottinghamshire's most affluent residents, numerous smaller rural villages, one mining village and many ex-mining villages, and the town of Hucknall, the largest in the constituency, now a commuter town, but one which remains involved with mining. Thoresby, Edwinstowe once contained a large operational coal mine underground. It does not contain the Nottingham City ward of Sherwood, which is further south, within the Nottingham East constituency. In statistics The constituency consists of Census Output Areas of three local government districts with similar characteristics: a working population whose income is close to the national average, and lower than average reliance upon social housing. At the end of 2012, the unemployment rate in the constituency stood as 3.5% of the population claiming jobseekers allowance, compared to an identical regional average which was below the national average. Taking the part of Newark and Sherwood that contributes to the seat: a slightly below average 18.6% of its population are without a car, a medium 25.1% of the population are without qualifications and a high 24.2% have level 4 qualifications or above (2011). In terms of tenure, 70.2% of homes are owned outright or on a mortgage by occupants as at the 2011 census across that district. History On the constituency's creation in 1983, Andy Stewart gained the seat for the Conservatives in their landslide victory that year with a small majority of 658. The Nottinghamshire miners drifted further from Labour during the 1984 strike and Stewart was re-elected with an increased majority in 1987. However, in 1992 the seat was gained for Labour by Paddy Tipping, who held it until he retired in 2010, when the seat was regained for the Conservatives by Mark Spencer, by a majority of 214. In 2015, Spencer's lead over the second placed candidate increased to 4,647 votes. This further increased in 2017 and another big swing to the Conservatives in 2019 saw Spencer's majority increase to 16,186, the first time a Conservative had a five-figure majority in the seat. Members of Parliament Elections Elections in the 2010s Elections in the 2000s Elections in the 1990s Elections in the 1980s See also List of parliamentary constituencies in Nottinghamshire Notes References Parliamentary constituencies in Nottinghamshire Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1983 Sherwood Forest
45041251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarrhactes	Catarrhactes	Catarrhactes () meaning "waterfalls" may refer to: Düden River Maeander River
61936529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilyutay%2C%20Selenginsky%20District%2C%20Republic%20of%20Buryatia	Bilyutay, Selenginsky District, Republic of Buryatia	Bilyutay (; , Büliuute) is a rural locality (a selo) in Selenginsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 212 as of 2010. There are 11 streets. Geography Bilyutay is located 96 km southeast of Gusinoozyorsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Podlopatki and Verkhny Mangirtuy are the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Selenginsky District
15293057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esper%20Ukhtomsky	Esper Ukhtomsky	Prince Esper Esperovich Ukhtomsky, Эспер Эсперович Ухтомский ( – 26 November 1921) was a poet, publisher and Oriental enthusiast in late Tsarist Russia. He was a close confidant of Tsar Nicholas II and accompanied him whilst he was Tsesarevich on his Grand tour to the East. He was the first significant outside collector of Tibetan art, whose collection is now in museums in St. Petersburg. Family Ukhtomsky was born in 1861 near the Imperial summer retreat at Oranienbaum. His family traced their lineage to the Rurik dynasty, and had been moderately prominent boyars (nobility) in the Muscovite period. The Ukhtomsky family claimed to be direct descendents of Rurik the Viking, the semi-legendary founder of Russia. His father, Esper Alekseevich Ukhtomsky had been an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy during the Crimean War, and had served during the siege of Sevastopol. He went on to establish a commercial steamship company with routes from Saint Petersburg to India and China. After the death of his first wife in 1870 when Uktomksy was only 9 years old, he married 1874 Karin Etholène, the daughter of Adolf Arvid Etholén, who was the Russian governor of Alaska. He died 1885 in Montreux, Switzerland. His mother, Yevgeniya (Dzhenni) Alekseevna Greig, was descended from the Greigs, a long line of admirals of Scottish origin, notably Samuel and Alexey Greig. One of Esper's relations, Pavel Petrovich Ukhtomsky, served as a vice-admiral of the Pacific Squadron in the Russo-Japanese War. Early life Esper was privately educated by tutors during his early years, and travelled to Europe on numerous occasions with his parents. As a teenager, he was notably Slavophile in his politics and he published his first poem in the Slavophile journal Rus edited by Ivan Aksakov. Over the years, his poetry was published in such journals as Vestnik Evropy, Russkaia mysl’, Niva, Sever and Grazhdanin. He received his secondary education at a Gymnasium and went on to read philosophy and literature at the University of Saint Petersburg. He graduated in 1884, winning a silver medal for his master's thesis 'A Historical and Critical Survey of the Study of Free Will.' It was during this period that he began to dabble in poetry, which was published in a number of Russian periodicals. A romantic, mystical figure with a deep interest in the occult and a strong sense of aristocratic aestheticism, Ukhtomsky became interested in the subject of Asia as an young man, becoming convinced that Russia's destiny lay in the East. Ukhtomsky combined his interests in the occult, aestheticism and Asia with a very firm ultra-conservatism that was implacably opposed to any changes that might threaten the absolute monarchy presided over by the House of Romanov. He got a job in the Interior Ministry's Department of Foreign Creeds, and travelled to Eastern Siberia to report on the Buryats. He then went on to travel as far as Mongolia and China, reporting on frictions between Russian Orthodoxy and Buddhism. Ukhtomsky became fascinated with Buddhism, declaring in a report his admiration for "the humane creed of Gautama [Lord Buddha], second only to Christianity". During his time in Buriatia, Ukhtomsky visited 20 Buddhist monasteries which all recognized the authority of the Bogd Khan in Urga (modern Ulan Bator, Mongolia) and ultimately the authority of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa, Tibet. To resolve the dispute, Uktomsky went on to visit the Bogd Khan in Urga and from there he went on to Beijing to meet senior Buddhist clerics. Asianist He also took note of the effects of Alexander III's policies of Russification. Historically, Russianiness as defined by the Russian state was not in terms of language or ethnicity, but rather in terms of loyalty to the House of Romanov with those loyal to the Romanov family being Russian. Thus, the Russian state had been very tolerant of Buddhism with the Empress Elizabeth extending state support for the Buddhist clergy of the Kalmyks and the Buryats in 1741 in exchange for their loyalty. During the reign of the Emperor Alexander III Russianness started to be redefined in terms of the Russian language and culture together with the Orthodox faith, which stained the loyalty of previously loyal peoples such as the Kalmyks and the Buryats. Ukhtomsky would later write reports criticising the overzealousness of the local Orthodox clergy in attempting to win converts, and expressed tolerant views regarding Russia's non-Orthodox faiths. Ukhtomsky had mystical notions about Buddhism, which he combined with his belief in the myth of the "White Tsar", which led him to the original definition of Russianness that saw those as loyal to the Russian state as Russian, regardless of what their language or religion was. In one of his reports, Ukhtomsky argued that Buddhist peoples such as the Buryats and the Kalmyks "instinctively" had "an inner link with the people of far-away North". Ukhtomsky criticised the policy of Russification and argued for the loyalty of the Buddhist clergy towards the Russian empire, blaming all of the difficulties in Buddhist-Orthodox relations on the Orthodox Archbishop of Irkutsk, Veniamin. Ukhtomsky had a very strong state-centric version of Russian nationalism that saw the loyalty to the monarchy as the epitome of Russianness, and his vision of a tolerant Russian empire was intended to strengthen the empire, not weaken it as his reactionary critics contended. Ukhtomsky's Asianist ideology was grounded in a type of romantic conservatism common among the Russian upper classes at the time. As one historian noted: "In an age when Tsarist prerogatives were perennially under siege by calls for European style reforms such as parliaments and constitutions the Asianist ideology provided an attractive argument for maintaining the autocratic status quo". Uktomsky sincerely believed that in Asia the Russian Emperor would finally find subjects worthy of him unlike much of the Russian intelligentsia, peasantry and working class who were forever challenging the status quo. Ukhtomsky believed in the notion originating in Russian folklore of the "White Tsar" as the natural ruler of Asia who would unite the East against the West. Rising fame and the Grand Tour Ukhtomsky's activities attracted the attention of the Oriental establishment active in Saint Petersburg, and he was elected to the Imperial Geographical Society and began to advise the Foreign Ministry on East Asian matters. The Emperor Alexander III selected him to be one of his tutors to the Tsararevich Nicholas. Ukhtomsky came to be the leader of a faction known as the vostochniki ("Easterners") who promoted the ideology of Eurasianism, arguing that Russia had a special bond with Asia. In common with other vostochniki, Ukhtomsky argued that the military conquest of Asia was unnecessary as he believed that common cultural values already linked Asia to Russia. Ukhtomsky wrote: "Asia, strictly speaking in the full sense, was Russia itself". His expertise in Eastern matters and his high social standing led to him being selected to accompany the Tsesarevich Nicholas on his Grand tour to the East. Nicholas took a liking to Esper Ukhtomsky, writing to his sister that "the little Ukhtomskii...is such a jolly fellow". Instead of visiting Europe on his "Grand Tour", Nicholas advised by Ukhtomsky decided to take his "Grand Tour" mostly in Asia. The "Grand Tour" of 1890-1891 began in Vienna, going on to Trieste, the principle port of the Austrian Empire. From Trieste the Imperial party sailed to Greece and from there they travelled to Egypt. From Egypt, they travelled via the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean to India, Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), Singapore, French Indochina (modern Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos), China, and Japan. From Japan, they sailed to the port city of Vladivostok, the "star of the East", where in March 1891 Nicholas formally opened the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad to link Moscow to Vladivostok. From Vladivostok they travelled across Siberia to finally return to St. Petersburg. After returning to Russia in 1891, Ukhtomsky was appointed to the role of court chamberlain, and served on the Siberian Railway Committee. He also began work on his account of the grand tour, entitled Travels in the East of Nicholas II. The book was written in close consultation with Nicholas II, who personally approved each chapter. It took six years to complete, and was published in three volumes between 1893 and 1897 by Brockhaus, in Leipzig. Despite being expensive at 35 roubles, it still ran to four editions. Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna bought several thousand copies for various government ministries and departments, and a cheaper edition was subsequently printed. The work was translated into English, French, German and Chinese, with a copy being presented to the Chinese Emperor and Empress in 1899 by the Russian envoy. Ukhtomsky became a close confidant and adviser to the Tsar on matters of Eastern policy and was made editor of the Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti (Saint Petersburg Gazette) in 1895. He used the paper to promote and emphasise the importance of Russian expansionism in the East as a basis of Russian foreign policy, an approach which sometimes drew fire from right-wing colleagues, and those advocating Westernisation. Ukhtomsky turned the Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti, previously a liberal newspaper, into a conservative paper that glorified autocracy, which alienated many readers. Under his editorship, the Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti took a markedly anti-Western line as he warned in one editorial that to "follow slavishly the scientific road of the West [which will only lead] to catastrophes of a revolutionary nature." At the same time, his advocacy of his pan-Asian ideas and his defense of the empire's minorities against the policy of Russification won him many critics on the right. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, the reactionary chief procurator of the Holy Synod, censured the Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti several times for its criticism of the Russification policy that he favored and for the editorials Ukhtomsky wrote in defense of the Jews and the Poles. He continued to converse with Nicholas and used his position to advocate Russian intervention in East Asia, but by 1900 Ukhtomsky's influence was waning. In 1893, Ukhtomsky introduced the court in St. Petersburg to Petr Alexanderovich Badmayev, who despite his Russian name was a Buryat. Badmaev was considered in St. Petersburg to be one of the leading Asian experts, but the Finance Minister Count Sergei Witte who initially consulted him came to distrust him, regarding Badmaev as a schemer who was forever seeking the support of the Russian state for his business interests in Asia. By 1895, Badmaev had opened the trading post of Badmaev & Co in Chita with the support of the Russian state, but Ukhtomsky had by this point disallowed him, complaining that Badmaev was more interested in enriching himself than anything else. The War Minister, Marshal Aleksei Kuropatkin wrote in his diary: "I think that one of the most dangerous features of the sovereign is his love of mysterious countries and individuals such as the Buriat Badmaev and Prince Ukhtomsky. They inspire in him fantasies of the greatness of the Russian tsar as the master of Asia. The Emperor covets Tibet and similar places. All this is very disquieting and I shiver at the thought of the damage this would cause to Russia". Ukhtomsky believed that a policy of economic penetration was sufficient to bring the Chinese empire into the Russian sphere of influence and he besides for the Trans-Siberian Railroad, Ukhtomsky sponsored the Chinese Eastern Railroad that linked Manchuria to the Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Russo-Chinese bank. In his writings, Ukhtomsky frequently criticised European imperialism in Asia, writing of his disgust with Western "mercantile" colonialism and the "insidious" promotion of Christianity by Western missionaries which he saw as damaging Asia's spiritual heritage. By contrast, he felt that Russia had a natural "inherent" unity with Asia based on common cultural and historical traditions. Ukhtomsky had ambiguous views about race, most notably putting the inverted commas around the phrases "white race" and "yellow race", which was his way of suggesting that the categories were constructs as opposed to reflecting reality. Ukhtomsky argued that Russia and India had a common racial heritage, arguing that the Russians and the Indians were both the products of a fusion between the Aryan and Turan races, but in his writings on China and Japan, he argued for common spiritual and historical heritage, but never a racial one. As it became apparent after 1895 that Russia and Japan were locked into rivalry over spheres of influence in Manchuria and Korea, his writings on Japan became more hostile as he wrote about a "yellow Asia" that stretched from Japan to Vietnam, and he called the Japanese a "foreign race". The Russian historian Alexander Bukh wrote about Ukhtomsky having "...an almost mystical conception of the Russian monarchy as being revered and respected by all the peoples of Asia". Bukh noted when Ukhtomsky argued for the "sameness" of Russia and China, it was always in juxtaposition to the West. On one hand, Uktomsky argued that it was a common sense of "Asianness" that brought Russia and China together in opposition to the West, but at the same time he argued that "Aryan Russia" was the senior partner to its junior partner "yellow China". China and the Trans-Siberian Railway As chairman of the Russo-Chinese Bank, Ukhtomsky was involved in negotiations with the Chinese regarding the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and escorted Chinese statesman Li Hongzhang for negotiations in St Petersburg in 1896. The Russians were keen to secure a route through Manchuria. Ukhtomsky travelled to the Chinese court in 1897 and presented gifts to the emperor, as well as large bribes to officials; he later became the chairman of the Chinese Eastern Railway. When the Boxer Rebellion broke out in 1900, it stoked fears of the "Yellow Peril" throughout the world, but Ukhtomsky used the occasion to repeat in a memo to the Emperor Nicholas II his long held beliefs about Asia, arguing that the Boxer Rebellion was fundamentally directed against the Western powers, and that Russia's relationship with China was different in his view. Ukhtomsky concluded: "There are in essence no borders for us in Asia, and there cannot be any, other than the immeasurable blue sea freely lapping at her shores, as unbridled as the spirit of the Russian people". Ukhtomsky was dispatched to Beijing to offer Russian support against the Western powers who might seek to take advantage of the situation and push into China. By the time he arrived in Shanghai, he was too late. The Western powers had lifted the Siege of Peking a month earlier and had occupied the city. Despite offering to represent the Chinese to the occupying armies he was recalled to Saint Petersburg. Decline and legacy Following the dismissal of his patron, Sergei Witte from the government, from 1903 Ukhtomsky found himself increasingly isolated. He continued to editorialise about the East for a few more years, taking an especially assertive viewpoint that the Russia should continue the war against Japan until it achieved complete victory. Although he remained active within Saint Petersburg's orientalist community, he mainly concerned himself with editing his paper, which he did until the fall of the Romanov dynasty in 1917. He would remain an important social figure far beyond Eastern affairs and his editor's duties, becoming a household name in the house of Leo Tolstoy, and through him establishing ties with Doukhobor leader Peter Vasilevich Verigin. He would publish the works of his University teacher Vladimir Solovyov, and after the latter's death, became one of key figures of Solovyov Society that would among other issues discuss the necessity of equal rights for repressed Jews, Armenians, and Spiritual Christians, especially the Doukhobors. He survived the revolution, and having lost his son in the First World War had to support himself and his three grandchildren by working in a number of Saint Petersburg's museums and libraries, as well as by odd translation jobs before dying in 1921. Ukhtomsky is primarily remembered for his account of Nicholas's Grand Tour and for his role in promoting Eastern affairs in Russian society in the later years of the Russian empire, as well as his art collection. Art collection Ukhtomsky was also passionate about Oriental culture and arts. Ukhtomsky was strongly attracted to Asian art on aesthetic grounds, finding the sort of beauty that he craved. He was the standalone figure in Russian establishment to proclaim himself Buddhist. During his journeys he amassed a large collection of Chinese and Tibetan art, that eventually numbered over 2,000 pieces. They were displayed in the Alexander III Museum in Moscow (now the State Historical Museum), and were also exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1900, earning Ukhtomsky a gold medal. In 1902 the collection was given to the Ethnographical Department of the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg. In 1933 it was divided between the Hermitage Museum, who received the largest and best share, and the Museum of the History of Religion, both in what was then Leningrad. The Hermitage's share remains the basis of "one of the world's largest collections of Tibetan art". Unlike most Western museums, whose collections tend to be stronger in objects from southern and western Tibet, the Ukhtomsky collection is strongest in objects from northern and eastern Tibet, making it especially valuable. Family Ukhtomsky married Maria Vasilievna Vasilyeva, the daughter of a peasant. They had one son, Dy Esperovich Ukhtomsky (1886 - 1918), who became a Fellow of the Russian Museum in 1908. Dy Ukhtomsky married Princess Natalia Dimitrieva Tserteleva (1892 - 1942), daughter of philosopher and poet Prince Dimitri Nikolaevich Tsertelev (30 June 1852 - 15 August 1911) and had three children: Dmitri, Alexei (1913 - 1954), and Marianne (1917 - 1924). Dmitri (1912 - 1993) served as a foreign intelligence officer in Iran during World War II and later became a noted photographer and photojournalist. References Books and articles Prince E. Ukhtomskii, Travels in the East of Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia When Cesarewitch 1890–1891, 2 vols., (London, 1896), II. E. Sarkisyanz, Russian Attitudes towards Asia in 'Russian Review', Vol. 13., No. 4 (Oct., 1954), pp. 245–254. D. Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan, (Illinois, 2001) Khamaganova E.A. Princes Esper and Dii Ukhtomsky and Their Contribution to the Study of Buddhist Culture (Tibet, Mongolia and Russia) // Tibet, Past and Present. Tibetan Studies. PIATS. 2000: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Tibetan Studies. Leiden, 2000. Brill, Leiden-Boston-Koln, 2002, pp. 307–326. 1861 births 1921 deaths Russian orientalists Russian publishers (people) Russian Buddhists Russian art collectors Tibetologists
461310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Jochen%20Vogel	Hans-Jochen Vogel	Hans-Jochen Vogel (3 February 192626 July 2020) was a German lawyer and a politician for the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He served as Mayor of Munich from 1960 to 1972, winning the 1972 Summer Olympics for the city and Governing Mayor of West Berlin in 1981, the only German ever to lead two cities with a million+ inhabitants. He was Federal Minister of Regional Planning, Construction and Urban Development from 1972 to 1974, and Federal Minister of Justice from 1974 to 1981. He served as leader of the SPD in the Bundestag from 1983 to 1991, and as Leader of the Social Democratic Party from 1987 to 1991. In 1993, he co-founded the organisation Gegen Vergessen – Für Demokratie (Against Oblivion – For Democracy). He was a member of the National Ethics Council of Germany from its beginning in 2001. Early life and professional career Vogel was born in Göttingen in the Province of Hanover, Germany on 3 February 1926. He attended the in Göttingen, and from 1935 the in Gießen, Hesse where he achieved the Abitur in 1943. He was an active Catholic and joined the Hitler Youth and even became one of its squad leaders (Scharführer). He was not critical of the Nazi regime and later recalled: Vogel volunteered for service in the German Army (Wehrmacht) in July 1943, aged 17, in the latter stages of World War II. Twice wounded at the Italian Front, Vogel was an Unteroffizier at the end of the war, when he was captured by the Americans. On his return from prison camp he worked as a transport worker for a short while, before he was able to study law in Marburg and Munich. He received his doctorate ("magna cum laude") in 1950. His professional career began in February 1952, when he became a junior official (Assessor) in the . At the age of 28 he was a county court judge, and in the following year he was appointed chairman of a commission in the Bavarian Minister-President's office which was to review Bavarian law for a new survey published by the Bavarian state parliament. The Munich City Council made him their legal secretary (Rechtsreferent) in 1958. Political career Mayor in Munich Vogel became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1950. At age 34, he was elected Mayor of Munich on 27 March 1960, with 64.3% of the vote, then the youngest mayor of a city in Europe with more than a million inhabitants. His popularity increased further, partly due to his success in tackling the city's traffic problems, and he was re-elected in 1966 with 77.9%. The fact that Munich was chosen as the venue of the 1972 Summer Olympics, which had additional beneficial effects on town planning and traffic projects, was to a large extent a result of his efforts. When Vogel became the leader of the Bavarian Social Democrats and also a member of the executive of the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1972, he resigned as Mayor of Munich, succeeded by Georg Kronawitter. He described his Munich years in his book Die Amtskette ("The Chain of Office"), which was published in the same year. In the Federal Elections of 19 November 1972, Vogel was the top candidate of the Bavarian SPD; two years later he was the SPD's top candidate in the elections for the Bavarian State Parliament. Whereas he could not prevent a victory of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU), he personally gained the best result for any SPD politician in Bavaria after the Second World War. Minister in Bonn In December 1972, Chancellor Willy Brandt made Vogel Federal Minister of Regional Planning, Construction and Urban Development; Brandt's successor, Helmut Schmidt, made him Minister of Justice in 1974. Mayor in Berlin A new challenge came in 1981 when Dietrich Stobbe stepped down as Mayor of West Berlin, and Vogel was asked to be his successor and take charge of a deeply divided Berlin SPD. He created a unique "Berlin way" (Neue Berliner Linie) of dealing with the problem of "squats" (Hausbesetungen) by granting contracts to the squatters, while preventing any new squats at the same time. Although he managed to successfully deal with his party's difficulties to a large extent, the SPD lost the following West Berlin elections, only a few months after Vogel had taken office. Governing Mayor of West Berlin became Richard von Weizsäcker (CDU), the later President of Germany. During the following year, Vogel led the opposition in the West Berlin parliament. Party leader Vogel became the SPD's top candidate for the federal elections on 6 March 1983, filling in for Helmut Schmidt, who had been toppled as chancellor by the CDU leader, Helmut Kohl. His campaign focused on disarmament and the problems of the labour market (), but Kohl won the elections. After the elections, Vogel was one of Berlin's members of the German parliament, Bundestag. Herbert Wehner, the previous leader of the parliamentary SPD, nominated him as his successor, and Vogel held that office until 1991. Under his leadership the Parliamentary SPD turned against atomic energy after the Chernobyl disaster of 1986. From 1987 to 1991 Vogel was also the leader of the SPD. He was a member of the Bundestag until 1994. "I've never pushed myself into the foreground", he said of himself. Career after political posts After 1994, Vogel withdrew from political posts, but he continued as a member of the organisation Gegen Vergessen – Für Demokratie (Against Oblivion – For Democracy), aimed at spreading basic democratic values, as a contrast to Nazi Germany and East German concept. Vogel was one of its founders in 1993, and its first chairman. He served as chairman until 2000. From the beginning in 2001 to 2005, Vogel belonged to the National Ethics Council of Germany, looking at ethical aspects such as biotechnology and its consequences for individuals and society. Awards Vogel was awarded the Grand Cross 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1986. He received the for promoting a better understanding between the Jewish community in Berlin and its social surroundings in 1998. In 2001 he won the , the highest award of the Central Council of Jews in Germany. Personal characteristics and private life Originally on the right wing of the SPD, Vogel became more and more liberal in his views, for instance, with regard to the legislation about asylum seekers, referendums, or the protection of personal data (Datenschutz) from the state. In 1992, he visited twelve successor states of the former Soviet Union, meeting numerous presidents, ministers, but also leaders of the opposition, of the Orthodox Church, and of Islam, which broadened his outlook. In his party, Vogel was a mediator between the various wings, and a centre of integration. He was open to seeking co-operation with the other parties. As the chairman of his party's delegates in a parliamentary commission for reviewing the Constitution, he achieved the inclusion of the principles of the protection of the environment and of the promotion of women in society. In his final speech in parliament, he said that he would have liked to see a better representation of East German values in the German Constitution after unification. Vogel summed up his political attitude: "I am a Social Democrat who would like to reconcile something of a vision with the rather stringent and inexorable knowledge that politics cannot be conducted with clouds of words, but with solid work and craftsmanship." Vogel was the elder brother of CDU politician Bernhard Vogel. In 1949, he married his first wife, Ilse, and the couple had three children. They were divorced in 1971. He married his second wife, Liselotte, in 1972. They moved to a senior citizen's home in 2006. In 2014, Vogel announced that he had Parkinson's disease which had been diagnosed two years prior. Vogel died in Munich on 26 July 2020 at the age of 94. References External links Hans-Jochen Vogel – Bibliographie und Datenbank – Internetquellen zu Leben und Werk Friedrich Ebert Foundation Short biography berlin.de 1926 births 2020 deaths Politicians from Göttingen Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians Leaders of political parties in Germany Justice ministers of Germany Mayors of West Berlin Members of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin University of Giessen alumni University of Marburg alumni Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni Members of the Bundestag for Bavaria Members of the Bundestag for Berlin Members of the Bundestag 1990–1994 Members of the Bundestag 1987–1990 Members of the Bundestag 1983–1987 Members of the Bundestag 1980–1983 Members of the Bundestag 1976–1980 Members of the Bundestag 1972–1976 Mayors of Munich German Army soldiers of World War II German cooperative organizers Neurological disease deaths in Germany Presidents of the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games People from the Province of Hanover Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Deaths from Parkinson's disease Hitler Youth members German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
14367405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%20Florida%20gubernatorial%20election	1970 Florida gubernatorial election	The 1970 Florida gubernatorial election took place on November 3, 1970, to determine the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Florida, concurrent with the election to the United States Senate, elections to the United States House of Representatives, and various state and local elections. Incumbent Republican Governor Claude R. Kirk Jr. chose to run for a second term, with this being the first election in which the incumbent would be eligible for another four-year term. The first Republican elected governor since the Reconstruction Era, Kirk was challenged by Eckerd Corporation founder Jack Eckerd and State Senator Louis A. "Skip" Bafalis for his party's nomination. After failing to receive a majority, Kirk prevailed over Eckerd in a runoff. The primary for the Democratic Party nomination featured a four candidate field, with Florida Attorney General Earl Faircloth and President pro tempore of the Florida Senate Reubin Askew advancing to a runoff. Askew won the runoff and received the nomination of the Democratic Party. This was the first election since the re-establishment of the office of Lieutenant Governor. Askew selected Florida Secretary of State Thomas Burton Adams Jr., while Kirk chose to run with incumbent Ray C. Osborne. Primarily due to controversial statements and actions during his term, as well as his inability to portray Askew as an extreme liberal as he had done with Robert King High in 1966, Kirk lost re-election to Askew in the general election by a margin of 56.88% to 43.12%. Overview Incumbent Governor of Florida Claude R. Kirk Jr. was the first Republican who held Florida's governorship since Reconstruction. He was elected in 1966, when Republicans has made some gains in traditionally Democratic Deep South. During his tenure as governor, the Florida Legislature created a new Constitution in 1968, which was approved by voters on November 5, 1968. As part of the new Constitution, the office of Lieutenant Governor was re-established. Kirk appointed Ray C. Osborne, a Florida House of Representatives member from Pinellas County. The new Constitution also allowed for the Governor of Florida to serve two consecutive terms. Kirk was thus eligible for re-election in 1970. Republican primary During the Republican primary, incumbent Claude Kirk was challenged by State Senator Louis A. Bafalis from Palm Beach and Eckerd founder Jack Eckerd of Clearwater. The Miami Herald endorsed Eckerd, stating that he is "an efficient campaigner with the ability to bring people together constructively. ... [Eckerd has] a common touch, dedication to high principle, and organizing genius." William C. Cramer, a powerful Republican in the state and the party's senate nominee for that year, publicly remained neutral during the primary, but voted for Eckerd. Later, Eckerd himself would state, "I was offended by his [Kirk's] public behavior and chagrined that he was a Republican." In the primary election held on September 8, Kirk reached first place with 48.16% of the vote, compared to 38.37% for Eckerd, and 13.48% for Bafalis. However, because Kirk failed to receive a majority of the votes, he and Eckerd advanced to a run-offrelection. Run-off In the run-off election on September 29, Kirk received 199,943 votes versus Eckerd's 152,327 votes, by 47,616 votes – a margin of approximately 13.52%. Democratic primary Candidates Reubin Askew, President pro tempore of the Florida Senate from Pensacola Earl Faircloth, Florida Attorney General Chuck Hall, Mayor of Miami Dade County John E. Mathews, State Representative from Jacksonville Primary results In primaries, held on September 8, none of these candidates was able to win majority. As a result, the top two finishers, Faircloth and Askew, advanced to a runoff election. Run-off Although the primary election was a close race, Askew defeated Faircloth by a relatively wide margin in the run-off election on September 29. Askew earned 447,025 votes against Faircloth's 328,038 votes, by 312,158 votes – a margin of approximately 15.36%. Askew selected Florida Secretary of State Thomas Burton Adams Jr. to be his running mate. General election In response to the schism between Cramer and Kirk, the Miami Herald endorsed Askew and noted that "Askew and Chiles form a logical team; Kirk and Cramer don’t". Kirk mocked Askew as a "momma’s boy who wouldn’t have the courage to stand up under the fire of the legislators" and as a "nice, sweet-looking fellow chosen by ‘liberals’ ... to front for them." Despite promising no new taxes and several attempts to label Askew a "liberal", Kirk had overseen what was then the largest tax increase in Florida history. Askew and Adams defeated incumbents Governor Kirk and Lieutenant Governor Ray C. Osborn with respectable margin. On the very same day Florida elected to the United States Senate Democrat Lawton Chiles, who later was elected Governor in 1990. References Florida Gubernatorial 1970 November 1970 events in the United States
14021386	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Landi	Roberto Landi	Roberto Landi (born 2 January 1956) is an Italian football manager and former player. Playing career Landi was born in Forlì. A goalkeeper, he joined the Piacenza youth system in 1966 and later joined the first team, then playing in Serie C1 division. He later moved to Modena as second-choice goalkeeper, and then played also for Ravenna and Siena, before to leave Italy to join the North American Soccer League in 1979, at the age of 23. During his North American time, he played for Vancouver Whitecaps and Chicago Sting, before signing for South African side Kaizer Chiefs, and returning in the United States with New York Cosmos in 1983. He then returned in Italy and played for a number of amateur sides before retiring at the age of 30. Coaching career Landi served as goalkeeping coach for the United States national team during their 1990 and 1994 FIFA World Cup campaigns. From 1992 to 1995 he served as head coach of Italian amateur team Marignano. In 1998, he became head coach of the Georgia U21 national team, and later filled the same position for the Lithuania U21 in 2001. He obtained a UEFA Pro License in 2003, and was part of Messina managing staff in their 2002–03 campaign. In January 2005 he became head coach of National Bucharest, where he achieved a record 17 wins in a row. He left the post in September 2005, citing personal reasons, later being appointed as Qatar U21 head coach. He then briefly moved in Hungary, serving as FC Sopron head for three matches in the 2006–07 season before being sacked for losing their local derby to Győr. In October 2007 he was linked with the managing position at Port Vale F.C. through his agent Bryan Yeubrey. In June 2008 Landi was linked with Scottish First Division side Livingston He was appointed manager of the club on 11 June, August 2008 best coach of the month. In June 2009, he was unveiled as new head coach of Royale Union Saint-Gilloise. He was however dismissed later in December due to money problems with the club. He was hired in January 2011 to be the Liberia national team, but was sacked in February 2012. He was linked to the position again in May 2014. Managerial statistics References External links Roberto Landi Interview Roberto Landi, globetrotter coach: 'Serie A does not consider Italian technicians abroad!' 1956 births Living people Sportspeople from Forlì Footballers from the Province of Forlì-Cesena Italian men's footballers Men's association football goalkeepers Piacenza Calcio 1919 players Ravenna FC players Modena FC 2018 players ACR Siena 1904 players Vancouver Whitecaps (1974–1984) players Chicago Sting (NASL) players Kaizer Chiefs F.C. players New York Cosmos (1970–1985) players Italian football managers Scottish Football League managers FC Progresul București managers FC Sopron managers Livingston F.C. managers Royale Union Saint-Gilloise managers Liberia national football team managers Italian expatriate men's footballers Italian expatriate football managers Italian expatriate sportspeople in the United States Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States Italian expatriate sportspeople in South Africa Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa Italian expatriate sportspeople in Georgia (country) Expatriate football managers in Georgia (country) Italian expatriate sportspeople in Lithuania Expatriate football managers in Lithuania Italian expatriate sportspeople in Romania Expatriate football managers in Romania Italian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar Expatriate football managers in Qatar Italian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary Expatriate football managers in Hungary Italian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland Expatriate football managers in Scotland Italian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium Expatriate football managers in Belgium Italian expatriate sportspeople in Liberia Expatriate football managers in Liberia Italian expatriate sportspeople in Libya Expatriate football managers in Libya
23995602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalinda	Rosalinda	Rosalinda may refer to: Rosalinda (given name) Rosalinda (album), a 2015 album by Marco Di Meco Rosalinda (Mexican TV series), a Mexican telenovela starring Thalía Rosalinda (Philippine TV series), a Philippine remake based on the popular Mexican telenovela "Rosalinda" (song), a 2001 song by Thalía from her album Arrasando Rosalinda (film), a 1945 Mexican historical drama film Rosalinda, a 1956 American television film aired on NBC's Producers' Showcase See also Rosalind (disambiguation) Rosalinde Rosalinda's Oldfield mouse, a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae
58629309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHSCC-FM	XHSCC-FM	XHSCC-FM is a radio station broadcasting on 102.9 FM in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. The station is known as Somos Radio with a cultural format. History XHSCC-FM was permitted on March 6, 2013, more than twelve years after it was applied for on October 13, 2000. References Radio stations in Chiapas San Cristóbal de las Casas
82846	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melite%20%28naiad%29	Melite (naiad)	In Greek mythology, Melite (; Ancient Greek: Μελίτη) was one of the Naiads, daughter of the river god Aegaeus, and one of the many loves of Zeus and his son Heracles. Given the choice, she chose Heracles over Zeus who went off in search of other pursuits. She gave birth to Hercules's son Hyllus; some suggest that he was a figure distinct from Hyllus, the son of Heracles by Deianeira. Mythology Heracles tried to find refuge on the mythical island of Scheria, widely considered to be the island of Corfu in modern Greece, after the murder of his children. He decided to rest near a lake. This lake happened to be the place in which Melite and her sisters were currently residing. When Melite saw Hercules she hid him away from her siblings in a deeper and darker part of the lake where she lay with him. The two then traveled to another part of the island and stayed there until Melite gave birth to Hyllus. Zeus was in a rage over her choice of a mortal over him, and so he appealed to her father who would not let her have anymore children with Hercules or any sexual contact whatsoever. Hercules promptly left Melite for other mortals. She was one of the women who were there mourning the death of Hercules. Hyllus did not want to be a mere subject to King Nausithous, so he traveled to the far north of Greece, where he became king and eponym of a Dorian tribe, the Hylleis. References Naiads Nereids Children of Potamoi Women of Heracles
54144950	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia%20Ross	Marcia Ross	Marcia S. Ross (born July 1955) is an American casting director and documentary producer. Early life and education Marcia Ross was born in Mount Vernon, New York, the daughter of Joan (née Flug) and Richard Ross (1927–2012); her father was a New York State Assemblyman for the 88th District. She is of Jewish heritage. She attended Northwestern University, (1973-1975) as a theatre major and has a B.A. from Antioch University Los Angeles (class of 2016). Career Her first professional job was as an apprentice in summer stock theatre at the Westchester Playhouse in Yonkers, NY followed by touring with a children's theatre company working as an assistant stage manager for producers Barry and Fran Weissler (1976). She then worked at Circle in the Square Theatre in NYC (1976) and the Monty Silver Talent Agency (1977). Her first casting job was at CBS Television in New York City (1979); she then relocated to Los Angeles to work with casting director, Judith Holstra - starting as her assistant, then associate, and partner in Holstra / Ross Casting (1980-1988). Credits Marcia Ross' producing credits include the feature-length documentaries Terrence McNally: Every Act of Life, The State Of Marriage, Father Joseph, and The Savoy King: Chick Webb and The Music That Changed America. During her nearly 40 years as an independent casting director (Marcia Ross Casting) and casting executive for motion pictures and television, she has worked on hundreds of feature films, network series, pilots, movies for television, and mini-series. She served for 16 years as EVP for Casting for the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group and for 5 years as VP for Casting and Talent Development at Warner Brothers Television. She has introduced such new talent as Heath Ledger, Anne Hathaway, Chris Pine, Rachel McAdams, Paul Rudd, Brittany Murphy, Amy Poehler, Megan Fox and Jennifer Garner. Some of her credits include Clueless, 10 Things I Hate About You, thirtysomething, The Princess Diaries, Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, The Lookout, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Parental Guidance, Small Time, and Oblivion. Her most recent film is Nasrin, which follows the life and work of the Iranian human rights lawyer Nasrin Sotoudeh, up until the time of her second arrest and imprisonment in Evin Prison in 2018. Awards She is the recipient of the Hoyt Bowers Award for Career Achievement in Casting by The Casting Society of America (2005), an "Outstanding Achievement in Casting" award from the Hollywood Film Festival (2002), and has multiple Artios Award nominations and wins. Personal life She is married to documentary filmmaker and business partner, Jeff Kaufman. She has one daughter, Alice, and two step-children, John and Michael. References 1955 births Living people American documentary film producers American casting directors Women casting directors American people of Jewish descent People from Mount Vernon, New York Film producers from New York (state)
40031143	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelidonichthys%20ischyrus	Chelidonichthys ischyrus	Chelidonichthys ischyrus, is a species of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. This species is endemic to Sagami Bay, Japan. The species is TL. This species is of commercial importance as a food fish. References External links Further reading Chelidonichthys Endemic fish of Japan Fish described in 1914 Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
26742247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20U.S.%20Highways%20in%20Maryland	List of U.S. Highways in Maryland	The following is a list of U.S. Highways in Maryland. There are currently 14 U.S. Highways that exist entirely or partially in the U.S. state of Maryland. Seven of these are primary U.S. Highways while seven are auxiliary U.S. Highways that may or may not be related to one of the primary U.S. Highways. The longest primary U.S. Highway in Maryland is U.S. Route 40 (commonly abbreviated US 40) at . The shortest primary U.S. Highway in Maryland is US 11 at . The longest auxiliary U.S. Highway in Maryland is US 301 at . The shortest auxiliary U.S. Highway in Maryland is US 522 at . All U.S. Highways are maintained by the Maryland State Highway Administration except for the portions that run through Baltimore, Hagerstown, and Cumberland. Maryland has five former U.S. Highways; those five are shaded in dark gray in the list. Mainline routes Special routes See also References US Highways
31622248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakata%20Gion%20Yamakasa	Hakata Gion Yamakasa	is a Japanese festival celebrated from the 1st until the 15th of July in Hakata, Fukuoka. The festivities are centered on the Kushida Jinja. The festival is famous for the Kakiyama, that weigh around one ton and are carried around the city as an act of float-racing. The festival is believed to be over 770 years old and attracts up to a million spectators each year. It was designated an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property of Japan in 1979. The sound of the Yamakasa has also been selected by the Ministry of the Environment as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan. Floats The floats, called Yamakasa, are divided into two groups. The Kakiyama are the smaller, carryable floats, that are raced through the town, while the Kazariyama are stationary floats, that are built up to 13 metres high and often depict historic or mythical events of Japanese culture. Originally the Kakiyama and Kazariyama were one and the same, with the large floats being carried through the city. However the Yamakasa were split up in 1898 when the electrical power lines in Hakata became too common for large Yamakasa to be carried through the streets. Hakata districts Hakata, once its own city, merged with Fukuoka in 1876. The festivities are mostly based in Hakata. Hakata was divided into seven districts by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1586/1587. Some of these districts have changed names and exact boundaries multiple times; they still see themselves as the original seven districts. Soon after the division, carrying the Yamakasa through one's own district became a competition for speed. Today, the main event, the Oiyama, is a race between the districts. The districts are Higashi-nagare, Nakasu-nagare, Nishi-nagare, Chiyo-nagare, Ebisu-nagare, Doi-nagare and Daikoku-nagare. See also Matsuri Gion Matsuri List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Japan 100 Soundscapes of Japan References External links Hakata Gion Yamakasa homepage Hakata-Gion-Yamakasa Portal Site: Yamakasa-Navi Hakata Gion Yamakasa NHK Festivals in Japan Tourist attractions in Fukuoka Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties Festivals in Fukuoka Prefecture Events in Fukuoka Culture in Fukuoka Gion festivals
65750376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda%20Serpents	Anaconda Serpents	The Anaconda Serpents were a minor league baseball team based in Anaconda, Montana. In 1900, the Anaconda Serpents played the season as members of the Independent level Montana State League. The Anaconda Serpents were the only minor league team hosted in Anaconda and played minor league home games at Mountain View Park. History Minor league baseball began in Anaconda, Montana when Anaconda Serpents became members of the Independent level Montana State League in 1900. Other members of the four–team league were the Butte Smoke Eaters, Great Falls Indians and Helena Senators. The 1900 Anaconda Serpents had an overall record of 34–37 and placed 3rd in the four–team Montana State League standings. Anaconda finished behind the 1st place Great Falls Indians (39–32) and Helena Senators (39–33) and ahead of the 4th place Butte Smoke Eaters (30–40) in the final standings. The 1900 Anaconda Serpents were first managed by player/manager John "Jack" Grim, who resigned to become an umpire in the league, being replaced as Anaconda manager by Dad Clarkson. Jack Grim's resignation letter as manager of the Anaconda Serpents was reported to have said, "I cannot do myself justice while laboring under these conditions." Grim later went on to manage other minor league teams. The Montana State League folded after the 1900 season. 1900 was the only season of play for the Anaconda Serpents and Anaconda, Montana has not hosted another minor league team. The ballpark The Anaconda Serpents played home minor league games at Mountain View Park. Cricket games were later played at Mountain View Park. Today, the park is still in use as a public park. Mountain View Park is located on South Alice Street, Anaconda, Montana. Year–by–year record Notable alumni Kid Carsey (1900) Dad Clarkson (1900, MGR) Walter Coleman (1900) Mike Lynch (1900) Jim McHale (1900) Charlie Swindells (1900) See also Anaconda Serpents players References External links Anaconda - Baseball Reference Defunct minor league baseball teams Defunct baseball teams in Montana Baseball teams established in 1900 Baseball teams disestablished in 1900 Deer Lodge County, Montana Montana State League teams
16226615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Jaddaf	Al Jaddaf	Al Jaddaf (), also spelled Al Jadaf, is a locality in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Located in western Dubai in Bur Dubai, Al Jaddaf is bordered to the north and east by the Dubai Creek, to the south by Zabeel, and to the west by Umm Hurair 2. Historically, Al Jaddaf, which literally means The Rower, was used as a dhow building area and is also the location of the Dubai Ship Docking Yard (Jadaf). Its shipyards are today are a site for the building and maintenance of these traditional boats, and Dubai Maritime City is also a site where dhow boats are repaired. Al Jaddaf also houses the sports grounds and facilities of Al Wasl FC and Dubai Officers Club. Another important landmark is Al Wasl hospital – now named as Latifa hospital. New developments in the area include Dubai Culture Village (aka Jaddaf Waterfront), a zoned community dedicated to visual, performing and literary arts, and the second phase of Dubai Healthcare City. This area is still developing into a hotel hub with up to five hotels at present in construction and three hotels built, namely Marriott Al Jadaf, Reflection Hotel Apartments and Arabian Park Hotel. The area is also being developed as a residential location, with more than three residential apartments. Al Jaddaf has two metro stations, Creek (near the Al Jaddaf Marine Station on Dubai Creek) and Al Jadaf station, both on the Green Line of the Dubai Metro, which is controlled by the Dubai Road and Transport Authority (RTA). As of 2017, there is a large dhow being constructed in the area, intended to break the world record for size currently held by Kuwait. Also located on Dubai Creek is the Mohammed Bin Rashid Library. Jaddaf Waterfront The Jaddaf Waterfront (aka Culture Village) is a development in Al Jaddaf, located on Dubai Creek. It covers an area of around and includes cultural and exhibition centres, a dockside development, and a harbour. There are commercial, residential, and retail districts. Projects include a Sculpture Park, the D1 tower (based on the Q1 building on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia), Manazel Al Khor, and Palazzo Versace Dubai. See also Al Jaddaf Marine Station Al Jadaf (Dubai Metro) Creek (Dubai Metro) References Communities in Dubai
65179037	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Wings%201	Digital Wings 1	Digital Wings 1 is a various artists compilation album released in 1997 released by The Cyberden. Reception In their review of the album, Chaos Control said "the production is always good, making Digital Wings 1 an ideal sampler of current underground electronic acts." Electro Zine said "while some of the tracks arent fabulous they are all still a great effort, the standouts of Course being the opening track by Xorcist, Gridlock's track from their debut cd and the nice piece of darkwave ambient by Seofon." Last Sigh said "this CD heralds an array of verytasty bands and sounds not to be missed by those of you who enjoy the dark electro death-ambient definitive power glide of said genres" and called it "an excellent compilation for the power electro enthusiast." Track listing Personnel Adapted from the Digital Wings 1 liner notes. Release history References External links Digital Wings 1 at Discogs (list of releases) 1997 compilation albums
47151792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Bennet%20%28lawyer%29	Thomas Bennet (lawyer)	Thomas Bennet (5 December 1592 – 27 June 1670) was a successful civil lawyer. Life Thomas Bennet was born in York, but the Bennet family appears to have come from the south of England. His father was Sir John Bennet, a wealthy politician and judge whose career had ended prematurely when he was found guilty of taking bribes. Thomas was the judge's second son, but on the evidence of his own wealth at the time of his death, he was more successful than his elder brother. Thomas Bennet's mother was Anne Weeks/Bennet, the first of his father's two wives. Although both his father and his son sat as members of the English parliament, Thomas Bennet did not. Bennet prepared for a legal career, entering All Souls College, Oxford in 1613, and emerging with a qualification in Law in 1615. He received his Doctorate of Law on 3 July 1624. By that time he was a member of Gray's Inn, to which he "may have been admitted in 1617". He joined the Doctors' Commons (lawyers' society) in 1624, becoming a full member of it in 1626. He gained admission to the College of Advocates on 26 January 1626. While he was making his career in advocacy, he also found time to serve as a Commissioner for piracy in London in 1633, 1635 and again in 1638. On 8 June 1635 Thomas Bennet became a Master in Chancery. Sources suggest that during the vicious civil war that engulfed England in the middle of the century, his sympathies may have tended to the royalist cause, and that he might have been among those expelled from Oxford following the parliamentarian purge of the city in the later 1640s. However, as far as is known Thomas Bennet was able to avoid incurring destructive wrath from the republican leadership which took over the reins of power following the execution of the king early in 1649. Throughout the Commonwealth years Bennet retained his post as Master in Chancery. The nation underwent further régime change in May 1660 when the republic was replaced by monarchy. Thomas Bennet was knighted on 21 August 1661. His cousin, Sir Thomas Bennet of Cambridgeshire, had already been created a baronet the previous year. It was presumably in connection with his cousin, Sir Thomas Bennet of Babraham in Cambridgeshire, that by the time he died, the lawyer Thomas Bennet was himself recorded as being in possession of "a seat" at "Baberham" (sic). Nevertheless, when he died on 27 June 1670 he was living in the south of England on his estate at Salthrop in Wiltshire. It is thought that he had been predeceased by his daughter Thomasine. He was, however, survived by the daughter of his first marriage, Mary, and by the son of his second marriage, Thomas. References 1592 births 1670 deaths Alumni of All Souls College, Oxford English lawyers 17th-century English lawyers People from York People from the Borough of Swindon
24476540	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20D.%20Golden%20II	Norman D. Golden II	Norman D. Golden II (born April 7, 1984) is an American former actor best known for his performance in the 1993 film Cop and a Half as Devon Butler. He is also a rapper who goes by the name of Enormus. Career In 1992, Golden became a series regular on Fox's True Colors. The sitcom, about an interracial family and their learning to co-exist, was canceled shortly after Golden's arrival in the second season. In 1993, Golden starred in the motion picture Cop and a Half with Burt Reynolds. His last known acting job was a television remake of Moby-Dick in 1998 because he wanted to make a bigger focus on his education. Currently, he performs as a rapper known as Enormus. Awards Golden was nominated for a Young Artist Award in 1992–1993 for Best Actor Under Ten in a Motion Picture.Golden was also nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst New Star. Filmography Moby Dick (TV) – 1998: Little Pip Gone Fishin' – 1997: Young Gus America's Dream (TV) – 1996: Aaron Sisters (TV) – 1994: Dexter Warren On Promised Land (TV) – 1994: Jimmy "Jim Jam" Ween: Cop and a Half – 1993: Devon Butler There Are No Children Here (TV) – 1993: Pharoah Rivers External links Norman D. Golden II on Facebook Notes American male child actors People from Racine, Wisconsin Male actors from Charlotte, North Carolina Living people 1984 births Male actors from Los Angeles 20th-century American male actors American rappers 21st-century American rappers
63927719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20Christensen	Natalie Christensen	Natalie Christensen (born 1966 in Owensboro, Kentucky) is an American photographer based in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States. She has exhibited her photographs in the U.S. and internationally, including Santa Fe, New York, Brooklyn, Los Angeles, London, Berlin and Barcelona. Education Christensen received her BA Psychology from Western Kentucky University and her MSW Social Work from the University of Kentucky in 1991. Career in psychotherapy A licensed clinical social worker, Christensen worked as a psychotherapist for over 25 years. She was particularly influenced by the theories of depth psychologist Carl Jung. Photography The influence of her previous career in psychotherapy is evident in her photographs, as shadows and psychological metaphors are favored subjects. In Santa Fe, Christensen's work is inspired by commonplace architecture and streetscapes. Choosing to shoot in locations that may be viewed as uninspiring or even visually off-putting, she finds her images around shopping centers, apartment complexes and office parks. The challenge for her is to discover something transcendent hidden in plain sight. Scenes are stripped to color fields, geometry and shadow. They are an enticement to contemplate narratives that have no remarkable life yet tap into something deeply familiar to our experience evoking repressed desires and unexplained tension. Selected exhibitions Christensen’s photography is represented in galleries in the US and UK. The Royal Photographic Society in Bristol, United Kingdom, recently presented her artwork in a traveling museum exhibition throughout the United Kingdom. Her work has been shown at museums and exhibition centers, including Coos Art Museum; Standard Visions Billboard, Los Angeles, California; High Desert Museum, Bend, Oregon; Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Indiana; University of New Mexico School of Architecture Gallery; Peckham Levels, London; Galerie Minimal, Berlin; and Blipoint Festival, Barcelona, Spain. Collections Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Fort Wayne, Indiana University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas Recognition and awards Chateau d'Orquevaux, France, International Artists & Writers Residency, 2021 Lucie Foundation, Open Call finalist 2020 Delegation to the UAE, Embassy of the United Arab Emirates in Washington, D.C. and Meridian International Center, Dubai Design Week – Fall 2019 International Photography Awards (IPA), Honorable Mention 2019, Professional: Architecture 2018 Juried Exhibition Ten Artists to Watch curated by Leigh Gleason, Curator of Collections, California Museum of Photography for Los Angeles Center for Digital Art, March 8–31, 2018 Contemporary Photography 2008–2018 juried by Kristen Gaylord, Beaumont and Nancy Newhall Curatorial Fellow in the Department of Photography, MoMA at Site Brooklyn Gallery, Brooklyn, NY July 13 – Aug 13, 2018 The National 2018: Best of Contemporary Photography (one of 5 invited photographers), Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Fort Wayne, IN April – July 2018 Honorable Mention 2018 Julia Margaret Cameron Award Purchase Award Winner Are these chairs taken?, 33rd Annual International Exhibition 2018, Meadows Gallery, University of Texas at Tyler Top finalist of 48,000 entries for the Smithsonian’s 2017 15th Annual Photo Contest Honorable Mention 2017 Chromatic Awards Workshops Meow Wolf, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Frank Blazquez and Natalie Christensen – Photography Studio Workshop in the House of Eternal Return, June 1, 2019 Royal Photographic Society, Birmingham, United Kingdom. IPE 161 Photography Workshop with Natalie Christensen, March 30, 2019 Bibliography Recent publications featuring Christensen include, among others, Peripheral ARTeries, Magazine43 of Hong Kong, Philippines and Germany and LandEscape Art Review, United Kingdom, feature article, Fall 2019. She is the cover artist for the recent Field Guide, a guidebook for New Mexico arts. Organizations Colorado Photographic Arts Center, Denver, Colorado References External links 1966 births Living people American women photographers People from Owensboro, Kentucky Western Kentucky University alumni University of Kentucky alumni American psychotherapists People from Santa Fe, New Mexico 21st-century American women
35914140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curius	Curius	Curius is a genus of beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae, it is the only genus in the tribe Curiini, and contains the following species: Curius chemsaki Nearns & Ray, 2006 Curius dentatus Newman, 1840 Curius panamensis Bates, 1885 Curius punctatus (Fisher, 1932) References Cerambycinae
25678730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-5b	Kepler-5b	Kepler-5b is one of the first five planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is a Hot Jupiter that orbits a subgiant star that is more massive, larger, and more diffuse than the Sun is. Kepler-5 was first flagged as the location of a possibly transiting planet, and was reclassified as a Kepler Object of Interest until follow-up observations confirmed the planet's existence and many of its characteristics. The planet's discovery was announced at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society on January 4, 2010. The planet has approximately twice the mass of Jupiter, and is about 1.5 times larger. It is also fifteen times hotter than Jupiter. Kepler-5b orbits Kepler-5 every 3.5 days at a distance of approximately 0.051 AU (7.6 Gm). Observational history The Kepler spacecraft's first days of science activity revealed a series of transit events, in which some body (such as a planet) crosses in front of, and therefore dims, its host star. Such objects were taken from the Kepler Input Catalog and reclassified as Kepler Objects of Interest. Kepler-5 was one of these objects of interest, and was given the designation KOI-18. After the stellar parameters were established, the Kepler science team ran models and fits to ensure that Kepler-5's transit event was not a false positive, such as an eclipsing binary star. Once the planetary nature of Kepler-5b was established, the Kepler team searched for the planet's occultation behind its star, hoping to find the temperature on its day side. They found both, and were able to set the equilibrium temperature of the planet. The use of speckle imaging using adaptive optics at the WIYN Observatory in Arizona and the Palomar Observatory in California isolated the starlight of Kepler-5 from background stars. Use of the Fibre-fed Echelle Spectrograph (FIES) at the Nordic Optical Telescope on the Canary Islands on June 4, 2009 provided data that was used to determine the star's stellar classification. The W.M. Keck Observatory's High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), which was used on June 3–6, 2009, and July 2–4, 2009, determined radial velocity measurements for the star, which helped to further define stellar parameters. Kepler-5 has, as considered by the Kepler team, the potential for use in the study of planets in extreme conditions; its high temperature, large size, and short orbital period contribute to the aforementioned conditions. The findings of the Kepler team, which also included planets Kepler-4b, Kepler-6b, Kepler-7b, and Kepler-8b, were announced at the 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society of January 4, 2010. Host star Kepler-5 is a subgiant in the Cygnus constellation that is expected to soon deplete its hydrogen stores in the core and begin fusing hydrogen in the shell region surrounding the core. The star is 1.374 times the mass of the Sun (another model suggests that Kepler-5 as a mass of 1.21 times that of the Sun), although it is more diffuse at 1.793 times the Sun's radius. The star's metallicity is measured to be at [Fe/H] = 0.04, which means that Kepler-5 has 1.10 times the levels of iron as the Sun does. The star's apparent magnitude is 13.4, meaning that it cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Characteristics Kepler-5b is a Hot Jupiter with a mass that is 2.114 times that of Jupiter and a radius of 1.431 times Jupiter's radius. This also means that Kepler-5b is not very dense. The planet's measured density is 0.894 grams/cm3, less than that of pure water and comparable only to the density of Saturn, which is approximately 0.69 grams/cm3. The planet has an equilibrium temperature of 1868 K, making it fifteen times hotter than Jupiter. Kepler-5b orbits its host star every 3.5485 days at a mean distance of 0.05064 AU. In addition, with an orbital inclination of 86.3º, Kepler-5b orbits Kepler-5 almost edge-on with respect to Earth. In comparison, planet Mercury orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.387 AU every 87.97 days. The planet is likely to be tidally locked to the parent star. In 2015, the planetary nightside temperature was estimated to be equal to 2169 K. References External links Discovery of the Transiting Planet Kepler-5b Exoplanets with Kepler designations Exoplanets discovered in 2010 Hot Jupiters Giant planets Transiting exoplanets Cygnus (constellation) 5b
71658526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint%20%28album%29	Midpoint (album)	Midpoint is the third solo studio album by the English singer-songwriter Tom Chaplin. The album was released on 2 September 2022 by BMG. Track listing Charts See also List of UK Independent Albums Chart number ones of 2022 References 2022 albums Tom Chaplin albums BMG Rights Management albums Albums recorded at The Church Studios
52728651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignjati%C4%87	Ignjatić	Ignjatić (), is a Serbian surname, a patronymic derived from the masculine given name Ignjat and mostly found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. The vast majority of bearers of the surname are Eastern Orthodox (Serbian Orthodox Church) and declare as ethnic Serbs, although there are some Croats with the surname. Most of the Orthodox maintain the tradition of slava (patron saint veneration) of St. John the Baptist (Jovanjdan) - other slavas are present as well (such as Saint George's Day). It may refer to the following people: Dragana Ignjatić, a Serbian female kickboxer and gold medalist at the 1993 WAKO World Amateur Championships Draško Ignjatić, a Bosnian news presenter; former program director of the RTRS Nina and Škoro "Ignjo" Ignjatić, fictional characters in The Scent of Rain in the Balkans, a historical novel written by Gordana Kuić References Surnames Surnames of Croatian origin Surnames of Serbian origin Patronymic surnames Surnames from given names
1867606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary%20of%20Canadian%20Biography	Dictionary of Canadian Biography	The Dictionary of Canadian Biography (DCB; ) is a dictionary of biographical entries for individuals who have contributed to the history of Canada. The DCB, which was initiated in 1959, is a collaboration between the University of Toronto and Laval University. Fifteen volumes have so far been published with more than 8,400 biographies of individuals who died or whose last known activity fell between the years 1000 and 1930. The entire print edition is online, along with some additional biographies to the year 2000. Establishment of the project The project was undertaken following a bequest to the University of Toronto from businessman, James Nicholson for the establishment of a Canadian version of the United Kingdom's Dictionary of National Biography. In the spring of 1959, George Williams Brown was appointed general editor and the University of Toronto Press, which had been named publisher, sent out some 10,000 announcements introducing the project. Work started in July of that year. 1 July was designated the formal date of the Dictionary's establishment, not coincidentally the same day Canada's confederation is celebrated. New ground was broken when on 9 March 1961, the French edition of the dictionary was established. No similar research or publication project of this size in English and French had ever been undertaken before in Canada. Marcel Trudel was appointed directeur adjoint for Dictionnaire biographique du Canada, Université Laval the publisher. It had been decided from the start that for the project to have true resonance for Canadians, the French and English editions of the Dictionary would be identical in content, save for language, and each volume of the Dictionary would be issued simultaneously. The project by its nature required not only much translation, as articles would originate in English and in French, but close coordination as well. Publication commences The first volume of the Dictionary of Canadian Biography appeared in 1966 with 594 biographies covering the years 1000 to 1700. The publishers had looked at other similar projects, such as the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) and the Dictionary of American Biography (DAB) and concluded a different approach was required. In those dictionaries, volumes were arranged alphabetically and published over a span of years. For that reason, until the last volume was published (63 for the DNB up to 22 January 2001; 20 for the DAB to the end of 1935), no historical period could be completely covered until the last volume appeared. Those who died subsequently were added in future volumes in a period arrangement. The DCB, it was decided, would publish in a period arrangement throughout, with volumes arranged chronologically, and with each volume covering a specific range of years with biographies arranged alphabetically. The volume in which a biography was to appear was determined by death date of the individual in question or, if that was unknown, the date of their last known activity. Volumes were to be of approximate equal size, with the span of time covered within each reducing as biographies moved into the 20th century. A major drawback to the system was that few people likely would be aware of the death dates of many people and therefore would not know in which volume an individual's biography would be found. This was to be addressed by cumulative indexes and epitome volumes. Some advantages to the period approach were practical ones – biographies more or less linked by time period would also bring together scholars specializing in those periods, thus making research, editing and cross-checking easier, and readers would not have to keep reacquainting themselves with the historical period the individuals lived in. Additionally, future revisions would be limited to the volumes in question and not the entire series. The subjects of biographies were broad. While noteworthy Canadians born and resident in Canada and Canadians who made their reputations abroad were to be included, so were persons from other countries who made a contribution to Canadian life. A general rule was to exclude those persons who had not set foot in what is now Canada, even if their influence on Canada was great. As for those born outside of Canada, focus was to be given to their life in Canada. A guide was issued for the writers of Volume I biographies, and repeated for subsequent volumes: "The biography should be a fresh and scholarly treatment of the subject based upon reliable sources (where possible first-hand) precise and accurate in statements of fact, concise, but presented in attractive literary form.... the aim is to secure independent and original treatments and not mere compilations of preceding accounts." The biographies themselves were to range from about 200 words to a maximum of 8,000 to 10,000 words. There would typically be several hundred contributors for each volume. An additional feature, taking advantage of the period approach, was the inclusion of several historical essays to further establish the historical context of many of the subjects of the biographies. Future volumes would also include historical essays, but not all. Subsequent volumes published Volume II, covering the years 1701 to 1740, appeared in 1969. Biographies of 578 individuals appeared within its pages. David Hayne was now general editor, having replaced Brown who died suddenly during the preparation of Volume I; André Vachon directeur adjoint. By this time, there had been an important development which would have the effect of dramatically altering the publication sequence. Canada's centennial was celebrated in 1967 and, accordingly, the government of Canada created the Centennial Commission, in part to promote historical awareness. One of the first acts of the commission was to award a grant to the DCB specifically towards biographical research in the years 1850 to 1900. As a result, in 1967 it was decided to start preparing volumes for the 19th century. Volume X, ranging from 1871 to 1880, was the first volume to be assembled, and it appeared in 1972 with the biographies of 574 people, many of whom were instrumental in the creation of Canada itself. From this time forward, while the original sequence of volumes continued, a parallel sequence of volumes for the 19th century appeared as well. In 1974, the fourth volume, Volume III, was published. The biographies of 550 individuals who died between the years 1741 and 1770 were featured. A period of long editorial stability was established as Francess G. Halpenny, who succeeded Hayne in 1969, would hold the position of general editor for 20 years. Jean Hamelin, who became directeur adjoint in 1973, would hold the French editorial reins until his death in 1998. The second volume of the 19th century appeared in 1976: Volume IX. Some 524 biographies by 311 contributors ranged from 400 to 12,000 words in length, encompassing the years 1861 to 1870. It was decided then not to include an introductory historical essay as that would be more properly included in a broader summing up of the era in a later volume. The sixth volume published, Volume IV, brought to completion the 18th century. Appearing in 1979, 504 biographies spanned the years 1771 to 1800. That same year, Volume I was reprinted with corrections. Volume II was also reprinted, with corrections, and the seventh volume appeared, both in 1982. Volume XI contained the biographies of 586 noteworthy Canadians who died between 1881 and 1890. A new feature was introduced in this volume: indexes by occupation and geography. This new feature was to be incorporated in new volumes and in reprints of previous volumes as well as separate indexes, one of which appeared in 1981 for Volumes I–IV. Volume V soon followed, published in 1983. It ranged the years 1801 to 1820, with 502 biographies from 269 contributors. Then, three more volumes followed in 1985, 1987 and 1988 bringing a total of 11: Volume VIII (1851 to 1860) with 521 biographies; Volume VI (1821 to 1835) with 479 biographies; Volume VII (1836 to 1850) with 538 biographies. Finally, in 1990, the twelfth volume appeared, completing the 19th century. The 597 biographies of Volume XII (1891 to 1900) brought a total of 6,520 biographies to the project as its first main phase drew to a close, and long-time general editor Halpenny retired. An index for these first twelve volumes soon appeared allowing readers to quickly access all 6,520 biographies and all the thousands of other individuals mentioned in those biographies. Volumes on the 20th century Volume XII of the DCB said that the first three volumes of the 20th century were in preparation: Volume XIII (1901–1910); Volume XIV (1911–1918); Volume XV (1919–1925). But when Volume XIII appeared in 1994, with Ramsay Cook as new general editor, the intervening years were described as "hav[ing] been among the most difficult in the history of this Canadian institution." Severe financial restraints were described and a more "modest" plan was announced, with each volume covering a decade instead of the shorter intervals previously planned for post-1910. An additional volume was said to be in preparation up to the end of 1940. Nevertheless, Volume XIII continued in the tradition of past volumes, with 648 biographies by 438 contributors, covering the previously announced range of years of 1901 to 1910. Volume XIV was published in 1998, and marked a dramatic superficial change: a colourful dust-jacket featuring images of some 52 prominent Canadians, a stark contrast to the modest tan covers of previous volumes which featured only text. The contents continued in the scholarly style of the past volumes, however, with 622 biographies of individuals for the years 1911 to 1920. The introduction suggested that the financial and staff pressures were "becoming more acute" but held out the hope that "funds from a wider variety of granting agencies" would permit the project to continue as planned. Volume XV appeared in 2005, with a solemn tribute to Hamelin who had died in 1998, and an "au revoir" to Cook who completed his participation with the DCB upon publication of the volume. Réal Bélanger had since 1998 replaced Hamelin as directeur general adjoint, and John English has replaced Cook as General Editor. The 619 biographies contained within would bring a total of 8,419 biographies spanning the years 1000 to 1930 to the project. And, as a sign of the rapidly changing means of communications the DCB was encountering, mention was made of the millennium project to distribute for free CD-ROMs of the contents of the first 14 volumes of the project to educational institutions and of the intellectual properties licensing agreement made with Library and Archives Canada in 2003 to make available on-line those same 14 volumes with some additional biographies afterwards. The on-line edition of the DCB now has incorporated the biographies of Volume XV, and includes about a dozen biographies of prominent Canadians who died between 1931 and 2000, including every prime minister who had died within that time period. Mention was also made of the financial problems which were making work more difficult, but also of the efforts of many Canadian institutions, corporations, agencies and individuals who made the continuation of the project possible. The DCB is preparing Volume XVI which will cover the years 1931 to 1940, and is in the research stages for additional volumes which will encompass the years 1941 to 1980. When this phase of production is complete, there will be more than 10,000 biographies. Book on Prime Ministers In 2007, the DCB published Canada’s Prime Ministers: Macdonald to Trudeau – Portraits from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography. The 15 biographies therein reproduced those biographies which had appeared in the various volumes of the DCB already published, supplemented by the biographies of the prime ministers who have died since 1930. Evaluations The evaluations by professional historians have been overwhelmingly favourable. Halpenny emphasizes its use of "the insights of historical geography, sociology, anthropology, and literature," and notes that it responds to both the concerns of quantitative historians as well as scholars in the fields of minorities, labor, and women. Regarding the Maritimes, the Dictionary says little about early Indigenous leadership, but, says Godfrey, effectively covers French missionaries, and illuminates Acadia's relationship to France and New France. Volumes IX and X deemphasize Acadians and Indigenous peoples, and focus mostly on politics as contests between elites. The treatment of Maritime economic and intellectual development suggests that the legendary mid-19th-century Golden Age was only a veneer. References and notes External links 1966 non-fiction books Online person databases History websites of Canada Studies of Canadian history Canadian biographical dictionaries University of Toronto Press books Université Laval
2727352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Sheppard	William Sheppard	William Sheppard may refer to: Bill Sheppard (footballer) (1906–1950), English association footballer. Bill Sheppard (music producer), American R&B producer of the 1950s and 60s William Sheppard (barrister) (died 1674), English legal writer William Sheppard (painter) (fl. 1660s), English painter William Sheppard (trainer) (1855–1932), racehorse trainer in South Australia William Sheppard (baseball), American baseball player William Fleetwood Sheppard, Australian-British mathematician and statistician William Henry Sheppard, African-American Presbyterian missionary famous for revealing Belgian atrocities in the Congo Free State W. Morgan Sheppard (1932–2019), William Morgan Sheppard, British actor, sometimes credited as Morgan Sheppard William Bostwick Sheppard (1860–1934), U.S. federal judge See also William Shepard (disambiguation) William Shepherd (disambiguation)
31020715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Pavillard	Henri Pavillard	Henri Pavillard (15 August 1905 – 29 January 1978) was a French international football player. He is mostly known for his international career and his club stint at Stade Français. After playing for Stade Français, Pavillard spent his declining years playing in French Algeria with AS Saint-Eugène. He made his international debut on 29 April 1928 in a 1–1 draw with Portugal. Pavillard was a member of the team that participated in the football tournament at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He captained the national team four times and scored his only goal in his final appearance with the team; a 5–2 defeat to Belgium. References External links 1905 births 1978 deaths French men's footballers France men's international footballers Men's association football midfielders Olympic footballers for France Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
55731002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Wilson%20%28rugby%20league%29	Barry Wilson (rugby league)	Barry Wilson was the coach of the PNG Kumuls Team in 1986 during which they defeated the New Zealand 24-22 on 17 Aug 1986 in Port Moresby. References Papua New Guinea national rugby league team coaches Possibly living people Year of birth missing Place of birth missing Nationality missing
13523826	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennecossett%20Golf%20Course	Shennecossett Golf Course	Shennecossett Golf Course is a municipal golf course located in Groton, Connecticut. The origins of the course go back to 1898 when Thomas Avery, a local resident, established a four-hole course on his farm. Shennecossett changed significantly over the next few decades, including a redesign by Donald Ross, eventually evolving into a full 18-hole country club. The course hosted a number of significant events during the early 20th century including the Connecticut Open, a PGA Tour-level event. In the 1960s, the town of Groton purchased the property, transforming it into a municipal course. In 1997, the town performed a "land swap" with the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, losing three holes to the corporation but gaining three along the Thames River and Long Island Sound. The acquisition of these new holes has, according to Golf Magazine, "turn[ed] the perennially solid muni into one of the deals of the century." History The early days of the course go back to 1898. Thomas Avery, descendent of one of Groton's first settlers, established a four hole course on his property with "fairways extending on both sides on his barn and farmhouse." Over the next few years five more holes were added to create a nine-hole course. The club was constructed on territory once occupied by the Pequot and Mohegan Native American tribes. The word "Shennecossett" means "level land" in the Pequot language. During this era, a summer resort, the Griswold Hotel, was built adjacent to the course. During the early 20th century, the owner of the hotel, Morton Plant, was buying much local property, including property from Thomas Avery. Plant ultimately bought his golf course and, over the course of the years 1913 and 1914, added several more holes to create a full 18-hole course. A clubhouse was also constructed during this era and opened to the public on June 9, 1914. On August 10, 1916, the club became the 128th "active member" of the USGA. During this era, this property was referred to as "Shennecossett Country Club." In 1926, the well-known golf course architect Donald Ross redesigned the course. Ross's design remained unchanged until the end of the century. During the early 20th century, Shennecossett hosted a number of significant tournaments including the Connecticut Open, a PGA Tour-level event. It also hosted the Connecticut Amateur several times in the 1920s. Around this time, the notable professional Alex Smith became Shennecossett's first club pro and "remained for many years." In 1945, the course was sold to Morton Mencher along with the adjacent Griswold Hotel. The name of the course was re-titled the Griswold Hotel and Country Club. Despite this, it was often informally known as "the Shennecossett" during this era. Under the new ownership, the course hosted the Connecticut Open, the state's official open, for the only time in its history. In the 1960s, the town of Groton attempted to buy the course. In 1964, the town began negotiating with Milton Slosberg, the owner of the course. During this era, the town also applied for financial aid from the federal government to buy the course. The town requested for 50% of the funds to purchase the course. The application was rejected. The town's Recreation Commission still supported the project and supported the town's next application, this one to the state government. The town intended to apply for 50% aid as they had earlier to the federal government that would be worth $507,000. In early 1967, the State of Connecticut's Attorney General Office looked at the application. Despite initial reservations, they ultimately approved the application. On August 25, 1967, the town purchased the course. They placed a $450,000 down payment on the property. The state government would pay the remaining half. In 1997, the club performed a "land swap" with the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. The corporation purchased territory consisting of three holes of the course but granted the club a significant amount of its territory. The club created three new holes with the new territory along the Thames River and Long Island Sound. Golf Magazine praised the addition of these new seaside holes, stating that they helped transform the "perennially solid muni into one of the deals of the century." In 1994, The Hartford Courant noted that Shennecossett's par-3 4th hole was rated the top par-3 in the state by the state's club pros. In 2004, it was included in Golf Magazine's Thrifty 50, one of the top American courses recreational golfers could play for less than $50. Scorecard In the early years, during the 1920s, the course measured 6,512 yards from the back tees. Overall, the total yardage has not changed much at Shennecossett over the ensuing century. In the early 21st century, the yardage measured from the back blue tees is 6,562 yards. References Buildings and structures in Groton, Connecticut Golf clubs and courses in Connecticut Golf clubs and courses designed by Donald Ross Sports venues in New London County, Connecticut 1898 establishments in Connecticut Sports venues completed in 1898 External links http://www.mitchellathletics.com/sports/mgolf/2006-07/news/Shenne_Map http://rosssociety.org
22232973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali%20Declaration%20by%20Climate%20Scientists	Bali Declaration by Climate Scientists	The 2007 Bali Declaration by Climate Scientists was a statement signed by over 200 climate scientists advocating specific targets for greenhouse gas emissions for the 21st century. The statement was based on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Article 2 that committed signatories to the "...stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" and on the science available in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment report (IPCC AR4). The Bali Declaration was released to coincide with the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference which took place in Bali 3–15 December 2007. References Climate change policy 2007 documents
59661464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20de%20Ceriziers	René de Ceriziers	René de Ceriziers (or René de Cerisiers;1609–1662) was a French theologian and historian. He was born in Nantes, and entered the Society of Jesus in 1622. He taught in several Jesuit colleges, and in 1641 left the order. He became chaplain of the Duke of Orléans and of Louis XIV. His writings include: L'Image de Notre-Dame de Liesse (Rheims, 1622) Les Heureux Commencements de la France chrétienne sous saint Rémy (Rheims, 1633) La Consolation de la Philosophie de Boèce, en Vers et en Prose (Paris, 1636) Traductions des Soliloques de Saint-Augustin, avec les Méditations et le Manuel (Paris, 1638) Vie de Sainte Geneviève de Brabant (Paris, 1640) Réflexions chrétiennes et politiques sur la vie des rois de France (Paris, 1641–1644) References 1609 births 1662 deaths Writers from Nantes 17th-century French Jesuits 17th-century French historians Clergy from Nantes
53136416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK%20Vizura	OK Vizura	OK Vizura is a Serbian women's volleyball club based in Belgrade and currently playing in the Super League. Previous names Due to sponsorship, the club have competed under the following names: OK Vizura (2003–2012) Vizura Wall Art (2012–2013) Partizan Vizura (2013–2014) OK Vizura (2014–2017) OK Vizura Ruma (2017–present) History Established in 2003, the club made progress in the lower national leagues reaching the Super League in 2009. Since its debut at the Super League, the club has been competitive and finished second in both the Super League and Serbian Cup at the 2010–11 season. Another Cup final was reached in 2012–13. Ahead of the 2013–14 season, the club made an agreement with Partizan Belgrade where Vizura would receive financial support and use the name, colours and logo of Partizan. The club changed its name to and won the first major title at the beginning of the season, the Serbian Super Cup. The club reached another Serbian Cup final before claiming the Super League for the first time that season. Despite the successful season, the association with Partizan lasted only that season. The club's name was changed back to OK Vizura and more success followed with the club winning another three Super Leagues (2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17), two Cups (2014–15 and 2015–16) and three Super Cups (2014, 2015 and 2017). Honours National competitions National League: 4 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17 Serbian Cup: 2 2014–15, 2015–16 Serbian Super Cup: 4 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 Team Season 2017–2018, as of December 2017. See also ŽOK Partizan References External links Official website Profile at srbijasport.net Women's volleyball teams in Serbia Volleyball clubs established in 2003 2003 establishments in Serbia Sport in Belgrade
2048999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Community	French Community	The French Community () was the constitutional organization set up in October 1958 between France and its remaining African colonies, then in the process of decolonization. It replaced the French Union, which had reorganized the colonial empire in 1946. While the Community remained formally in existence until 1995, when the French Parliament officially abolished it, it had effectively ceased to exist and function by the end of 1960, by which time all the African members had declared their independence and left it. The Community had a short lifespan because, while the African members did not refuse it, they refrained from giving it real life. Under the appearance of equality, the constitution of the Community restricted the sovereignty of the twelve African states, and reaffirmed the preeminence of France, by placing in the domaine commun (exercised in common) critical functions such as foreign affairs, defence, the currency, economic policies and control of raw materials. Background The constitution of the Fifth Republic, which created the French Community, was a consequence of the Algerian War. Under the 1946 French Union there was said to be no French colonies, but metropolitan France, the overseas departments, and the overseas territories would instead constitute a single French Union, or just one France. In reality, the colonies had little power, with all power remaining centralized in the French Parliament. On 31 January 1956, an enabling law changed the system, abandoning assimilation in favor of autonomy, to allow territories to develop their own local government and eventually gain their independence. This was an attempt to quell the concerns over Algerian independence. However, this did not stop the demands for independence. The one million French colonists in Algeria were determined to resist any possible Algerian independence, and they made massive demonstrations in Algiers on 13 May 1958. The trouble, which threatened to become a civil war, provoked a political crisis in France and caused the end of the Fourth Republic. General Charles de Gaulle was recalled to power and a new constitution was written. Initially De Gaulle seemed to confirm the Algerian settlers' hopes that he would help them, ending a speech to them with the cry "Vive l'Algérie française !", but privately he indicated that he did not have any intention of maintaining control of nine million Algerians for the benefit of one million settlers. This attitude was manifest in the new constitution, which provided for the right of the overseas territories to request complete independence. On 28 September 1958 a referendum was held throughout the French Union and the new constitution was approved, by universal suffrage, in all of the territories except French Guinea, which voted instead for the option of complete independence. Under this new constitution, the French Union was replaced by the French Community and France was now a federation of states with their own self-government. The territorial assemblies of the remaining overseas territories were then allowed four months, dating from the promulgation of the constitution, i.e. until 4 February 1959, to select one of the following options in accordance with articles 76 and 91 of the constitution: Preserve the status of overseas territory. Become a state of the French Community. Become an overseas department (part of the French Republic). Only Gabon sought to become an overseas department, but was dissuaded from doing so by the French government. The overseas territories of the Comoro Islands, French Polynesia, French Somaliland, New Caledonia, and St Pierre and Miquelon opted to maintain their status, while Chad, French Dahomey, French Sudan, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Middle Congo, Niger, Senegal, Ubangi-Shari, and Upper Volta chose to become states of the French Community, some of them changing their names in the process. French Guinea, which refused the Constitution, became independent in 1958. President De Gaulle reacted by ordering French civil servants and technicians to leave Guinea immediately. The French settlers took with them all their valuable equipment, repatriated the French sovereign archives and, above all, economic ties were severed. Despite the difficulties, Sékou Touré affirms "rather freedom in poverty than wealth in slavery". Independences The Community did not function fully until 1959. In April 1960, agreements were signed to allow the independence of Madagascar "established in republican form" on October 14, 1958, and of the federation of Mali (which then brought together the Senegal and the Sudanese Republic). While the original version of the Constitution provided that "a Member State of the Community may become independent. It therefore ceases to belong to the Community", the constitutional law of June 4, 1960 provides that a State can become independent and, "by means of agreements", remain a member of the Community. The amendment also provides that an already independent State may join the Community, but this provision was never applied. During 1960, all member states proclaimed their independence: in June, the federation of Mali and the Malagasy Republic become independent within the Community; in August, Dahomey, Niger, Upper Volta and Ivory Coast become independent and leave the Community while Chad, Gabon, Central African Republic and Congo become independent within the Community; on August 20, Senegal withdraws from the Federation of Mali and then, in September, the Sudanese Republic becomes the Republic of Mali and withdraws from the Community; in November, Mauritania becomes independent and leaves the Community. Although some States did not officially withdraw from the Community, it no longer existed de facto from the end of 1960. On March 16, 1961, the French Prime Minister, Michel Debré, and the President of the Senate of the Community, Gaston Monnerville, noted by an exchange of letters the lapse of the constitutional provisions relating to the Community. However, the provisions of the Constitution relating to the Community were not officially repealed until Chapter IV of Constitutional Law No. 95-880 of August 4, 1995. Members By early 1959, the members of the French Community were as follows: The French Republic, which was "one and indivisible". All the inhabitants were French citizens and participated with the election of the president of the republic and of the French Parliament. It consisted of: European France, including Corsica (the metropole). Algeria and Sahara. These areas, considered an integral part of France, were divided into departments, 13 in Algeria and 2 in Sahara. All the inhabitants were French citizens, but the Muslims preserved their own juridical status. All sent representatives to the French assemblies and elected municipalities. The overseas departments. Their administration and legislation were in principle those of the metropole, but each of them could receive an individual constitution. French Guiana. Guadeloupe and dependencies. Martinique. Réunion. The overseas territories. They had their own individual organisation with a territorial assembly elected by universal suffrage; the assembly appointed a governing council, its president being the governor appointed by the central power. The French Southern and Antarctic Territories, with no permanent population, were administered directly from Paris. Comoro Islands. French Polynesia. French Somaliland. French Southern and Antarctic Territories. New Caledonia and dependencies. Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The member states, which were initially: Central African Republic. Chad. Congo (Brazzaville). Dahomey. Gabon. Ivory Coast. Malagasy Republic. Mauritania. Niger. Senegal. Sudanese Republic. Upper Volta. Although there was only one citizenship of the Community, the territories that became Community member states did not form part of the French Republic, and were granted broad autonomy. They had their own constitutions and could create unions among themselves. The Community's jurisdiction as a whole was limited to foreign policy, defence, the currency, a common economic and financial policy and policy on strategic matters and, except for special agreements, control of justice, higher education, external and public transport and telecommunications. Agreements of Association could also be made by the Community with other states. Associated with the Community were the United Nations trust territories of French Cameroun and French Togoland, and the Anglo-French condominium of the New Hebrides. Institutions Article 91 of the constitution stipulated that the institutions of the Community were to be established by 4 April 1959.These were as follows: The President of the Community was the President of the French Republic. The member states also participated with his election and he was represented in each state by a High Commissioner. During 1958 President de Gaulle was elected by an absolute majority in all the states. To promote autonomy within France, de Gaulle gave autonomy to the colonies so that they would stay within the community. The Executive Council of the Community met several times a year, in one or other of the capitals, on the summons of the President, who assumed direction of the meeting. It was composed of the chiefs of the governments of the different states and the ministers responsible for common affairs. The Senate of the Community was composed of members of the local assemblies designated by them in numbers proportional to the population of the state. This body was functionally powerless, and after holding two sessions it was abolished during March 1961. A Community Court of Arbitration, composed of seven judges nominated by the President, gave decisions in disputes between member states. Because France did not want to become 'a colony of its colonies', African countries did not compose a majority voting bloc and were required functionally to join with French parties in order to gain voting power. Operation The Communauté initially assumed close cooperation between member states and the French government. The French government was responsible for security and to some degree policing in all states. A number of African presidents were present—symbolizing, for continental anti-colonialists, their complicity—at "Gerboise Bleue", France's first nuclear test, which occurred on 4 February 1960 near Reggane in the Sahara Desert of central Algeria. Decline and dissolution Among the states, the Community as assumed originally functioned only during 1959 when six sessions of the executive council were held in various capitals. Immediately after the sixth session, held in Dakar during December, President de Gaulle agreed to Mali's claim for national sovereignty, thus beginning the process of all of the states being granted independence during 1960. On 4 June 1960, articles 85 and 86 were amended by Constitutional Act No. 60-525, allowing the member states to become fully independent, either still as members of the Community or not. This amendment also allowed for a state that was already fully independent to join the Community without losing its independence. By 1961, only the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, the Malagasy Republic and Senegal still belonged to the Community. The constitutional bodies no longer continued to function and the term 'president of the community' disappeared from official statements. It seemed that the only remaining differences between those states that were members of the community, and those that had left it, was the fact that the diplomatic representatives in Paris of the former had the title high commissioner, and those of the latter 'ambassador'. Moreover, the second title tended to be used in all cases without distinction. Although the French Community had almost ceased to exist as an institution by the early 1960s, the remaining members never formally withdrew and the relevant articles were not eliminated from the French Constitution until they were finally abrogated by Constitutional Act number 95-880 of 4 August 1995. Chronology 1958 28 September – A referendum on the proposed constitution for the Fifth Republic is held throughout the French Union. It is approved in every territory except French Guinea, which instead opts, by an overwhelming majority, for complete independence. The campaign in favour of independence had been promoted by Sékou Touré and his Democratic Party of Guinea/African Democratic Rally. 2 October – French Guinea gains independence, and is renamed the Republic of Guinea. 4 October – The constitution of the Fifth Republic becomes effective. 14 October – Madagascar becomes an autonomous state within the Community as the Malagasy Republic. 24 November – The French Sudan becomes an autonomous state within the Community as the Sudanese Republic. 25 November – Senegal becomes an autonomous state within the Community. 28 November – Chad, Gabon, the Middle Congo (as the Republic of the Congo) and Mauritania (as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania) become autonomous states within the Community. 1 December – Ubangi-Shari becomes an autonomous state within the Community as the Central African Republic. 4 December – Dahomey (as the Republic of Dahomey) and Ivory Coast become autonomous states within the Community. 11 December – Upper Volta becomes an autonomous state within the Community. 19 December – Niger becomes an autonomous state within the Community. 1959 4 April – Senegal and the Sudanese Republic form a union as the Mali Federation. Dakar is the federal capital. 1960 1 January – French Cameroon gains complete independence as the Republic of Cameroon. 27 April – Togo gains complete independence. 4 June – Articles 85 and 86 are amended by Constitutional Act No. 60-525, allowing the member states to become fully independent, either still as a member of the Community or not. This amendment also allows for a state that is already fully independent to join the Community without losing its independence; a provision that will never be chosen by any state. 20 June – The Mali Federation gains independence, within the Community. 26 June – The Malagasy Republic gains independence, within the Community. 1 August – The Republic of Dahomey gains complete independence. 3 August – Niger gains complete independence. 5 August – Upper Volta gains complete independence. 7 August – The Ivory Coast gains complete independence. 11 August – Chad gains independence, within the Community. 13 August – The Central African Republic gains independence, within the Community. 15 August – The Republic of the Congo gains independence, within the Community. 17 August – Gabon gains independence, within the Community. 20 August – Senegal secedes from the Mali Federation and becomes an independent state in its own right, but still within the Community. 22 September – The Sudanese Republic is renamed the Republic of Mali, and withdraws from the Community. 28 November – Mauritania gains complete independence. 1961 29 July – The Wallis and Futuna Islands, hitherto administered by the government of New Caledonia, become an overseas territory in their own right. 22 December – The Comoro Islands are granted full internal autonomy. 1962 and beyond 3 July 1962 – Algeria gains complete independence from France, outside the Community. 3 July 1967 – Act No. 67-521 grants French Somaliland wider autonomy and changes the name of the territory to the French Territory of the Afars and Issas. 6 July 1975 – Comorian President Ahmed Abdallah declares the whole archipelago independent of France, outside the Community. However, with the people of the island of Mayotte having voted in a referendum during 1974 against independence, the French refuse to recognise the inclusion of Mayotte in the new state. 19 July 1976 – St Pierre and Miquelon becomes an overseas department of France. 24 December 1976 – Mayotte becomes a territorial collectivity of France. 27 June 1977 – The French Territory of the Afars and Issas gains complete independence, outside the Community, and is renamed the Republic of Djibouti. 11 June 1985 – St Pierre and Miquelon becomes a territorial collectivity with special status, the local authorities having responsibility for taxation, customs arrangements, town planning and shipping registration. 4 August 1995 – Constitutional Act number 95-880 repeals the provisions of the French Constitution relating to the Community and the association is formally abolished. See also Colonialism Decolonization Francophonie References Bibliography De Lusignan, Guy, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence, New York: Praeger, 1969. "French Community." Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9, Page 756B and 756C. William Benton. London, Chicago, Geneva, Sydney, Toronto. 1963. Encyclopædia Britannica World Atlas. William Benton. Chicago, London, Toronto, Geneva, Sydney. 1963 Plates 57–58. External links Communauté française Current text of the Constitution in French (Constitutional Council) and in English (National Assembly). Original text of the Constitution of 4 October 1958, as published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française on 5 October 1958. Text of the Constitution just prior to the amendments of 4 August 1995 Retrieved 11 June 2011. Former international organizations French West Africa French Equatorial Africa 1958 establishments in the French colonial empire States and territories established in 1958 20th-century disestablishments in the French colonial empire 1995 disestablishments in France Organizations disestablished in 1995 States and territories disestablished in 1995
56743773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brujas%20%28skate%20crew%29	Brujas (skate crew)	Brujas (founded 2014) are a feminist skate collective and streetwear brand based in the Bronx, New York. History The Brujas name (English: witches) is derived and inspired by a 1986 video called Skate Witches. Brujas was founded by Arianna Gil, Sheyla Grullon, and other skaters in 2014 to host safe meeting places for female skaters of color. Since its inception, the Brujas collective participates in community organizing and political activism with an interest in challenging oppressive traditions. Brujas hosts community events, making space for marginalized individuals and communities to skateboard. As a women-run brand, the Brujas collective advocates for women and people of color, partially informed by their own experiences as women in skateboarding. In regards to the name Brujas, Gil explained: "We are intersectional feminists who are interested in spirituality and the tradition of brujería (witchcraft) in our culture. So there was more going on than just that little YouTube video." In 2016 Brujas created Brujas x 1971, a limited edition streetwear line that was funded through Kickstarter. The 1971 in the name refers to Attica prisoner uprising, of 1971. The line raised money for prisoner rights. "We see 1971 as a combination of both the political DIY cultures that we were radicalized in the Lower East Side, anarchist organizing where people sell T-shirts and throw parties to get their friends out of prison, and the really brash street and skate wear aesthetics that have been developing for ages," said Izzy Nastasia a Bruja member. In 2016 the New Museum in New York hosted Scamming the Patriarchy: A Youth Summit that included Brujas as one of the organizers. About their work, Sara O'Keeffe, assistant curator of the New Museum mentioned, "Brujas is a critical voice among an emerging generation of artists, writers and activists who are propelling conversations about politics and forging spaces for empowerment." In 2017, Brujas presented a pop-up classroom to present their streetwear line as part of New York Fashion Week. The grass-roots presentation received critical acclaim. In 2018, BRUJAS presented an exhibition titled "Training Facility" at Performance Space New York where they turned the art venue into a skatepark. Brujas organizes inclusive parties, including Anti-Prom and SUCIA. In 2019, Brujas hosted the fourth Anti-Prom party in celebration of Pride. References External links Training Facility by BRUJAS - 2018 - Performance Space New York Internet Bulldozing: Gentrification and The Rise of Cyberharassment, BRUJAS Calls for Coalition, Again! - by Arianna Gil, approved by BRUJAS - 2019 American skateboarders American female skateboarders Skateboarding companies Sports in the Bronx 2014 establishments in New York (state) Clothing brands of the United States Clothing companies based in New York City Clothing companies established in 2014 American artist groups and collectives American contemporary artists Feminist artists Organizations based in New York City Culture of New York City Culture jamming Activists from New York City
56163370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%20NCAA%20Division%20II%20soccer%20tournament	1982 NCAA Division II soccer tournament	The 1982 NCAA Division II soccer tournament was the 11th annual tournament organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the national men's college soccer champion among its Division II members in the United States. The final match was played at Florida International University in Miami, Florida in December 4. Florida International defeated Southern Connecticut State in the final, 2–1, to win their first Division II national title. The Panthers (16-3-1) were coached by Karl Kremser. Qualifying Bracket Final See also 1982 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament 1982 NCAA Division III men's soccer tournament NAIA Men's Soccer Championship References NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship NCAA Division II men's soccer tournament Soccer in Florida
120697	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfolden%2C%20Minnesota	Newfolden, Minnesota	Newfolden is a city in Marshall County, Minnesota, United States, along the Middle River. The population was 352 at the 2020 census. Old Mill State Park is nearby. History A post office called Newfolden has been in operation since 1896. The city was named after Folden, in Norway. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 368 people, 156 households, and 94 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 176 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.0% White, 0.3% African American, 2.2% Native American, and 0.5% from two or more races. There were 156 households, of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.7% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age in the city was 33.8 years. 29.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29% were from 25 to 44; 19.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 362 people, 160 households, and 94 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 176 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 99.17% White, 0.55% African American, 0.28% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.83% of the population. There were 160 households, out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.3% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 16.9% from 45 to 64, and 23.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,818, and the median income for a family was $37,917. Males had a median income of $26,071 versus $18,542 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,195. About 6.1% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.5% of those under age 18 and 19.8% of those age 65 or over. Schools Marshall County Central Schools is the local school district. Preschool through Grade 2 Elementary students attend school in the nearby community of Viking. Newfolden Elementary is the local Elementary School for 3-6 students. Marshall County Central High School educates the 7-12 grade students. The Northern Freeze is the school mascot of the school district sports teams. Marshall County Central Schools has a cooperative agreement with Tri-County Schools for all sports. Prior to the cooperative, the school mascot was the Nordics. High School Fire At 3:38 a.m. on November 7, 1991, a fire was reported at the Marshall County Central High School building that was built in 1974. Firefighters from five districts responded to fight the fire that burned for more than five hours Approximately 2/3 of the building was destroyed by the fire. In a letter from the Minnesota Department of Education (MDE) and its commissioner, Gene Mammenga, dated November 13, 1991, the school board was officially informed that the school could not be rebuilt. In response, the town started a campaign to change his mind. They wrote letters and made phone calls to the MDE and the governor and created a petition. Ultimately, the campaign was successful and the rebuilding of the school was approved. Classes for the 210 7th-12th grade students were held in the town's community center and churches, and in parts of the elementary school across the street, until the new high school was completed in September 1992. The fire marshal determined that the fire was caused by a defective switch in a Bunn coffee maker. In 1995 the school district won its case against Appellant Bunn-O-Matic Corporation and the 1996 appeal. Religion The city has three Lutheran churches (one affiliated with the American Association of Lutheran Churches, one with the Association of Free Lutheran Congregations, and one with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America), and an Evangelical Free Church of America. Climate Due to its location in the Central Plains and its distance from both mountains and oceans, the city has an extreme continental climate. The city is known for its long, cold and snowy winters. In sharp contrast summers are warm to hot, and often quite humid with frequent thunderstorms. Spring and autumn are short and highly variable seasons. References Cities in Minnesota Cities in Marshall County, Minnesota
53741543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesodactylites	Mesodactylites	Mesodactylites, which is sometimes considered to be a synonym of Nodicoeloceras is genus of ammonite that lived during early to middle Toarcian stage (Serpentinum to Bifrons ammonite Zones) of early Jurassic. Their fossils were found in southern and central Europe and northern Africa. It has evolved from Nodicoeloceras. Description Ammonites belonging to this genus have small to medium-sized shells. Coiling is cadicone to moderately evolute. Subcircular whorl section has convex flanks and rounded venter. Ribs can be simple or bifurcating. On ventrolateral position, there are tubercules, mostly on phragmocone. References Ammonitida Toarcian life Early Jurassic ammonites of Europe Ammonites of Africa Ammonite genera
38274898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota%20Phoenicis	Iota Phoenicis	ι Phoenicis, Latinized as Iota Phoenicis, is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Phoenix, near the constellation border with Grus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude that fluctuates around 4.71. This system lies approximately 254 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +19.4 km/s. The primary component is an Ap star on the main sequence with a stellar classification of A2VpSrCrEu, where the suffix notation indicates abnormal abundances of strontium, chromium, and europium in the stellar atmosphere. It is an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable; its apparent magnitude varies from 4.70 down to 4.75 with a period of 12.5 days. A rotationally-modulated magnetic field has been measured, varying from to . It has an estimated rotation period of , although this is in need of further confirmation. The proper motion companion is a magnitude 12.8 star at an angular separation of . References A-type main-sequence stars Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variables Ap stars Binary stars Phoenix (constellation) Phoenicis, Iota Durchmusterung objects 221760 116389 8949
44936834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20H%C3%B6egh%20Osaka	MV Höegh Osaka	MV Höegh Osaka is a roll-on/roll-off car carrier ship that was built in 2000 as Maersk Wind for A P Møller, Singapore. She was sold to Höegh Autoliners (Leif Höegh & Co) in 2008 and later renamed Höegh Osaka in August 2011. On 3 January 2015 she developed a severe list and was intentionally grounded in the Solent. Her 24 crew and a pilot were subsequently rescued. Construction The ship is long overall ( between perpendiculars), with a beam of . She has a depth of . Her draught is . The ship is powered by a Mitsubishi 8UEC60LS diesel engine, rated at . It drives a single fixed-pitch propeller, which can propel the ship at . She is assessed at , , 15,532 NT. The ship has a capacity of 2,520 cars or 450 lorries. History The ship was built in 2000 at yard number 1161 by Tsuneishi Holdings Corporation, Tadotsu District, Kagawa, Japan. The keel was laid on 3 December 1999 and the ship was launched as Maersk Wind on 1 May 2000 initially under AP Møller, Singapore management. Management was transferred to AP Møller-Maersk, Copenhagen, Denmark later in 2000. Management was transferred back in 2007. In 2008, the ship was sold to Höegh Autocarriers and renamed Höegh Osaka. The port of registry is Singapore. It has IMO number 9185463 and MMSI number 563248000, and call sign is S6TY. The ship has a maximum speed of . Höegh Osaka is owned by Höegh Autoliners and operated under the management of Wallem Shipmanagement, Singapore. January 2015 grounding On 3 January 2015 Höegh Osaka was loaded at Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom with a ro-ro cargo of buses, construction equipment and Range Rover cars in addition to some unspecified cargo already on board. More cargo was to be loaded at Bremerhaven, Germany, its next stop and then at Hamburg, Germany for more cargo and refuelling. This was a change from the normal route of Hamburg, Bremerhaven and then Southampton. A pilot embarked at 19:30 and the ship departed at 20:06. At 20:59, the ship made a starboard turn and entered the Thorn Channel travelling at . After entering the channel speed increased to . At 21:09, Höegh Osaka made a port turn at the West Bramble Buoy and developed a severe list. The pilot gave the order to stop engines at 21:10, and expressed doubts in respect of the metacentric height (GM) of the vessel. As the list increased, the ship's propeller and rudder came clear of the water. The ship grounded on the Bramble Bank in the Solent off the Isle of Wight at 21:15, and settled with a list that would eventually reach 52°. According to the owners the beaching on the Bramble Bank was intentional. At 21:19 the D-class inshore lifeboat from Calshot Lifeboat Station was called out. The tugs Svitzer Ferriby and Svitzer Surrey, in Southampton Water at the time, were also sent to the assistance of Höegh Osaka. A Severn-class lifeboat from Yarmouth and an Atlantic 85-class lifeboat from Cowes, Isle of Wight were called out. The second Calshot Lifeboat was then called out. A Coastguard AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter from RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus) was called out and the tug Apex was also sent to assist. At 21:54, Svitzer Ferriby arrived at the Bramble Bank and assisted in beaching the ship. One crew member broke an arm and a leg when he fell and slid for about in a corridor as the ship listed. A crew member jumped into the water as a lifeboat approached and was rescued. Six crew were winched aboard the helicopter from Lee-on-the-Solent and landed there. assisted in the coordination of the rescue efforts. A crew member from the Yarmouth Lifeboat was winched onto Höegh Osaka to assist with the evacuation. A Royal Air Force Westland Sea King helicopter was called out from RAF Chivenor. The National Police Air Service also sent a helicopter equipped with night vision equipment. All crew except pilot, captain and chief officer had been rescued by 00:15 on 4 January. All were evacuated at 02:09 because the vessel's list was increasing as the tide fell. The ship was carrying a cargo of 1,400 vehicles and about 70 pieces of construction equipment. Svitzer were appointed as salvors. A maritime exclusion zone was set up around the ship, and airspace below closed to aircraft within . An attempt to refloat the ship was scheduled for 7 January, but cancelled because more water than expected was discovered inside the vessel. The ship refloated without outside assistance later that day assisted by high tide and strong winds, taken in tow and moored approximately east at Alpha Anchorage, between East Cowes and Lee-on-the-Solent to await further salvage operations. On 22 January, Höegh Osaka was towed in to Southampton, salvage operations having reduced the list to 5°. Return to service On 10 February 2015, Höegh Osaka departed from Southampton for Falmouth, Cornwall to be repaired. The ship returned to service on 20 February 2015, sailing from Falmouth via Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea headed for Bar, Montenegro. Investigation The Marine Accident Investigation Branch opened an investigation into the accident. Its report into the incident was published on 17 March 2016. The investigation found that plans for the loading of the cargo had not been changed despite the change in itinerary. No calculation of the vessel's stability had been made, a practice found to be common across many operators' fleets. The weight of cargo on board had been underestimated, being 265 tonnes greater than estimated. The investigation found that although the cargo had shifted as a result of the ship listing, it was not the cause of the list. The ship's ballast water system was not fully serviceable, all but one of the gauges for each ballast tank were unserviceable, a situation that had existed since at least July 2014. It was possible to take manual readings of the amount of water in each ballast tank. The chief officer was in the habit of calculating how much water was transferred between tanks by timing the pumps and using their capacity of 7 tonnes per minute. Some of the straps used to secure the cargo to the deck were found not to meet regulations in force at the time, only being half as strong as they should have been. See also List of roll-on/roll-off vessel accidents , a car carrier which had a major list incident in 2006. , a car carrier which capsized off Oporto in 1988. References External links 2000 ships Ro-ro ships Ships built in Japan Merchant ships of Singapore Maritime incidents in 2015 Shipwrecks in the Solent 2015 in England Maritime incidents in England
1777146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20J.%20Colden	Charles J. Colden	Charles J. Colden (August 24, 1870 – April 15, 1938) was a politician who served in the Los Angeles City Council and from 1933 to 1938 as a member of the U.S. Congress. Biography Colden was born on a farm in Peoria County, Illinois, and moved at age 10 with his parents to Nodaway County, Missouri, in 1880. He attended grade school at the Ireland Schoolhouse near their farm, and later went to Maryville High School some ten miles distant in Maryville, Missouri. He attended Stanberry Normal School in Stanberry, Missouri, and Shenandoah College in Shenandoah, Iowa. Colden taught school in Missouri and Iowa from 1889 to 1896. He was the editor and publisher of the Parnell Sentinel from 1896 to 1900 and the Nodaway Forum (which became the Maryville Daily Forum, in Maryville, Missouri, from 1900 to 1908. He was president of the board of regents of Northwest Missouri Teachers College from 1905 to 1908. Colden Hall at the school is named for him. From 1908 to 1912 he was in the construction business in Kansas City, Missouri. Colden took a vacation tour of the West in 1912 and "was attracted to the possibilities" of the Los Angeles harbor in San Pedro and soon settled there. and continued in the real estate and building business. He was the president of the San Pedro Chamber of Commerce from 1922 to 1924. He died in Washington, D.C., and was buried in Roosevelt Memorial Park Cemetery in Gardena, California, but in 1965 his body was reinterred at Green Hills Memorial Park in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. He was survived by his wife, Clara N. Colden; a sister, Mrs. B.C. Hall, two daughters, Mrs. Lester Hawthorne and Abbe Colden; and two sons, John C. Colden and Charles J. Colden Jr. Political life Missouri Colden was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from 1901 to 1905. California Planning He was a member of the city's first planning commission in 1920, which at that time was composed of 51 people appointed by the City Council "to work out an organized, comprehensive plan of city development." Other notable members were Eugene Biscailuz, Charles A. Holland, Evan Lewis and W.H. Workman Jr. Harbor Colden was president of the Los Angeles Harbor commission from 1923 to 1925. While on the commission, he worked vigorously for the Harbor Belt Line that linked all the port facilities via rail. He also led a fight to give the Santa Fe Railroad access to the waterfront. In January 1925, Edgar McKee, former president of the harbor board, filed suit against Colden, charging him with "having conspired . . . to oust McKee as president of the Harbor Board and to have plotted to ruin him." McKee claimed that Colden and others attempted to involve McKee 'in various deals involving the purchase of lands for the Harbor Commission and through which they intended to make a private profit." Colden denied the charge, and the matter was later settled out of court. City Council Colden was the first resident of the Harbor Area to serve on the Los Angeles City Council since the area was annexed to the city in 1909 through a shoestring strip that attached the district to the main part of the city some 20 miles to the north. He ran for the council in an at-large election in 1923, but placed 10th in a field of eighteen and only the first nine were elected. In 1925 a new city charter gave the district and 14 others their own representatives on the council, creating the 15th District. He ran for this new post and edged James H. Dodson Jr. in the general election, 4,750 votes to 4,599. He was reelected in the May 1927 primary. Colden did not run in the 1929 election, noting his disappointment that the city had chosen to purchase "an airport and the classification yards at the harbor" when "These projects might have been [better] promoted by the beneficiaries and by private enterprise." Congress Colden was elected to Congress as a Democrat from California's 17th district and served from March 4, 1933, until his death in 1938. Liberty Ship The Charles J. Colden (hull number 2691) was one of the type EC2-S-C1 Liberty ships built by Permanente Metals Yard No. 2 in Richmond, California, for the U.S. Maritime Commission from 1941 to 1945. See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49) References Links to the Los Angeles Times require the use of a library card Other references Chronological Record of Los Angeles City Officials: 1850—1938, compiled under the direction of the Municipal Reference Library, City Hall, Los Angeles, March 1938 (reprinted 1966) External links Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California 1870 births 1938 deaths Los Angeles City Council members People from Peoria County, Illinois People from Nodaway County, Missouri
39912718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFKBID	NFKBID	Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, delta also known as IκBNS is a protein in humans that is encoded by the NFKBID gene. IκBNS is a member of the atypical inhibitors of NF-κB (also called the nuclear IκBs). NF-κB is a transcription factor, which regulates the expression of its target genes, depending on intracellular and extracellular signals. As NFKBID influences the impact of NF-κB on several genes, it is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress and bacterial or viral antigens. Structure NFKBID is a nuclear protein with 327 amino acids. It contains six ankyrin repeats (ANKs), that are surrounded by a nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) at the N-terminus and a short C-terminus. The ANKs are characteristic for all IκB proteins. The NLS is an additional characteristic structural element of only atypical IκB proteins, which is responsible for the localization of the protein into the nucleus. In contrast, classical inhibitors, e.g. IκBα and IκBβ, are located in the cytoplasm. A high resolution structure of NFKBID is not available yet. Function It seems that NFKBID acts as an inhibitor of the NF-κB cascade. By its functions, including promotion of germinal center reactions and its requirement in immunosuppressive regulatory T cell generation, NFKBID regulates homeostasis of the immune system and has further different consequences on it. Furthermore, NFKBID influences B cells and plasma cells substantially, concerning their functions and development. The expression of NFKBID is precisely regulated. After NF-κB activation atypical IκBs are induced by the transcription factor Atypical IκBs, in turn, can regulate the NF-κB transcription as either inducers or inhibitors. In contrast, the classical proteins can only repress NF-κB transcription. In mature T cells (CD4+), T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation can induce the expression of NFKBID, whereas in macrophages, TLR ligands take on this task. To influence the transcription of genes, NFKBID has some interaction protein partners. It was reported that NFKBID interacts with p50, which is a subunit of NF-κB, p52, p65, RelB, and c-Rel. NFKBID binds these proteins only in the nucleus, except for p50, which can be bound both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus Researchers suggest that apart from this, NFKBID can also interact with homo- and heterodimers consisting of some of these subunits, e.g. p50/p50 and p65/p50. Depending on the target gene and on which protein is bound by NFKBID, it can function as both repressor and activator. References
68731763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jauravia%20albidula	Jauravia albidula	Jauravia albidula, is a species of lady beetle endemic to Sri Lanka. Description Body length is about 2.8 to 3.0 mm. Body hemispherical. Body color pale yellowish brown. Eyes are black. Elytra margins are dark-brown. Metasternum and the first abdominal sternite are brownish. Head finely and sparsely punctured. Head clothed with golden, delicate and sparse pubescence. Pronotum deeply emarginate anteriorly with almost straight laterally. Pronotal punctation is fine, deep and sparse. Pronotal interspaces are coriaceous, and less bright. Pronotum clothed with golden, short, slightly erect pubescence. Elytral latera border with slightly raised at the humeral angle. Elytral punctation coarse, and shallow. Elytral interspaces are smooth and very shiny. Elytral pubescence is light golden. Ventrum with very fine and sparse punctures. Mesosternum, metasternum and abdominal sternites are coarse and clothed with golden, fine, short and sparse pubescence. References Coccinellidae Insects of Sri Lanka Beetles described in 1866
54435272	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8%20Supercars%20China%20Round	V8 Supercars China Round	The V8 Supercars China Round (formally known as the Buick V8 Supercars China Round) was a motor racing event for V8 Supercars that took place at the Shanghai International Circuit in Shanghai, China in 2005. History The China Round was announced, initially for a 2004 date, by series chairman Tony Cochrane in early 2003, signalling the first time that V8 Supercars would race outside Australia and New Zealand. The event was eventually confirmed for June 2005, with several teams updating their liveries for the weekend, including the HSV Dealer Team entry of Rick Kelly rebranding as Team Buick for the weekend. The race weekend itself was dominated by the Holden Racing Team, with Todd Kelly winning two of the three races, and the round, and team-mate Mark Skaife winning the other race. It was also a record fiftieth round victory for the team. In the opening race of the weekend, Mark Winterbottom hit a loose drain cover which ripped the bottom out of the chassis and ruled him out for the final two races. It was an incident which was later repeated at the 2005 Chinese Grand Prix. While the event initially appeared on the 2006 calendar, the proposed dates were rejected by Chinese officials and the event was replaced by a round at Winton Motor Raceway. The 2006 calendar also featured another the series' second venture outside Australasia with the introduction of the Desert 400 in Bahrain. Winners Event sponsors 2005: Buick See also List of Australian Touring Car Championship races References V8 Supercars China V8 Supercars
63457831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna%20Nera	Luna Nera	Luna Nera (English: Black Moon) is an Italian historical fantasy streaming television series created by Francesca Manieri, Laura Paolucci and Tiziana Triana and starring Nina Fotaras, Giorgio Belli, Gloria Carovana and Giandomenico Cupaiuolo. The plot takes place in the 17th-century in Serra, a fictitional village near Rome, and revolves around women who are accused of being witches, who defend themselves and fight back. It is based on the trilogy of novels Le città perdute by Tiziana Triana. Episodes Cast Antonia Fotaras as Ade, a young witch with strong sensing abilities. Giada Gagliardi as Valente, the sick younger brother of Ade who she is left to take care of. Barbara Ronchi as Antalia, the mother of Ade and Valente. After birthing Valente, she disguised herself as an old woman and claimed to be their grandmother, Natalia. as Natalia, the grandmother of Ade and Valente. Giorgio Belli as Pietro, a man who returns from college and becomes smitten with Ade. He doesn’t believe in sorcery and is furious about the executions committed by his witch-hunter father. Gloria Carovana as Cesaria, Pietro’s younger adoptive sister who aides their father in witch-hunting. Giandomenico Cupaiuolo as Sante, father of Pietro and Cesaria and leader of a group of witch hunters called the Benandanti, inspired by their historical counterpart. Astrid Meloni as Amelia, Pietro and Cesaria’s sick, bed-ridden mother. Adalgisa Manfrida as Persepolis, a young witch who, after an initial conflict, becomes close friends with Ade. Filippo Scotti as Spirto, an orphan working for Sante's household, who has a secret relationship with Persepolis. as Janara, a tough-as-nails witch who is comfortable with both magic and weapons, inspired by Witches of Benevento as Tebe, the powerful and strong-willed leader of the witches. as Leptis, a woman with martial training who is a confidante of the witches and Tebe's lover. Camille Dugay Comencini as Aquileia, a new witch adept. Martina Limonta as Segesta, a new witch adept. Giulia Alberoni as Petra, a new witch adept. as Marzio Oreggi. a powerful cardinal supporting the witch hunting as Marzio Oreggi during his youth. Gaetano Aronica: as padre Tosco, the local priest. Marilena Anniballi as Agnese, a woman who lost a child during birth and accused Natalia (who acted as midwife) of witchcraft. Daniele Amendola as Giambattista, Agnese's husband. Nathan Macchioni as Adriano. Aliosha Massine as Benedetto. Gianmarco Vettori as Nicola. Production and release Filming for the series lasted 16 weeks and mostly took place in Cinecittà studios. In the episodes you can also see: the Parco degli Acquedotti of Rome, Sorano, the ghost town of Celleno, Sutri, the , the castle of and the ghost town of . Netflix distributed the trailer of Luna Nera on 15 January 2020 and released the series on 31 January 2020. References External links 2020 Italian television series debuts 2020s Italian drama television series Italian fantasy television series Italian-language Netflix original programming Television series set in the 17th century Television shows set in Lazio Witchcraft in television
33123499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignace%20Fran%C3%A7ois%20Broutin	Ignace François Broutin	Ignace François Broutin (La Bassée, 1690–1751) was a French Chevalier of the Order of St. Louis military officer, commander of Fort Rosalie among the Natchez people, and later an architect and Captain of Engineers of the King in the Province in colonial Louisiana. He is chiefly remembered for designing the Ursuline Convent, completed by 1753 and the oldest and only surviving French colonial building in New Orleans. A native of La Bassée in northern France, Broutin arrived in Louisiana in 1720 and married Madeleine la Maire (likely a cousin - his mother's maiden name was la Mairée), widow of François Philippe de Marigny and mother of Antoine Philippe de Marigny. In 1748, his daughter, Madeleine Marguerite de Broutin, married a grandson of French-Canadian judge and poet, René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière, Louis-Xavier Martin de Lino de Chalmette. The de Lino plantation, called "Chalmette", became the site of the 1815 Battle of New Orleans, and was later adopted as the name of the seat of St. Bernard Parish: Chalmette. Their son, Ignace de Lino, reportedly died suddenly, a month later, devastated by the extensive damage to his inherited family mansion during the Battle. In the year following the 1755 death of her first husband, de Lino, Madeleine Broutin, then 35, wed another grandson of René Chartier's, Major Pierre Denys de La Ronde. Their only son together, Colonel Pierre Denis de La Ronde, played an "essential" role in the Battle of New Orleans, which had also claimed his plantation, bordering the plantation of his half-brother, de Lino. La Ronde's mansion was, first, the main site of the definitive Night Battle, December 23–24, 1814, in which General Edward Pakenham lost his life, then, secondly, commandeered by the British Army as a field hospital. At least two descendants reflected his architectural legacy: grandson Colonel Denis de La Ronde (1762–1824), whose stately "house was similar in plan and exterior to the Ursuline Convent designed by Broutin" (albeit now widely misnamed as Versailles, Louisiana), today an historic ruins; and his niece, the tragic, yet highly creative survivor of the murderous Baron Joseph Delfau de Pontalba's final attempt to steal her fortune. Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba, whose personal legacy endures, as does her great-grandfather's, with the famed Pontalba Buildings gracing Jackson Square in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, and with the official residence of the United States Ambassador to France, the Hôtel de Pontalba in Paris. References 18th-century French architects 1690 births 1751 deaths
4724722	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Langfield	Jamie Langfield	James Robert Langfield (born 22 December 1979) is a Scottish football player and coach, who is currently the goalkeeping coach at St Mirren. Langfield, who played as a goalkeeper, started his career with Dundee. He then played for Partick Thistle and Dunfermline Athletic before joining Aberdeen in 2005. He went on to spend the next decade with Aberdeen, regaining his place in the team after being dropped for off-field indiscipline in 2007, a loss of form in 2008 and then again in 2012 after suffering a brain seizure that kept him out of competitive action for nine months. He was voted the Aberdeen player of the year in 2009 and was part of the team that won the Scottish League Cup in 2014. Langfield played for Scotland in a B international in 2007 and was a member of the senior squad without being selected for a full cap. In 2015 Langfield joined hometown club St Mirren and played regularly until May 2017 before becoming their goalkeeping coach. Langfield was caretaker manager of St Mirren after Jim Goodwin left the club in February 2022. Career Early career Langfield was born in Paisley and started his career as a youth player at Dundee. Langfield was released by Dundee when the club went into administration, and signed a short term deal with Raith Rovers. Langfield went on to sign for Partick Thistle and Dunfermline Athletic. Aberdeen Langfield signed for Aberdeen in 2005. At the start of his Aberdeen spell, he was the second-choice goalkeeper behind Ryan Esson, but he soon took over from Esson as first choice and during season 2006–07, Aberdeen finished third and qualified for the UEFA Cup. In May 2007, he rejected a move to Rangers, preferring the option of more first-team opportunities at Aberdeen. In June 2007, while enjoying his stag party on holiday in Magaluf, he had a drunken argument with Aberdeen manager Jimmy Calderwood after bumping into him in a chance encounter, with the incident putting his future at Aberdeen in doubt. Langfield himself stated he wasn't able to remember what happened as he was so drunk. The club later confirmed that they had made him available for transfer with an asking price of £100,000. As a result of the incident, Langfield was not only demoted to the bench, with Derek Soutar made first choice, but it caused some supporters to turn on him. Having been on the bench for the season's first six matches, Langfield made his first appearance in a 0–0 draw against Ukrainian side Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the UEFA Cup. Aberdeen went through to the next round after a 1–1 draw in the second leg, which resulted in a victory on away goals. The day after Aberdeen's victory over FC Copenhagen on 20 December 2007, Langfield signed a three-year extension to his contract to keep him at the club until 2011. During early 2008, Langfield experienced a drop in form, starting on 5 February when Aberdeen lost 4–1 to Dundee United in the CIS Insurance Cup. This led him being dropped as a first choice, but once again he regained the place after being on the bench for seven matches. Langfield was ever-present in the league for the 2008–09 season and was linked a move to England, but stated he was happy to stay at Aberdeen. When Jimmy Calderwood left the club at the end of that season he claimed Langfield was also looking to leave, but the player pledged his commitment to the club. In July 2010, ahead of the 2010–11 season, Langfield injured himself by spilling boiling water on his foot. Because of the injury, he did not return to the team until 18 September 2010, in a 1–1 draw against Motherwell; after the game, Langfield described the injury as "a freak accident and it was bloody painful." Langfield was in goal as Celtic beat Aberdeen 9–0 on 9 November 2010, which holds the record not only as the biggest ever win in the SPL, but also the biggest ever defeat in Aberdeen's history. Langfield revealed he was in tears following the match, and commented that he would be remembered as a keeper who conceded nine goals for the rest of his career. On 11 December 2010, he conceded five goals, in a 5–0 loss against Heart of Midlothian. Langfield played his 200th match in his Aberdeen career in a 2–0 win over St Mirren. In May 2011, Langfield signed a one-year extension to his Aberdeen contract. He was previously told he had to take a pay-cut if he were to stay at the club, having been amongst three of the Dons highest-paid players. Later that month, he suffered a brain seizure and was taken to hospital in Glasgow. Two days later, he was released from hospital as he continued his recovery. Aberdeen manager Craig Brown said he would allow Langfield to decide when he would resume playing and said he would not be back in action until he was 100 per cent. He returned to training in September 2011. Following his return, Brown stated he was considering letting Langfield join a club on loan, describing it as "a bit premature to be thinking about putting him into the first team". Langfield admitted he thought the seizure could have ended his career but that he believed it could make him a better keeper, and he would be taking medication in case of another seizure. Langfield was loaned to Forfar Athletic in November for one month to gain some match practice. After making two appearances, he returned to Aberdeen. After nine months out, Langfield made his return to the Aberdeen first team in a 2–0 win over Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 21 April 2012. After the match, he stated he enjoyed making his comeback. After speculation in the previous month that Langfield could leave the club in order to search for regular first team football, he was offered a new two-year contract on 25 April 2012, which he signed seven days later. The start of the 2012–13 season saw Langfield start the opening game against champions Celtic. Aberdeen lost the game 1–0 with the only goal coming from a shot by Kris Commons which Langfield let slip under his body. The goalkeeper was then subject to abuse on the social networking site Twitter, with references made to the brain seizure that he had suffered the previous year. In November, he went a second scheduled operation and following this, he was given the all-clear. On 15 December 2012, Langfield was sent-off after a straight red card following a foul on Borja Perez of Kilmarnock, resulting a penalty. After the match the club said they would appeal his sending off, but this was rejected by The Scottish Football Association, meaning he served a one match suspension. Langfield scored an own goal on 2 January 2013 in a 2–2 draw against the club's rivals, Dundee United. Following a 0–0 draw against Hibernian on 22 April 2013, Langfield earned his 84th SPL clean-sheet, taking him a step closer to overtaking Stefan Klos, Allan McGregor and Rab Douglas, the only players with more. In the 2013–14 season, Langfield gave away a penalty and received a red card in the third match of the season, as Aberdeen lost 2–0 against Celtic. In September and October 2013, Langfield only conceded a total of two goals. The following month, he signed a contract extension, keeping him at the club until 2016. Langfield started in goal in the Scottish League Cup final against Inverness Caledonian Thistle, where he played the entire match which finished 0–0 after extra–time and went to a penalty-shootout; Aberdeen won 4–2 on penalties, with Langfield's save from one of the Inverness attempts sealing victory. After the match, Langfield said "winning a cup at Parkhead with a team I love and I want to be part of. That's incredible." The club's goalkeeper coach Jim Leighton said of Langfield: "I've never seen Jamie play better than he is at the moment. It's great to see him reaping the rewards for the effort I see him putting in at training every day." The 2014–15 season started well for Langfield when he started and played all 90 minutes in the club's six matches in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds, in which he kept three clean sheets. Langfield then started as a first-choice goalkeeper until he conceded three goals in a 3–0 defeat to Hamilton Academical on 17 October 2014. As a result, he was placed on the bench and Scott Brown was made first choice from the next match against Motherwell onwards. Langfield made his return to the first team on 13 March 2015 in a 2–1 win over the same opposition, and featured for two more matches before being replaced again by Brown for the rest of the season. Langfield was awarded a testimonial by Aberdeen in 2015. The match against Brighton and Hove Albion was played on 26 July 2015 and ended 1–0 with Adam Rooney scoring the only goal. At half time, some of Langfield's former teammates including Darren Mackie, Lee Miller, Derek Young, Lee Mair, Barry Nicholson, Scott Severin and Michael Hart played in a mini match. Langfield later tweeted "Thank you for everything always in mine and my family's hearts #COYR." He was also in consideration for the club's goalkeeping coach before the role went to Gordon Marshall. On 11 August 2015, Aberdeen announced that they had reached an agreement with Langfield to terminate the remainder of his contract with the club. St Mirren On 13 August 2015, Langfield signed a two-year player-coach contract with St Mirren. After a successful first season with Saints, Langfield dropped to the bench for most of season 2016–17 and concentrated on a coaching role. He signed a new one-year contract in May 2017, where it was anticipated he would continue in a non-playing capacity. Langfield was re-registered as a player and was on the bench for St Mirren's Scottish Premiership game against Hibernian in September 2020 after goalkeepers Jak Alnwick, Dean Lyness and Peter Urminsky were all ruled out due to COVID‑19 protocols. He was made caretaker manager of St Mirren in February 2022, following the departure of Jim Goodwin. International Langfield made one Scotland B appearance. He was called up to the senior Scotland team several times but never gained a full cap. Personal life Jamie grew up in Paisley, with his parents, three younger brothers and a younger sister. Following the brain seizure that affected his career, Langfield helped raise money for the charity BareAll4BTs which helps those affected by brain tumours, by auctioning his gloves. Following The 2013 Glasgow Helicopter Crash, Langfield vowed to shave his hair off for the victims families. As of April 2023 he is still yet to do this. Career statistics HonoursAberdeen' Scottish League Cup: 2013–14 References External links Guardian Stats Centre 1979 births Footballers from Paisley, Renfrewshire Living people Men's association football goalkeepers Association football coaches Scottish men's footballers Scotland men's under-21 international footballers Scotland men's B international footballers Dundee F.C. players Raith Rovers F.C. players Partick Thistle F.C. players Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players Aberdeen F.C. players Scottish Football League players Scottish Premier League players Forfar Athletic F.C. players Scottish Professional Football League players St Mirren F.C. players St Mirren F.C. non-playing staff
9802388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottia	Scottia	Scottia may refer to: Scottia (crustacean), a genus in the family Cyprididae Scottia Thunb., a synonym of the legume genus Schotia Scottia R.Br. ex Ait., 1812, a synonym of the legume genus Bossiaea Scottia Grönblad, 1954, a synonym for Amscottia Grönblad, 1954, a Chlorophyta incertae sedis See also Scotia (disambiguation)
9614230	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror-of-demonic	Horror-of-demonic	The horror-of-the-demonic film is one of three subgenres of the horror film that grew out of mid- and late-20th-century American culture. Characteristics As described by the film aesthetician Charles Derry, the horror-of-the-demonic film suggested that the world was horrible because evil forces existed that were constantly undermining the quality of existence. The evil forces could either remain mere spiritual presences, as in Don't Look Now (Nicolas Roeg, 1973), or they could take the guise of witches, demons, or devils. "Films about witchcraft and ghosts have always been with us. Indeed, the idea of an evil incarnate has a long American tradition... The themes of repression and evil forces have long been a staple of American literature, from Nathaniel Hawthorne's The House of Seven Gables and Washington Irving's "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" to Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Raven' and Henry James' The Turn of the Screw." Derry cites two films as "the most important forerunners in this genre": Day of Wrath (Carl Dreyer, Denmark, 1943) and The Devil's Wanton (Ingmar Bergman, Sweden, 1948), although Derry qualifies the second film as "not a horror film". Themes Four themes that are common to these films lend a consistency to this genre. The idea of vengeance, noted especially in The Haunted Palace (Roger Corman, 1963), Horror Hotel (John Moxey, 1960), and The Exorcist (William Friedkin, 1973) The corruption of innocence, noted in The Other (Robert Mulligan, 1972), Rosemary's Baby (Roman Polanski, 1968), The Exorcist, The Witches aka The Devil's Own (Cyril Frankel, 1966), Don't Look Now (Nicolas Roeg, 1973), and The Mephisto Waltz (Paul Wendkos, 1971) Mystic phenomena, especially possession, noted in The Mephisto Waltz, Burn, Witch, Burn (Sidney Hayers, 1962), The Other, Rosemary's Baby, The Possession of Joel Delaney (Waris Hussein, 1972), The Innocents (Jack Clayton, 1961), and The Exorcist. The emphasis on Christian symbology, noted in Horror Hotel, Rosemary's Baby, The Other, Don't Look Now, The Exorcist, Burn, Witch, Burn, The Haunted Palace (Roger Corman, 1963), Witchcraft (William J. Hole Jr, 1962), Diary of a Madman (Reginald Le Borg, 1963), and the "Morella" segment of Tales of Terror (Roger Corman, 1962). References Horror genres
18120922	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissy%20Biggers	Sissy Biggers	Martha "Sissy" Cargill Biggers (born Martha Lyons Cargill on July 3, 1957) is an American television personality and lifestyle expert. She has hosted the Food Network's Ready.. Set... Cook! and Lifetime's Biggers & Summers and Live from Queens talk shows. In 2001 Biggers also served as floor reporter on the short-lived reality television series Iron Chef USA. She has been a regular lifestyles contributor for The Today Show. Personal life Biggers graduated from Barnard College. She is married to Reeve Kelsey Biggers Jr., a grandson of John David Biggers, former chief executive officer of the Libbey-Owens-Ford company who conducted the first unemployment census in 1938 at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. She is mother of two children. References External links Official website 1957 births Living people American television actresses American television personalities Actresses from Minneapolis Barnard College alumni 21st-century American women
44064951	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrace%20of%20the%20Vampire%20%282013%20film%29	Embrace of the Vampire (2013 film)	Embrace of the Vampire is a 2013 erotic horror direct-to-video film directed by Carl Bessai and written by Andrew C. Erin, Alan Mruvka, and Sheldon Roper. It is a loose remake of the 1995 film of the same name. The film was released on video in the United States on October 15, 2013. Plot The virgin and repressed Charlotte Hawthorn joins the university from a Catholic school with a scholarship for participating in the fencing team. She shares the room with Nicole and tells her that her mother died and she is alone. Charlotte has thalassemia and is forced to use medicine. She gets a job working as a waitress in a coffee shop owned by Chris. Soon she meets the fencing coach, Professor Cole, who is also responsible for the literature classes, and her mate Eliza becomes jealous over his treatment of Charlotte. Soon she has daydreams and the mystic Daciana, who is the owner of a store, explains her fate in the world as a vampire hunter, but Charlotte does not believe in her until her friends die. She begins having erotic and gruesome dreams. Cast Reception The film has a critic aggregate score of 10% on Rotten Tomatoes. DVD Talk said, "If you're into gory lesbian vampire movies with lots of female nudity, you'll enjoy this. It offers all of that, wraps up it with a serviceable plot line and some style, and delivers exactly what you expect it to, no more, no less." Bloody Disgusting said the film "is a loose remake of the original, but while the 1995 film had melodramatic allure, this one is painfully boring. It would’ve benefited greatly from introducing Charlotte’s slaying family tradition earlier in the movie, rather than its final minutes. Ultimately, it’s an easily forgettable remake." PopMatters in its review said, "Certainly Embrace of the Vampire isn’t nearly as bad as it could have been, but it’s hardly an evening at the ballet, either." References External links 2013 direct-to-video films Direct-to-video erotic films Direct-to-video horror films LGBT-related horror films Canadian vampire films Horror film remakes Remakes of American films Films shot in British Columbia Canadian erotic films English-language Canadian films CineTel Films films Films about nightmares Erotic horror films 2013 LGBT-related films 2013 films Films set in Los Angeles 2010s English-language films 2010s Canadian films
5193500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Kasha	Al Kasha	Alfred Kasha (January 22, 1937 – September 14, 2020) was an American songwriter, whose songs include "The Morning After" from The Poseidon Adventure. Life Kasha started songwriting and producing at a young age and was hired as a producer at Columbia Records aged 22. He worked at the Brill Building in 1959 alongside writers and artists like Carole King, Neil Sedaka, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil, Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller, Burt Bacharach, Hal David, and Neil Diamond. He worked with many great artists such as Aretha Franklin ("Operation Heartbreak" and "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody"), Neil Diamond, Donna Summer ("I'm A Fire"), Charles Aznavour ("Dance In The Old Fashioned Way"), Bobby Darin ("Irresistible You"), and Jackie Wilson ("I'm Coming on Back To You," "My Empty Arms," "Forever And A Day," "Each Night I Dream Of You," "Lonely Life," and "Sing And Tell The Blues So Long"). Kasha is most noted for his years of collaboration with songwriter Joel Hirschhorn. The two wrote and collaborated on many nominated and award-winning songs for many music groups, movies, and musicals. The Peppermint Rainbow's "Will You Be Staying After Sunday" is just one example of the many songs they wrote for groups during their time. Accolades The songwriting duo twice won the Academy Award for Best Song: for "The Morning After" from The Poseidon Adventure in 1973 and "We May Never Love Like This Again" from The Towering Inferno in 1975, both made famous by Maureen McGovern. They also received two more Academy Award nominations for their work in the 1977 Disney film Pete's Dragon, for Best Song Score as well as Best Song ("Candle On The Water," sung by Helen Reddy). Along with Hirschhorn, Kasha also received two Tony nominations (one for Copperfield and the other for Seven Brides for Seven Brothers), two Grammy nominations, an Emmy, four Golden Globe nominations, and a People's Choice Award. They also composed the theme song to the short-lived 1990s game show The Challengers. Later years Kasha wrote three books: If They Ask You Can Write A Song, Notes On Broadway, and his autobiography, Reaching The Morning After. Kasha was married to Ceil Kasha and had a daughter, Dana Kasha-Cohen. He suffered with Parkinson's disease in his latter years. Kasha died on September 14, 2020, at the age of 83. Discography Singles "Sing (And Tell The Blues "So Long")" Sid Wyche, Al Kasha / "One Of Them" Al Kasha, Hank Hunter 1960 References External links Al Kasha's website 1937 births 2020 deaths American male composers American musical theatre composers American musical theatre lyricists American lyricists 21st-century American composers Songwriters from New York (state) Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters Broadway composers and lyricists Musicians from Brooklyn Writers from Brooklyn 21st-century American male musicians American male songwriters
55914404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20two%20tigers%20fight	When two tigers fight	"When two tigers fight" is a Chinese proverb or chengyu (four-character idiom). It refers to the inevitability that when rivals clash (a recurring theme in traditional Chinese historiography), even though they are great figures, one of them must fall. References Chinese proverbs Rivalry
30943993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Retterst%C3%B8l	Nils Retterstøl	Nils Retterstøl (3 October 1924 – 9 February 2008) was a Norwegian psychiatrist. He was a professor at the University of Bergen from 1968 to 1973, and at the University of Oslo from 1973 to 1994. He published several books on mental subjects. He is also famous for saying "A man who is determined that he is right, despite everyone else telling him that he is wrong, certainly do have a serious mental illness" which was his statement in the Juklerød case, where a healthy person was forcibly restrained in a mental institution and medicated, because of him being "difficult for the authorities". Perhaps the biggest psychiatric scandal in Norway. Retterstøl was still decorated Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1984. References 1924 births 2008 deaths Physicians from Oslo Norwegian psychiatrists Academic staff of the University of Bergen Academic staff of the University of Oslo
47680254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Archives%20of%20Naples	State Archives of Naples	The State Archives of Naples (), with its more than 50,000 linear meters of book and document shelving, is of fundamental importance for the history of southern Italy from the 10th century to today. The archives are housed in the cloisters of the Church of Saints Severino and Sossio. Destruction during World War II When Italy entered World War II in 1940, it was decided to move the most valuable documents in the State Archives of Naples to the Montesano Villa near San Paolo Belsito. The historian Riccardo Filangieri, superintendent of the archives from 1934 to 1956, supervised the transfer of 30,000 volumes and 50,000 parchments in 866 cases. The less valuable contents were left in Naples. Following Italy's surrender on 8 September 1943, German troops occupied Naples and the surrounding region. On 27 September, a civilian uprising broke out in Naples. In San Paolo Belsito, a German soldier was killed. The Montesano Villa was visited by German soldiers the following day, and on 30 September they burned it to the ground, having given only fifteen minutes' warning. Filangieri pleaded with the commander in a letter, explaining that the documents were of historical interest only and that among them were important documents of the German Staufer dynasty that had ruled southern Italy in 1194–1268, but he was ignored. Only eleven cases of notarial documents and 97 cartons of the Farnese Archives were saved. Among the documents lost were the Catalogus Baronum, the 378 chancery registers of the Angevin dynasty (1265–1435), the chancery registers of the House of Barcelona in Sicily, the original treaties of the Kingdom of Naples, the greater part of the archives of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and part of the archives of the Order of Malta. Filangieri devoted the entire final part of his life to reconstructing, from various incomplete sources, the contents of the wealth of documents that had been destroyed, editing the first volumes of the Registri della Cancelleria Angioina published by the Accademia Pontaniana. See also List of State Archives of Italy References External links Official website of the State Archives of Naples Central Archives of the State (in Italian only) Archives in Italy 19th-century establishments in the Kingdom of Naples 1808 establishments in Italy Libraries in Naples Destruction of buildings Libraries established in 1808
67093991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Good%20War%3A%20Why%20We%20Couldn%27t%20Win%20the%20War%20or%20the%20Peace%20in%20Afghanistan	The Good War: Why We Couldn't Win the War or the Peace in Afghanistan	The Good War: Why We Couldn’t Win the War or the Peace in Afghanistan is a 2014 book by British writer Jack Fairweather, a former Washington Post war correspondent, about the recent War in Afghanistan. References 2014 non-fiction books War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) books Basic Books books
38853553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dozduiyeh	Dozduiyeh	Dozduiyeh (, also Romanized as Dozdū’īyeh) is a village in Hoseynabad-e Goruh Rural District, Rayen District, Kerman County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 76, in 23 families. References Populated places in Kerman County
57644748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaraha%20%28district%29	Sakaraha (district)	Sakaraha is a district located in Atsimo-Andrefana Region, south-western Madagascar. Communes The district is further divided into 11 communes: Ambinany Amboronabo Andalamasina Vineta Andranolava Bereketa Mahaboboka Miary Lamatihy Miary Taheza Mihavatsy Mikoboka Mitsinjo, Sakaraha Sakaraha Geography Sakaraha is situated along route nationale No. 7 (Tuléar-Fianarantsoa) at 134 km from Tuléar, 64 km from Andranovory and 84 km from Ilakaka. Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park is located in the district, east of the town of Sakaraha. Analavelona Massif is in the western portion of the district. References Districts of Atsimo-Andrefana
50894316	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Helbronner	Jacques Helbronner	Jacques Helbronner (1873-1943) was a French jurist, civil servant and Jewish official. He served as the president of the Israelite Central Consistory of France from 1940 to 1943. He was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was murdered in a gas chamber by the Nazis. Early life Jacques Helbronner was born on 21 September 1873 in Paris, France. His father, Horace Helbronner, was a lawyer. His mother, Hermance Saint-Paul, was a housewife. Helbronner graduated from Sciences Po. He received a Doctorate in Law. He did his military service from 1894 to 1895. Career Helbronner was a lawyer at the Court of Appeal of Paris from 1895 to 1898. He subsequently worked as a civil servant for the Conseil d'État. He became a Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1925. Helbronner served as the president of the Israelite Central Consistory of France from 1940 to 1943. He was a supporter of Marshal Philippe Pétain, who told him he had been pressured by the German invaders into passing antisemitic laws. Similarly, Xavier Vallat told Helbronner he would change those laws and spare 95 percent of French Jews. Historian Jacques Adler has argued Helbronner was misled by the Vichy government. Meanwhile, in 1941, Helbronner accepted a leadership position in the Union générale des israélites de France (UGIF, General Organization of Jews in France), even though he was initially opposed to its establishment. Death Helbronner was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1943, where he was murdered in a gas chamber by the Nazis. See also Union générale des israélites de France References 1873 births 1943 deaths Lawyers from Paris 19th-century French Jews Sciences Po alumni Commanders of the Legion of Honour French people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp French Jews who died in the Holocaust
55354576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Marie%20Karlsson	Ann-Marie Karlsson	Ann-Marie "Mia" Elizabeth Karlsson (born 21 March 1968) is a former Swedish cross-country skier. She competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics representing Sweden. She is the mother of cross-country skier Frida Karlsson. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games World Championships World Cup Season standings References External links Ann-Marie Karlsson at Olympic.org 1968 births Living people People from Jönköping Swedish female cross-country skiers Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics Olympic cross-country skiers for Sweden Sportspeople from Jönköping County 20th-century Swedish women
76234	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani%20language	Guarani language	Guaraní (), specifically the primary variety known as Paraguayan Guarani ( "the people's language"), is a South American language that belongs to the Tupi–Guarani family of the Tupian languages. It is one of the official languages of Paraguay (along with Spanish), where it is spoken by the majority of the population, and where half of the rural population are monolingual speakers of the language. The language is spoken by communities in neighboring countries including parts of northeastern Argentina, southeastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil, and is a second official language of the Argentine province of Corrientes since 2004. Guarani is also one of the three official languages of Mercosur, alongside Spanish and Portuguese. Guarani is the most widely spoken American language and remains commonly used among the Paraguayan people and neighboring communities. This is unique among American languages; language shift towards European colonial languages (in this case, the other official language of Spanish) has otherwise been a nearly universal phenomenon in the Western Hemisphere, but Paraguayans have maintained their traditional language while also adopting Spanish. Jesuit priest Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, who in 1639 published the first written grammar of Guarani in a book called Tesoro de la lengua guaraní (Treasure of the Guarani Language / The Guarani Language Thesaurus), described it as a language "so copious and elegant that it can compete with the most famous [of languages]". The name "Guarani" is generally used for the official language of Paraguay. However, this is part of a dialect chain, most of whose components are also often called Guarani. History While Guarani, in its Classical form, was the only language spoken in the expansive missionary territories, Paraguayan Guaraní has its roots outside of the Jesuit Reductions. Modern scholarship has shown that Guarani was always the primary language of colonial Paraguay, both inside and outside the reductions. Following the expulsion of the Jesuits in the 18th century, the residents of the reductions gradually migrated north and west towards Asunción, a demographic shift that brought about a decidedly one-sided shift away from the Jesuit dialect that the missionaries had curated in the southern and eastern territories of the colony. By and large, the Guaraní of the Jesuits shied away from direct phonological loans from Spanish. Instead, the missionaries relied on the agglutinative nature of the language to formulate new precise translations or calque terms from Guaraní morphemes. This process often led the Jesuits to employ complicated, highly synthetic terms to convey Western concepts. By contrast, the Guarani spoken outside of the missions was characterized by a free, unregulated flow of Hispanicisms; frequently, Spanish words and phrases were simply incorporated into Guarani with minimal phonological adaptation. A good example of that phenomenon is found in the word "communion". The Jesuits, using their agglutinative strategy, rendered this word "", a calque based on the word "", meaning God. In modern Paraguayan Guaraní, the same word is rendered "". Following the out-migration from the reductions, these two distinct dialects of Guarani came into extensive contact for the first time. The vast majority of speakers abandoned the less colloquial, highly regulated Jesuit variant in favor of the variety that evolved from actual use by speakers in Paraguay. This contemporary form of spoken Guaraní is known as Jopará, meaning "mixture" in Guarani. Political status Widely spoken, Paraguayan Guaraní has nevertheless been repressed by Paraguayan governments throughout most of its history since independence. It was prohibited in state schools for over 100 years. However, populists often used pride in the language to excite nationalistic fervor and promote a narrative of social unity. During the autocratic regime of Alfredo Stroessner, his Colorado Party used the language to appeal to common Paraguayans although Stroessner himself never gave an address in Guaraní. Upon the advent of Paraguayan democracy in 1992, Guarani was established in the new constitution as a language equal to Spanish. Jopará, the mixture of Spanish and Guaraní, is spoken by an estimated 90% of the population of Paraguay. Code-switching between the two languages takes place on a spectrum in which more Spanish is used for official and business-related matters, and more Guarani is used in art and in everyday life. Guarani is also an official language of Bolivia and of Corrientes Province in Argentina. Writing system Guarani became a written language relatively recently. Its modern alphabet is basically a subset of the Latin script (with "J", "K" and "Y" but not "W"), complemented with two diacritics and six digraphs. Its orthography is largely phonemic, with letter values mostly similar to those of Spanish. The tilde is used with many letters that are considered part of the alphabet. In the case of Ñ/ñ, it differentiates the palatal nasal from the alveolar nasal (as in Spanish), whereas it marks stressed nasalisation when used over a vowel (as in Portuguese): ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ, ỹ. (Nasal vowels have been written with several other diacritics: ä, ā, â, ã.) The tilde also marks nasality in the case of G̃/g̃, used to represent the nasalized velar approximant by combining the velar approximant "G" with the nasalising tilde. The letter G̃/g̃, which is unique to this language, was introduced into the orthography relatively recently during the mid-20th century and there is disagreement over its use. It is not a precomposed character in Unicode, which can cause typographic inconveniences – such as needing to press "delete" twice in some setups – or imperfect rendering when using computers and fonts that do not properly support the complex layout feature of glyph composition. Only stressed nasal vowels are written as nasal. If an oral vowel is stressed, and it is not the final syllable, it is marked with an acute accent: á, é, í, ó, ú, ý. That is, stress falls on the vowel marked as nasalized, if any, else on the accent-marked syllable, and if neither appears, then on the final syllable. For blind people there is also a Guarani Braille. Phonology Guarani syllables consist of a consonant plus a vowel or a vowel alone; syllables ending in a consonant or two or more consonants together do not occur. This is represented as (C)V. In the below table, the IPA value is shown. The orthography is shown in angle brackets below, if different. Consonants The voiced consonants have oral allophones (left) before oral vowels, and nasal allophones (right) before nasal vowels. The oral allophones of the voiced stops are prenasalized. There is also a sequence (written ). A trill (written ), and the consonants , , and (written ) are not native to Guarani, but come from Spanish. Oral is often pronounced , depending on the dialect, but the nasal allophone is always . The dorsal fricative is in free variation between and . , are approximants, not fricatives, but are sometimes transcribed , as is conventional for Spanish. is also transcribed , which is essentially identical to . All syllables are open, viz. CV or V, ending in a vowel. Glottal stop The glottal stop, called 'puso' in Guarani, is only written between vowels, but occurs phonetically before vowel-initial words. Because of this, Ayala (2000:19) shows that some words have several glottal stops near each other, which consequently undergo a number of different dissimilation techniques. For example, "I drink water" ayu is pronounced hayu. This suggests that irregularity in verb forms derives from regular sound change processes in the history of Guarani. There also seems to be some degree of variation between how much the glottal stop is dropped (for example aruuka > aruuka > aruka for "I bring"). It is possible that word-internal glottal stops may have been retained from fossilized compounds where the second component was a vowel-initial (and therefore glottal stop–initial) root. Vowels correspond more or less to the Spanish and IPA equivalents, although sometimes the open-mid allophones , are used more frequently. The grapheme represents the vowel (as in Polish). Considering nasality, the vowel system is perfectly symmetrical, each oral vowel having its nasal counterpart (most systems with nasals have fewer nasals than orals). Nasal harmony Guarani displays an unusual degree of nasal harmony. A nasal syllable consists of a nasal vowel, and if the consonant is voiced, it takes its nasal allophone. If a stressed syllable is nasal, the nasality spreads in both directions until it bumps up against a stressed syllable that is oral. This includes affixes, postpositions, and compounding. Voiceless consonants do not have nasal allophones, but they do not interrupt the spread of nasality. For example, → → However, a second stressed syllable, with an oral vowel, will not become nasalized: → → That is, for a word with a single stressed vowel, all voiced segments will be either oral or nasal, while voiceless consonants are unaffected, as in oral vs nasal . Grammar Guaraní is a highly agglutinative language, often classified as polysynthetic. It is a fluid-S type active language, and it has been classified as a 6th class language in Milewski's typology. It uses subject–verb–object (SVO) word order usually, but object–verb when the subject is not specified. The language lacks gender and has no native definite article but, due to influence from Spanish, la is used as a definite article for singular reference and lo for plural reference. These are not found in Classical Guarani (Guaraniete). Nouns Guarani exhibits nominal tense: past, expressed with -kue, and future, expressed with -rã. For example, tetã ruvichakue translates to "ex-president" while tetã ruvicharã translates to "president-elect." The past morpheme -kue is often translated as "ex-", "former", "abandoned", "what was once", or "one-time". These morphemes can even be combined to express the idea of something that was going to be but did not end up happening. So for example, pairãgue is "a person who studied to be a priest but didn't actually finish", or rather, "the ex-future priest". Some nouns use -re instead of -kue and others use -guã instead of -rã. Pronouns Guarani distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive pronouns of the first person plural. Hikuái is a Post-verbal pronoun (oHecha hikuái – they see ) Reflexive pronoun: je: ahecha ("I look"), ajehecha ("I look at myself") Conjugation Guarani stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called areal (with the subclass aireal) and chendal. The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular. The areal conjugation is used to convey that the participant is actively involved, whereas the chendal conjugation is used to convey that the participant is the undergoer. However, the areal conjugation is also used if an intransitive verb expresses an event as opposed to a state, for example 'die', and even with a verb such as 'sleep'. In addition, all borrowed Spanish verbs are adopted as areal as opposed to borrowed adjectives, which take chendal. Intransitive verbs can take either conjugation, transitive verbs normally take areal, but can take chendal for habitual readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as chendal. This conveys a predicative possessive reading. Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal. Negation Negation is indicated by a circumfix n(d)(V)-...-(r)i in Guarani. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is nd- for oral bases and n- for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an epenthetic e is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic a is inserted. The postverbal portion is -ri for bases ending in -i, and -i for all others. However, in spoken Guarani, the -ri portion of the circumfix is frequently omitted for bases ending in -i. The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by moã, resulting in n(d)(V)-base-moã-i as in Ndajapomoãi, "I won't do it". There are also other negatives, such as: ani, ỹhỹ, nahániri, naumbre, naanga. Tense and aspect morphemes -ramo: marks extreme proximity of the action, often translating to "just barely": Oguahẽramo, "He just barely arrived". -kuri: marks proximity of the action. Haukuri, "I just ate" (ha'u irregular first person singular form of u, "to eat"). It can also be used after a pronoun, ha che kuri, che poa, "and about what happened to me, I was lucky". -vaekue: indicates a fact that occurred long ago and asserts that it's really truth. Okañyvaekue, "he/she went missing a long time ago". -rae: tells that the speaker was doubtful before but he's sure at the moment he speaks. Nde rejoguarae peteĩ taangambyry pyahu, "so then you bought a new television after all". -rakae: expresses the uncertainty of a perfect-aspect fact. Peẽ peikorakae Asunción-pe, "I think you lived in Asunción for a while". Nevertheless, nowadays this morpheme has lost some of its meaning, having a correspondence with rae and vaekue. The verb form without suffixes at all is a present somewhat aorist: Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry, "that day you got out and you went far". -ta: is a future of immediate happening, it's also used as authoritarian imperative. Oujeýta ag̃aite, "he/she'll come back soon". -ma: has the meaning of "already". Ajapóma, "I already did it". These two suffixes can be added together: ahátama, "I'm already going". -vaerã: indicates something not imminent or something that must be done for social or moral reasons, in this case corresponding to the German modal verb sollen. Péa ojejapovaerã, "that must be done". -ne: indicates something that probably will happen or something the speaker imagines that is happening. It correlates in a certain way with the subjunctive of Spanish. Mitãnguéra ág̃a og̃uahéne hógape, "the children are probably coming home now". -hína, ína after nasal words: continual action at the moment of speaking, present and pluperfect continuous or emphatic. Rojatapyhína, "we're making fire"; che haehína, "it's ME!". -vo: it has a subtle difference with hína in which vo indicates not necessarily what's being done at the moment of speaking. ambaapóvo, "I'm working (not necessarily now)". -pota: indicates proximity immediately before the start of the process. Ajukapota, "I'm near the point at which I will start to kill" or "I'm just about to kill". (A particular sandhi rule is applied here: if the verbs ends in "po", the suffix changes to mbota; ajapombota, "I'll do it right now"). -pa: indicates emphatically that a process has all finished. Amboparapa pe ogyke, "I painted the wall completely". This suffix can be joined with ma, making up páma: ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimoã, "now we came to know all your thought". -mi: customary action in the past: Oumi, "He used to come a lot". These are unstressed suffixes: ta, ma, ne, vo, "mi"; so the stress goes upon the last syllable of the verb or the last stressed syllable. Other verbal morphemes -: desiderative suffix: , "I want to study". -: desiderative prefix: , "I pass", , "I would like to pass." is the underlying form. It is similar to the negative in that it has the same vowel alternations and deletions, depending on the person marker on the verb. Determiners Spanish loans in Guarani The close and prolonged contact Spanish and Guarani have experienced has resulted in many Guarani words of Spanish origin. Many of these loans were for things or concepts unknown to the New World prior to Spanish colonization. Examples are seen below: Guarani loans in English English has adopted a small number of words from Guarani (or perhaps the related Tupi) via Portuguese, mostly the names of animals or plants. "Jaguar" comes from jaguarete and "piraña" comes from pira aña ("tooth fish" Tupi: pirá = fish, aña = tooth). Other words are: "agouti" from akuti, "tapir" from tapira, "açaí" from ĩwasai ("[fruit that] cries or expels water"), "warrah" from aguará meaning "fox", "margay" from mbarakaja'y meaning "small cat" and "common water boa" from mbói meaning "snake". Jacaranda, guarana and mandioca are words of Guarani or Tupi–Guarani origin. Ipecacuanha (the name of a medicinal drug) comes from a homonymous Tupi–Guaraní name that can be rendered as ipe-ka'a-guene, meaning a creeping plant that makes one vomit. The name of Paraguay is itself a Guarani word, as is the name of Uruguay. However, the exact meaning of either placename is up to varied interpretations. (See: List of country-name etymologies.) "Cougar" is borrowed from the archaic Portuguese çuçuarana; the term was either originally derived from the Tupi language susuarana, meaning "similar to deer (in hair color)" or from the Guaraní language term guasu ara while puma comes from the Peruvian Quechua language. Example text Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Guaraní: IPA: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Literature The New Testament was translated from Greek into Guaraní by Dr John William Lindsay (1875–1946), who was a Scottish medical missionary based in Belén, Paraguay. The New Testament was printed by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1913. It is believed to be the first New Testament translated into any South American indigenous language. A more modern translation of the whole Bible into Guarani is known as Ñandejara Ñeẽ. In 2019, Jehovah's Witnesses released the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in Guarani, both printed and online editions. Recently a series of novels in Guarani have been published: Kalaito Pombero (Tadeo Zarratea, 1981) (Hugo Centurión, 2016) Tatukua (Arnaldo Casco Villalba, 2017) Institutions Ateneo de Lengua y Cultura Guaraní Yvy Marãeỹ Foundation See also Guarani languages Nheengatu language Jopará Jesuit Reductions Mbyá Guaraní language Old Tupi WikiProject Guaraní Bibliography Sources Further reading External links Guarani at Wikibooks Guarani Portal from the University of Mainz: www.guaranirenda.com – Website about the Guarani language Guarani and the Importance of Maintaining Indigenous Culture Through Language Lenguas de Bolivia (online edition) Duolingo course in Guarani Resources A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani – by Bruno Estigarribia, UCL Press (open access, Creative Commons license) Guarani Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary) Guarani–English Dictionary: from *Webster's Online Dictionary – The Rosetta Edition www.guarani.de – Online dictionary in Spanish, German and Guarani Guarani Possessive Constructions: – by Maura Velázquez Stative Verbs and Possessions in Guarani: – University of Cologne (pdf missing) Frases celebres del Latin traducidas al guarani Spanish – Estructura Basica del Guarani and others Etymological and Ethnographic Dictionary for Bolivian Guarani Guaraní (Intercontinental Dictionary Series) Agglutinative languages Languages of Argentina Languages of Bolivia Languages of Brazil Guarani Indigenous languages of South America (Central) Subject–verb–object languages
17260121	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Motte%20Sr.	Benjamin Motte Sr.	Benjamin Motte Sr. (died December 1710) was a London publisher and father of Benjamin Motte, Andrew Motte, and Charles Motte. Background Little is known on the exact background of Benjamin Motte Sr., but his last record as a publisher is from 1712, when he was still registered with his son, Charles, as his apprentice, although he died two years prior in St Botoloph's Parish, London. His library of works was sold the next year. He began publishing in the 1680s and was the printer for the Parish Clerks Company from 1694 - 1709, producing such works like the Parish-Clerk's Guide. Besides being the master to his son, Motte was master to Robert Tooke, of the same Tooke family his son, Benjamin, apprenticed for. Publications Motte's edition of Andrea Pozzo's Rules and Examples of Perspective Proper for Painters and Architects (1707) was the first edition of the work in English. It was translated by John James and illustrated by John Sturt. The work was also known as "John Sturt's 'Masterpiece'", and John Sturt's presented the work to Queen Anne as "a specimen of English engraving". James Harris claimed that the work was "the most elaborate and expensive architectural book ever produced in this country". Other works published by Motte Sr.: William Hunt's Clavis Stereometriae (1691) Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius's Opera Accedunt... (1707) - with Mary Clark Michel Maittaire's Stephanorum Historia, Vitas ipsorum ac Libros Complectens (1709) Samuel von Pufendorf's Works Samuel Wesley's The Life of Christ (1693) and Elegies (1695) Notes References 17th-century births 1710 deaths British printers
44423242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Undertakers	The Undertakers	The Undertakers could refer to: The Undertakers (band) The Undertakers (The Avengers) "The Undertakers", short story from The Second Jungle Book
49946145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Segedin	Rob Segedin	Robert Mitchell Segedin (born November 10, 1988) is an American former professional baseball player. He played first base, third base and outfield in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2016 and 2017. Career Amateur Segedin attended Northern Valley Regional High School in Old Tappan, New Jersey, and Tulane University. In 2008, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and returned to the league in 2009 to play for the Bourne Braves. Playing college baseball for the Tulane Green Wave, Segedin was named a semifinalist for the Golden Spikes Award in 2010, his junior year. New York Yankees The New York Yankees selected Segedin in the third round of the 2010 MLB draft, with the 112th overall selection. Segedin signed with the Yankees, foregoing his senior year, receiving a signing bonus of $377,500. He played for the Staten Island Yankees of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League after signing. Segedin began the 2011 season with the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League, and received a midseason promotion to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League. While playing for the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League in 2013, Segedin injured his hip and underwent surgery to correct a femoral acetabular impingement. He played for Trenton and the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in 2014, batting a combined .256/.361/.386. He began the 2015 season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, for whom he batted .278 in 46 games, and was demoted to Trenton in July, at which point Segedin requested his release. The Yankees declined the request, and Segedin considered retirement, but chose to continue playing. Los Angeles Dodgers After the 2015 season, the Yankees traded Segedin and a player to be named later or cash to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Tyler Olson and Ronald Torreyes. The Dodgers invited him to spring training, and they assigned him to the Oklahoma City Dodgers of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League to begin the season. He was selected to appear in the mid-season Triple-A All-Star Game representing the Pacific Coast League and was also selected to the PCL post-season all-star team. In 103 games he hit .319 with 21 homers and 69 RBI. On August 7, the Dodgers promoted Segedin to the major leagues. In his major league debut, the same day, against the Boston Red Sox, he set a Dodgers franchise record with four RBI. His first career hit was a double off of David Price. He hit his first home run on August 22 off of Josh Smith of the Cincinnati Reds. In 40 games for the Dodgers, he hit .233 with two homers and 12 RBI. Sedegin played for Team Italy in the 2017 World Baseball Classic Segedin was again assigned to Oklahoma City to begin the 2017 season. On April 19, 2017, Segedin was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to a strained big right toe. On May 26, it was revealed that he had suffered a wrist injury while rehabbing his foot and would require surgery, extending his stay on the disabled list. He did play in 13 games for the Dodgers, and had four hits in 20 at-bats. In 2018. he played in 35 games for Oklahoma City, hitting only .211. Segedin was designated for assignment by the Dodgers on August 30, 2018 after missing most of the minor league season due to injuries. He retired from baseball because of chronic arthritis at the conclusion of the season. Post-playing career In December 2018, Segedin was hired by the Philadelphia Phillies as a Player Information Assistant. Personal life Segedin is married; he met his wife, Robin, at Tulane. During the winter of 2015–16, Segedin began taking online courses from Indiana University to earn a Master of Business Administration. On August 23, 2016, his wife gave birth to their first child, Robinson. References External links 1988 births Living people 2017 World Baseball Classic players Charleston RiverDogs players Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan alumni People from Old Tappan, New Jersey Baseball players from Bergen County, New Jersey Major League Baseball outfielders Los Angeles Dodgers players Tulane Green Wave baseball players Falmouth Commodores players Bourne Braves players Gulf Coast Yankees players Tampa Yankees players Trenton Thunder players Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players Phoenix Desert Dogs players Oklahoma City Dodgers players Major League Baseball third basemen Major League Baseball first basemen Arizona League Dodgers players
20477444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattru%20Jong	Mattru Jong	Mattru Jong commonly known as Mattru (sometimes spelled Matru) is the capital of Bonthe District in the Southern Province of Sierra Leone. Mattru Jung is located on the mainland of Bonthe District, along the Jong River, 52 miles southwest of Bo. The town is the seat of Mongerewa Jong Chiefdom, and is the home of Mongerewa Jong Paramount Chief Alie Badara Sheriff III. The town's current estimated population is about 20,000 people. In 2010 it was 8,199, and in the 2004 census the town had a population of 7,647. The main industries in Mattru Jong are fishing, rice-growing, cassava-farming, and palm oil production. The town is largely inhabited by the native Sherbro and Mende people. The town has several secondary schools, a major hospital and a police station, operated by the Sierra Leone Police Force. Name and founding legend The name Mattru Jong is said to be derived from the Mende words "Mo-Tewoo," meaning "Place of the Buffalos." According to legend a hunter from Senehun, a village on the bank of the Jong river, canoed across the river in search of game. He was successful in capturing and slaughtering a large buffalo on the opposite side of the river. As more hunters found out about the location and its plentiful supply of buffalo, people began to settle there, rather than return across the river to Senehun. Hospital Mattru Hospital was founded as a dispensary in 1950 by missionary nurses from the United Brethren in Christ (UBC). By 1959 the dispensary had become a 15-bed hospital. The hospital continued to grow in capacity during the 1960s and 1970s, and by 1981 Mattru Hospital had grown to 69 beds, with pediatrics, obstetrics, surgical, and outpatient units, and x-ray and laboratory facilities. In 1994 the hospital was shut down because of the threat of civil war violence, and international personnel working in the hospital were evacuated from the country. The hospital was destroyed by Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels during the war. After the war, Mattru Hospital was rebuilt and reopened by Doctors Without Borders in 2001. They turned the hospital over to the UBC's Sierra Leone Conference in 2002. In October 2009 the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) provided funding through the office of Sierra Leone's First Lady, Sia Nyama Koroma to refurbish and "re-brand" the hospital as a "centre of excellence." On March 31, 2010 President Ernest Bai Koroma visited Mattru Jong Hospital in order to assess its preparedness for the planned April 27, 2010 rollout of free medical services for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children under the age of five. Staffing, electricity supply and confusion over the hospital's funding status (as a part mission-, part government-run entity) were seen as the major challenges to the hospital's effectiveness. Civil war RUF rebels fighting in the Sierra Leone Civil War captured Mattru Jong at the end of January, 1995. They faced little military resistance as the Sierra Leone Army (SLA) had already withdrawn from the town. Earlier in January the RUF had briefly taken over the Sierra Rutile Company mine in Imperi Chiefdom, Bonthe District, about 10 miles north west of Mattru Jong, but it was recaptured by the end of January. Most of the RUF forces who captured Mattru Jong entered from the direction of Imperi Chiefdom but some may have come from Sumbaya, Lugbu Chiefdom, Bo District, about fifteen miles east of Mattru Jong. Upon settling in Mattru Jong, the RUF set up its own governing structures in the town. The RUF stole medical supplies from the hospital and used it as a training base. Another base known as "Camp Lion" was set up at Gambia Palm Oil Plantation, nine miles from Mattru Jong. The RUF remained in Mattru Jong for eight months until it was recaptured by the SLA in October, 1995. Communications Mobile phone company Airtel provides coverage of the Mattru Jong area. The service was launched in 2006 by Celtel (now owned by and renamed Airtel). A Western Union branch is located in the town. Visits by First Lady Mattru Jong has been visited by Sierra Leone's First Lady, Madam Sia Nyama Koroma once in 2009 and once in 2010. In February 2009 Madam Koroma addressed supporters of the All People’s Congress (APC) at the compound of Late Paramount Chief Goba in Mattru Jong. According to a statement released by her office, some of the issues faced by people in Bonthe district that she had identified during her visit included "improper health care delivery, poor infrastructure, poor water and sanitation and inadequate means to transport their agricultural produce from place to place". In February 2010 it was reported that Madam Koroma would be visiting Bonthe District, including Mattru Jong, as part of an effort to investigate the district's health care needs, especially those of women. A meeting with the board of Mattru Jong Hospital was scheduled and Madam Koroma was also expected to give the keynote speech at a graduation ceremony for nurses who had been trained at the hospital. A Long Way Gone The town was featured prominently in the book A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah, a memoir of the author's experiences during the Sierra Leone Civil War. Beah and his brother were visiting Mattru Jong with a group of friends when he learned that his home village of Mogbwemo had been attacked by rebels. Beah and his friends remained in Mattru Jong until the rebels arrived there about one month later. References Populated places in Sierra Leone
7347615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumei	Shumei	Shumei can refer to any of the following: Shinji Shumeikai (神慈秀明会) - a New Religious movement started in Japan in 1970. Church of World Messianity - a Japanese New Religion related to Shinji Shumeikai Shūmei (襲名) - a name succession ceremony in kabuki
4861103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medindie%20Gardens%2C%20South%20Australia	Medindie Gardens, South Australia	Medindie Gardens is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, in the City of Prospect. It is located 4 kilometres north of the central business district, along the eastern side of Main North Road. It is one of the smallest suburbs in Adelaide and has only six streets within its boundaries: Charlbury Road, Corbin Road, Derlanger Avenue, Main North Road, Nottage Terrace and Sherbourne Road. The northern boundary of Medindie Gardens is along the southern boundary of the North Road Cemetery, which is in the suburb of Nailsworth, and has the graves of some very prominent South Australians. References Suburbs of Adelaide
43768866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicrepidius%20koenigi	Hemicrepidius koenigi	Hemicrepidius koenigi is a species of click beetle belonging to the family Elateridae. References Beetles described in 1897 koenigi
20299425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Flying%20Corps%20Canada	Royal Flying Corps Canada	The Royal Flying Corps Canada (RFC Canada) was a training organization of the British Royal Flying Corps located in Canada during the First World War. It began operating in 1917. Background As the war progressed, Great Britain found that it needed more trained aircrew and more training facilities. Training was provided both by the Curtiss Aviation School at Long Branch near Toronto (land plane training) and Hanlan's Point on Toronto Island (for flying boat training), and in the United States. The British realized that thousands of Canadians and Americans had joined British flying operations and more wanted to join, so it made sense to open British air training stations in Canada. Canada also had space for such facilities. After much negotiation with the Canadian government, the RFC, commanded in Canada by Lieutenant-Colonel (later Brigadier-General) Cuthbert Hoare, began operating several training stations in southern Ontario. Stations were opened at Camp Borden (main training site), Beamsville, Hamilton (armament school), North Toronto (Armour Heights (School of Special Flying), Leaside and Long Branch), and Deseronto (Mohawk and Rathburn). The JN-4 (Canadian) (Canuck) was used for training; 500 Avro 504Ks had been ordered but only one had been completed in Canada before the war ended in November 1918 and it was not used. Hoare made several agreements with U.S. Brigadier-General George O. Squier (US Army Signal Corps) and the US Aircraft Production Board. Squier had overall responsibility for the US Army’s air service, which was short of flight instructors. The RFC released five experienced American pilots to the US Army, where they became squadron commanders. The US Air Board acquiesced in the British opening a recruiting office in New York City, ostensibly to recruit British citizens, but it also solicited US citizens, of whom about 300 were successfully signed up. The RFC would also train many US Army flight personnel: 400 pilots; 2,000 ground-crew members; and 20 equipment officers. These Americans would then collect aircraft and equipment from the UK, before coming under RFC control in France. Ten American squadrons would train in Canada during the summer of 1917, while RFC squadrons were allowed to train during the winter in Fort Worth, Texas. When the Royal Flying Corps became the Royal Air Force in April 1918, the unit became known as Royal Air Force Canada. During the last two years of the war 3,135 pilots and 137 observers trained in Canada and Texas for both the RFC and the new Royal Air Force (RAF). Of these trainees, 2,624 went to Europe for operational duty. Notes References External links Military units and formations established in 1917
18689957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerio%20Bernardi	Nerio Bernardi	Nerio Bernardi (23 July 1899 – 12 January 1971) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in nearly 200 films between 1918 and 1970. Selected filmography Marinella (1918) Rebus (1918) Il gorgo fascinatore (1919) La casa in rovina (1920) Il mulino (1920) Musica profana (1920) La buona figliola (1920) La modella (1920) L'eredità di Caino (1921) Fior d'amore (1921) Caterina (1921) La maschera (1921) Il filo d'Arianna (1921) La voce del cuore (1921) Giovanna la pallida (1921) - Orazio Una notte senza domani (1921) Bolscevismo! (1922) La vittima (1922) Nero (1922) - The Apostle Il castello della malinconia (1922) Miss Dollar (1922) The Shepherd King (1923) - David Loyalty of Love (1934) - Il conte Federico Confalonieri Full Speed (1934) - Il principe Huerta - detto Bob Port (1934) - Pietro Sgamba God's Will Be Done (1936) - Il cavaliere Amendoli King of Diamonds (1936) - L'avvocato Lorenzi The Black Corsair (1937) - Van Gould, Gouverneur von Maracaibo Bayonet (1938) Mille chilometri al minuto! (1939) Processo e morte di Socrate (1939) - Il giudice Una lampada alla finestra (1940) Antonio Meucci (1940) - Alexander Graham Bell Incanto di mezzanotte (1940) - Il tenente Du Brissac & Papanin Salomé (1940) - Il re dei Parti Abandonment (1940) - Ridaud Captain Fracasse (1940) - Il principe Lucrezia Borgia (1940) - Alfonso d'Este The Mask of Cesare Borgia (1941) - Il padre di Jacopo The Last Dance (1941) - Il pittore Blanche La pantera nera (1942) - Il dottore Rosenberg The Queen of Navarre (1942) - Il marchese di Gattinara A che servono questi quattrini? (1942) - Michele La fabbrica dell'imprevisto (1942) - Il divo Gioco pericoloso (1942) - Andrea Fedora (1942) - Il pianista Boleslao Lazinsky Le vie del cuore (1942) - Il duca Alberto Castellani, padre di Anna Gli ultimi filibustieri (1943) - Il governatore di Guayaquil Principessina (1943) - Il principe di Torrefranca, suo padre L'amico delle donne (1943) - De Montegre Special Correspondents (1943) - Il maggiore Alessandri Sempre più difficile (1943) - Il principe Raimondo di Falcomarzano I nostri sogni (1943) - Il direttore del 'Ragno d'Oro' La maschera e il volto (1943) - L'etereo artista Il matrimonio segreto (1943) In High Places (1945) - Emilio Buscaglione The Two Orphans (1947) - Il duca Filippo The Courier of the King (1947) The Lady of the Camellias (1947) - Giuseppe Verdi (prologue) Genoveffa di Brabante (1947) - Ambasciatore La mascotte dei diavoli blu (1947) The Charterhouse of Parma (1948) - La mari de Fausta (uncredited) Heart and Soul (1948) - Maggiore De Rossi Legge di sangue (1948) - Il capitano Letter at Dawn (1948) - Augusto Mare Nostrum (1948) - Enrico De Paoli Be Seeing You, Father (1948) - Bernardine - il critico The Earth Cries Out (1949) - Generale britannico Fabiola (1949) - Imperial Messenger Adam and Eve (1949) - Agamennone The Emperor of Capri (1949) - Osvaldo Hand of Death (1949) - senatore Tibaldi The Force of Destiny (1950) - Don Angelo Saavedra Captain Demonio (1950) - Il granduca The Gay Swordsman (1950) Toto Looks for a Wife (1950) - Giacinto His Last Twelve Hours (1950) - Il baritono Gigliosi The Bread Peddler (1950) - Étienne Castel The Cadets of Gascony (1950) - Il colonnello The Devil in the Convent (1951) - Comm. Brina Abbiamo vinto! (1951) Beauties on Bicycles (1951) - Ufficiale medico Il caimano del Piave (1951) - Senatore Double Cross (1951) - Presidente del tribunale La grande rinuncia (1951) I falsari (1951) - Maggiori The Ungrateful Heart (1951) - Presidente corte d'assise The Young Caruso (1951) - Francesco Zucchi Revenge of Black Eagle (1951) - Zar Paolo III Never Take No for an Answer (1951) - Father Superior Stasera sciopero (1951) Never Take No for an Answer (1951) - Father Superior Ha fatto tredici (1951) Free Escape (1951) Licenza premio (1951) - Conte Carlo The Mistress of Treves (1952) Fanfan la Tulipe (1952) - La Franchise Solo per te Lucia (1952) - Luciano D'Auria Milady and the Musketeers (1952) - Porthos Son of the Hunchback (1952) - Cocardasse Immortal Melodies (1952) - De Lellis, professore di musica Sins of Rome (1953) - (uncredited) The Merchant of Venice (1953) I Piombi di Venezia (1953) - Il doge Il viale della speranza (1953) - Franci The Enchanting Enemy (1953) Fermi tutti... arrivo io! (1953) - Tullio Valera The Daughter of the Regiment (1953) Thérèse Raquin (1953) - Le médecin Martin Toccaferro (1953) - Laurence Blomfield Ivan, Son of the White Devil (1953) Condannatelo! (1953) - Il barone Mãos Estranhas (1954) - Minor Role (uncredited) The Stranger's Hand (1954) - Cretidès (segment "Lysistrata") Oh No, Mam'zelle (1954) - L'épicier Theodora, Slave Empress (1954) - Belisario The King's Prisoner (1954) - Saint-Maur Papà Pacifico (1954) - The Prosecutor The Doctor of the Mad (1954) - Il colonello The Beautiful Otero (1954) - Le grand-duc Loves of Three Queens (1954) - Segment: The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships (uncredited) The Lovers of Manon Lescaut (1954) - Barone de Forté Human Torpedoes (1954) - Capitano Mauri If You Won a Hundred Million (1954) - Commendator Galloni (segment "Il tifoso") Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno (1954) - Il re Trieste cantico d'amore (1954) - conte di Sant'Elmo La tua donna (1954) Toto in Hell (1955) - Satana The White Angel (1955) - L'avvocato Rossi Le avventure di Giacomo Casanova (1955) - L'inquisiteur Naná (1955) - Prince de Sardaigne Cartouche (1955) - Pedante Somos Homens Ou... (1955) - Lo psichiatra Da qui all'eredità (1955) - Commissario Dramma nel porto (1955) Altair (1956) - Colonnello Sunset in Naples (1956) Mermaid of Naples (1956) - Commendator Rossi The Knight of the Black Sword (1956) - Conte Roccofiorita Wives and Obscurities (1956) La rivale (1956) - Prefetto Maurizio Candi Mi permette babbo! (1956) - Enzo Bernard - il direttore d'orchestra Serenata al vento (1956) Kean: Genius or Scoundrel (1957) - Conte Koefeld Song of Naples (1957) - The Music Publisher S.O.S. Noronha (1957) - Le gouverneur (1957) - Prinz Derman Serenata a Maria (1957) The Love Specialist (1957) - (uncredited) La chiamavan Capinera... (1957) Onore e sangue (1957) - Avvocato Rossi Il Conte di Matera (1958) - Marquis Taldi Sorrisi e canzoni (1958) Dubrowsky (1959) - Fürst Werejski Prisoner of the Volga (1959) - Elagin Un canto nel deserto (1959) Caterina Sforza, la leonessa di Romagna (1959) - Bali di Digione Caltiki – The Immortal Monster (1959) - Police Inspector Attack of the Moors (1959) - King of France The Cossacks (1960) - General Rasumovsky Purple Noon (1960) - Agency Director La strada dei giganti (1960) - Conrad The Night They Killed Rasputin (1960) - Comissaroff Long Night in 1943 (1960) - Avvocato Attilio Villani Tomorrow Is My Turn (1960) - Rodier (uncredited) The Traffic Policeman (1960) - mons. Olivieri Minotaur, the Wild Beast of Crete (1960) - Re di Atene La Donna dei Faraoni (AKA: The Pharaoh's Woman) (1960) Cavalcata selvaggia (1960) Psycosissimo (1961) - The Professor of Physical Anthropology The Bacchantes (1961) - High Priest Blood Feud (1961) Laura nuda (1961) - L'amante di Adriana Rome 1585 (1961) - Cardinale Medici Vanina Vanini (1961) - Cardinale Savelli El Cid (1961) - Soldier (as Nelio Bernardi) The Trojan Horse (1961) - Agamemnon The Vengeance of Ursus (1961) - King Alteo The Corsican Brothers (1961) - Prof. Perrier Horace 62 (1962) - Napoléon Toto vs. Maciste (1962) - Faraone Ramses Lo sparviero dei Caraibi (1962) Zorro in the Court of Spain (1962) - Colonello Vargas Invasion 1700 (1962) - Geremia Caesar the Conqueror (1962) - Cicero The Avenger (1962) - Drance A Queen for Caesar (1962) - Scaurus Zorro and the Three Musketeers (1963) - Cardinal Richelieu The Invincible Masked Rider (1963) - Don Gomez Il terrore dei mantelli rossi (1963) The Swindlers (1963) - Monsignor (segment "Medico e fidanzata") Brennus, Enemy of Rome (1963) - Nissia's Father Hercules vs. Moloch (1963) - Asterion, High Priest Hercules and the Black Pirates (1964) - Governatore di Hermosa Thunder of Battle (1964) - Menenio Agripa I marziani hanno 12 mani (1964) - Sottosegretario esteri The Lion of Thebes (1964) - Xesostus Revenge of The Gladiators (1964) - Tidone Three Swords for Rome (1964) - Adakir Jungle Adventurer (1965) - Grande Bramino della pagoda The Revenge of Ivanhoe (1965) - Donald, Dungeon master Latin Lovers (1965) - (segment "Gli amanti latini") Captain from Toledo (1965) - Don Alfonso (uncredited) Night of Violence (1965) - Pratesi Me, Me, Me... and the Others (1966) Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die (1966) - Papal envoy Le Saint prend l'affût (1966) Wanted Johnny Texas (1967) - US Army General Il magnifico texano (1967) - Cico Satanik (1968) - Professor Greaves Salvare la faccia (1969) - Cameriere dei Brignoli The Tigers of Mompracem (1970) - Grande Brahmano References External links 1899 births 1971 deaths 20th-century Italian male actors Italian male film actors Italian male silent film actors Actors from Bologna
319341	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidance%20system	Guidance system	A guidance system is a virtual or physical device, or a group of devices implementing a controlling the movement of a ship, aircraft, missile, rocket, satellite, or any other moving object. Guidance is the process of calculating the changes in position, velocity, altitude, and/or rotation rates of a moving object required to follow a certain trajectory and/or altitude profile based on information about the object's state of motion. A guidance system is usually part of a Guidance, navigation and control system, whereas navigation refers to the systems necessary to calculate the current position and orientation based on sensor data like those from compasses, GPS receivers, Loran-C, star trackers, inertial measurement units, altimeters, etc. The output of the navigation system, the navigation solution, is an input for the guidance system, among others like the environmental conditions (wind, water, temperature, etc.) and the vehicle's characteristics (i.e. mass, control system availability, control systems correlation to vector change, etc.). In general, the guidance system computes the instructions for the control system, which comprises the object's actuators (e.g., thrusters, reaction wheels, body flaps, etc.), which are able to manipulate the flight path and orientation of the object without direct or continuous human control. One of the earliest examples of a true guidance system is that used in the German V-1 during World War II. The navigation system consisted of a simple gyroscope, an airspeed sensor, and an altimeter. The guidance instructions were target altitude, target velocity, cruise time, and engine cut off time. A guidance system has three major sub-sections: Inputs, Processing, and Outputs. The input section includes sensors, course data, radio and satellite links, and other information sources. The processing section, composed of one or more CPUs, integrates this data and determines what actions, if any, are necessary to maintain or achieve a proper heading. This is then fed to the outputs which can directly affect the system's course. The outputs may control speed by interacting with devices such as turbines, and fuel pumps, or they may more directly alter course by actuating ailerons, rudders, or other devices. History Inertial guidance systems were originally developed for rockets. American rocket pioneer Robert Goddard experimented with rudimentary gyroscopic systems. Dr. Goddard's systems were of great interest to contemporary German pioneers including Wernher von Braun. The systems entered more widespread use with the advent of spacecraft, guided missiles, and commercial airliners. US guidance history centers around 2 distinct communities. One driven out of Caltech and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the other from the German scientists that developed the early V2 rocket guidance and MIT. The GN&C system for V2 provided many innovations and was the most sophisticated military weapon in 1942 using self-contained closed loop guidance. Early V2s leveraged 2 gyroscopes and lateral accelerometer with a simple analog computer to adjust the azimuth for the rocket in flight. Analog computer signals were used to drive 4 external rudders on the tail fins for flight control. Von Braun engineered the surrender of 500 of his top rocket scientists, along with plans and test vehicles, to the Americans. They arrived in Fort Bliss, Texas in 1945 and were subsequently moved to Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950 (aka Redstone arsenal). Von Braun's passion was interplanetary space flight. However his tremendous leadership skills and experience with the V-2 program made him invaluable to the US military. In 1955 the Redstone team was selected to put America's first satellite into orbit putting this group at the center of both military and commercial space. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory traces its history from the 1930s, when Caltech professor Theodore von Karman conducted pioneering work in rocket propulsion. Funded by Army Ordnance in 1942, JPL's early efforts would eventually involve technologies beyond those of aerodynamics and propellant chemistry. The result of the Army Ordnance effort was JPL's answer to the German V-2 missile, named MGM-5 Corporal, first launched in May 1947. On December 3, 1958, two months after the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created by Congress, JPL was transferred from Army jurisdiction to that of this new civilian space agency. This shift was due to the creation of a military focused group derived from the German V2 team. Hence, beginning in 1958, NASA JPL and the Caltech crew became focused primarily on unmanned flight and shifted away from military applications with a few exceptions. The community surrounding JPL drove tremendous innovation in telecommunication, interplanetary exploration and earth monitoring (among other areas). In the early 1950s, the US government wanted to insulate itself against over dependency on the German team for military applications. Among the areas that were domestically "developed" was missile guidance. In the early 1950s the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (later to become the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.) was chosen by the Air Force Western Development Division to provide a self-contained guidance system backup to Convair in San Diego for the new Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile. The technical monitor for the MIT task was a young engineer named Jim Fletcher who later served as the NASA Administrator. The Atlas guidance system was to be a combination of an on-board autonomous system, and a ground-based tracking and command system. This was the beginning of a philosophic controversy, which, in some areas, remains unresolved. The self-contained system finally prevailed in ballistic missile applications for obvious reasons. In space exploration, a mixture of the two remains. In the summer of 1952, Dr. Richard Battin and Dr. J. Halcombe ("Hal") Laning Jr., researched computational based solutions to guidance as computing began to step out of the analog approach. As computers of that time were very slow (and missiles very fast) it was extremely important to develop programs that were very efficient. Dr. J. Halcombe Laning, with the help of Phil Hankins and Charlie Werner, initiated work on MAC, an algebraic programming language for the IBM 650, which was completed by early spring of 1958. MAC became the work-horse of the MIT lab. MAC is an extremely readable language having a three-line format, vector-matrix notations and mnemonic and indexed subscripts. Today's Space Shuttle (STS) language called HAL, (developed by Intermetrics, Inc.) is a direct offshoot of MAC. Since the principal architect of HAL was Jim Miller, who co-authored with Hal Laning a report on the MAC system, it is a reasonable speculation that the space shuttle language is named for Jim's old mentor, and not, as some have suggested, for the electronic superstar of the Arthur Clarke movie "2001-A Space Odyssey." (Richard Battin, AIAA 82–4075, April 1982) Hal Laning and Richard Battin undertook the initial analytical work on the Atlas inertial guidance in 1954. Other key figures at Convair were Charlie Bossart, the Chief Engineer, and Walter Schweidetzky, head of the guidance group. Walter had worked with Wernher von Braun at Peenemuende during World War II. The initial "Delta" guidance system assessed the difference in position from a reference trajectory. A velocity to be gained (VGO) calculation is made to correct the current trajectory with the objective of driving VGO to Zero. The mathematics of this approach were fundamentally valid, but dropped because of the challenges in accurate inertial navigation (e.g. IMU Accuracy) and analog computing power. The challenges faced by the "Delta" efforts were overcome by the "Q system" of guidance. The "Q" system's revolution was to bind the challenges of missile guidance (and associated equations of motion) in the matrix Q. The Q matrix represents the partial derivatives of the velocity with respect to the position vector. A key feature of this approach allowed for the components of the vector cross product (v, xdv,/dt) to be used as the basic autopilot rate signals-a technique that became known as "cross-product steering." The Q-system was presented at the first Technical Symposium on Ballistic Missiles held at the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation in Los Angeles on June 21 and 22, 1956. The "Q System" was classified information through the 1960s. Derivations of this guidance are used for today's military missiles. The CSDL team remains a leader in the military guidance and is involved in projects for most divisions of the US military. On August 10 of 1961 NASA Awarded MIT a contract for preliminary design study of a guidance and navigation system for Apollo program. (see Apollo on-board guidance, navigation, and control system, Dave Hoag, International Space Hall of Fame Dedication Conference in Alamogordo, N.M., October 1976 ). Today's space shuttle guidance is named PEG4 (Powered Explicit Guidance). It takes into account both the Q system and the predictor-corrector attributes of the original "Delta" System (PEG Guidance). Although many updates to the shuttles navigation system have taken place over the last 30 years (ex. GPS in the OI-22 build), the guidance core of today's Shuttle GN&C system has evolved little. Within a manned system, there is a human interface needed for the guidance system. As Astronauts are the customer for the system, many new teams are formed that touch GN&C as it is a primary interface to "fly" the vehicle. For the Apollo and STS (Shuttle system) CSDL "designed" the guidance, McDonnell Douglas wrote the requirements and IBM programmed the requirements. Much system complexity within manned systems is driven by "redundancy management" and the support of multiple "abort" scenarios that provide for crew safety. Manned US Lunar and Interplanetary guidance systems leverage many of the same guidance innovations (described above) developed in the 1950s. So while the core mathematical construct of guidance has remained fairly constant, the facilities surrounding GN&C continue to evolve to support new vehicles, new missions and new hardware. The center of excellence for the manned guidance remains at MIT (CSDL) as well as the former McDonnell Douglas Space Systems (in Houston). See also Automotive navigation system Autopilot Guide rail List of missiles Robotic navigation Precision-guided munition Guided bomb Missile Missile guidance Terminal guidance Proximity sensor Artillery fuze Magnetic proximity fuze Proximity fuze References Further reading An Introduction to the Mathematics and Methods of Astrodynamics, Revised Edition (AIAA Education Series) Richard Battin, May 1991 Space Guidance Evolution-A Personal Narrative, Richard Battin, AIAA 82–4075, April 1982 Military technology Uncrewed vehicles Applications of control engineering NASA spin-off technologies de:Navigationssystem stq:Autonavigation
19314207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9%20de%20communes%20du%20Canton%20de%20Fruges%20et%20environs	Communauté de communes du Canton de Fruges et environs	The Communauté de communes du Canton de Fruges et environs was located in the Pas-de-Calais département, in northern France. It was created in January 1995. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes du Haut Pays du Montreuillois in January 2017. Composition It comprised the following 25 communes: Ambricourt Avondance Canlers Coupelle-Neuve Coupelle-Vieille Crépy Créquy Embry Fressin Fruges Hézecques Lebiez Lugy Matringhem Mencas Planques Radinghem Rimboval Royon Ruisseauville Sains-lès-Fressin Senlis Torcy Verchin Vincly References Fruges
43584711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intikancha%20%28Apur%C3%ADmac%29	Intikancha (Apurímac)	Intikancha (Quechua inti sun, kancha enclosure, enclosed place, yard, a frame, or wall that encloses, "sun yard", Hispanicized spelling Inticancha) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about high. It is situated in the Apurímac Region, Grau Province, in the south of the Progreso District. References Mountains of Peru Mountains of Apurímac Region
18205001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C4%99czyny	Partęczyny	Partęczyny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świecie nad Osą, within Grudziądz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Świecie nad Osą, east of Grudziądz, and north-east of Toruń. References Villages in Grudziądz County
24737763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve%20Been%20Loving%20You	I've Been Loving You	"I've Been Loving You" is the 1968 debut single by English musician Elton John with lyrics credited to Bernie Taupin (although John later admitted that he wrote the song by himself, giving Taupin credit as an effort to earn Taupin his first publishing royalties). The B-side is "Here's to the Next Time", an Elton John composition. "I've Been Loving You" was not originally included on any album and the single was withdrawn shortly after its release. Neither side appeared on any official album release until the 1992 Rare Masters box set (which featured previously unreleased stereo mixes of both). The single is extremely rare. An even rarer 4-song EP, released only in Portugal, contained two additional songs: "Thank You for All Your Loving" (written by John and then bandmate Caleb Quaye) and "Angel Tree" (the first true release of a John/Taupin composition). According to John's YouTube channel, the single's B-side, "Here's to the Next Time", was recorded at DJM studios in late 1967. Wednesday cover version In 1976, Canadian band Wednesday covered the song under the title "Loving You Baby". It was a substantial hit in their native country, peaking at No. 6 for two weeks on the Canadian singles chart. It is ranked as the 78th biggest Canadian hit of 1976. Chart history Weekly charts Year-end charts Other cover versions On 24 May 1968 (shortly after John's release), Edwin Bee released it as a single, marking the first cover version of an Elton John composition. Jack Bedient & the Chessmen, a popular party band based in and around California, Nevada, and the Pacific northwest in the 1960s, released a version of the song in 1969. Bedient & the Chessmen recorded and released numerous singles and albums during that time, and disbanded in the early '70s. References External links 1968 songs 1968 debut singles 1968 debut EPs 1976 singles Elton John songs Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Songs with music by Elton John Philips Records singles Wednesday (Canadian band) songs
41682607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Soffici	Roberto Soffici	Roberto Soffici (born 29 October 1946) is an Italian pop singer-songwriter, composer and lyricist. Background Born in Pula, the son of composer and conductor Piero, Soffici enrolled at the Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory in Milan, graduating in clarinet, harmony and composition. In the 1970s he started a productive career as a composer, signing songs for Mina, Equipe 84, Nomadi and Ornella Vanoni, among others. From the second half of seventies he is also active as a singer-songwriter; his main success is the 1980 song "Io ti voglio tanto bene", which peaked at sixth place at the Italian hit parade. References External links Roberto Soffici at Discogs 1946 births Italian male singers Italian pop singers Living people People from Pula Italian male songwriters Italian songwriters Male songwriters Italian male singer-songwriters Italian singer-songwriters Italian composers Italian male composers Milan Conservatory alumni
1575863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penland%20School%20of%20Craft	Penland School of Craft	The Penland School of Craft ("Penland" and formerly "Penland School of Crafts") is an Arts and Crafts educational center located in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Penland, North Carolina in the Snow Creek Township near Spruce Pine, about 50 miles from Asheville. History The school was founded in the 1920s in the isolated mountain town of Penland, Mitchell County, NC. In 1923, Lucy Morgan (1889–1981), a teacher at the Appalachian School who had recently learned to weave at Berea College, created an association to teach the craft to local women so they could earn income from their homes. The center, called Penland Weavers and Potters, provided instruction, looms, and materials. Local volunteers built a cabin and then a larger hall. In 1929, Penland was officially founded as the Penland School of Handicrafts after Edward F. Worst, a weaving expert and author of the Foot Power Loom Weaving, visited the school to provide weaving instruction. Worst added classes in basketry and pottery. Bill Brown, who took over in 1962 after Morgan, created a resident artist program and expanded the number and length of courses. There are 51 buildings on 400 acres. Penland buildings were designed primarily by North Carolinian architects, including Frank Harmond and Cannon Architects in Raleigh, North Carolina and Dixon Weinstein Architects in Chapel Hill. The school campus was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 as the Penland School Historic District. The district encompasses 31 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures. The district is characterized by one- and two-story frame farmhouses dating from the turn of the 20th century, associated agricultural outbuildings, and Rustic Revival style log buildings. Notable buildings include the Colonial Revival style Lily Loom House and Pines; the Craft Cabin; Homer Hall; Ridgeway; and Beacon Church. Overview , Penland offered Spring, Summer, and Fall workshops in craft disciplines, including weaving and dyeing, bead work, glassblowing, pottery, paper making, metalworking, and woodworking. It also offers fine arts subjects, such as printmaking, painting, and photography. Workshops are taught by visiting American and international artists and professors, a tradition that started with Worst and until he died in 1949. Academic degrees are not awarded by Penland, but students can receive college credit through Western Carolina University (WCU). There are about 1200 people who study at Penland each year. Penland holds an annual Community Day in early March, when the school's studios are open and visitors can work on a small project with the help of the artists. An exhibition of works created at Penland was held at the Mint Museum. References Further reading Bonnie Willis Ford. 1931 Weaving Institute at Penland Hunter Library Library Digital Collections, Western Carolina University Bonnie Willis Ford. 1932 Weaving Institute at Penland Hunter Library Library Digital Collections, Western Carolina University Appalachian Industrial School in the Mountains of North Carolina. Hunter Library Library Digital Collections, Western Carolina University Appalachian Mountain Community Centre. Hunter Library Library Digital Collections, Western Carolina University Records at Huntington Library Digital Collection. Hunter Library Library Digital Collections, Western Carolina University McLaughlin, Jean, ed. Inspired: Life in Penland's Resident Artist and Core Fellowship Programs. Penland: Penland School of Crafts, 2016. McLaughlin, Jean W., Mint Museum of Craft + Design, and Penland School of Crafts. The Nature of Craft and the Penland Experience. 1st ed. New York: Lark Books, 2004. Morgan, Lucy and LeGette Blythe. Gift from the Hills: Miss Lucy Morgan's Story of Her Unique Penland School. First ed. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958. External links Penland website The Penland Experience Art museums and galleries in North Carolina Art schools in North Carolina Crafts educators Education in Mitchell County, North Carolina Education in North Carolina Educational institutions established in 1929 Tourist attractions in Mitchell County, North Carolina School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Colonial Revival architecture in North Carolina Buildings and structures in Mitchell County, North Carolina National Register of Historic Places in Mitchell County, North Carolina Artist's retreats 1929 establishments in North Carolina Glassmaking schools

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