id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
245
| title
stringlengths 1
167
| text
stringlengths 1
435k
|
|---|---|---|---|
40477868
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Engelhart
|
Edwin Engelhart
|
Edwin Engelhart (born February 18, 1976) is a former Dutch professional basketball player who last played for Zorg en Zekerheid Leiden in the Dutch Basketball League during the 2006-2007 season.
References
External links
eurobasket.com profile
Dutch men's basketball players
1976 births
Living people
B.S. Leiden players
Dutch Basketball League players
20th-century Dutch people
|
2079405
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulun%20Luistinseura
|
Oulun Luistinseura
|
Oulun Luistinseura (or OLS) is a Finnish multi-sports club, based in Oulu. The club has football, bandy, bowling and floorball sections.
Football
OLS football team was founded in 1941 by clubs bandy players. Throughout the years the club has played mostly in lower divisions, never competing in the highest tier of Finnish football except as a part of short lived merger with OTP called FC Oulu in the early 1990s. The most successful part of OLS is the youth academy which has produced many national team level players.
Men's football team earned promotion to Kakkonen (the third tier of Finnish football) for 2014 season.
OLS is the reserve team of Veikkausliiga club AC Oulu, playing in Kakkonen.
Current squad
Bandy
OLS is one of the most successful clubs in Finland and is the only non-Swedish or Russian/Soviet club to have won the Bandy World Cup, having won the title in 1976. In 1977 and 1990 they were European Cup runners-up.
OLS have won the Bandyliiga play-off to become Finnish champions 16 times the first was in 1970 and the most recent title was in 2014. OLS has won the Finnish championship in the following years: 1970, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2009, and 2014.
References
External links
Bandy clubs in Finland
Football clubs in Finland
Association football clubs established in 1880
Bandy clubs established in 1880
Association football clubs established in 1908
Bandy clubs established in 1908
Floorball teams in Finland
Sport in Oulu
1880 establishments in the Russian Empire
|
29259461
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymitia
|
Polymitia
|
Polymitia is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae.
Species
Polymitia eximipalpella (Gerasimov, 1930)
Polymitia laristana Triberti, 1986
External links
Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)
Gracillariinae
Gracillarioidea genera
|
18568925
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%20National%20Route%2054
|
Japan National Route 54
|
National Route 54 is a national highway of Japan connecting Naka-ku, Hiroshima and Matsue, Shimane.
Route data
Length: 174.5 km (108.43 mi).
References
054
Roads in Hiroshima Prefecture
Roads in Shimane Prefecture
|
66316806
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20Browne
|
Kelly Browne
|
Kelly Browne is an American ice hockey forward, currently playing for the Boston College Eagles in the NCAA.
Career
During high school, she first played for Burlington High School, before joining Tabor Academy, serving as the team's captain in her senior year. She picked up a number of awards in 2018, including being named NEPSAC Division I Player of the Year, the Boston Bruins’ John Carlton Memorial Trophy, and Independent School League MVP.
She joined Boston College in 2018, playing for the university's women's hockey programme. She notched 26 points in 39 games in her rookie collegiate year, being named to the Hockey East All-Rookie Team. In late-October 2019, she scored her first collegiate hat trick, notching four goals in a 5–2 victory over the New Hampshire Wildcats, the 11th four-goal game in Boston College history. That year, she improved her point production to 36 points in 36 games. She was named a junior captain for the team for the 2020–21 season, and was named Hockey East Player of the Week in the first week of December 2020.
International career
In 2016 and 2017, Browne attended both the American Girls Select U18 Player Development Camp and USA Hockey Women's National Festival each year. She then represented the United States at the 2018, picking up two points in five games as the country won gold.
She was called up to the senior American national team in February 2020, to make her senior debut in the 2019-20 Rivalry Series against Canada.
Personal life
Browne is enrolled at the Carroll School of Management at Boston College.
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
American women's ice hockey forwards
Boston College Eagles women's ice hockey players
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts
People from Burlington, Massachusetts
Ice hockey people from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
|
66547140
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodenia%20filiformis
|
Goodenia filiformis
|
Goodenia filiformis, commonly known as thread-leaved goodenia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to near-coastal areas of south-western Western Australia. It is an erect to ascending herb with cylindrical to narrow linear leaves at the base of the plant and racemes of yellow flowers.
Description
Goodenia filiformis is an erect to ascending herb that typically grows to a height of with cylindrical to narrow linear leaves long and wide at the base of the plant. The flowers are arranged in racemes up to long with leaf-like bracts on the base, each flower on a pedicel long. The sepals are egg-shaped, about long, the corolla yellow, about long. The lower lobes of the corolla are about long with wings up to wide. Flowering occurs from November to December or January.
Taxonomy and naming
Goodenia filiformis was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. The specific epithet (filiformis) means "thread-shaped".
Distribution and habitat
This goodenia grows in winter-wet places in near-coastal areas between Princess Royal Harbour and West Cape Howe in the south-west of Western Australia.
Conservation status
Goodenia filiformis is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.
References
filiformis
Eudicots of Western Australia
Plants described in 1810
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)
Endemic flora of Southwest Australia
|
13898747
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey%20Cup
|
Surrey Cup
|
The Surrey Cup is an annual rugby union knock-out club competition organized by the Surrey Rugby Football Union. The original cup competition was first played for back in 1890, the inaugural winners being Lennox, but was discontinued in 1909, having been held intermittently over 20 seasons, due to cup competitions being considerable 'undesirable'. The cup was reintroduced around 50 years later for the 1970–71 season, with the first winners of the modern competition being Guildford & Godalming. It is the most important rugby union cup competition in Surrey, ahead of the Surrey Trophy, Surrey Shield and Surrey Bowl.
At present the Surrey Cup is a much smaller competition than it used to be with only a few clubs based in tier 5 (National League 3 London & SE) of the English rugby union league system taking part along with 2nd teams of teams in tiers 3-4 (National League 1 and National League 2 South). The final is held at Molesey Road, Hersham (home of Esher RFC) in May - on the same date and venue as the other Surrey finals.
Surrey Cup winners
Number of wins
Sutton & Epsom (10)
Esher (8)
Richmond (6)
Streatham-Croydon (6)
Guildford (4)
London Irish (4)
Camberley (3)
Dorking (3)
Old Mid-Whitgiftians (3)
London Devonians (2)
Old Alleynians (2)
Battersea (1)
Customs Sports (1)
Effingham & Leatherhead (1)
Kingston (1)
KCS Old Boys (1)
Lennox (1)
London Irish Wild Geese (1)
Old Whitgiftian (1)
Rosslyn Park (1)
Surbiton (1)
Wimbledon II (1)
Weybridge Vandals (1)
Notes
See also
Surrey Bowl
Surrey RFU
Surrey Shield
Surrey Trophy
References
External links
Surrey RFU
Recurring sporting events established in 1890
1890 establishments in England
Rugby union cup competitions in England
Rugby union in Surrey
|
2847536
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce%20Trent%201000
|
Rolls-Royce Trent 1000
|
The Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 is a high-bypass turbofan engine produced by Rolls-Royce, one of the two engine options for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, competing with the General Electric GEnx. It first ran on 14 February 2006 and first flew on 18 June 2007 before a joint EASA/FAA certification on 7 August 2007 and entered service on 26 October 2011.Corrosion-related fatigue cracking of intermediate pressure (IP) turbine blades was discovered in early 2016, grounding up to 44 aircraft and costing Rolls-Royce at least £ billion.
The engine has a bypass ratio over 10:1, a fan and keeps the characteristic three-spool layout of the Trent series.
The updated Trent 1000 TEN with technology from the Trent XWB and the Advance3 aims for up to 3% better fuel burn. It first ran in mid-2014, was EASA certified in July 2016, first flew on a 787 on 7 December 2016 and was introduced on 23 November 2017.
By early 2018 it had a % market share of the decided order book. The Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 is a version with bleed air used for the Airbus A330neo.
Development
In 2003, Rolls-Royce was offering a scaled derivative of the Trent 900 for the proposed Boeing 7E7, which could incorporate ANTLE technologies. On 6 April 2004 Boeing announced that it had selected two engine partners for its new 787: Rolls-Royce and General Electric (GE). In June 2004, Air New Zealand chose the Trent 1000 for its two firm orders. On 13 October 2004, All Nippon Airways selected Rolls-Royce to power 30 787-3s and 20 787-8s, a $1 billion (£560 million) deal.
The first run of the Trent 1000 was on 14 February 2006.
On 18 June 2007, it made its first flight from TSTC Waco Airport in Texas, on Rolls-Royce's flying testbed, a modified Boeing .
On 7 July 2007, aircraft lessor International Lease Finance Corporation placed an order worth $1.3 billion at list prices for Trent 1000s to power 40 of the 787s which it has on order, $ m per engine.
The engine received joint certification from the FAA and EASA on 7 August 2007, or 7/8/7 in Europe.
The Trent 1000 is the launch engine on both initial 787 variants, the -8 with ANA and the -9 with Air New Zealand. On 27 September 2007, British Airways announced the selection of the Trent 1000 to power 24 Boeing 787.
On 2 August 2010, a Trent 1000 suffered an uncontained engine failure of the intermediate turbine on a test stand. It was reported as being due to a fire in the engine oil system.
Trent 1000 TEN
Rolls-Royce designed an improved version targeting at least 2% better fuel burn than the current Trent 1000 Package C. The company claims to offer up to 3% lower fuel burn than the competition.
By May 2015, Rolls claims it helps reduce the GEnx dominance of the Boeing 787 engine market, with 42% of newly declared engine orders going to the Trent.
In early 2018, of 1277 orders, 681 selected GE (%), 420 Rolls-Royce (%) and 176 were undecided (%).
It features a scaled version of the Airbus A350's Trent XWB-84 compressor, and Advance3 core technology.
Fuel burn is reduced through its improved intermediate pressure compressor where the rear stages spin at higher speeds.
Three blisk stages were introduced in the new compressor and 75% of its parts are new or changed from the 1000.
The engine first ran in mid-2014.
Rolls-Royce initially hoped to certify the Trent TEN before the end of 2015, and to enter service in late 2016.
Revising a weight-saving feature called 'banded stators' and other design issues delayed FAA Part 33 engine certification.
It was certified by the EASA in July 2016.
It first flew on a Boeing 787 on 7 December 2016.
Rolls-Royce will provide the TEN as its engine option for the 787 from 2017.
Meeting smoke-emissions limits at landing and takeoff mode points but not at certain thrusts, in August 2017 Rolls-Royce asked the FAA for a temporary exemption through 2019 to develop a modification.
Smoke-emissions limits are met per EASA standards but not at all thrusts as required by FAA.
European LCC Norwegian Air, Singaporean carrier Scoot and Air New Zealand took delivery of Trent 1000 TEN-powered 787s in November 2017, with the first commercial service on the 23rd.
Design
The Trent 1000 is a high bypass turbofan with three independent, coaxial shafts and a single annular combustor with 18 spray nozzles.
The Low Pressure shaft with a swept-bladed, fan is powered by six axial turbines.
The Intermediate Pressure spool with 8 axial compressors is turned by a single turbine stage.
The six-stage High Pressure Compressor is driven by a single turbine stage, turning in the opposite direction of the two others shafts.
The engine is controlled by an EEC.
Initially, Boeing toyed with the idea of sole sourcing the powerplant for the 787, with GE Aviation being the most likely candidate. However, potential customers demanded choices and Boeing relented.
For the first time in commercial aviation, both engine types will have a standard interface with the aircraft, allowing any 787 to be fitted with either a GE or Rolls-Royce engine at any time as long as the pylon is also modified. Engine interchangeability makes the 787 a more flexible asset to airlines, allowing them to change from one manufacturer's engine to the other's in light of any future engine developments which conform more closely to their operating profile. The cost of such a change would require a significant operating cost difference between the two engine types to make it economical - a difference that does not exist with the engines today.
As with earlier variants of the Trent family, Rolls partnered with risk and revenue sharing partners on the Trent 1000 program. This time there were six partners: Kawasaki Heavy Industries (intermediate compressor module), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (combustor and low pressure turbine blades), Industria de Turbo Propulsores (low pressure turbine), Carlton Forge Works (fan case), Hamilton Sundstrand (gearbox) and Goodrich Corporation (engine control system). Altogether, these partners have a 35 percent stake in the programme.
The Trent 1000 family makes extensive use of technology derived from the Trent 8104 demonstrator. In order to fulfill Boeing's requirement for a "more-electric" engine, the Trent 1000 is a bleedless design, with power take-off from the intermediate-pressure (IP) spool instead of the high-pressure (HP) spool found in other members of the Trent family. A diameter swept-back fan, with a smaller diameter hub to help maximize airflow, was specified. The bypass ratio has been increased over previous variants by suitable adjustments to the core flow.
A high pressure ratio along with contra-rotating the IP and HP spools improves efficiency. The use of more legacy components reduces the parts count to minimise maintenance costs. A tiled combustor is featured.
Operational history
On 26 October 2011, the 787 flew its first commercial flight from Tokyo Narita Airport to Hong Kong International Airport on All Nippon Airways. It was powered by Trent 1000 engines.
The 787 was introduced in September 2011 with Package A with 1% worse thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) than the initial Boeing specification, which was matched by Package B certified in December 2011, then improved by Package C offering 1% better fuel burn than specified and EASA certified in September 2013.
From early operations, GE claimed a 2% fuel burn advantage and 1% better performance retention.
In March 2014, of the 787 firm orderbook, Rolls-Royce had 321 (31%), GE 564 (55%) and 146 were undecided (14%).
The performance improvement packages rectified fuel burn and reliability issues, but problems in the active fleet persist and durability problems with certain components remain for 400 to 500 engines in 2017.
In early 2018, of 1277 orders, 681 selected the GEnx (%), 420 the Trent 1000 (%) and 176 were undecided (%).
Blade cracking
Corrosion-related fatigue cracking of intermediate-pressure turbine (IPT) blades was discovered at All Nippon Airways in early 2016.
Engines showing excessive corrosion were pulled from service and repaired in a shop visit, more corrosion-resistant blades were developed and rolled-out.
HPT blades fatigue was checked and IPC rotor seals inspected but several airlines had to ground 787s.
Rolls-Royce had to spend $35 million on unexpected "technical provisions" for its in-service Trent 1000 fleet in 2017.
In April 2018, the inspection interval for 380 Package C Trent 1000s was reduced from every 200 flights to every 80 to address durability problems, as the EASA should be followed by the US FAA, reducing ETOPS from 330 to 140 minutes and impacting trans-Pacific flights.
On 17 April the US FAA confirmed this ETOPS reduction.
On 19 April, the EASA issued an Airworthiness Directive stating "occurrences were reported on RR Trent 1000 'Pack C' engines, where some IPC Rotor 1 and Rotor 2 blades were found cracked. This condition, if not detected and corrected, could lead to in-flight blade release, possibly resulting in reduced control of the aeroplane." EASA inspection rates are increased but ETOPS are maintained.
On 26 April 2018, the FAA limited ETOPS for package C engines.
This affected Air Europa, Air New Zealand, Avianca, British Airways, Ethiopian, LATAM, LOT Polish, Norwegian Air, Royal Brunei, Scoot, Thai Airways and Virgin Atlantic.
Boeing dispatched 737 MAX head VP Keith Leverkuhn to help Rolls-Royce overcome the problems, showing their importance as 34 aircraft are grounded and this number could rise in coming months as the 383 affected engines power a quarter of the 787 fleet.
The Boeing 787 production rise to 14 monthly by mid-2019 should not be affected as 70% have GE Aircraft Engines, but seven new airliners are assembled awaiting engines.
As FAA and EASA airworthiness directives mandated inspections by 9 June, grounded airliners should rise to a peak of 50: after 80% of the engines were checked, 29% of them failed inspection and remain grounded.
Rolls-Royce assigned 200 people to solve the issue and installs a revised IP compressor blade for early June testing, accelerating a permanent fix development to have parts available for overhaul from late 2018.
To cover these problems, Rolls budgets £340 million ($450 million) in 2018 and less in 2019, compared to an around £450 million ($643 million) 2018 free cash flow.
In early June, a redesigned blade was flight tested on Rolls-Royce's 747-200 as 35 were grounded, and easing ETOPS restrictions would need convincing regulatory agencies that disrupting a single-engine diversion is improbable enough.
A similar IP Compressor durability issue was identified on some Package B engines, the 166 Package B engines will be inspected on-wing as an EASA will be published in June 2018.
A precautionary redesign of the Package B part was started, as for the Trent 1000 TEN, while its young fleet did not show reduced IPC durability.
The Package B in service fleet is currently at 61 while eight are in storage.
A compressor blade stocks shortfall led to up to three days longer than planned fixes as grounded jets reach 43, while Rolls dedicated almost £1 billion ($1.3 billion) to address the issues.
Aircraft-on-ground peaked at 44 before falling, less than the 50 expected, and turbine blade capacity, a limiting factor, increased by 50% since 2018 started.
The problems should not spread to the Trent XWB, as there is no evidence of similar issues and it was developed with more modern tools and a different design flow – while not enough engines were visited yet to rule it out, or to the Trent 7000 which will include Trent 1000 improvements.
A £554 million ($725 million) exceptional expense was taken for 2018, 40% of the total cash cost to 2022, before £450 million in 2019 and £100 million less in 2020.
Mitigation
Exposing the base material to low-cycle fatigue, the thermal barrier coating on the IP turbine blades was eroded prematurely by "hot corrosion" caused by high atmospheric sulfur due to polluting industries around large Asia-Pacific cities.
The initial fix, a revised base material and coating to counter IP turbine corrosion, was installed by September 2018 in over 62% of the affected fleet.
Laboratory testing of the newer turbine is satisfactory and the turbine lifetime should be proved by in-service inspections, with some engines already having completed 1,000–1,500 cycles.
A materials test programme was verified with UK and European universities: low-cycle fatigue tests showed the agent diffusion into the main material was prevented, avoiding microcrack formation.
A model predicts the corrosive agents exposure to avoid inspections and to sequence the retrofits.
The failure mechanism was not clearly understood when the issue was discovered in March, after four compressor blades on the first IP rotor and one on the second failed in a high-time engine.
Vibration surveys revealed a fan wake affecting the compressor blade, with a 100 Hz frequency difference between the IP and LP spools setting up an eigenmode synchronised vibration in the first two compressor rotors.
This caused wear and tear leading to microcracks in the blades roots, growing to proper cracks failing after around 1,000 cycles and resulting in an inflight shutdown.
To avoid eigenmodes, Rolls shifts the blade mass from the center towards the periphery.
Testing showed no damaging vibration and certification should be approved by year-end, the new blade begun production in anticipation.
While it has a different Trent XWB-style IP rotor design with no eigenmode, the same stages were also redesigned for the Trent 1000 TEN, as well as the Trent 7000.
In March 2018, Rolls conservatively limited single engine operating at maximum continuous power to 140 min, leading regulators to restrict ETOPS.
Only one engine failed among over 100 showing small cracks, one-third of the suspect population of 366 engines, as crack develops slowly.
On the ground at Derby, an instrumented Trent 1000 with cracked rotors ran 10 h at maximum continuous power with no crack propagation, and was then mounted to Rolls' 747 testbed aircraft in mid-September to confirm it is not a high-cycle fatigue problem to ease ETOPS restrictions.
Flights should begin at the end of September off the California coast, it will be run at FL120 and maximum power like a single engine ETOPS diversion, to be followed by cold weather tests in Alaska.
By December, the number of grounded engines were still high, and was to improve significantly over the first half of 2019.
Following EASA and FAA approval from, a redesigned IP compressor blade design was installed on the Package C Trent 1000 from January 2019.
By November 2019, Rolls-Royce aimed for below ten aircraft-on-ground by mid-2020.
After a HP turbine design intended for early 2020 was evaluated, a redesigned Trent 1000 TEN HP blade was not as durable as expected and its introduction was delayed until the first half of 2021, the last required modification.
Rolls-Royce expects to take a £1.4 billion ($1.8 billion) charge in 2019, nearly doubling from the £790 million absorbed in 2018, as all costs spread across 2017–2023 are increasing to £2.4 billion, up from £1.6 billion estimated by mid-2019.
Reliability
Up to March 2016, it has a dispatch reliability of 99.9 percent and four in-flight shutdown (IFSD) gave a rate of 2 IFSD per million flight hours.
On 10 August 2019, a Norwegian Long Haul Boeing 787-8 departing Rome had an engine failure, and the crew managed an event-less emergency landing. Parts damaged the plane's left wing, horizontal stabiliser, fuselage and main landing gear tyres, and fell over urban areas. A turbine blade broke and may have caused others to disintegrate.
The engine suffered other less publicised in-flight shutdowns.
Applications
Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Variants
Variants were certified by the EASA
on 7 August 2007
Trent 1000‐A, Trent 1000‐C, Trent 1000‐D, Trent 1000‐E, Trent 1000‐G, Trent 1000‐H
on 10 September 2013
Trent 1000‐A2, Trent 1000‐C2, Trent 1000‐D2, Trent 1000‐E2, Trent 1000‐G2, Trent 1000‐H2, Trent 1000‐J2, Trent 1000‐K2, Trent 1000‐L2
on 6 May 2015
Trent 1000‐AE, Trent 1000‐CE, Trent 1000‐AE2, Trent 1000‐CE2
on 11 July 2016
Trent 1000‐AE3, Trent 1000‐CE3, Trent 1000‐D3, Trent 1000‐G3, Trent 1000‐H3, Trent 1000‐J3, Trent 1000‐K3, Trent 1000‐L3, Trent 1000‐M3, Trent 1000‐N3, Trent 1000‐P3, Trent 1000‐Q3, Trent 1000‐R3
Engines on display
A Trent 1000 is on display at the Museum of Making, Derby.
Specifications
See also
References
External links
High-bypass turbofan engines
Trent 1000
2000s turbofan engines
|
47796119
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr%20Bondarenko
|
Oleksandr Bondarenko
|
Oleksandr Bondarenko is a Ukrainian name with the surname of Bondarenko.
It may refer to:
Oleksandr Bondarenko (footballer, 1966), Ukrainian footballer from Zaporizhzhia
Oleksandr Bondarenko (footballer, 1989), Ukrainian footballer from Kiev
Oleksandr Bondarenko (politician) (born 1987), Ukrainian politician
Aleksandr Bondarenko (footballer, 1954), Soviet-Kyrgyzstani footballer from Bishkek
|
3389879
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting%20Aruba
|
Scouting Aruba
|
Scouting in Aruba shared a common history with the other Netherlands Antilles until the political separation of the island from the Netherlands. Scouting Aruba is a Full Member of the Interamerican Region of the World Organization of the Scout Movement.
Scouting Aruba consists of 13 groups, divided into 3 districts. There is one Scout group for people with mental and physical limitations.
Scouts in Aruba participate in many Caribbean camps, often traveling by boat to camp on nearby islands with Scouts from neighboring countries.
On 27 February 2016, the World Scout Committee recognized Scouting Aruba as the National Scout Organization of the Aruba and conferred it with Full WOSM Membership with voting rights. The membership certificate will be presented to the organization in the 41st World Scout Conference, which will be conducted in Baku of Azerbaijan in 2017.
Program and ideals
Beavers-ages 5 to 7 (boys and girls)
Cubs-ages 7 to 10 (mixed sections exist)
Scouts-ages 10 to 14 (mixed sections exist)
Explorers-ages 15 to 18 (boys and girls)
Rovers-ages 18 to 23 (boys and girls)
The Scout Motto is Be Prepared, Semper Prepara in Papiamento, and Weest Paraat in Dutch.
The Scouting Aruba emblem consists of Scouting symbols and colors corresponding with the flag of Aruba. The two five-point stars are taken off the Fleur-de-lis and placed upon each other. The logo is designed by Mr. Juan Martijn.
Promise
Beavers
(Dutch)
Ik beloof lief voor God en mijn land te zijn.
(Papiamento)
(English)
I promise to love God and my country.
Cubs
(Dutch)
Ik beloof mijn best te zullen doen.
Mijn plicht te doen tegenover God en mijn land,
de wet van de welpenhorde te gehoorzamen en iedere dag een goede daad te zullen doen .
(Papiamento)
(English)
I promise to do my best
to do my duty to God and my country
to keep the pack law
to do a good deed every day.
Scouts
(Dutch)
Op mijn erewoord beloof ik ernstig te zullen trachten
mijn plicht te doen tegen over God en mijn land,
iedereen te helpen waar ik kan en de padvinderswet te gehoorzamen.
(Papiamento)
(English)
On my honor I promise that I will do my best
to do my Duty to God and my country
to help other people at all time
and obey the scout law
Scout Law
Beavers
(Dutch)
Een bever heeft plezier, werkt hard en helpt zijn familie en vrienden.
(Papiamento)
(English)
A beaver plays with joy, works hard and helps his family and friends.
Cubs
(Dutch)
De welp volgt de oude wolf
De welp is moedig en houdt vol.
(Papiamento)
(English)
The Cub follows the wolf.
The Cub is honest, has courage and perseverance.
Scouts
(Dutch)
Een padvinder is eerlijk.
Een padvinder is trouw.
Een padvinder dient zich nuttig te maken en anderen te helpen.
Een padvinder is een vriend voor allen en een broeder voor alle andere padvinders.
Een padvinder is voorkomend en beleefd.
Een padvinder beschermt dieren en planten.
Een padvinder weet te gehoorzamen.
Een padvinder zet door alle omstandigheden.
Een padvinder is spaarzaam.
Een padvinder is rein in gedachten, woord en daad.
(Papiamento)
(English)
A Scout's honor is to be trusted.
A Scout is loyal.
A Scout is to be useful and to help others.
A Scout is a brother is every other scout.
A Scout is courteous.
A Scout protects animals and plants.
A Scout is obedient.
A Scout perseveres.
A Scout is thrifty.
A Scout is clean in his thoughts, words and deeds.
Explorers
(Dutch)
Op mijn erewoord beloof ik dat ik mij zodanig zal ontwikkelen zodat ik God beter kan lief hebben en dienen
Mijn medemensen kan respecteren en helpen
Mijn land ten dienste kan zijn
En mijn best te doen mij te houden aan het Huishoudelijk Reglement van mijn afdeling
(Papiamento)
(English)
On my honour I promise that I will develop my self so that I may love and serve God better.
To respect and help others.
To be in service of my country.
And to do my best to keep to the regulations of my crew.
See also
Het Arubaanse Padvindsters Gilde
References
External links
Official Homepage
World Organization of the Scout Movement member organizations
Scouting and Guiding on Aruba
|
61583307
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi%20Yeni
|
Muzi Yeni
|
Muzi Yeni (born 6 December 1986 in Durban) is a South African thoroughbred horse racing jockey. To date he has won Numerous Grade 1 races, with 1788 career wins (as off 24 May 2021).
He finished second in the 2018/19 SA Jockey Championship riding 215 winners, narrowly losing by 3 wins, to Lyle Hewitson.
Yeni won his first race in the 12th start of his career. He rode Storm King to victory for Mike de Kock at Clairwood in November 2003.
Yeni's first Grade 1 victory came in the President's Champions Challenge over 2000m at Turffontein in April 2011. He rode Happy Landing to victory, which was a big outsider at 55/1.
Muzi Yeni won the Grade 2 Peermont Emperors Palace Charity Mile at Turffontein Racecourse in November 2018. Yeni rode Coral Fever to victory, winning R150,000 for his charity, Khangezile Primary School.
Early career
Yeni was educated at Hunt Road Secondary, before earning his matric at the South African Jockey Academy.
As an apprentice he rode 75 winners. In the 2007/08 season, his first as a fully fledged jockey out of the academy, he rode 36 winners. The following season he rode 57, and 97 in the 2009/10 season. He then broke into the top 10 in the 2010/2011 season, finishing third on the national log with 133 winners.
National Honours
Muzi Yeni rode for Team SA for the first time in the International Jockeys’ Challenge in 2010, where he subsequently won the Turffontein leg.
He represented Team SA in Premier Gateway Challenge in Singapore in September 2018.
References
Jockey
South African jockeys
1986 births
Living people
|
69998194
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Hoyle
|
Thomas Hoyle
|
Thomas Hoyle sometimes spelt Hoile (born 29 January 1586, died 30 January 1650 ) was mayor of York and member of parliament during the English Civil War.
Hoyle was son of Thomas Hoyle of Slaithwaite, Yorkshire, England.
In 1628, the two parliamentary seats for York were initially awarded to Sir Thomas Savile and Arthur Ingram. However, because of election irregularities, the Commons’ committee for privileges overturned the appointment of Savile in favour of Hoyle, who then served as member of parliament for York.
Hoyle was elected lord mayor of York in 1632.
Elected again to Parliament in November 1640, Hoyle represented York in the Long Parliament.
Hoyle sided with Parliament in the English Civil War. After taking York from the Royalists in 1644, Parliament appointed Hoyle to resume duty as Mayor of York.
Despite speaking against and entering his dissent in the debate upon the King's Answers constituting a ground for peace, Hoyle was not excluded under Pride's Purge, and continued as an MP in the Rump Parliament.
On the first anniversary of the execution of King Charles I, that is 30 January 1650, Hoyle killed himself.
Hoyle married firstly the daughter of William Maskew, named Elizabeth, who died 9 December 1639. He married secondly to Susannah of unknown parentage.
References
1586 births
1650 deaths
English MPs 1628–1629
English MPs 1640 (April)
Lord Mayors of York
Suicides by hanging in England
17th-century suicides
|
19252091
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Cravins%20Jr.
|
Don Cravins Jr.
|
Donald R. Cravins Jr. (born July 31, 1972), is an American attorney and politician serving as the under secretary of commerce for minority business development. He previously served as a member of the Louisiana State Legislature from 2004 to 2009. From April 2021 to August 2022, he was the executive vice president and COO of the National Urban League.
Early life and education
Cravins was born in Houston and raised in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Louisiana State University in 1994 and a Juris Doctor from the Southern University Law Center in 1998.
Career
Louisiana Legislature
Cravins first sought elected office in 2004. On November 2, 2004, he was elected state representative for District 40 in a runoff election where he received 54% of the vote. When he was elected, he and his father, Don Cravins, Sr., made Louisiana history by becoming the first father and son duo to serve in the Louisiana Legislature at the same time. In 2006, Cravins' father resigned from the Louisiana State Senate to become mayor of Opelousas. Cravins Jr. ran unopposed to fill the unexpired term. In the October 20, 2007 election, Don Cravins Jr. was re-elected to the Louisiana State Senate and garnered 74 percent of the vote. He represented Senate District 24 from December 2006 until January 2009. During his tenure in the Senate, Cravins served as chair of the Insurance Committee, vice chair of the Retirement Committee and as an active member of the
Juvenile Justice Commission of Louisiana.
In 2006, Cravins was selected to serve as King Toussaint L'Ouverture, XLVIII by the Lafayette Mardi Gras Festival, Inc. in Lafayette, Louisiana.
2008 congressional campaign
In the 2008 congressional elections, Cravins unsuccessfully ran as the Democratic candidate for Louisiana's 7th congressional district seat held by Republican U.S. Representative Charles Boustany. In addition to Boustany, Cravins faced Constitution Party candidate Peter Vidrine.
Later career
In a letter dated January 4, 2009, Cravins announced his resignation as state senator to take a position as Staff Director and Chief Counsel of the U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Cravins also served as chief of staff to United States Senator Mary Landrieu, a Democrat from New Orleans, from 2013 to 2015.
In 2015, Cravins was named the deputy national political director for the American Israel Public Affairs Committee. On July 7, 2015, he was named the National Urban League's senior vice president for policy and executive director of National Urban League Washington Bureau. In the roles, he was responsible for the Urban League Policy Institute, with primary responsibility for developing the League’s policy, research and advocacy agenda and expanding its impact and influence inside the beltway. He was also devoted to the League’s mission to empower communities through education and economic development.
In February 2019, Cravins left the National Urban League and became Vice President of Policy and External Affairs at Charter Communications, Inc. There he was responsible for building partnerships with external stakeholders to further shared policy objectives. Charter Communications is America’s second largest cable operator in the United States and third largest pay TV operator.
Cravins left Charter in May 2021 to rejoin the National Urban League as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. As one of the Nation’s preeminent Civil Rights Organizations, Mr. Cravins led the National Urban League’s entrepreneurial initiatives and spearheaded its corporate Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion program.
In addition to his duties at the National Urban League, Cravins was an adjunct professor at George Washington University, where he taught independent research in the College of Professional Studies and was an Instructor in the Graduate School of Political Management.
Under Secretary of Commerce for Minority Business Development
In May 2022, Cravins was nominated by President Joe Biden to serve as the Nation's first Under Secretary of Commerce for Minority Business Development. He was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on August 4, 2022. As Under Secretary of Minority Business Development, he leads the Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) in its service of the nation’s 9.7 million minority business enterprises. After more than 52 years in existence, in 2021 President Biden signed the Minority Business Development Act of 2021 expanding and making permanent MBDA as the United States’ newest federal agency.
Military service
He also serves as a lieutenant colonel in the District of Columbia Army National Guard Judge Advocate General (JAG) Corps. He has received two Meritorious Service Medals, three Army Commendation Medals, an Air Force Commendation Medal and Army Achievement Medal for his military service.
Memberships and honors
Cravins served on the board of the Energy Foundation and also served on the advisory board of Poder Latinx. He is a life member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, a life member of The Rocks, Inc., a member of the Greater Washington Urban League Guild and the 100 Black Men of Prince George's County. His honors include being named 2020 Advocate of the year by the National Bar Association, being inducted into the Southern University Law School Hall of Fame in 2018 and being named a distinguished alumnus of Louisiana State University in 2015.
Personal life
Cravins and his wife, Yvette Puckett Cravins, have three children and reside in Maryland.
See also
United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana, 2008
References
1972 births
African-American state legislators in Louisiana
Democratic Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
United States Under Secretaries of Commerce
Biden administration personnel
Living people
Democratic Party Louisiana state senators
Politicians from Houston
People from Opelousas, Louisiana
People from Arnaudville, Louisiana
21st-century African-American lawyers
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American physicians
21st-century American physicians
|
65405027
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307%20Kent%20Football%20League
|
2006–07 Kent Football League
|
The 2006–07 Kent Football League season was the 41st in the history of Kent Football League a football competition in England.
League table
The league featured 15 clubs which competed in the previous season, along with two new clubs:
Croydon, transferred from the Isthmian League Division Two
Faversham Town, joined from the Kent County League
League table
References
External links
2006-07
9
|
16271944
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik%20J.%20Lis%C3%A6th
|
Henrik J. Lisæth
|
Henrik Johan Lisæth (born 11 March 1933) is a Norwegian businessperson and politician from the Conservative Party.
Early life
He was born in Bergen as a son of salesman Henrik Lisæth (1890–1964) and housewife Gunhild Paulsen (1896–1985). He graduated from the Leeds College of Commerce in 1957 and from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration with the siv.øk. degree in 1960.
He was an able long distance runner before graduation. In 1957 he achieved the results 15:27.8 minutes in the 5000 metres and 33:00.2 in the 10,000 metres. He represented the club TIF Viking. In 1958 he improved to 32:42.0 minutes.
Political career
In 1965 he was the leader of the Young Conservatives (Unge Høyre), the youth wing of the Conservative Party. He was appointed as a State Secretary in the Ministry of Transport and Communications from 1965 to 1966, during Borten's Cabinet. He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway during the term 1965–1969, but met as a regular representative for Edvard Hambro from 1966. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Bergen in 1969, but was not re-elected in 1973. He was present on the party ballot, but in 20th and last place. At that point the constituency Bergen had been incorporated into Hordaland.
On the local level he was a member of Bergen city council during the term 1963–1967. He later became deputy mayor from 1983 to 1985, then mayor from 1986 to 1987, before returning as a council member from 1987 to 1990. From 1979 to 1983 he was a member of Hordaland county council. He chaired the countywide party chapter from 1972 to 1975, and the city chapter from 1977 to 1983. He was a member of the Conservative Party central committee in 1965 and from 1972 to 1975.
Other positions
He spent parts of his career in insurance, being director of Storebrand and associated companies in Bergen. He was the local director from 1971 to 1981 and regional director from 1981 to 1983. From 1990 to 2000 he was the chief executive of the Chr. Michelsen Institute.
In his early career, Lisæth was a board member of Norske Siviløkonomers Forening from 1966 to 1970 and Minerva Forlag from 1966 to 1969. Locally in Bergen he was chairman of the local trading association from 1977 to 1979, board member of the company Institutt for Byfornying from 1979 to 1984, Haukeland University Hospital from 1980 to 1986, the county school board from 1980 to 1982, the Chr. Michelsen Institute from 1986 to 1990, the Bergen International Festival from 1986 to 1987 (and 1989 to 1994 as deputy chairman), the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra from 1988 to 1990 and 1993 to 1998, Bergen's cinematographer from 1988 to 1990 and Bergens Kunstforening from 1992 to 1996. From 1985 to 1990 he led a committee that tried, successfully, to have the new television channel TV 2 located to Bergen.
Nationally he was a board member of Folketrygdfondet from 1988 to 1998. He was a board member of the Norwegian Cancer Association from 1998 to 2001, and deputy chair from 2001 to 2004. He was a member of the supervisory board of Bergen Bank from 1988 to 1990, Vital from 1993 to 1999 (chairing this board in 1999), Bergen International Festival from 1994 to 2001, Nera from 1995 to 2004 (chairing it from 1998 to 2004) and DnB NOR from 2000. Internationally he was a member of the executive committee of the International Urban Development Association (INTA) from 1984 to 1987, and was then vice president from 1987 to 1991 and president from 1991 to 1995.
References
1933 births
Living people
Norwegian School of Economics alumni
Norwegian male long-distance runners
Norwegian businesspeople in insurance
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian state secretaries
Members of the Storting
Mayors of Bergen
20th-century Norwegian politicians
|
33277173
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardulli
|
Nardulli
|
Nardulli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ann Nardulli (1948–2018), American endocrinologist
Giuseppe Nardulli (1947–2008), Italian physicist
Guy Nardulli (born 1974), American actor and producer
, Italian actor
Michael Nardulli (1920–2007), American politician
|
27550837
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asshole%3A%20How%20I%20Got%20Rich%20and%20Happy%20by%20Not%20Giving%20a%20Shit%20About%20You
|
Asshole: How I Got Rich and Happy by Not Giving a Shit About You
|
Asshole: How I Got Rich and Happy by Not Giving a Shit About You is a 2008 spoof self-help book and memoir by American author Martin Kihn. The book's title in the U.S. was modified to A$$hole: How I Got Rich & Happy by Not Giving a Damn About Anyone & How You Can, Too.
Content
The first line of Marty Kihn's book, is "I was the nicest guy in the world and it was killing me." Kihn, who works for a marketing company, is told by his boss that unless he started "playing hardball", they were going to demote him and upgrade a colleague Kihn calls "The Nemesis" to a window office. So to save his career, Kihn decides to turn himself into an asshole, and in telling his story, he describes exactly how the reader can follow his lead.
To become an asshole, Kihn builds a team, consisting of an acting coach, life coach and both personal and dog trainer – to help "master the art of assholism." Kihn then creates a ten-step "assholism" program which involves "ignoring other peoples' feelings, never saying sorry, dressing in black silk and only eating red meat." Other tasks saw Kihn signing up to the National Rifle Association, learning kickboxing, screaming at colleagues and eating garlic bagels on public transport. Additionally, Kihn takes inspiration from famous figures whom he considers "assholes" such as: Donald Trump, Rudy Giuliani, Martha Stewart, David Letterman, Ayn Rand, Nicole Kidman, Niccolò Machiavelli, Scarface and Paris Hilton. He also takes inspiration from Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead and The Virtue of Selfishness.
In speaking on his motivations for compiling the work, Kihn stated:
In the end, he is successful. By "finding the balls to act like an asshole, he crushes The Nemesis", gets a promotion, then nets a large sum of cash, and a second home into the bargain, by selling the book to Hollywood for a six-figure sum. Warner Brothers also paid $500,000 for the film rights to his memoirs before he'd even written them.
Martin Kihn’s Ten Steps to Becoming An Asshole
Reviews
In reviewing the work, Booklist remarked that "Kihn's got a great ear for dialogue – and a comedic sense worthy of Second City", while Publishers Weekly stated that "like an above-average Adam Sandler movie, this mix of racy humor and overt sentiment will probably get both a bigger audience, and less credit, than it deserves."
Robert Sutton, author of New York Times bestseller The No Asshole Rule gave the book a positive review, declaring "A$$hole is one of the funniest books I've ever read, and "remarkably useful in a sick sort of way." Additionally, Rory Freeman, co-author of The New York Times bestseller Skinny Bitch, described the text as "remarkably profane, laugh-out-loud funny, and surprisingly sentimental", while John Alexander, author of How To Become an Alpha Male, opined that "through humor and vivid storytelling, Martin Kihn takes you through that journey until he discovers an astonishing lesson."
References
External links
Text Preview via Google Books
Martin Kihn Parody Infomercial for A$$hole
Original Theme Song for the Book ~ "Too Nice Asshole"
Video: Martin Kihn on Fox Business with Anna Gilligan
Make Enemies and Alienate People by Brian Braiker, Newsweek magazine, April 14, 2008
Isn't It Ironic - Not? by Martin Kihn, The Huffington Post, May 21, 2008
2008 non-fiction books
Satirical self-help books
Parody books
|
15323330
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Warrington%20%28Canadian%20football%29
|
Don Warrington (Canadian football)
|
Don Warrington (June 7, 1948 – December 4, 1980) was a running back who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League for the Edmonton Eskimos. In his career, Warrington was a part of four Grey Cup championship teams. He was nicknamed "Jeep". He played college football for the Simon Fraser Clan.
He suffered fatal injuries in a car accident, which occurred near Sherwood Park, Alberta, on December 2, 1980, nine days after appearing in the Edmonton Eskimos third (of five) consecutive Grey Cups that year. Warrington died two days later at University Hospital in Edmonton. In his memory, the Eskimos wore a patch with 'EE 21' in a circle on their jersey sleeves the following season; the team would win its fourth straight Grey Cup that year.
Warrington's jersey number (21) was unofficially retired by the Eskimos following his death.
References
Sources
1948 births
1980 deaths
BC Lions players
Canadian football running backs
Edmonton Elks players
Players of Canadian football from British Columbia
Simon Fraser Red Leafs football players
Simon Fraser University alumni
Sportspeople from Burnaby
Road incident deaths in Canada
Accidental deaths in Alberta
|
10250187
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF7
|
GDF7
|
Growth differentiation factor 7 (GDF7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF7 gene.
GDF7 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that is specifically found in a signaling center known as the roof plate that is located in the developing nervous system of embryos. The roof plate is required for the generation of several classes of spinal cord dorsal interneurons; GDF7 specifically induces the formation of sensory neurons in the dorsal spinal cord from neural crest cells by generating signals within the roof plate.
GDF7 is also known as bone morphogenic protein 12 (BMP-12).
References
Further reading
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain
|
19005262
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostki%2C%20%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%20Voivodeship
|
Mostki, Łódź Voivodeship
|
Mostki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zduńska Wola, within Zduńska Wola County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north of Zduńska Wola and south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Zduńska Wola County
|
47695151
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty%20Seconds%20of%20Love
|
Thirty Seconds of Love
|
Thirty Seconds of Love (Italian:Trenta secondi d'amore) is a 1936 Italian romantic comedy film directed by Mario Bonnard and starring Nino Besozzi, Elsa Merlini and Enrico Viarisio.
Cast
References
Bibliography
Matilde Hochkofler. Anna Magnani. Gremese Editore, 2001.
External links
1936 films
1936 romantic comedy films
Italian romantic comedy films
1930s Italian-language films
Films directed by Mario Bonnard
Italian black-and-white films
1930s Italian films
Films based on works by Aldo De Benedetti
|
55896485
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosana%20Vinueza
|
Rosana Vinueza
|
Rosana Vinueza Estrada de Tama (6 February 1949 – 25 August 2009) was an Ecuadorian beauty queen and politician. In 1969, she was named Miss Ecuador 1969, and was a participant in Miss Universe 1969. From there, she married and had four children, and went to work in the nonprofit sector. She was the manager of Fundación Natura, an environmental non-profit organization, and also guided Fundación Crecer as that non-profit organization was starting up.
Vinueza first became involved in politica in 1988, when she became a councillor of her hometown of Guayaquil. During Sixto Durán-Ballén's presidency in 1994, she was named Undersecretary of Social Welfare, remaining in that position through 1996. That year, she was nominated by Freddy Ehlers to be his Vice President during his 1996 presidential run. The move was considered controversial by supporters on both the left and right wings of Ecuadorian politics, due to her environmentalism and her support of Opus Dei, respectively; the ticket finished third with 21% of the vote.
After the failed presidential run, Vinueza was named Undersecretary of Tourism during Gustavo Noboa's presidency, serving from 2000 to 2003, then became Vice President of the Civic Board of Guayaquil in 2008. In 1999, Vinueza was diagnosed with cancer, which led to her death a decade later at the age of 60.
External links
Official Miss Ecuador website
References
1949 births
2009 deaths
Miss Universe 1969 contestants
Ecuadorian beauty pageant winners
Politicians from Guayaquil
Models from Guayaquil
Ecuadorian women in politics
Beauty queen-politicians
|
22578916
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetostoma%20continuans
|
Chetostoma continuans
|
Chetostoma continuans is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Chetostoma of the family Tephritidae.
References
continuans
|
30264819
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega%20Industries
|
Vega Industries
|
Vega Industries Limited is a company in Porirua, New Zealand which manufactures specialised navigation and signal lights for use in transportation industries, primarily marine navigation. Vega has been in business since 1972 when it built a marine guidance system based on a design by Norman Rumsey.
Throughout the forty-plus years that Vega has been operating it has produced lights, which can be found all around the globe. From manufacturing the first LED lighthouse beacon (VRB-25) installed in the United States, to equipping Lake Balaton in Hungary with inland beacons (VLB-92). They have lighthouse and marine beacons installed in the United Kingdom and PEL Precision sector lights found in most major ports and harbours as well as remote locations like Alaska or the discreet US Naval Base Diego Garcia.
The most commonly used Vega navigation lights are the Vega LED Beacons of which the VLB-67 with several solar powered options and recently renamed as the VLB-5 to reflect the 5 nautical mile range is the most frequently installed.
Vega has representatives based in Sydney, Singapore, Munich and Houston.
References
External links
Vega home page
Manufacturing companies of New Zealand
Porirua
|
349107
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwashiro%20Province
|
Iwashiro Province
|
is an old province in the area of Fukushima Prefecture. It was sometimes called .
The province occupies the western half of the central part of Fukushima Prefecture; the eastern half is Iwaki Province. More precisely, Date and Adachi districts in the north belong to Iwashiro and Higashishirakawa and Nishishirakawa districts in the south belong to Iwaki. The border between the two provinces is the Abukuma River. The former ichinomiya of the province is Isasumi Shrine.
Timeline
On December 7, 1868, the province was formed out from Mutsu Province. As of 1872, the population was 427,933.
Historical districts
Iwashiro Province consisted of ten districts:
Fukushima Prefecture
Aizu Region, Fukushima
Aizu District (会津郡)
Kitaaizu District (北会津郡) - dissolved
Minamiaizu District (南会津郡)
Kawanuma District (河沼郡)
Ōnuma District (大沼郡)
Yama District (耶麻郡)
Nakadōri Region, Fukushima
Adachi District (安達郡)
Asaka District (安積郡) - dissolved
Date District (伊達郡)
Iwase District (岩瀬郡)
Shinobu District (信夫郡) - dissolved
See also
Iwase Province
Sanriku
List of Provinces of Japan
Notes
References
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128
Other websites
Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Former provinces of Japan
History of Fukushima Prefecture
|
59531415
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda%20Agard
|
Brenda Agard
|
Brenda Patricia Agard (20 August 1961 – 29 October 2012) was a Black-British photographer, artist, poet and storyteller who was most active in the 1980s, when she participated in some of the first art exhibitions organized by Black-British artists in the United Kingdom. Agard's work focused on creating "affirming images centred on the resilience of the Black woman," according to art historian Eddie Chambers.
Photographic career
Agard participated in several group shows in the burgeoning Black Arts movement in London in the 1980s, an early example of which was Mirror Reflecting Darkly, a 1985 group show at the Brixton Art Gallery organized by eleven black women. The stated goal of the show was to "exhibit the diversity within the concept of black women and challenge people's expectations, perpetuated by stereotypes."
Later in 1985, Agard participated in the seminal show The Thin Black Line at the Institute of Contemporary Art London, curated by Lubaina Himid, who wrote in the forward to the exhibition's catalogue: "We are eleven of the hundreds of creative Black Women in Britain. We are here to stay."
Agard was also a member of "The Black Photographers Group", a project organized by artist and BLK Art Group co-founder Eddie Chambers, whose objective was "the credible insertion of black photography into mainstream art and photographic venues in Britain." Others in the group besides Chambers and Agard included: David A. Bailey, Marc Boothe, Godfrey Brown, Dave Lewis, Ingrid Pollard, and Suzanne Roden.
In 2011, Tate Britain exhibited a retrospective of shows curated by Himid in the 1980s titled Thin Black Line(s). Agard's photography was involved in two of the three shows referenced in the exhibitions The Thin Black Line and Black Woman Time Now.
Writing
Agard was a founding member of Polareyes: A Journal by and about Black Women Working in Photography. The publication launched in 1987 with an editorial group including Brenda Agard, Similola Coker, Mumtaz Karimjee, Jenny McKenzie, Lesley Mitchell, Amina Patel, Samena Rana, Molly Shinhat, and Maxine Walker. The inaugural issue included an essay by Agard titled "Photography: An Extension of" which outlined her intentions as a photographer.
Agard was also a playwright and a poet, whose writing, according to scholar Maggie Humm, drew its "vocabulary primarily from black English and Caribbean dialect", and helped "establish some important characteristics of black feminist writing".
Four poems by Agard – "Nobody", "Business Partners", "Nothing Said", and "Black Truth" – are collected in the anthology Watchers and Seekers: Creative Writing by Black Women, edited by Rhonda Cobham and Merle Collins.
Exhibitions and collections
Black Woman Time Now, a group show featuring 15 artists at the Battersea Arts Centre in London, from 30 November – 31 December 1983; curated by Lubaina Himid.
The Selectors' Show, at Camerawork, London, 1984. Agard exhibited with Mitra Tabrizian.
Mirror Reflecting Darkly at the Brixton Art Gallery in London, 18 June–6 July 1985.
The Thin Black Line at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, 15 November 1985 – 26 January 1986; curated by Lubaina Himid."
Some of Us Are Brave All of Us Are Strong at The Black-Art Gallery in London, 13 February–15 March 1986.
UnRecorded Truths at The Elbow Room in London, 16 April–16 May 1986.
Testimony: Three Blackwomen Photographers: Brenda Agard, Ingrid Pollard, Maud Sulter at Camerawork London and The Pavilion Leeds; curated by Maud Sulter, and nominated for the Sun Life/Fox Talbot Photography Award.
Influences: the Art of Sokari Douglas Camp, Keith Piper, Lubaina Himid, Simone Alexander, Joseph Olubo, Brenda Agard at South London Gallery, 9–29 September 1988.
Spectrum Women's Festival Open Exhibition at South London Gallery, 1988. Agard exhibited with Zarina Bhimji, Pratibha Parman, and Suzanne Roden. 32-page catalog.
Agard performed as part of Donald Rodney's show Cataract, exhibited at Camerawork London in 1991.
Agard's photograph Portrait of Our Time is in the collection of Museums Sheffield as part of Marlene Smith's 1987 mixed-media work Art History.
Agard is interviewed in the 1995 film Three Songs on Pain Light and Time, about the life and work of artist Donald Rodney, part of the Black Arts Video Project series by the Black Audio Film Collective.
Legacy
In contrast to several of her close contemporaries, such as Maud Sulter and Donald Rodney, who have been recognized by museums and gallery retrospectives, Agard "remains tragically consigned to obscurity despite having created a cutting-edge body of work", according to art historian Celeste-Marie Bernier.
External sources
Forty-one photographs taken by Phil Polglaze at the South London Art Gallery on 8 September 1988 during the private view of the exhibition Influences: The Art of Sokari Douglas Camp, Keith Piper, Lubaina Himid, Simone Alexander, Joseph Olubo, Brenda Agard. Several photographs are of the artists with his or her artwork, including Agard.
Brenda Patricia Agard on the African American Visual Artists Database
References
1961 births
2012 deaths
20th-century British photographers
20th-century British women artists
20th-century British women photographers
Black British artists
Black British photographers
Photographers from London
Deaths from colorectal cancer
|
9171266
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Michael%20Carnahan
|
Matthew Michael Carnahan
|
Matthew Michael Carnahan (sometimes credited as Matt Carnahan) is an American screenwriter who wrote the feature film The Kingdom (2007), and the film adaptation of the hit BBC television drama serial State of Play. Carnahan also wrote the screenplay for Lions for Lambs for United Artists. His brother is Joe Carnahan, who wrote and directed Narc (2002), Smokin' Aces (2006) and The A-Team (2010).
He worked on the screenplay for the zombie film World War Z (2013). He wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of Nemesis with his brother Joe Carnahan.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Writers from Detroit
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male screenwriters
Film directors from Michigan
People from Port Huron, Michigan
Screenwriters from Michigan
|
57126804
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Guggenheim%20Fellowships%20awarded%20in%202018
|
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2018
|
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2018: Guggenheim Fellowships have been awarded annually since 1925, by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts." The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation approved the awarding of 173 Guggenheim Fellowships, including two joint Fellowships, chosen from a group of almost 3,000 applicants in the Foundation’s ninety-fourth competition.
See also
Guggenheim Fellowship
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2017
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2019
References
2018
2018 awards
2018 art awards
|
6335767
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly%20Morris
|
Carly Morris
|
Carly Lucini (also Morris) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by actress Sharyn Hodgson. She was one of the soap's original female protagonists, appearing as one of the Fletchers' foster children in the pilot episode on 17 January 1988. The soap's primary focus was placed upon the Fletchers and their gang of foster children, moving as outsiders to a caravan park in the seaside town of Summer Bay. Carly remained in the serial as a regular character until 1991, covering issues such as rape, alcoholism and child abuse, as well as a problematic marriage to soldier Ben Lucini, played by actor Julian McMahon. Hodgson has made numerous guest appearances since her exit.
Creation and casting
The character was conceived by the creator and then executive producer of Home and Away, Alan Bateman. Carly is one of five children fostered by Pippa (Vanessa Downing) and Tom Fletcher (Roger Oakley), who move to Summer Bay to begin a new life. Over three hundred actors auditioned for the roles of the Fletcher's foster children in 1987. Actress Sharyn Hodgson was cast as Carly. After being unable to find acting work following her graduation from the Phillip Street Drama School, Hodgson secured a job at a news agency, but on the day she was due to start she received an audition for the role of Carly, which she subsequently won. Hodgson had made a small guest appearance in A Country Practice, but Carly was her first regular television role. Hodgson was nineteen when she was cast, two years older than her teenage character.
Development
In July 1988, Hodgson described Carly as being "17, in her last year at school and like all teens has her problems." She said that she and Carly did not share any similarities, so when she received her first scripts, she had to "work out" how she should portray Carly based upon her fictional history, which she then "built on". Hodgson also portrayed Carly's "nastier" twin sister Samantha Morris, which she called "a big challenge, but good to do."
Carly's rape, which occurred while she was hitchhiking in 1988, was one of the soap's first controversial story lines. Andrew Mercado, author of Super Aussie Soaps, has commented that "although the word 'rape' was never actually uttered on-screen, savvy viewers caught on. In the aftermath of her assault, Carly began drinking heavily and the ratings continued to grow. From a low of 9, Home and Away slowly built its audience until the show was scoring 25 by the end of its first year. The serial was finally a hit". In the storyline, Carly keeps the rape a secret initially, but after the truth comes out the residents of Summer Bay "were shown to be divided as to whether or not Carly had contributed to the situation through reckless behaviour". The aftermath of the event explored Carly's descent into alcoholism and drug abuse, which has been described as "very brave territory for a prime-time soap [...] the Carly Morris storyline pointed to the fact that if there were feathers to be ruffled, Home and Away would ruffle them." During the time of the rape's airing, various protests were launched by the viewing public and the Australian media, who believed it should not have been broadcast. In an interview in 1989, Hodgson defended the storyline, saying "In Home and Away we show life as it really happens. It's not irresponsible to show attacks, unwanted pregnancies or people turning to alcohol. It's realistic and it shows we are confronting these problems. The thing about having a foster family as the main characters is that they do have trauma in their lives. Seeing how they cope must help people". Hodgson researched the storyline by calling the Rape Crisis Centre, reading articles and watching documentaries.
Carly has a few love interests during her time in the show, including Matt Wilson (Greg Benson) and Gary Samuels (Darius Perkins). She also dates Adam Cameron (Mat Stevenson), but producers cut the romance short and soon paired Adam with Emma Jackson (Dannii Minogue), as they thought the characters were better suited.
In early 1990, Italian-Australian soldier Ben Lucini, played by Julian McMahon, was introduced to the show and he became a "major" new love interest for Carly. TV Weeks David Brown reported that writers had immediately begun planning a wedding between the pair. Producer Andrew Howie commented, "Their romance will be full-on, bigger than Ben Hur. McMahon later told Barry Divola of Stars of Oz magazine that he and Hodgson worked hard to make it seem that their characters had experienced "love at first sight". Ben and Carly get engaged after a short romance and endure "all that pre-marriage trauma stuff", including finding their first home and paying for it. McMahon told Divola that if he was writing the scripts, the couple would have "bliss", before moving to a farm where they would raise cattle and sheep. The build up to Carly and Ben's wedding episode attracted "a huge amount of interest" from Home and Away viewers. McMahon said he was often stopped in the streets and asked about the wedding preparations.
The lead up to the couple's wedding is "mixed with catastrophes". Writers introduced Ben's interfering cousin and best man Angelo (Raj Sidhu), whose actions cause Ben to leave Carly waiting at the altar. Ben contracts food poisoning shortly before his bucks night, so he takes some medication to help relieve his symptoms. He then opts out of the bucks in favour of drinking a couple of beers, which mix with the medication and put Ben into a deep sleep. Angelo takes advantage of the situation and he and Adam strand Ben in the bush. McMahon said Angelo "is not your most likable character" and reckoned he never thinks about the consequences of his actions. As he is rescued by a passing truck driver, Ben, still under the effects of the medication, tells him that he is from Perth, so the driver begins taking him there. At the church, a "distraught" Carly realises Ben is missing and believes that he has jilted her. Hodgson told TV Week'''s Glen Williams "there is nothing for Carly to do but go home and grieve about what might have been." Ben eventually makes it back to the Bay and reschedules the wedding for later that day. Hodgson described it as "a bit rushed, but it's a fairytale wedding." The reception goes against tradition, as Carly makes a speech and declares that the Fletchers are her real family, following a sarcastic telegram from her father and sister.
In the 1 September 1990 edition of TV Week, David Brown reported that both Hodgson and McMahon had quit the show to pursue other acting roles. Brown confirmed Hodgson would leave when her contract expired in March 1991, while McMahon's contract was up in December. Brown said Seven Network were negotiating with McMahon to stay until March, so Ben and Carly could depart together.
Since being written out of the serial, Hodgson has made numerous guest appearances in 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2008, as Carly returns to visit her foster family or attend important events in Summer Bay. Hodgson first reprised the role in late 1997 for Steven and Selina's wedding. Hodgson joined other original cast members, including Alex Papps, Peter Vroom and Craig Thompson, for Sally's wedding in 2000. Carly's return in 2002 was part of Home and Away producers' attempt to counter a ratings slump, said to have resulted from the "unexpected success" of a rival network's reality TV show Big Brother, which was aired opposite the soap at 7pm weekdays. Hodgson was one of numerous returning cast members, brought back especially for the storyline to mark the 150th anniversary of settlement in Summer Bay. The majority of the cast was boarded onto a ferry boat for a night cruise; however, a "freak storm" ruined the celebrations, leading the boat to sink. The storyline was heavily promoted with the tag "Who Will Survive?". According to Mercado, "Big Brother 2 crumbled against the competition [...]". When she returns in 2003, Carly confirms that she is still married to Ben, who remains off-screen. The pair also have children together. Carly's last appearance, in 2008, was part of the leaving storyline of her foster sister Sally Fletcher, played by actor Kate Ritchie, an original character who departed the serial after 20 years.
Storylines
Carly came from an abusive home. Her father George (Helmut Bakaitis) used to beat her, and she had a tempestuous relationship with her twin sister Samantha (also played by Hodgson). Following the death of her mother from a problem with her appendix, she was placed in foster care with the Fletcher family and moves with them to Summer Bay in 1988, aged 16. A problematic, selfish teenager, Carly is frequently in trouble at school, and she feuds with her foster sister Bobby Simpson (Nicolle Dickson), though they later patch up their differences and become close friends. Carly attracts the attention of local boy Martin Dibble (Craig Thomson), but she rebuffs his advances preferring surfer Matt Wilson (Greg Benson), though her attempts to attract his attention go unnoticed, and she nearly drowns when she set up a ploy for him to rescue her from the sea. Martin, luckily, is on hand to save Carly.
Whilst hitch-hiking home from visiting Nico Pappas (Nicholas Papademetriou) at the hospital in 1988, Carly is raped. Unable to cope with what had happened to her, Carly begins drinking alcohol heavily and using drugs, but curtailed the problem via counseling. Carly then returns to school to repeat Year 12 after failing her HSC but drops out early on to work at the Bayside Diner. Carly becomes involved with her former teacher, Andrew Foley (Peter Bensley) but the relationship falls apart when he succumbs to alcoholism. Carly later dates Adam Cameron (Mat Stevenson) but he later breaks up with her to be with Emma Jackson (Dannii Minogue). Italian soldier Ben Lucini arrives in Summer Bay and is instantly attracted to Carly, they quickly become engaged and marry within months. Ben leaves the army and attempts a career as a farmer, but money is tight for the couple, leading to strain on the marriage. Carly then discovers she is pregnant, which Ben reacts badly to at first but comes round the idea. After Ben is arrested by military police for desertion, the couple relocate to Perth. They depart in 1991 and later have three children. Although Carly gives birth to a girl named Phillipa in the show, she is later retconned out of existence with Carly and Ben repeatedly being stated to have three sons.
Carly returns in 1997 for the wedding of Steven Matheson (Adam Willits) and Selina Roberts (Tempany Deckert), which does not go ahead. She returns three years later for Sally Fletcher's (Kate Ritchie) non-wedding to Kieran Fletcher (Spencer McLaren) and then the next year to support Sally when she undergoes a hysterectomy. In 2002, Summer Bay celebrates its 15th anniversary and Carly returns along with several other past residents. Carly, Steven, Pippa and Floss McPhee (Sheila Kennelly) return for Sally's tearful farewell concert at the school in 2008.
In other media
A tie-in novel, written by Sharon Clarke, concentrating on Carly Morris and her foster brother Steven Matheson, was released in 1990. Called Carly Morris Story and Steven Matheson Story, the novel chronicled the characters' lives before being fostered by the Fletcher family, outlining their backstories of child abuse and hardship, as well as Carly's history with her malicious twin sister. Another tie-in novel Carly's Crisis covers her alcohol problems shown in episodes up to 1989, written by Trish Howarth.
Hodgson appeared as Carly in a stage musical about the soap, which toured the United Kingdom from June to September 1991. Other cast members taking part included Julian McMahon, Justine Clarke and Adam Willits.
Reception
While discussing the social issues that Home and Away covered in the early years, Jo Abi of Mamamia observed that Carly initially "struggles to find her feet and feels the need to strike out on own, however she is ill-prepared and soon lands herself in trouble." Debi Enker of The Age branded the character "unlucky-in-love".
Reporters for TV Week included Carly and Ben in their list of "Home and Aways 30 greatest couples of all time". Of the pair, they wrote "This fiery couple first met in the Diner when handsome soldier Ben Lucini (Julian McMahon) arrived in the Bay while on leave from the army. Carly Morris (Sharyn Hodgson) liked what she saw and they began dating. The pair married in 1990 and moved to Perth soon afterwards." Discussing Carly and Ben, a reporter from Soap World'' wrote "this romance was a Summer Bay whirlwind for the Italian soldier and the H&A original."
References
Home and Away characters
Fictional identical twins
Fictional alcohol abusers
Television characters introduced in 1988
Fictional waiting staff
Female characters in television
Fictional victims of sexual assault
|
24241488
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir%20Hulileh
|
Samir Hulileh
|
Samir Hulileh (also Hleileh, Huleileh, Arabic سمير حليلة), born in Kuwait in 1957, is considered one of Palestine's leading business people and is the Chief Executive Officer of Palestine Development and Investment Ltd. (PADICO). He represents PADICO HOLDING on several boards of subsidiary companies, including Palestine Telecommunications Group (PALTEL), Palestine Securities Exchange (PSE), Palestine Real Estate Investment Company (PRICO), and Palestine Mortgage and Housing Corporation (PMHC). He is also Chairman of Jericho Gate Real Estate Investment. After receiving an MA in Economics from the American University of Beirut in 1983, Hulileh went on to join the board of the Palestine Banking Corporation, in 1988, after which he became the Managing Director of the Ramallah branch of The Portland Trust. He was also Cabinet Secretary to the Palestinian Authority in 2006. He was former Assistant Under Secretary for the Ministry of the Economy and Trade between 1994 and 1997. He is also chairman of the board of Palestine International Business Forum and chairman of Portland Trust, Ramallah. He serves as an advisory board member of the one Voice movement. He also is on the board of the Palestinian-British Business Council, Palestinian-Russian Business Council, and Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS). He is also a member of the board of trustees of the Friends Schools in Ramallah and The International Chamber of Commerce and is the Chairman of Birzeit University Alumni Association. He has also been the chairman of the board of the Palestine Trade Organisation (PalTRADE) and has represented Palestinian businesses and Palestinian economic development across the world. He graduated with an MSc Economics from the American University of Beirut (1983). He has worked at Birzeit University. He was one of the board of directors for the Palestinian Banking Corporation and also serves on the board of the Applied Research Institute (ARIJ) in Bethlehem and the Arab Thought Forum in Jerusalem.
References
Palestinian businesspeople
Living people
Government ministers of the Palestinian National Authority
American University of Beirut alumni
1957 births
|
40518040
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Alamo%20Airport
|
El Alamo Airport
|
El Alamo Airport (, ) is an airport north-northwest of Vichuquén, a town in the Maule Region of Chile. The Pacific coast is to the west.
The airport is next to Lake Vichuquén, in a small valley that runs from the lake southeast to Vichuquén. The well marked runway has an uphill slope to the southeast, and has hilly terrain in all quadrants.
See also
Transport in Chile
List of airports in Chile
References
External links
OpenStreetMap - El Alamo
OurAirports - El Alamo
FallingRain - El Alamo Airport
Airports in Maule Region
|
54247271
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengol%2C%20Count%20of%20Urgell
|
Ermengol, Count of Urgell
|
Ermengol, Count of Urgell may refer to:
Ermengol I, Count of Urgell
Ermengol II, Count of Urgell
Ermengol III, Count of Urgell
Ermengol IV, Count of Urgell
Ermengol V, Count of Urgell
Ermengol VI, Count of Urgell
Ermengol VII, Count of Urgell
Ermengol VIII, Count of Urgell
Ermengol IX, Count of Urgell
Ermengol X, Count of Urgell
|
36011296
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio%20Correia%20de%20Oliveira
|
António Correia de Oliveira
|
António Correia de Oliveira (1879-1960) was a Portuguese poet. According to the Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature he was nominated 15 times without being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Life
António Correia de Oliveira was born in São Pedro do Sul, in the district of Viseu, in 1879.
He studied at the Seminary of Viseu, then went to Lisbon, where he worked briefly as a journalist at the Illustrated Diary.
He published his first work at the age of 16, Ladainha in 1897.
He was a companion of Raul Brandão and was influenced by Antero de Quental and Guerra Junqueiro.
In 1912, having married, he settled in the parish of Antas, municipality of Esposende, going to live for the Quinta do Belinho.
He was a poet, was one of the singers of Saudosismo, along with Teixeira de Pascoaes and others.
He was connected to the cultural movements of Lusitanian Integralism and the magazines.
He was decidedly monarchical, he became one of the unofficial poets of the Estado Novo, with numerous texts chosen for the unique Portuguese-language books of the primary and secondary education system.
Correia de Oliveira was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature for the first time in 1933, having been nominated a total of fifteen times in nine years (1933 to 1940 and 1942).
The same winner of 1945, the Chilean Gabriela Mistral, who had served as Cultural Attaché in Lisbon, publicly stated in the solemn act that he did not deserve the prize, with the author of Verbo Ser and Verbo Amar being present.
He was the third Portuguese to be nominated for Nobel Of Literature, after João da Câmara in 1901 and João Bonança in 1907, but he is the Portuguese who is known for the greatest number of nominations, along with Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício who has fourteen.
António Correia de Oliveira died in the parish of Antas, Esposende, in the district of Braga, in 1960.
Family
He was the father of José Gonçalo Correia de Oliveira (1921-1976), Minister of Economy between 1965 and 1968.
Works
Ladainha (1897, Lisboa, Typ. do Commercio)
Eiradas (1899, Lisboa, Antiga Casa Bertrand - José Bastos)
Cantigas (1902, Lisboa, Livr. Ferin)
Raiz (1903, Coimbra, França Amado)
Ara (1904, Lisboa, Livraria Ferreira)
Parábolas (1905, Lisboa, Ferreira de Oliveira)
Tentações de San Frei Gil (1907, Lisboa, Ferreira & Oliveira)
O Pinheiro Exilado (1907, Lisboa, Livraria Ferreira; Typ. do Annuario Commercial)
Elogio dos Sentidos (1908, Porto, Magalhães & Moniz)
Alma Religiosa (1910, Porto, Magalhães & Moniz)
Dizeres do Povo (1911, Esposende, Typ. de José da Silva Vieira)
Auto das Quatro Estações (1911, Lisboa, Cernadas)
Romarias (1912, Porto)
Vida e História da Árvore (1913, Belinho)
A Criação (1913, Viana, Typ. Modelo)
Menino (1914, Paris; Lisboa, Aillaud e Bertrand)
Os teus Sonetos (1914, Lisboa, Livr. Aillaud e Bertrand)
A Minha Terra (1915-1917, 10 volumes)
A Alma das Árvores (1918, Rio de Janeiro; Paris; Lisboa, Francisco Alves, Aillaud e Bertrand)
Estas Mal Notadas Regras (1918)
Pão nosso. Alegre vinho. Azeite da candeia. (1920, Lisboa, Portugalia Editora)
Na Hora Incerta (1920-1922, Porto, Tip. Costa Carregal)
1.º livro: É Portugal que vos Fala (1920)
2.º livro: Viriato Lusitano (1920)
3.º livro: Auto do Berço (1920)
4.º livro: O Santo Condestável (1921)
5.º livro: A Fala que Deus nos Deu (1921)
6.º livro: A Nau Catrineta (1922)
7.º livro: A Terra do Paraíso (1922)
Verbo Ser e Verbo Amar (1926, Lisboa, Livr. Aillaud & Bertrand)
Os Livros do Cativeiro (1927)
Teresinha" (1929, Porto, Imprensa Moderna)Job (1931, Barcelos, Comp. Editora do Minho)Mare Nostrum (1939, Porto, Acção Social da Legião Portuguesa)História Pequenina de Portugal Gigante (1940, Barcelos, Companhia Editora do Minho) Aljubarrota ao Luar (1944) Saudade Nossa (1944, Lisboa, Neogravura)Redondilhas (1948, Porto, Liv. Figueirinhas)Deus-Menino para o lar da criança portuguesa (1953)Pátria (1953, Porto, Liv. Tavares Martins)Azinheira em Flor (1954)Natal Deus-Menino'' (1960, Porto)
References
1879 births
1960 deaths
20th-century Portuguese poets
Portuguese male poets
20th-century male writers
People from São Pedro do Sul, Portugal
|
51606062
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinetobacter%20harbinensis
|
Acinetobacter harbinensis
|
Acinetobacter harbinensis is a gram-negative and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus Acinetobacter which has been isolated from water of the Songhua River in Harbin in China.
References
External links
Type strain of Acinetobacter harbinensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Moraxellaceae
Bacteria described in 2014
|
517095
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced-gravity%20aircraft
|
Reduced-gravity aircraft
|
A reduced-gravity aircraft is a type of fixed-wing aircraft that provides brief near-weightless environments for training astronauts, conducting research and making gravity-free movie shots.
Versions of such airplanes were operated by the NASA Reduced Gravity Research Program, and one is currently operated by the Human Spaceflight and Robotic Exploration Programmes of the European Space Agency. The unofficial nickname "vomit comet" became popular among those who experienced their operation.
History
Parabolic flight as a way of simulating weightlessness was first proposed by the German aerospace engineer Fritz Haber and his brother, physicist Heinz Haber in 1950. Both had been brought to the US after World War II as part of Operation Paperclip. As well, Shih-Chun Wang studied nausea in astronauts for NASA, which helped lead to the creation of the vomit comet.
Parabolic flights are sometimes used to examine the effects of weightlessness on a living organism. While humans are by far the most common passengers, non-human animals have occasionally been involved in experiments, including a notable experiment on how weightlessness affected a domestic cat's righting reflex and a pigeon's attempts to navigate in a weightless state.
Operating principles
The aircraft gives its occupants the sensation of weightlessness by following a parabolic flight path relative to the center of the Earth. While following this path, the aircraft and its payload are in free fall at certain points of its flight path. The aircraft is used in this way to demonstrate to astronauts what it is like to orbit the Earth. During this time the aircraft does not exert any ground reaction force on its contents, causing the sensation of weightlessness.
Initially, the aircraft climbs with a pitch angle of 45 degrees using engine thrust and elevator controls. The sensation of weightlessness is achieved by reducing thrust and lowering the nose to maintain a neutral, or "zero lift", configuration such that the aircraft follows a ballistic trajectory, with engine thrust exactly compensating for drag. Weightlessness begins while ascending and lasts all the way "up-and-over the hump", until the craft reaches a downward pitch angle of around 30 degrees. At this point, the craft is pointing downward at high speed and must begin to pull back into the nose-up attitude to repeat the maneuver. The forces are then roughly twice that of gravity on the way down, at the bottom, and up again. This lasts all the way until the aircraft is again halfway up its upward trajectory, and the pilot again reduces the thrust and lowers the nose.
This aircraft is used to train astronauts in zero-g maneuvers, giving them about 25 seconds of weightlessness out of 65 seconds of flight in each parabola. During such training, the airplane typically flies about 40–60 parabolic maneuvers. In about two thirds of the passengers, these flights produce nausea due to airsickness, giving the plane its nickname "vomit comet".
Operators
Canada
The Canadian Space Agency and the National Research Council have a Falcon 20 used for microgravity research. The small plane is normally not used for people to float freely and experience weightlessness; however, comedian Rick Mercer did so for a segment of his show.
Ecuador
The first zero G plane to enter service in Latin America is a T-39 Sabreliner nicknamed CONDOR, operated for the Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency and the Ecuadorian Air Force since May 2008. On June 19, 2008, this plane carried a seven-year-old boy, setting the Guinness world record for the youngest person to fly in microgravity.
Europe
Since 1984, ESA and the CNES have flown reduced-gravity missions in a variety of aircraft, including NASA's KC-135, a Caravelle, an Ilyushin IL-76 MDK and an Airbus A300 known as the . In 2014 the A300 was phased out in favor of a more modern Airbus A310, also named Zero-G. It is based at Bordeaux-Mérignac airport in France, operated by Novespace, and has also been flown from Paris Le Bourget airport and Dübendorf Air Base in Switzerland. Since 1997 CNES subsidiary Novespace has handled the management of these flights.
This aircraft is used also to realize commercial flights for public passengers in partnership between operator Novespace and the Avico company, under Air Zero G brand. The aircraft has also been used for cinema purposes, with Tom Cruise and Annabelle Wallis filming for The Mummy in 2017.
Russia
In Russia, commercial flights are offered on the Ilyushin Il-76 jet; several U.S. companies book flights on these jets.
United States
NASA
NASA flew zero gravity flights on various aircraft for many years. In 1959 Project Mercury astronauts trained in a C-131 Samaritan aircraft dubbed the "vomit comet".
Twin KC-135 Stratotankers were used until December 2004 and later retired. One, a KC-135A registered N930NA (also known as NASA 930, formerly USAF serial no. 59-1481), flew more than 58,000 parabolas after NASA acquired it in 1973, before being retired in 1995. It is now on display at Ellington Field, near the Johnson Space Center. The other (N931NA or NASA 931, formerly AF serial no. 63-7998) was also used by Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment for filming scenes involving weightlessness in the movie Apollo 13; it made its final flight on October 29, 2004, and is permanently stored in the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.
In 2005 NASA replaced these aircraft with a McDonnell Douglas C-9B Skytrain II (N932NA) formerly owned by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and the United States Navy.
NASA concluded the Reduced Gravity Research Program and ended operations in July 2014, due to aircraft technical problems. It is replaced with private company contracts.
NASA had a microgravity services contract with Zero Gravity Corporation (ZERO-G) and used its aircraft, G-FORCE ONE, a modified Boeing 727-200.
Other operators
In late 2004, the Zero Gravity Corporation became the first company in the United States to offer zero-g flights to the general public, using Boeing 727 jets. Each flight consists of around 15 parabolas, including simulations of the gravity levels of the Moon and Mars, as well as complete weightlessness. This profile allows ZERO-G's clients to enjoy weightlessness with minimal motion discomfort.
In 2015, Integrated Spaceflight Services, began serving as the research and education integrator of the National Research Council of Canada for the US market, offering comprehensive reduced-gravity services on a modified Falcon 20 aircraft. ISS has flown annual microgravity research campaigns to evaluate space suits and other technologies with Project PoSSUM.
Aurora Aerospace in Oldsmar, Florida offers zero-g flights using a Fuji/Rockwell Commander 700. It is also used to simulate the gravity of the Moon and Mars.
Airsickness
According to former Reduced Gravity Research Program director John Yaniec, anxiety contributes most to passengers' airsickness. The stress on their bodies creates a sense of panic and therefore causes the passenger to vomit. Yaniec gives a rough estimate of passengers, that "one third [become] violently ill, the next third moderately ill, and the final third not at all." Vomiting is referred to as being "ill".
Scopolamine is often used as an antiemetic during reduced-gravity-aircraft training.
Use in media production
The 1995 film Apollo 13 filmed many scenes aboard NASA's KC-135 parabolic aircraft.
In 2016, rock group OK Go recorded a music video for their single "Upside Down & Inside Out" on a reduced-gravity aircraft, which involved acrobatic choreography created specifically for the zero-gravity environment.
The adult entertainment production company Private Media Group has filmed a pornographic movie called The Uranus Experiment: Part Two where a zero-gravity intercourse scene was filmed aboard a reduced-gravity aircraft. The filming process was particularly difficult from a technical and logistical standpoint. Budget constraints allowed for only one shot, featuring the actors Sylvia Saint and Nick Lang. Berth Milton, Jr, president and CEO of Private Media Group, said in 2000 "You would not want to be afraid of flying, that's for sure!"
The ZERO-G corporation was featured in the MythBusters NASA Moon Landing Conspiracy episode, in which it flew Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman on a custom flight path to replicate the moon's gravity. This allowed Savage to replicate the footage of Neil Armstrong walking on the moon, disarming claims that the footage was forged.
See also
Micro-g environment
Space tourism
Astronaut training
Zero Gravity Research Facility
Fallturm Bremen
References
Further reading
Haber, Fritz and Haber, Heinz: "Possible Methods of Producing the Gravity-Free State for Medical Research", Journal of Aviation Medicine XXI (1950).
Karmali, Faisal and Shelhamer, Mark. "The dynamics of parabolic flight: flight characteristics and passenger percepts". Acta Astronautica (2008).
Easton, Pam (October 30, 2004). NASA's weightless aircraft is retired. Associated Press.
Golightly, Glen (May 15, 2000). Vomit Comet finds a home. Space.com Houston Bureau.
Overbye, Dennis (March 1, 2007), "Stephen Hawking plans prelude to the ride of his life", New York Times.
External links
Reduced Gravity Research Program
Flight Opportunities program
Interview with John Yaniec
Incredible Adventures is a Florida company established in 1995, offering private zero-gravity flight training in Tampa, Florida
About the NASA Reduced Gravity Research Program
Vegitel ltd is a Russian company that offers zero-gravity flights in an IL-76 MDK wide-body aircraft
Virtual tour of the Airbus A-300 Zero-G.
C-135 Variants Part 6 – includes scale drawing of NASA 930
Reduced Gravity Experiment in a Nasa's KC-135A
+
Space science
Weightlessness
Aircraft related to spaceflight
|
65942805
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulundurpettai%20Airport
|
Ulundurpettai Airport
|
Ulundurpettai Airport is an unused airport near Ulundurpettai town. This airport was operated as an airbase by the British during World War II, who later it left unused and turned it into barren land, although the airstrip remains undamaged.
The Coast Guard of India tried to convert and use this airport, but this work was shelved for unknown reasons. This airstrip was last used during the opening ceremony of NLC India ltd, for which Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru attended, landing at this airstrip.
Now this airstrip has been taken by the government of India with plans to construct a new airport under the UDAN scheme.
References
Airports in Tamil Nadu
Defunct airports in India
1940 establishments in India
|
14876575
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyjafjar%C3%B0arsveit
|
Eyjafjarðarsveit
|
Eyjafjarðarsveit () is a municipality located in northern Iceland.
Most of Eyjafjarðarsveit is located inland, but the northern tip borders a fjord. The major villages are Hrafnagil and Öngulsstaðir .
References
External links
Official website
Municipalities of Iceland
Northeastern Region (Iceland)
|
43424458
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Bulog%20Formation
|
Han-Bulog Formation
|
The Han-Bulog Formation is a geologic formation in Albania. It contains fossils dated to the Olenekian to Anisian of the Triassic period.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Albania
Kalur Chert
Vigla Formation
References
Geologic formations of Albania
Triassic System of Europe
Anisian Stage
Olenekian Stage
Paleontology in Albania
|
22739803
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidan
|
Tidan
|
Tidan is a locality situated in Skövde Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 935 inhabitants in 2010.
References
Populated places in Västra Götaland County
Populated places in Skövde Municipality
|
4023044
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20accent
|
Foreign accent
|
Foreign accent may refer to:
accent (sociolinguistics)
diacritic, an accent mark in writing
non-native pronunciations of English
Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages
foreign accent syndrome
|
12858999
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blangerval-Blangermont
|
Blangerval-Blangermont
|
Blangerval-Blangermont is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.
Geography
A farming village located 25 miles (40 km) west of Arras on the D109 road.
Population
Sights
The church of St. Pierre, dating from the twentieth century.
The church of St. Jacques, dating from the eighteenth century.
See also
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
References
Communes of Pas-de-Calais
|
46505428
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoportrait%20%28Tamara%20in%20a%20Green%20Bugatti%29
|
Autoportrait (Tamara in a Green Bugatti)
|
Autoportrait (Tamara in a Green Bugatti) is a self-portrait by the Polish artist Tamara de Lempicka, which she painted in Paris in 1928. It was commissioned by the German fashion magazine Die Dame for the cover of the magazine, to celebrate the independence of women. It is one of the best-known examples of Art Deco portrait painting.
Description
In 1928, De Lempicka was commissioned to make a self-portrait for the cover of the German fashion magazine Die Dame. The painting she produced showed her at the wheel of a Bugatti racing car, wearing a leather helmet and gloves and wrapped in a gray scarf. She portrayed herself as a personification of cold beauty, independence, wealth and inaccessibility. In fact she did not own a Bugatti automobile; her own car was a small yellow Renault, which was stolen one night when she and her friends were celebrating at Café de la Rotonde in Montparnasse.
Although De Lempicka's portrait shows the steering wheel on the left side of the car, the Bugatti models 23, 43 and 46 of that period actually had the steering wheel on the right side.
Influences
De Lempicka developed her painting skills among the avant-garde art and literature movements of Neo-Cubism, Futurism, and Art Deco of the "Lost Generation". She studied at the Académie Ranson under Maurice Denis, although she only credited him for her draftsmanship skills. One of her main influences was the Neo-cubist André Lhote (professor to De Lempicka at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière).
A possible influence for this particular picture might have been by André Kertész, who was living in Paris in the 1920s and whose 1927 photo has a very similar composition.
Patron
The female editor of Die Dame, a popular German fashion magazine, encountered De Lempicka in Monte Carlo while the almost-divorced baroness was on vacation and commissioned her to paint a self-portrait for an upcoming cover. De Lempicka replaced her yellow Renault with a green Bugatti because she believed that a green Bugatti appeared more elite and more beautiful.
Citations
References
Birnbaum, Paula. Tamara De Lempicka: The Modern Woman Personified. 2012. ISSN 2391-7911
.
.
.
.
.
1929 paintings
Self-portraits
Paintings by Tamara de Lempicka
Paintings in Switzerland
Portraits of women
|
3036491
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celedonio%20Romero
|
Celedonio Romero
|
Celedonio Romero (2 March 1913 – 8 May 1996) was a guitarist, composer and poet, perhaps best known as the founder of The Romeros guitar quartet.
Biography
Celedonio Romero was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba, while his parents were on a business trip to the island. He began playing the guitar at the age of 5, and eventually studied music theory, harmony, composition, and counterpoint at the Conservatory of Málaga and at the Madrid Royal Conservatory, where he was taught by Joaquín Turina. Romero never studied with a guitar teacher. Although he made his concert debut at the age of 22 and was well known in Spain, the Franco government refused to permit him to give concerts abroad, keeping him unknown from the rest of the world. His wife, Angelita, was a singer and stage actress who had studied at Málaga's Royal Academy of Fine Arts.
After secretly obtaining an American visa, the family secured permission to visit an ailing relative in Portugal in 1957. However, rather than returning to Spain, the family settled in Southern California, and Celedonio and his three sons Celin, Pepe, and Angel started a guitar quartet, The Romeros, and also began to take on guitar students. Celedonio Romero was Christopher Parkening's first teacher; and then Pepe also taught Parkening. Angelita Romero can be heard playing castanets on some of the quartet's recordings.
Celedonio made a large number of recordings, both solo and with the Romeros, which appeared on the Delos and Philips labels. He also wrote over 100 compositions for guitar, including a dozen concertos.
Romero died of lung cancer at the age of 83 in San Diego, California. He was inducted into the Orden de Isabel la Católica by King Juan Carlos I. He was also made a "Caballero del Santo Sepulcro" ("Knight of the Holy Sepulchre") by Pope John Paul II.
Compositions
Many of the dates below are publication dates rather than when the work was first composed.
Suite andaluza: para guitarra
Estudio. La Mariposa
Tango Angelita: for voice and guitar or solo guitar (1931)
Noche en malaga (1940)
Romantic Prelude (1945)
Gavota para guitarra (1980)
Tema y variaciones: Homenaje a Fernando Sor: para guitarra (1981)
Cinco preludios para guitarra (1981)
Concierto de Malaga: por soleares (1981; orchestration by Federico Moreno Torroba)
La Catedral de Colonia: para guitarra (1983)
Diez preludios: VI al XV, para guitarra (1983)
Preludios; y, Canción para guitarra (1983)
Dos mazurkas para guitarra (1983)
Sonata scarlatta: para guitarra: no. 1 para guitarra (1984)
Celin: tango: para guitarra (1984)
Fiesta andaluza: concierto para guitarra y orquesta (1985)
Sonata Scarlatta: no. 2 para guitarra (1986)
El cortijo de Don Sancho: suite para guitarra y orquesta (1986)
Fantasia cortesana : suite antigua para guitarra y orquesta (1986)
Los Maestros: tres canciones para tres principales: guitarra (1986)
Suite madrileña, no. 1 para guitarra (1986)
Suite madrileña, no. 2 (1986)
Pepe: vals, para guitarra (1986)
Angel: vals no. 1 para guitarra (1986)
Angel vals: no. 2 para guitarra (1986)
Guitarras del museo : para quintarra y orquesta (1987)
Nocturno de la bahia y la farola (1987)
La Petenera se ha muerto y los pajaros vuelan: for guitar (1987)
El Embrujo de gibralfaro y puerta oscura: concierto no. 8 (1988)
Fantasia española: poema a la guitarra (guitarra y orquesta) (1988)
Suite number 9 (La española): Concerto for 2 guitars and orchestra (1992)
Canción(sobre la petenera) (1993)
Habanera (1993)
Danza andaluza: no 1 (1993)
Danza andaluza: no 1 (1993)
See also
The Romero Guitar Quartet
1960–90: Celedonio Romero, Celin Romero, Pepe Romero, Angel Romero
1990–96: Celedonio Romero, Celin Romero, Pepe Romero, Celino Romero
since 1996: Celin Romero, Pepe Romero, Celino Romero, Lito Romero
References
Bernstein, Paul. "The Royal Family of the Guitar." New York Times Magazine, Nov. 29, 1981, 98+.
Gernandez-Lavie, Fernando, with assistance from Pepe Romero. "Beyond the Stars: Celedonio Romero 1913-1996," Classical Guitar, Vol. 16 (June 1998): 11-18.
Ornish, Laurel. "Recuerdos de Celedonio Romero (1913-1996)," Soundboard, Vol. 24 (Fall 1997): 21-26.
External links
Some photos of LP covers (Oviatt Library Digital Collections)
Spanish classical guitarists
Spanish male guitarists
Spanish composers
Spanish male composers
Musicians from Málaga
Writers from Málaga
1913 births
1996 deaths
Academic staff of the Madrid Royal Conservatory
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century composers
20th-century Spanish musicians
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
20th-century guitarists
Spanish emigrants to the United States
Spanish expatriates in Cuba
20th-century Spanish male musicians
|
63824209
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Md.%20Abdur%20Rouf%20Miah
|
Md. Abdur Rouf Miah
|
Md. Abdur Rouf Miah is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and the former Member of Parliament of Faridpur-1.
Career
Miah was elected to parliament from Faridpur-1 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in 1991.
References
Awami League politicians
Living people
5th Jatiya Sangsad members
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
58790007
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hervey%20Elwes%2C%202nd%20Baronet
|
Sir Hervey Elwes, 2nd Baronet
|
Sir Hervey Elwes, 2nd Baronet (c. 1683–1763), of Stoke-by-Clare, Suffolk, was a British landowner and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1706 and 1722. He had the reputation of being an extreme miser.
Early life
Elwes was baptized in July 1683, the eldest son of Gervase Elwes of Stoke College and his wife Isabella Hervey, daughter of Sir Thomas Hervey of Ickworth, Suffolk. His father died in about 1687. As a child, he suffered from consumption so that he had a poor constitution and a thin spare body. He was timid, and extremely diffident, had no friends and no interests apart from hoarding up his money and partridge setting. He was admitted at Queens' College, Cambridge on 22 June 1702. His grandfather Sir Gervase Elwes, 1st Baronet died on 11 April 1706 and he succeeded to the baronetcy and estate. The estate was so debt-ridden that his uncle, John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, advised him either to sell his lands or marry a rich wife. In the event he never married nor sold the estates but lived a life of abject penury.
Political career
Elwes was a loyal Whig, and succeeded to his grandfather's parliamentary seat. He was returned as Member of Parliament for Sudbury at a by-election on 16 December 1706. He became a Freeman, of Sudbury in 1706. His uncle tried unsuccessfully in 1707 to get him a grant of his grandfather's office under the duchy of Lancaster. He was re-elected at the 1708 general election and voted for Dr Sacheverell's impeachment in 1710. He was defeated at Sudbury in the 1710 election, but was returned unopposed in 1713. He voted in 1714 against the expulsion of Richard Steele. He was returned unopposed again as MP for Sudbury at the 1715 British general election but withdrew from politics in 1722.
Later life and legacy
Elwes spent the next forty years of his life restoring his fortune by exercising severe economy. Much of the time he spent alone at Stoke, and was described as 'perhaps the most perfect picture of human penury that ever existed'. He died unmarried on 22 October 1763, aged about 80. He left at least a quarter of a million to his nephew, John Meggott, who took the name Elwes, and modelling his way of life on his uncle's, became as famous a miser. The baronetcy passed to a cousin.
References
1683 births
1763 deaths
British MPs 1708–1710
British MPs 1713–1715
British MPs 1715–1722
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
|
228107
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20%28mechanics%29
|
Stress (mechanics)
|
In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that describes forces present during deformation. For example, an object being pulled apart, such as a stretched elastic band, is subject to tensile stress and may undergo elongation. An object being pushed together, such as a crumpled sponge, is subject to compressive stress and may undergo shortening. The greater the force and the smaller the cross-sectional area of the body on which it acts, the greater the stress. Stress has dimension of force per area, with SI units of newtons per square meter (N/m2) or pascal (Pa).
Stress expresses the internal forces that neighbouring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the relative deformation of the material. For example, when a solid vertical bar is supporting an overhead weight, each particle in the bar pushes on the particles immediately below it. When a liquid is in a closed container under pressure, each particle gets pushed against by all the surrounding particles. The container walls and the pressure-inducing surface (such as a piston) push against them in (Newtonian) reaction. These macroscopic forces are actually the net result of a very large number of intermolecular forces and collisions between the particles in those molecules. Stress is frequently represented by a lowercase Greek letter sigma (σ).
Strain inside a material may arise by various mechanisms, such as stress as applied by external forces to the bulk material (like gravity) or to its surface (like contact forces, external pressure, or friction). Any strain (deformation) of a solid material generates an internal elastic stress, analogous to the reaction force of a spring, that tends to restore the material to its original non-deformed state. In liquids and gases, only deformations that change the volume generate persistent elastic stress. If the deformation changes gradually with time, even in fluids there will usually be some viscous stress, opposing that change. Elastic and viscous stresses are usually combined under the name mechanical stress.
Significant stress may exist even when deformation is negligible or non-existent (a common assumption when modeling the flow of water). Stress may exist in the absence of external forces; such built-in stress is important, for example, in prestressed concrete and tempered glass. Stress may also be imposed on a material without the application of net forces, for example by changes in temperature or chemical composition, or by external electromagnetic fields (as in piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials).
The relation between mechanical stress, strain, and the strain rate can be quite complicated, although a linear approximation may be adequate in practice if the quantities are sufficiently small. Stress that exceeds certain strength limits of the material will result in permanent deformation (such as plastic flow, fracture, cavitation) or even change its crystal structure and chemical composition.
History
Humans have known about stress inside materials since ancient times. Until the 17th century, this understanding was largely intuitive and empirical, though this did not prevent the development of relatively advanced technologies like the composite bow and glass blowing.
Over several millennia, architects and builders in particular, learned how to put together carefully shaped wood beams and stone blocks to withstand, transmit, and distribute stress in the most effective manner, with ingenious devices such as the capitals, arches, cupolas, trusses and the flying buttresses of Gothic cathedrals.
Ancient and medieval architects did develop some geometrical methods and simple formulas to compute the proper sizes of pillars and beams, but the scientific understanding of stress became possible only after the necessary tools were invented in the 17th and 18th centuries: Galileo Galilei's rigorous experimental method, René Descartes's coordinates and analytic geometry, and Newton's laws of motion and equilibrium and calculus of infinitesimals. With those tools, Augustin-Louis Cauchy was able to give the first rigorous and general mathematical model of a deformed elastic body by introducing the notions of stress and strain. Cauchy observed that the force across an imaginary surface was a linear function of its normal vector; and, moreover, that it must be a symmetric function (with zero total momentum).
The understanding of stress in liquids started with Newton, who provided a differential formula for friction forces (shear stress) in parallel laminar flow.
Definition
Stress is defined as the force across a small boundary per unit area of that boundary, for all orientations of the boundary. Derived from a fundamental physical quantity (force) and a purely geometrical quantity (area), stress is also a fundamental quantity, like velocity, torque or energy, that can be quantified and analyzed without explicit consideration of the nature of the material or of its physical causes.
Following the basic premises of continuum mechanics, stress is a macroscopic concept. Namely, the particles considered in its definition and analysis should be just small enough to be treated as homogeneous in composition and state, but still large enough to ignore quantum effects and the detailed motions of molecules. Thus, the force between two particles is actually the average of a very large number of atomic forces between their molecules; and physical quantities like mass, velocity, and forces that act through the bulk of three-dimensional bodies, like gravity, are assumed to be smoothly distributed over them. Depending on the context, one may also assume that the particles are large enough to allow the averaging out of other microscopic features, like the grains of a metal rod or the fibers of a piece of wood.
Quantitatively, the stress is expressed by the Cauchy traction vector T defined as the traction force F between adjacent parts of the material across an imaginary separating surface S, divided by the area of S. In a fluid at rest the force is perpendicular to the surface, and is the familiar pressure. In a solid, or in a flow of viscous liquid, the force F may not be perpendicular to S; hence the stress across a surface must be regarded a vector quantity, not a scalar. Moreover, the direction and magnitude generally depend on the orientation of S. Thus the stress state of the material must be described by a tensor, called the (Cauchy) stress tensor; which is a linear function that relates the normal vector n of a surface S to the traction vector T across S. With respect to any chosen coordinate system, the Cauchy stress tensor can be represented as a symmetric matrix of 3×3 real numbers. Even within a homogeneous body, the stress tensor may vary from place to place, and may change over time; therefore, the stress within a material is, in general, a time-varying tensor field.
Normal and shear
In general, the stress T that a particle P applies on another particle Q across a surface S can have any direction relative to S. The vector T may be regarded as the sum of two components: the normal stress (compression or tension) perpendicular to the surface, and the shear stress that is parallel to the surface.
If the normal unit vector n of the surface (pointing from Q towards P) is assumed fixed, the normal component can be expressed by a single number, the dot product . This number will be positive if P is "pulling" on Q (tensile stress), and negative if P is "pushing" against Q (compressive stress) The shear component is then the vector .
Units
The dimension of stress is that of pressure, and therefore its coordinates are measured in the same units as pressure: namely, pascals (Pa, that is, newtons per square metre) in the International System, or pounds per square inch (psi) in the Imperial system. Because mechanical stresses easily exceed a million Pascals, MPa, which stands for megapascal, is a common unit of stress.
Causes and effects
Stress in a material body may be due to multiple physical causes, including external influences and internal physical processes. Some of these agents (like gravity, changes in temperature and phase, and electromagnetic fields) act on the bulk of the material, varying continuously with position and time. Other agents (like external loads and friction, ambient pressure, and contact forces) may create stresses and forces that are concentrated on certain surfaces, lines or points; and possibly also on very short time intervals (as in the impulses due to collisions). In active matter, self-propulsion of microscopic particles generates macroscopic stress profiles. In general, the stress distribution in a body is expressed as a piecewise continuous function of space and time.
Conversely, stress is usually correlated with various effects on the material, possibly including changes in physical properties like birefringence, polarization, and permeability. The imposition of stress by an external agent usually creates some strain (deformation) in the material, even if it is too small to be detected. In a solid material, such strain will in turn generate an internal elastic stress, analogous to the reaction force of a stretched spring, tending to restore the material to its original undeformed state. Fluid materials (liquids, gases and plasmas) by definition can only oppose deformations that would change their volume. If the deformation changes with time, even in fluids there will usually be some viscous stress, opposing that change. Such stresses can be either shear or normal in nature. Molecular origin of shear stresses in fluids is given in the article on viscosity. The same for normal viscous stresses can be found in Sharma (2019).
The relation between stress and its effects and causes, including deformation and rate of change of deformation, can be quite complicated (although a linear approximation may be adequate in practice if the quantities are small enough). Stress that exceeds certain strength limits of the material will result in permanent deformation (such as plastic flow, fracture, cavitation) or even change its crystal structure and chemical composition.
Simple types
In some situations, the stress within a body may adequately be described by a single number, or by a single vector (a number and a direction). Three such simple stress situations, that are often encountered in engineering design, are the uniaxial normal stress, the simple shear stress, and the isotropic normal stress.
Uniaxial normal
A common situation with a simple stress pattern is when a straight rod, with uniform material and cross section, is subjected to tension by opposite forces of magnitude along its axis. If the system is in equilibrium and not changing with time, and the weight of the bar can be neglected, then through each transversal section of the bar the top part must pull on the bottom part with the same force, F with continuity through the full cross-sectional area, A. Therefore, the stress σ throughout the bar, across any horizontal surface, can be expressed simply by the single number σ, calculated simply with the magnitude of those forces, F, and cross sectional area, A. On the other hand, if one imagines the bar being cut along its length, parallel to the axis, there will be no force (hence no stress) between the two halves across the cut.
This type of stress may be called (simple) normal stress or uniaxial stress; specifically, (uniaxial, simple, etc.) tensile stress. If the load is compression on the bar, rather than stretching it, the analysis is the same except that the force F and the stress change sign, and the stress is called compressive stress.
This analysis assumes the stress is evenly distributed over the entire cross-section. In practice, depending on how the bar is attached at the ends and how it was manufactured, this assumption may not be valid. In that case, the value = F/A will be only the average stress, called engineering stress or nominal stress. If the bar's length L is many times its diameter D, and it has no gross defects or built-in stress, then the stress can be assumed to be uniformly distributed over any cross-section that is more than a few times D from both ends. (This observation is known as the Saint-Venant's principle).
Normal stress occurs in many other situations besides axial tension and compression. If an elastic bar with uniform and symmetric cross-section is bent in one of its planes of symmetry, the resulting bending stress will still be normal (perpendicular to the cross-section), but will vary over the cross section: the outer part will be under tensile stress, while the inner part will be compressed. Another variant of normal stress is the hoop stress that occurs on the walls of a cylindrical pipe or vessel filled with pressurized fluid.
Shear
Another simple type of stress occurs when a uniformly thick layer of elastic material like glue or rubber is firmly attached to two stiff bodies that are pulled in opposite directions by forces parallel to the layer; or a section of a soft metal bar that is being cut by the jaws of a scissors-like tool. Let F be the magnitude of those forces, and M be the midplane of that layer. Just as in the normal stress case, the part of the layer on one side of M must pull the other part with the same force F. Assuming that the direction of the forces is known, the stress across M can be expressed simply by the single number , calculated simply with the magnitude of those forces, F and the cross sectional area, A.Unlike normal stress, this simple shear stress is directed parallel to the cross-section considered, rather than perpendicular to it. For any plane S that is perpendicular to the layer, the net internal force across S, and hence the stress, will be zero.
As in the case of an axially loaded bar, in practice the shear stress may not be uniformly distributed over the layer; so, as before, the ratio F/A will only be an average ("nominal", "engineering") stress. That average is often sufficient for practical purposes. Shear stress is observed also when a cylindrical bar such as a shaft is subjected to opposite torques at its ends. In that case, the shear stress on each cross-section is parallel to the cross-section, but oriented tangentially relative to the axis, and increases with distance from the axis. Significant shear stress occurs in the middle plate (the "web") of I-beams under bending loads, due to the web constraining the end plates ("flanges").
Isotropic
Another simple type of stress occurs when the material body is under equal compression or tension in all directions. This is the case, for example, in a portion of liquid or gas at rest, whether enclosed in some container or as part of a larger mass of fluid; or inside a cube of elastic material that is being pressed or pulled on all six faces by equal perpendicular forces — provided, in both cases, that the material is homogeneous, without built-in stress, and that the effect of gravity and other external forces can be neglected.
In these situations, the stress across any imaginary internal surface turns out to be equal in magnitude and always directed perpendicularly to the surface independently of the surface's orientation. This type of stress may be called isotropic normal or just isotropic; if it is compressive, it is called hydrostatic pressure or just pressure. Gases by definition cannot withstand tensile stresses, but some liquids may withstand very large amounts of isotropic tensile stress under some circumstances. see Z-tube.
Cylinder
Parts with rotational symmetry, such as wheels, axles, pipes, and pillars, are very common in engineering. Often the stress patterns that occur in such parts have rotational or even cylindrical symmetry. The analysis of such cylinder stresses can take advantage of the symmetry to reduce the dimension of the domain and/or of the stress tensor.
General types
Often, mechanical bodies experience more than one type of stress at the same time; this is called combined stress. In normal and shear stress, the magnitude of the stress is maximum for surfaces that are perpendicular to a certain direction , and zero across any surfaces that are parallel to . When the shear stress is zero only across surfaces that are perpendicular to one particular direction, the stress is called biaxial, and can be viewed as the sum of two normal or shear stresses. In the most general case, called triaxial stress, the stress is nonzero across every surface element.
Cauchy tensor
Combined stresses cannot be described by a single vector. Even if the material is stressed in the same way throughout the volume of the body, the stress across any imaginary surface will depend on the orientation of that surface, in a non-trivial way.
Cauchy observed that the stress vector across a surface will always be a linear function of the surface's normal vector , the unit-length vector that is perpendicular to it. That is, , where the function satisfies
for any vectors and any real numbers .
The function , now called the (Cauchy) stress tensor, completely describes the stress state of a uniformly stressed body. (Today, any linear connection between two physical vector quantities is called a tensor, reflecting Cauchy's original use to describe the "tensions" (stresses) in a material.) In tensor calculus, is classified as a second-order tensor of type (0,2) or (1,1) depending on convention.
Like any linear map between vectors, the stress tensor can be represented in any chosen Cartesian coordinate system by a 3×3 matrix of real numbers. Depending on whether the coordinates are numbered or named , the matrix may be written as
or
The stress vector across a surface with normal vector (which is covariant - "row; horizontal" - vector) with coordinates is then a matrix product (where T in upper index is transposition, and as a result we get covariant (row) vector ) (look on Cauchy stress tensor), that is
The linear relation between and follows from the fundamental laws of conservation of linear momentum and static equilibrium of forces, and is therefore mathematically exact, for any material and any stress situation. The components of the Cauchy stress tensor at every point in a material satisfy the equilibrium equations (Cauchy's equations of motion for zero acceleration). Moreover, the principle of conservation of angular momentum implies that the stress tensor is symmetric, that is , , and . Therefore, the stress state of the medium at any point and instant can be specified by only six independent parameters, rather than nine. These may be written
where the elements are called the orthogonal normal stresses (relative to the chosen coordinate system), and the orthogonal shear stresses.
Change of coordinates
The Cauchy stress tensor obeys the tensor transformation law under a change in the system of coordinates. A graphical representation of this transformation law is the Mohr's circle of stress distribution.
As a symmetric 3×3 real matrix, the stress tensor has three mutually orthogonal unit-length eigenvectors and three real eigenvalues , such that . Therefore, in a coordinate system with axes , the stress tensor is a diagonal matrix, and has only the three normal components the principal stresses. If the three eigenvalues are equal, the stress is an isotropic compression or tension, always perpendicular to any surface, there is no shear stress, and the tensor is a diagonal matrix in any coordinate frame.
Tensor field
In general, stress is not uniformly distributed over a material body, and may vary with time. Therefore, the stress tensor must be defined for each point and each moment, by considering an infinitesimal particle of the medium surrounding that point, and taking the average stresses in that particle as being the stresses at the point.
Thin plates
Human-made objects are often made from stock plates of various materials by operations that do not change their essentially two-dimensional character, like cutting, drilling, gentle bending and welding along the edges. The description of stress in such bodies can be simplified by modeling those parts as two-dimensional surfaces rather than three-dimensional bodies.
In that view, one redefines a "particle" as being an infinitesimal patch of the plate's surface, so that the boundary between adjacent particles becomes an infinitesimal line element; both are implicitly extended in the third dimension, normal to (straight through) the plate. "Stress" is then redefined as being a measure of the internal forces between two adjacent "particles" across their common line element, divided by the length of that line. Some components of the stress tensor can be ignored, but since particles are not infinitesimal in the third dimension one can no longer ignore the torque that a particle applies on its neighbors. That torque is modeled as a bending stress that tends to change the curvature of the plate. These simplifications may not hold at welds, at sharp bends and creases (where the radius of curvature is comparable to the thickness of the plate).
Thin beams
The analysis of stress can be considerably simplified also for thin bars, beams or wires of uniform (or smoothly varying) composition and cross-section that are subjected to moderate bending and twisting. For those bodies, one may consider only cross-sections that are perpendicular to the bar's axis, and redefine a "particle" as being a piece of wire with infinitesimal length between two such cross sections. The ordinary stress is then reduced to a scalar (tension or compression of the bar), but one must take into account also a bending stress (that tries to change the bar's curvature, in some direction perpendicular to the axis) and a torsional stress (that tries to twist or un-twist it about its axis).
Analysis
Stress analysis is a branch of applied physics that covers the determination of the internal distribution of internal forces in solid objects. It is an essential tool in engineering for the study and design of structures such as tunnels, dams, mechanical parts, and structural frames, under prescribed or expected loads. It is also important in many other disciplines; for example, in geology, to study phenomena like plate tectonics, vulcanism and avalanches; and in biology, to understand the anatomy of living beings.
Goals and assumptions
Stress analysis is generally concerned with objects and structures that can be assumed to be in macroscopic static equilibrium. By Newton's laws of motion, any external forces being applied to such a system must be balanced by internal reaction forces, which are almost always surface contact forces between adjacent particles — that is, as stress. Since every particle needs to be in equilibrium, this reaction stress will generally propagate from particle to particle, creating a stress distribution throughout the body.
The typical problem in stress analysis is to determine these internal stresses, given the external forces that are acting on the system. The latter may be body forces (such as gravity or magnetic attraction), that act throughout the volume of a material; or concentrated loads (such as friction between an axle and a bearing, or the weight of a train wheel on a rail), that are imagined to act over a two-dimensional area, or along a line, or at single point.
In stress analysis one normally disregards the physical causes of the forces or the precise nature of the materials. Instead, one assumes that the stresses are related to deformation (and, in non-static problems, to the rate of deformation) of the material by known constitutive equations.
Methods
Stress analysis may be carried out experimentally, by applying loads to the actual artifact or to scale model, and measuring the resulting stresses, by any of several available methods. This approach is often used for safety certification and monitoring. Most stress is analysed by mathematical methods, especially during design.
The basic stress analysis problem can be formulated by Euler's equations of motion for continuous bodies (which are consequences of Newton's laws for conservation of linear momentum and angular momentum) and the Euler-Cauchy stress principle, together with the appropriate constitutive equations. Thus one obtains a system of partial differential equations involving the stress tensor field and the strain tensor field, as unknown functions to be determined. The external body forces appear as the independent ("right-hand side") term in the differential equations, while the concentrated forces appear as boundary conditions. The basic stress analysis problem is therefore a boundary-value problem.
Stress analysis for elastic structures is based on the theory of elasticity and infinitesimal strain theory. When the applied loads cause permanent deformation, one must use more complicated constitutive equations, that can account for the physical processes involved (plastic flow, fracture, phase change, etc.). Engineered structures are usually designed so the maximum expected stresses are well within the range of linear elasticity (the generalization of Hooke's law for continuous media); that is, the deformations caused by internal stresses are linearly related to them. In this case the differential equations that define the stress tensor are linear, and the problem becomes much easier. For one thing, the stress at any point will be a linear function of the loads, too. For small enough stresses, even non-linear systems can usually be assumed to be linear.
Stress analysis is simplified when the physical dimensions and the distribution of loads allow the structure to be treated as one- or two-dimensional. In the analysis of trusses, for example, the stress field may be assumed to be uniform and uniaxial over each member. Then the differential equations reduce to a finite set of equations (usually linear) with finitely many unknowns. In other contexts one may be able to reduce the three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional one, and/or replace the general stress and strain tensors by simpler models like uniaxial tension/compression, simple shear, etc.
Still, for two- or three-dimensional cases one must solve a partial differential equation problem.
Analytical or closed-form solutions to the differential equations can be obtained when the geometry, constitutive relations, and boundary conditions are simple enough. Otherwise one must generally resort to numerical approximations such as the finite element method, the finite difference method, and the boundary element method.
Measures
Other useful stress measures include the first and second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensors, the Biot stress tensor, and the Kirchhoff stress tensor.
See also
Bending
Compressive strength
Critical plane analysis
Kelvin probe force microscope
Mohr's circle
Lamé's stress ellipsoid
Reinforced solid
Residual stress
Shear strength
Shot peening
Strain
Strain tensor
Strain rate tensor
Stress–energy tensor
Stress–strain curve
Stress concentration
Transient friction loading
Tensile strength
Thermal stress
Virial stress
Yield (engineering)
Yield surface
Virial theorem
References
Further reading
Dieter, G. E. (3 ed.). (1989). Mechanical Metallurgy. New York: McGraw-Hill. .
Landau, L.D. and E.M.Lifshitz. (1959). Theory of Elasticity.
Love, A. E. H. (4 ed.). (1944). Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. New York: Dover Publications. .
Solid mechanics
Tensors
|
18946625
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Brailovsky
|
Victor Brailovsky
|
Dr Victor Brailovsky (, born 27 December 1935) is a computer scientist, mathematician, aliyah activist and a former Israeli politician. He served as Minister of Science and Technology for six days in 2004. In May 1986 Brailovsky was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree from the Open University in England.
Biography
Brailovsky was born in Moscow in 1935. He was an activist for aliyah and refusenik between 1972 and 1987, and was a Prisoner of Zion between 1981 and 1984. In 1987 he was allowed to immigrate with his family to Israel, where he worked as a professor of mathematics and computer science in Tel-Aviv University.
In the 1999 elections he was voted into the Knesset on Shinui's list, and became a member of the Science and Technology and Immigration, Absorption, and Diaspora Affairs committees.
Following the 2003 elections, in which Brailovsky retained his seat, Shinui joined Ariel Sharon's government. On 5 March 2003 he was appointed Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. On 29 November 2004 he became Minister of Science and Technology, replacing fellow Shinui member Ilan Shalgi. However, Shinui pulled out of the government less than a week later, and Brailovsky lost his cabinet post.
Following the split in Shinui, Brailovsky joined the Secular Faction (later Hetz). The party failed to cross the electoral threshold in the 2006 elections and he lost his seat.
External links
1935 births
Mathematicians from Moscow
Russian Jews
Refuseniks
Shinui politicians
Hetz (political party) politicians
Living people
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Ministers of Science of Israel
Soviet emigrants to Israel
|
2086853
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism%20in%20Portland%2C%20Oregon
|
Tourism in Portland, Oregon
|
The tourism industry in Portland, Oregon is a sector in recovery following the Covid-19 Pandemic. Often referred to as the "City of Roses," Portland attracts visitors due to its vibrant culinary scene, verdant parks, tax-free shopping and its proximity to areas of outstanding natural beauty. The city boasts a number of attractions, such as the Portland Japanese Garden, Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, Oregon Zoo, Powells Books and the historic Pittock Mansion. The city's culinary landscape features over 500 food carts, more than 70 breweries, and many farm-to-table dining options, making it a popular destination for foodies.
The city's proximity to the Columbia River Gorge, Mount Hood, Willamette Valley and the Oregon Coast attracts outdoor enthusiasts seeking to engage in activities such as hiking, skiing, mountain biking and wind-surfing.
Travel Portland is the Destination marketing organization responsible for generating travel demand for Portland.
Economic Impact
In 2022, Portland area tourism generated $5.2 billion in direct spending from 11.9 million overnight person-trips. That visitor spending is estimated to have supported 32,400 jobs, generating $1.5 billion in employment earnings.
See also
Tourist attractions near Portland, Oregon
Lists of Oregon-related topics
References
Culture of Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon-related lists
Portland
|
11495996
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Small%20Knives
|
The Small Knives
|
The Small Knives are an acoustic duo from Melbourne, Australia.
History
The Small Knives are an acoustic duo composed of Leo Mullins and Phil Romeril, both formerly of the group 2 Litre Dolby. After relocating from Sydney to Melbourne, 2 Litre Dolby gained a strong following through their three releases (including a UK release) and renowned live shows. After 2 Litre Dolby parted ways in mid 2000, Leo and Phil formed The Friendly Injun using a more minimal ethic towards song writing. They combined acoustic guitars, fan powered organ and strong harmonies. The Friendly Injun later changed their name to The Small Knives.
The band started recording their debut album in October 2002. In 2004 their debut album Rain on Tin was officially released on Candle Records.
In 2007 their second full-length album, Smoke and Ribbons, was released on Plastic Viking Helmet Records. “It's positively aglow with a measured restraint reminiscent of the Pernice Brothers, Will Oldham or Gillian Welch,” wrote Jo Roberts for The Age, “inviting you to kick back and drink in the luxurious steel guitar, warm harmonies and sweet melodies in your own time.”
The Small Knives have shared stages with Nick Cave, The Dirty Three, Iron and Wine, Bill Callahan (Smog), Evan Dando, Art of Fighting, Preston School of Industry, Mark Eitzel, Machine Translations, New Buffalo, Gersey and Architecture in Helsinki.
In 2002 they performed at the Harvest Festival and played on the Gene Clark tribute album You Can't Hide Your Love Forever.
In 2007 they performed at All Tomorrow's Parties (curated by Dirty Three) in Minehead UK.
In 2009 they played at All Tomorrow's Parties (curated by Nick Cave) at Mount Buller, Victoria, Australia.
Discography
Rain on Tin (2004)
Smoke and Ribbons (2007)
Notes
External links
The Small Knives website
The Small Knives MySpace website
Plastic Viking Helmet Records website
Victoria (state) musical groups
Australian musical duos
|
38611233
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Redwine
|
Jon Redwine
|
Jon Redwine (born Oak Cliff, Texas) is an American hip hop, R&B, and pop music producer. Active since 2006, he's worked with musicians such as Tinashe, Chris Brown, Bobby Brackins, G-eazy, Zendaya, REDi, Waka Flocka Flame, Mario, Ludacris, Tabi Bonney, Christina Milian, Jeremih, Colette Carr, MKTO, Jake Miller
Early life, education
Born in the late 1980s, Jon Redwine was raised by his parents in Oak Cliff, Texas. He came from a musical background, as the great nephew of Don Albert and early on listened to musicians such as Marvin Gaye, Donny Hathaway, Jimmy Scott, and Duke Ellington. He later began listening to bands such as Confunkshun and Kanye West. He first started taking music seriously at age 13 as a DJ.
Redwine attended the University of St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 2004 to 2008 on a full academic scholarship, where he earned a bachelor's degree in electronic music production and business entrepreneurship. He also attended the University of Minnesota during the same time period where he gained membership into Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He started writing earnestly again as a sophomore in college, after deciding to focus on the interest he took most personally.
Music career
Production
Redwine became CFO, owner, and founder of Ten|82 in 2006, while still attending college. He's also been a composer for Redwine Entertainment since 2007, and co-founded the production team 2085, which consists of Redwine and the songwriter singer Robby Blackwell, also from Oak Cliff, Texas. After graduation Redwine moved to Los Angeles with no funding, and soon started operating a production studio in Santa Monica.
His songwriting and production work covers multiple genres. Redwine was classically trained in college, and both scores for orchestra and can play all instruments based on the western scale. His work is typically based on live instruments with a heavy focus on synths and guitars.
Starting in January 2012, he worked as a producer for Warner Music Group, and has also done production for Sony Music Entertainment, Def Jam and Disney. Artist contributions include Mario, Tabi Bonney and Loick Essien, He regularly worked with singer-songwriter and fellow Texan Robby Blackwell, and composed and produced several tracks on the album Fresh by rapper Tabi Bonney in 2010. Other projects include Sabi on Warner Brothers, Colette Carr on Cherry Tree-Interscope, and Cassie Ventura.
He also became owner of FLYP'T Technologies in May 2009. The company produces iFlyp't, an iPhone app that allows fans to experience recording with particular artists.
REDi
Redwine became a founding member of REDi (pronounced red-eye) in 2012 in Los Angeles. The urban pop ensemble includes Redwine, Robby Blackwell, and rapper Aundrus Poole. The members met as collaborators with Redwine, and according to Blackwell: "We were all working with Redwine and respected each other's music...so it just made sense for us to further our collaborations with a group."
The group made their debut performance in March 2012 at SXSW in Austin, Texas,. where they performed after groups such as Dawn Richard and 9th Wonder. They released their debut single "Light the Club" in May 2012, and their debut mixtape, Red Pill, was released in November 2012. It was produced by Redwine.
Discography
Albums
Use to Love by Mario (Unreleased Album)
2012: Red Pill with REDi
2012: Visitor Mixtape by V. Bozeman – production
2012: Triple F Life by Waka Flocka Flame – production
2013: Rockabyebaby mixtape by Cassie Ventura – Worked vocally on production
Singles
2010: ""Fever" from 'Fresh by Tabi Bonney ft Raheem Devaguhn
2010: "The Come Up" from ''''Fresh by Tabi Bonney
2010: "Nuthin but a Hero" from 'Fresh by Tabi Bonney
2012: "Candy Paint and Gold Teeth" by Waka Flocka ft Ludacris and BunB
2012: "Light the Club" with REDi
2012: "Poison" by Veronika Bozeman
2012: "Time to get sexy" by Veronika Bozeman
2012: "Feelin on your booty" by Veronika Bozeman
2012: "Knockin the Boots" by Veronika Bozeman
2013: "Ham" by Colette Carr
2014: "2on" by Tinashe ft School Boy Q
2014: "Jersey" by Bella Thorne
2014: "Hot Box" by Bobby Brackins ft G-Eazy and Mila J
2014: "Came to Do" by Chris Brown ft Akon
2015: "Post to Be" performed by Omarion, Chris Brown, and Jhené Aiko
2015: "Tumbao" by Kat Dahlia,
2015: "Ain't Bout To Do" by Diggy Simmons ft French Montana
2015: "My Jam" by Bobby Brackins ft Jeremih and Zendaya,
2015: "Selfish Girls" by Jake Miller
2015: "Blood on My Hands" by Chris Brown,
2016: "Lost My Way" by Max Schneider
2016: "Hands Off My Heart/Places You Go" by MKTO
2016: "Bang Bang" by Tabi Bonney ft Wiz Khalifa
See also
REDi
References
Further readingEdge Magazine'': Jon Redwine & Robby Blackwell Interview
External links
Jon Redwine on WWW.REDSOUNDMUSIC.com
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American male musicians
People from Oak Cliff, Texas
Record producers from Texas
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Musicians from Dallas
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male singer-songwriters
|
39543628
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20Bilderberg%20Conference
|
2013 Bilderberg Conference
|
The 2013 Bilderberg Conference took place June 6–9, 2013, at The Grove hotel in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. It was the first Bilderberg Group conference to be held in the United Kingdom since the 1998 meeting in Turnberry, Scotland.
The Daily Telegraph likened the annual conference to "a political version of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, which draws members of high society to discuss business and the economy." A British Member of Parliament and former Bilderberg attendee quoted by the Independent on Sunday also likened the annual conference to the World Economic Forum, and said it was "...not that exciting, in fact it's a bit run of the mill".
Around 140 participants are expected to participate in the meetings annually. Attendance to the event is by invitation only. No delegates pay to attend the conferences, and no delegates attend by conference phone or satellite. The conference programme never includes entertainment or performances.
The confidential nature of Bilderberg led to criticism of the group's lack of transparency and accountability, along with concerns about potential lobbying. Outside the 2013 meeting, Labour MP Michael Meacher said, "If there is any conference which required transparency, which required democratic accountability, it is the Bilderberg conference because this is really where the top brass of Western finance capitalism meet ... including government ministers." Conservative MP Douglas Carswell was also concerned about the privacy of the meetings, by saying "...you would have thought the least our ruling elite could do is discuss these issues in public."
There has also been speculation from conspiracy theorists about the purpose of the meetings. The secretive approach to staging the conferences has led to the younger generation of Bilderberg attendees being uncomfortable with the policy of total media exclusion, as reported by the Independent on Sunday. A previous attendee told the Independent that he sympathised with "those who tell us the confidentiality policy only encourages the conspiracy theorists. It does."
Of the format and outcome of the conference, the Bilderberg website said, "There is no detailed agenda, no resolutions are proposed, no votes are taken, and no policy statements are issued."
A Bilderberg Fringe Festival was held near the conference. The festival featured speakers, comedy, music, workshops, arts and entertainment.
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, attended the conference on 7 June. Cameron attended in a private capacity and was not accompanied by civil servants, even though it is customary for the Prime Minister to be accompanied by civil servants when he meets business leaders.
Press coverage
Journalists were banned from attending the event, with the exception of Lilli Gruber, although a press office was provided by the Bilderberg Group. The group is represented by a German corporate communications firm.
The meeting was well covered by the British media, with frequent Bilderberg writer Charlie Skelton noting the presence of Reuters, the Associated Press, Channel 4 News, The Times and the Press Association.
Agenda
A list of key topics for discussion at the 2013 Bilderberg conference was published on the Bilderberg website shortly before the meeting. Topics for discussion included:
"Can the U.S. and Europe grow faster and create jobs?"
"Jobs, entitlement and debt"
"How big data is changing almost everything"
"Nationalism and populism"
"U.S. foreign policy"
"Africa's challenges"
"Cyber warfare and the proliferation of asymmetric threats"
"Major trends in medical research"
"Online education: promise and impacts"
"Politics of the European Union"
"Developments in the Middle East"
Delegates (alphabetical)
For the first time, a list of expected delegates was published by the Bilderberg Group.
Paul Achleitner, Chairman of the Supervisory Board, Deutsche Bank
Josef Ackermann, Chairman of the Board, Zurich Insurance Group
Marcus Agius, former Chairman, Barclays
Helen Alexander, Chairman, UBM plc
Roger C. Altman, Executive Chairman, Evercore Partners
Matti Apunen, Director, Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA
Susan Athey, Professor of Economics, Stanford Graduate School of Business
Aslı Aydıntaşbaş, columnist, Milliyet
Ali Babacan, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister for Economic and Financial Affairs
Ed Balls, Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer
Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Chairman and CEO, Impresa
Nicolas Barré, Managing Editor, Les Echos
José Manuel Barroso, President, European Commission
Nicolas Baverez, Partner, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher
Olivier de Bavinchove, Commander, Eurocorps
John Bell, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford
Franco Bernabè, Chairman and CEO, Telecom Italia
Jeff Bezos, founder and CEO, Amazon
Carl Bildt, Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs
Anders Borg, Swedish Minister for Finance
Jean-François van Boxmeer, CEO, Heineken
Svein Richard Brandtzæg, President and CEO, Norsk Hydro
Oscar Bronner, publisher, Der Standard Medienwelt
Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, former Honorary Chairman, Bilderberg Meetings
Juan Luis Cebrián, Executive Chairman, PRISA
Edmund Clark, President and CEO, Toronto-Dominion Bank
Kenneth Clarke, Cabinet Minister
Bjarne Corydon, Danish Minister of Finance
Sherard Cowper-Coles, Business Development Director, International, BAE Systems
Étienne Davignon, Belgian Minister of State; Former Chairman, Bilderberg Meetings
Ian Davis, Senior Partner Emeritus, McKinsey & Company
Robbert Dijkgraaf, Director and Leon Levy Professor, Institute for Advanced Study
Haluk Dinçer, President, Retail and Insurance Group, Sabancı Holding
Robert Dudley, Group Chief Executive, BP
Nicholas Eberstadt, Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy, American Enterprise Institute
Espen Barth Eide, Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs
Börje Ekholm, President and CEO, Investor AB
Thomas Enders, CEO, EADS
Michael Evans, Vice Chairman, Goldman Sachs
Ulrik Federspiel, Executive Vice President, Haldor Topsøe
Martin Feldstein, Professor of Economics, Harvard University; President Emeritus, National Bureau of Economic Research
François Fillon, former French Prime Minister
Mark Fishman, President, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
Douglas Flint, Group Chairman, HSBC
Paul Gallagher, Senior Counsel
Timothy Geithner, Former Secretary of the Treasury
Michael Gfoeller, US Political Consultant
Donald Graham, Chairman and CEO, The Washington Post Company
Ulrich Grillo, CEO, Grillo-Werke AG
Lilli Gruber, journalist - Anchorwoman, La 7 TV
Luis de Guindos, Spanish Minister of Economy and Competitiveness
Stuart Gulliver, Group Chief Executive, HSBC
Felix Gutzwiller, Member of the Swiss Council of States
Victor Halberstadt, Professor of Economics, Leiden University; Former Honorary Secretary General of Bilderberg Meetings
Olli Heinonen, Senior Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School of Government
Simon Henry, CFO, Royal Dutch Shell
Paul Hermelin, Chairman and CEO, Capgemini
Pablo Isla, Chairman and CEO, Inditex
Kenneth M. Jacobs, Chairman and CEO, Lazard
James A. Johnson, Chairman, Johnson Capital Partners
Thomas Jordan, Chairman of the Governing Board, Swiss National Bank
Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., Managing Director, Lazard
Robert D. Kaplan, Chief Geopolitical Analyst, Stratfor
Alex Karp, founder and CEO, Palantir Technologies
John Kerr, Independent Member, House of Lords
Henry A. Kissinger, Chairman, Kissinger Associates
Klaus Kleinfeld, Chairman and CEO, Alcoa
Klaas Knot, President, De Nederlandsche Bank
Mustafa Koç, Chairman, Koç Holding
Roland Koch, CEO, Bilfinger
Henry Kravis, Co-Chairman and Co-CEO, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
Marie-Josée Kravis, Senior Fellow and Vice Chair, Hudson Institute
André Kudelski, Chairman and CEO, Kudelski Group
Ulysses Kyriacopoulos, Chairman, S&B Industrial Minerals
Christine Lagarde, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund
Kurt Lauk, Chairman of the Economic Council to the CDU, Berlin
Lawrence Lessig, Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership, Harvard Law School
Thomas Leysen, Chairman of the Board of Directors, KBC Bank
Christian Lindner, Party Leader, Free Democratic Party (FDP NRW)
Stefan Löfven, Party Leader, Social Democratic Party (SAP)
Peter Löscher, President and CEO, Siemens
Peter Mandelson, Chairman, Global Counsel; Chairman, Lazard
Jessica T. Mathews, President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Frank McKenna, Chair, Brookfield Asset Management
John Micklethwait, Editor-in-Chief, The Economist
Thierry de Montbrial, President, French Institute for International Relations
Mario Monti, former Italian Prime Minister
Craig Mundie, Senior Advisor to the CEO, Microsoft
Alberto Nagel, CEO, Mediobanca
Princess Beatrix of The Netherlands
Andrew Ng, co-founder, Coursera
Jorma Ollila, Chairman, Royal Dutch Shell
David Omand, Visiting Professor, King's College London
George Osborne, British Chancellor of the Exchequer
Emanuele Ottolenghi, Senior Fellow, Foundation for Defense of Democracies
Soli Özel, Senior Lecturer, Kadir Has University; Columnist, Habertürk
Alexis Papahelas, Executive Editor, Kathimerini
Şafak Pavey, Turkish MP
Valérie Pécresse, French MP
Richard Perle, Resident Fellow, American Enterprise Institute
David H. Petraeus, General, United States Army (Retired)
Paulo Portas, Portugal Minister of State and Foreign Affairs
Robert Prichard, Chair, Torys
Viviane Reding, Vice President and Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship, European Commission
Heather Reisman, CEO, Indigo Books & Music
Hélène Rey, Professor of Economics, London Business School
Simon Robertson, Partner, Robertson Robey Associates; Deputy Chairman, HSBC
Gianfelice Rocca, Chairman, Techint
Jacek Rostowski, Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister
Robert Rubin, Co-Chairman, Council on Foreign Relations; Former Secretary of the Treasury
Mark Rutte, Dutch Prime Minister
Andreas Schieder, Austrian State Secretary of Finance
Eric Schmidt, Executive Chairman, Google
Rudolf Scholten, Member of the Board of Executive Directors, Oesterreichische Kontrollbank
António José Seguro, Secretary General, Portuguese Socialist Party
Jean-Dominique Senard, CEO, Michelin
Kristin Skogen Lund, Director General, Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise
Anne-Marie Slaughter, Bert G. Kerstetter '66 University Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University
Peter Sutherland, Chairman, Goldman Sachs
Martin Taylor, Former Chairman, Syngenta
Tidjane Thiam, Group CEO, Prudential
Peter A. Thiel, President, Thiel Capital
Craig B. Thompson, President and CEO, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Jakob Topsøe, Partner, AMBROX Capital
Jutta Urpilainen, Finnish Minister of Finance
Daniel Vasella, Honorary Chairman, Novartis
Peter Voser, CEO, Royal Dutch Shell
Brad Wall, Premier of Saskatchewan, Canada
Jacob Wallenberg, Chairman, Investor AB
Kevin Warsh, Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Galen Weston, Executive Chairman, Loblaw Companies
Baroness Williams of Crosby, Member of the House of Lords
Martin Wolf, Chief Economics Commentator, Financial Times
James D. Wolfensohn, Chairman and CEO, Wolfensohn and Company
David Wright, Vice Chairman, Barclays
Robert Zoellick, Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics
Policing
A private security company provided security at the hotel; in addition, the Bilderberg Group agreed to contribute toward the policing costs of the event. The local police force, Hertfordshire Police, were in talks with the Home Office about a grant for potential "unexpected or exceptional costs". The grant is provided if the costs threaten the "stability of their policing budget". A combined force of Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, and Cambridge constabularies prepared for the conference, with the assistance of specialist officers from the Metropolitan Police. Five rugby pitches belonging to the Fullerians RFC were hired by police for the duration of the event. The police operation for the Bilderberg conference was called Operation Discuss, and had been running for eighteen months prior to the start of the conference. The cost of policing was revealed after the conference to have been in the region of £1.3 million, with £500,000 having been offered to the police by the Bilderberg Group.
The mayor of Watford, Dorothy Thornhill, said she had concerns that the conference attracted "people who can and do cause violence and disturbance" but she was confident that the police could "minimise that and give them their right to protest". She was also "ambivalent about whether this is a good thing. It's potentially a positive thing as long as things don't kick off."
References
External links
Official website of the Bilderberg conference
Bilderberg 2013 - unofficial site
Bilderberg Fringe Festival
2013 in the United Kingdom
2013
History of Watford
|
53200213
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20Time%20History
|
Deep Time History
|
Deep Time History is an original documentary series that was released on the video on demand service CuriosityStream, in partnership with production company Flight 33 Productions. The three-part series was included in CuriosityStream's January 2015 launch announcement. The three-part series is hosted by California State University Fullerton Associate Professor Jonathan Markley and exposes the secret drivers behind human history, revealing the sometimes unexpected answers to questions of how and why civilization as it is known exists today. It provides a look at how deep time has precipitated crucial events in human history. Each 50-minute episode dives into how physics, geology, biology and chemistry—forces as far back as the formation of the Earth—have influenced world history as much as human innovations, political decisions or battlefield victories. All three episodes were released in July 2016.
Episodes
"The Rise of Civilization" (written and directed by Gabriel Rotello, aired July 22, 2016) – "About 8,000 BC, in a few select places some people begin to experiment with a new way of harvesting energy." They're growing their own crops. An act so simple, it's hard to believe it will kick start a revolution. But it will. "These are the first seeds, literally, of the rise of civilization."
"Age of Discovery" (aired July 22, 2016) – "Columbus has no idea that because of Earth's geology and geography he won't get to his destination...or how that epic failure will make his voyage one of the most influential expeditions in the history of humankind. Let's add an asteroid hitting the earth billions of years ago and connect the dots."
"The Industrial Revolution and Modern Warfare" (aired July 22, 2016) – The Industrial Revolution and the rise of modern warfare have roots in the depths of time—in the natural process that enriches the soil. How do prehistoric forests link to the development of steam engines, and the rise of modern industry?
See also
Big History
Guns, Germs, and Steel
References
2016 American television series debuts
2016 American television series endings
2010s American documentary television series
History (Canadian TV network) original programming
CuriosityStream original programming
|
31755257
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argunovo
|
Argunovo
|
Argunovo () is the name of several rural localities in Russia:
Argunovo, Kaluga Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the city of Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
Argunovo, Ramensky District, Moscow Oblast, a village in Ulyaninskoye Rural Settlement of Ramensky District of Moscow Oblast
Argunovo, Voskresensky District, Moscow Oblast, a village in Fedinskoye Rural Settlement of Voskresensky District of Moscow Oblast
Argunovo, Zaraysky District, Moscow Oblast, a village in Mashonovskoye Rural Settlement of Zaraysky District of Moscow Oblast
Argunovo, Kirillovsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Nikolo-Torzhsky Selsoviet of Kirillovsky District of Vologda Oblast
Argunovo, Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Argunovsky Selsoviet of Nikolsky District of Vologda Oblast
|
123946
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hierophant
|
The Hierophant
|
The Hierophant (V) is the fifth card of the Major Arcana in occult Tarot decks. It is derived from the historical card known as the Pope in playing card decks. It is used in divination. The name refers to a hierophant (), a person who brings religious congregants into the presence of that which is deemed "holy".
Description and symbolism
In many modern packs, the Hierophant is represented with his right hand raised in blessing or benediction, with two fingers pointing skyward and two pointing down, thus forming a bridge between Heaven and Hell reminiscent of that formed by the body of The Hanged Man. The Hierophant is thus a true "pontiff", in that he is the builder of the bridge between deity and humanity. In his left hand he held a triple cross. His crown has three nails projecting from it, symbolizing the crucifixion of Jesus. The Hierophant is typically male, even in decks that take a feminist view of the Tarot, such as the Motherpeace Tarot, The Hierophant was also known as "The Teacher of Wisdom".
In most iconographic depictions, the Hierophant is seen seated on a throne between two pillars symbolizing Law and Freedom or obedience and disobedience, according to different interpretations. He wears a triple crown, and the keys to Heaven are at his feet. Sometimes he is shown with worshippers, as his alternate title is the Pope or, sometimes, Jupiter. These are often a pair of tonsured priests. The card is also known as "The High Priest", as a counterpart to "The High Priestess" (which itself is also sometimes known as "The Papess", as counterpart to "The Pope").
History
The papacy was not just a religious force, but was a political and military force as well. When the tarot was invented, the Pope controlled a large portion of central Italy known as the Papal States. Renaissance culture did not question the abstract ideal of the Pope as God's human representative on Earth, but others involved in the religious Reformation of that Age would have disagreed. In Tarot of Marseilles, he wears a red cape and a blue robe, in contrast to The Papess, who wears a blue cape and red robe.
In occult circles, the more commonly encountered modern name "Hierophant" is due to Antoine Court de Gébelin and was an attempt to dechristianise the standard French tarot pack, the Tarot de Marseilles, out of a mistaken belief of a pre-Christian origin. According to de Gébelin, "hierophant" was the title of the chief priest in the Eleusinian mysteries (an ancient Greek ritual). However, historical evidence shows that tarot cards were invented in Northern Italy in the first half of the 15th century and not in ancient Egypt.
Interpretation
The Hierophant stands for righteousness, sacredness, hierarchical order, orthodoxy, and moral righteousness. He is an exoteric figure, in contrast to the esoteric symbolism of The High Priestess. Reversed, the Hierophant can be interpreted as standing for unorthodoxy, originality, and gullibility.
According to A.E. Waite's 1910 book Pictorial Key to the Tarot, the Hierophant card carries several divinatory associations:5. THE HIEROPHANT.--Marriage, alliance, captivity, servitude; by another account, mercy, and goodness; inspiration; the man to whom the Querent has recourse. Reversed: Society, good understanding, concord, over kindness, weakness.In Astrology, the Hierophant is associated with the feminine, fixed-earth sign of Taurus and its ruling planet, Venus.
In media
In JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, the character Noriaki Kakyoin has a Stand named after The Hierophant, Hierophant Green.
In the Adventure Time miniseries Stakes, one of the members of the Vampire King's court is named after The Hierophant (voiced by Paul Williams).
In The House of the Dead, each of its bosses in the mainline series are named after the Major Arcana Tarot Cards (excluding The Devil.) The second boss of its second installment (Type B 05) is named after The Hierophant card, intercepting the players in Sunset bridge.
References
External links
The History of the Hierophant (Pope) Card from The Hermitage.
Major Arcana
|
35973679
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Americana
|
La Americana
|
La Americana is a feature documentary film directed and produced by Nicholas Bruckman. The film tells the story of a young undocumented immigrant in New York City who struggles to save the life of her ailing daughter in Bolivia.
La Americana received numerous festival awards worldwide, including best documentary at the New York and Los Angeles Latino film festivals.
The film was broadcast on numerous television networks in Europe, Asia, and Latin America, and in 2012 aired nationwide in the US on National Geographic Mundo.
References
External links
Official Website
La Americana at Al Jazeera
La Americana at The Lancet Journal
La Americana at Short Films Texas
La Americana at The Orlando Sentinel
La Americana at Orlando Weekly
Documentary films about immigration to the United States
|
1079485
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Jefferson%20Hogg
|
Thomas Jefferson Hogg
|
Thomas Jefferson Hogg (24 May 1792 – 27 August 1862) was a British barrister and writer best known for his friendship with the Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Hogg was raised in County Durham, but spent most of his life in London. He and Shelley became friends while studying at University College, Oxford, and remained close until Shelley's death. During their time at Oxford they collaborated on several literary projects, culminating in their joint expulsion following the publication of an essay titled "The Necessity of Atheism". They remained good friends, but their relationship was sometimes strained because of Hogg's attraction to the women who were romantically involved with Shelley.
Hogg became a barrister and met Jane Williams, who had become a close friend of Percy Shelley's shortly before the poet's death. Jane became Hogg's common-law wife and they had two children together. The family settled in London, although Hogg's legal career meant that he often had to travel away from home.
While living in London Hogg made the acquaintance of several well-known writers, and he published literary works of his own. He studied Greek literature for much of his life and published several articles on the subject, including two entries in the Encyclopædia Britannica. Most of the fiction he wrote was poorly reviewed. His best-known literary work was The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley, an unfinished biography of the poet. Although the book was well researched and painted a clear picture of Shelley as a young man, it was criticised for portraying him negatively.
Hogg was well connected with Whig politicians. He received an appointment to a government commission on municipal corporations and became a revising barrister. His legal career was moderately successful, but he was often frustrated by his failure to attain his goal of becoming a professor or judge. Nevertheless, he was able to provide for his family thanks to an inheritance and the income from his legal career.
Early life
Thomas Jefferson Hogg was the eldest of John and Prudentia (née Jones) Hogg's six children. He was given his paternal grandfather's first name and his paternal grandmother's last name. John's father was the son of a wealthy businessman and Prudentia's father was a Welsh clergyman. Although John was trained as a barrister, he did not practise law regularly. He instead devoted his time to managing his estate and serving as a justice of the peace. The family lived in a Georgian manor known as Norton House, situated outside Stockton-on-Tees.
As a young man, Hogg read many books, including Paradise Lost, Tristram Shandy and the Life of Johnson. John taught his son Greek and Latin. Every summer the family rented a house in Seaton Carew, where Hogg often hunted, fished and went horse riding. He attended a preparatory school in Ferrybridge for four years before moving to Durham School at the age of 12, which his father and grandfather had also attended.
Oxford
In 1810, Hogg went up to University College, Oxford, his father's alma mater. There he met and became friends with Percy Bysshe Shelley in October 1810. Hogg and Shelley often discussed literature and metaphysics, had a shared disdain for religion and Oxford society, and were united in their belief in free love and free thinking. Although Shelley's father initially feared that his son was being corrupted by Hogg's ideas, he was reassured when he learned that Hogg was from a respectable family.
Hogg and Shelley collaborated on a pamphlet of "mock revolutionary" poetry in late 1810, Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson, that they attributed to Nicholson herself. She was a mentally unstable washerwoman who in 1786 had attempted to stab King George III with a dessert knife. They also composed a novel together, Lenora, but could not find a printer who was willing to publish such a subversive work.
In early 1811, Shelley and Hogg published The Necessity of Atheism, which outraged the Oxford authorities. Although it was published anonymously, suspicion soon fell on the pair. They refused either to acknowledge or to deny writing the work, and were expelled from Oxford as a result.
York
After leaving Oxford, Hogg was sent to York to serve a legal apprenticeship. Timothy Shelley was furious when he learned of the expulsion, but John Hogg was not minded to discipline his son or to forbid him from associating with Percy Shelley. Prudentia Hogg, who was an Evangelical Christian, was shocked when she learned that her son was promoting atheism. She was further angered when she learned that her son had become a vegetarian, a decision that she attributed to Shelley's corrupting influence.
Hogg found employment in a conveyancer's office in York. Percy Shelley initially planned to visit him, but changed his plans in the spring of 1811 after he fell in love with a young woman named Harriet Westbrook. Shelley had always been opposed to the institution of marriage, but he cared deeply for Harriet and feared she would leave him if they did not marry. Hogg repeatedly made the case to Shelley that marriage was in Harriet's best interests. Shelley was eventually persuaded and eloped with Harriet to Edinburgh.
That autumn Hogg visited the couple in Edinburgh, which he greatly enjoyed. Hogg soon became very attracted to Harriet, and often spent time alone with her whenever Percy asked to write in solitude. Hogg eventually told Harriet of his feelings towards her, but she politely rebuffed him, and began to read novels with moral themes aloud in his presence.
After a stay of six weeks, Hogg had to return to the conveyancer's office in York, and the Shelleys decided to accompany him back to his home in that city. In October 1811 Percy left for London to mediate in a dispute between his father and his uncle. Harriet remained with Hogg, who soon made further unsuccessful romantic advances towards her. Harriet's mother soon learned that Hogg and her daughter were living together, and sent Harriet's sister to stay with them. Harriet complained to Percy Shelley on his return about the way Hogg had treated her; Percy was offended, but nevertheless remained on friendly terms with Hogg. Troubled by the distress felt by his housemates, Percy Shelley suddenly decided to leave York with Harriet and her sister. Hogg subsequently sent him a series of angry letters in which he complained about how he had been treated. In his replies Shelley maintained that he still valued free love, but had left to calm Harriet. Hogg and Shelley subsequently exchanged many emotional letters over the course of the following two months, but then ceased communicating for a year.
In 1811 Hogg wrote a picaresque novel, Memoirs of Prince Alexy Haimatoff. He published it anonymously, with the claim that it had been translated from Latin by a man named John Brown at Prince Haimatoff's request. The book did not sell very well. Later critics have noted a resemblance between Haimatoff and Percy Shelley. Shelley wrote a mostly positive review of the book published in The Critical Review in 1814, but he did criticise the author for promoting "promiscuous concubinage", apparently a veiled reference to Hogg's attempts to seduce Harriet.
Law studies
Hogg moved from York to London in the spring of 1812 to study law. He tried to conceal his political views from his classmates and spent long hours studying law and reading Greek literature. In 1813 Hogg reconciled with the Shelleys after they visited him in London. They remained in contact after the couple left on a journey to Wales and Ireland. In April 1814, Hogg went to Ireland in an attempt to cheer up Percy Shelley, who had complained of poor spirits in a letter. The Shelleys did not receive Hogg's last letter before he embarked on the journey and had left Dublin before he arrived. Unable to locate them, he returned home. Shelley soon travelled back to London as well.
In the summer of 1814, Hogg first met Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin while visiting William Godwin with Percy Shelley. Soon Hogg heard that Shelley had abandoned Harriet and eloped with Mary to Continental Europe. They returned later that year and Hogg was re-introduced to Mary in November 1814. Although she was initially cool towards him, Mary soon began to enjoy his frequent visits. Hogg became very attracted to Mary Shelley, and when Percy learned of his feelings towards her he encouraged both of them to have an affair, as an expression of free love. Mary, too, valued free love and was initially open to the idea, until she learned that she was pregnant.
The Shelleys moved to Windsor in the summer of 1815. Hogg visited them there when his workload permitted. They left England for Continental Europe again in May 1816, and Hogg resumed his visits after their return, but he was no longer as close to them as he had been. This was in part due to his awkwardness with Mary, who was preoccupied with her efforts to finish writing Frankenstein. Percy and Hogg were nonetheless able to convince Mary to attend the opera with them on a few occasions.
Percy Shelley soon decided to leave England for Italy in an attempt to improve his health, despite Hogg's attempts to dissuade him. He often invited Hogg to visit him and Mary, which he never did.
John and Prudentia Hogg were glad to hear that the Shelleys had left England, hoping that their son would become more conservative in Percy's absence. They were disappointed with his continued rejection of their Tory political views, but he did attend church with them during his visits and was no longer a vegetarian. They were also somewhat concerned about Hogg's association with the radical publisher Leigh Hunt and his circle of friends. Through Hunt, Hogg became acquainted with several members of London's literary circles, including Thomas Love Peacock, Charles Lamb and Walter Coulson. Hogg also met John Keats, who gave him a copy of his first book of poetry.
Hogg was called to the bar at the Michaelmas term in 1817, and often practised law in Northumberland and Durham. He frequently visited his family, with whom he was then on good terms. His reserved personality proved to be a hindrance to his career, and he remained dependent on financial assistance from his father. He continued studying Greek, and an article that he wrote on Apuleius was published in the third issue of The Liberal in 1822. A paper that he submitted for the fourth issue was rejected, causing him to resent the editors.
Jane Williams
In 1823 Hogg met Jane Williams while they were both visiting Percy Shelley's friend John Gisborne, husband of Maria Gisborne. Jane and her common-law husband Edward Ellerker Williams had been housemates of Shelley's shortly before his death. Edward Williams and Shelley died in a boating accident, leaving Jane alone with two young children. Hogg soon became very enamoured with her. They saw each other at the Gisborne household regularly during the autumn and early winter of 1823. That December he went back to Northern England to see his family. While he was there, he began writing to Jane regularly. The following spring he frequently visited her at her mother's house, and they often took long walks together. In March she moved out of her mother's house into a home of her own, allowing Hogg to see her more freely.
Jane was still legally married. Therefore, Hogg risked his family's wrath if he pursued a relationship with her. The couple were initially very discreet, and even denied to close friends that they were romantically involved. The situation was eased by the death of Hogg's father's in late 1823; the inheritance he received assured his financial security.
In 1825 Hogg accompanied his brother John on a tour of Continental Europe. Jane encouraged him to take the trip, believing that it would be a test of his commitment to her. He returned to England in February 1826. Although Hogg enjoyed the trip, he missed reading Greek literature and English newspapers. Writing the journals that were published in 1827 under the title Two Hundred and Nine Days occupied much of his time during the trip. He frequently attacked the Catholic Church and customs officials in his journals, but he often made positive observations about the lifestyles of many of the ordinary people that he met. Hogg also recounted his visit to the grave of Percy Shelley in Italy.
Children
Jane became pregnant in spring 1827 and moved into Hogg's house. She then became known as Mrs Hogg, and he devoted himself to being a father to her two children.
Few people in London other than their close friends knew that the couple were not married. Hogg's family had heard rumours that he was planning to marry, and had been curious to know whom he had chosen. They were very upset after hearing of his plans for a union with Jane. His mother was unwilling to introduce Jane to their social circles as Mrs Hogg, which ensured that she would never visit them. Hogg did not enter his family's house in Durham for seven years after he informed them of his relationship with Jane. Word of their union spread throughout Durham, and Hogg stopped practising law there for some time because of the damage to his reputation. Several of their friends were supportive of their union. Mary Shelley particularly approved of their match, despite having earlier been jealous of the time Hogg had spent with Jane.
The couple's first child, Mary Prudentia Hogg, was born in November 1827. Her parents did their best not to spread the news, because she was born soon after they began cohabiting. Mary Prudentia died in May 1829. Jane gave birth to their second daughter, Prudentia, in 1836, and Mary Shelley was selected as her godmother. Hogg's friendship with Mary Shelley was disrupted several years later, however, when she republished Percy Shelley's Queen Mab in 1839. Hogg rebuked her for leaving out its previous dedication to Harriet Shelley, and they did not communicate with each other for several years.
Legal career and scholarship
Hogg continued studying Greek literature and was able to publish some of his opinions about the Greeks in the radical Westminster Review. He used the opportunity to criticise the treatment of the Greeks in the Tory publication Quarterly Review. This article caused some controversy among Hogg's conservative legal colleagues.
Because the advancement of his legal career had been hindered by his marriage to Jane, Hogg hoped to receive a legal appointment from a politically connected acquaintance. This was not an immediate option because the Whig party was in opposition, but in the summer of 1827 Henry Brougham promised Hogg a future position as a professor of civil law at the newly created University College London. Hogg embarked on a course of study in preparation, but the professorship was not established owing to a lack of funds. This setback upset Hogg greatly, and he became very bitter about it. A lecture that he had intended to give at his inauguration was published in 1831.
Hogg had also hoped that his friend Thomas Love Peacock, who worked for the East India Company, would recommend him for a position there. To Hogg's dismay Peacock would not help him, although several years later Peacock did help Hogg's stepson gain employment with the company.
Hogg published Shelley at Oxford, an account of his memories of Shelley in The New Monthly Magazine in 1833. The article was heavily edited after its submission, which irritated him greatly. The editing was effective however, and many reviewers were very impressed by the finished product. He also contributed articles to the Edinburgh Review. One notable article was a review of the first volume of Barthold Georg Niebuhr's Römische Geschichte. The editor of the Edinburgh Review, Macvey Napier, chose another writer to review the second volume, which infuriated Hogg.
Henry Brougham became Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom after a Whig election victory. In 1833 he appointed Hogg to a lucrative position on the royal commission to examine the municipal corporations. Hogg became a fierce critic of the resulting Municipal Corporations Act 1835; he preferred a more deliberate and less ideological approach than most of his fellow commission members, and was considered by many to be an unusually conservative Whig. His commission work required him to be away from home for an extended period, which proved to be very difficult for Jane. She knew that Hogg was free to abandon her at any time because they were not legally married. After receiving his appointment, Hogg finally visited Norton House after a seven-year absence, but his family had not altered their opinion of his relationship with Jane.
After his service on the commission ended, Hogg resumed practising law in Northern England, where his brother John had also recently begun to practise. John soon became offended by his brother, objecting to his attempt to use family connections to advance his career.
Hogg gained the position of revising barrister for Northumberland and Berwick in 1838. This required him to travel to Northern England twice a year. Jane often complained about these trips, but Hogg enjoyed visiting the north. He hoped that his legal service would earn him an appointment as a judge, but he was to be disappointed.
In 1841 Hogg wrote Some Recollections of Childhood, a historical novel set in London at the time of the Norman Conquest. He published its chapters in instalments in Edward Bulwer's Monthly Chronicle. The book was not well received by critics, who complained of its discursive nature and poor character development; William Makepeace Thackeray published a particularly scathing review. Hogg had gained a reputation as a Greek scholar however, and contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica; he was the author of the "Alphabet" and "Antiquities" entries in the seventh edition.
Family conflicts
In 1843 Hogg became the target of a blackmail attempt by John Edward Johnson, Jane's husband. Johnson provided journalist Barnard Gregory with the details of Jane's marital status. Gregory soon published a report on her in The Satirist, but made a crucial mistake. Gregory claimed that the wife of James Hogg, a Member of Parliament for Beverly, was legally married to another man, prompting James Hogg to initiate a libel suit against Gregory. Johnson quickly disappeared after he learned of the error. Gregory was convicted of libel and served a brief prison sentence. Following his release he prepared a correction that he intended for publication, which could have threatened Hogg's legal position. Hogg appealed to Leigh Hunt, who convinced Gregory not to publish. John Edward Johnson died in 1840, ensuring that Jane would never be blackmailed because of her marital status. Although Hogg and Jane were now free to marry they chose not to, to avoid revealing their situation.
Hogg's mother Prudentia died in 1839. As a condition of his father's will, upon the death of his mother, Thomas Jefferson Hogg could purchase his brother's share of Norton House. He decided not to, because of the potential cost of maintaining the house and the hostility Jane could face there. Instead, he allowed his brother to buy his interest in the house, a decision that led to conflict between the two brothers regarding the price and timing of the sale. They eventually worked out the details, and their relationship became friendlier once the sale was completed.
Hogg and his family subsequently lived a mostly quiet and stable life together. At times their finances were strained, although they were able to afford a cook and a maid. Hogg enjoyed spending time with his children and paid particular attention to their education. He taught his daughter Prudentia Greek and Latin, but discouraged her from becoming a Bluestocking. Hogg also tried to convince Jane to study Greek, but was unsuccessful. Henry Cleveland, Jane's nephew, moved into their household after leaving the military. Hogg then accepted Henry as a member of the family. Gardening had always been a hobby of Hogg's, and in his later years he often spent time maintaining his gardens with Jane.
The family's domestic peace was shattered when Hogg's stepdaughter Jane Rosalind became romantically involved with Henry Hunt, the son of Leigh Hunt. Hunt had no clear employment prospects, causing Thomas and Jane to doubt the wisdom of a union. Hogg was very gentle when discussing this with his stepdaughter, hoping to avoid treating her the way that Timothy Shelley had treated Percy Shelley years earlier, but Mary Shelley thought that Hogg took much too passive a stance. Thomas and Jane decided to send Jane Rosalind to France in an unsuccessful attempt to distract her, but she soon returned and married Hunt.
The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley
In 1857, Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet, the poet's only surviving child, invited Hogg to produce a biography of his father, who had died more than 30 years earlier. The Shelley family provided Hogg with a number of Percy Shelley's papers for use in his research.
The first two volumes of The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley were published in 1858, but were poorly received by critics. The book was not as well edited as his previous article and many felt that it did not contain the insights about Shelley and his works that Shelley at Oxford did. The reception was not universally negative however, and several of Shelley's friends enjoyed the book. The Shelley family was very upset at the way Shelley was portrayed; they demanded the return of Shelley's papers and obtained an injunction preventing the publication of any further volumes. Hogg had begun writing a third, but it was never completed.
Death
In later life Hogg suffered from gout, which forced him to curtail many of his activities. He died in his sleep in 1862 at the age of 70. His brother John wrote a very positive obituary for The Gentleman's Magazine.
Hogg left an estate with a net worth of £17,000 (equivalent to about £ in ), most of which went to his daughter, but Jane was also provided for. His brother was bequeathed his collection of books. His sisters, who were by then fairly wealthy, were left only token amounts. Hogg was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, where Jane was buried beside him 22 years later.
References
Bibliography
External links
Alumni of University College, Oxford
1792 births
1862 deaths
English biographers
People educated at Durham School
People from Durham, England
English barristers
British male novelists
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
19th-century British novelists
19th-century British male writers
19th-century English lawyers
Male biographers
|
66959217
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Sommerling
|
Arnold Sommerling
|
Arnold Sommerling (23 July 1898 Tallinn – 5 December 1924 Nehatu Parish, Harju County) was an Estonian Communist politician. He was a member of I Riigikogu, representing the Central Committee of Tallinn Trade Unions. He was a member of the Riigikogu since 15 March 1922. He replaced Jaan Leeto. On 28 March 1922, he resigned his position and he was replaced by Jaak Jakobson. In May 1922, he was arrested on sedition charges, for which he was given a prison sentence, but shortly afterwards he was extradited to the Soviet Union as part of an exchange of prisoners. He came back to Estonia illegally in 1924 and participated in the preparations of the 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt. After the failure of the coup attempt, Sommerling was shot by Estonian police officers on 5 December 1924 while resisting arrest.
References
1898 births
1924 deaths
Politicians from Tallinn
People from Kreis Harrien
Central Committee of Tallinn Trade Unions politicians
Communist Party of Estonia politicians
Members of the Riigikogu, 1920–1923
Russian military personnel of World War I
Prisoners and detainees of Estonia
Estonian emigrants to the Soviet Union
Deaths by firearm in Estonia
People shot dead by law enforcement officers
|
72482118
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Seung-gyu%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Kim Seung-gyu (disambiguation)
|
Kim Seung-gyu is a South Korean association football player.
Kim Seung-gyu may also refer to:
Kim Seung-gyu (judoka), South Korean judoka
Kim Seung-gyu (basketball), South Korean basketball player
Kim Seung-kew, South Korean former government minister
|
17691282
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Disappearing%20Dwarf
|
The Disappearing Dwarf
|
The Disappearing Dwarf (1983) is a fantasy novel by American writer James Blaylock, his second published book and the second of the trilogy that started with The Elfin Ship. The characters are mostly drawn from the first book, while the plot revolves around another encounter with the villain Selznak. As before, the world has magic as well as pseudo-science, and scientific explanation depends on tongue-in-cheek scientific concepts.
The story is set in a world in which human beings live alongside elves, dwarves, goblins, and other fanciful beings including linkmen, a kind of gnome.
Plot summary
Professor Wurzle, a know-it-all scientist, inveigles Jonathan, the master cheeseman of the High Valley, into accompanying him on a trip downriver. Wurzle's real plan is to revisit Hightower Castle, from which the heroes routed Selznak in the previous novel. There the pair discover a treasure map and encounter Miles the Magician, a travelling wizard, in a nearby inn. Miles alerts them that the Squire, a linkman they befriended in the previous novel, has disappeared. Learning that Selznak was seen nearby at the time they fear the worst.
The trio travel to the Territory, ruled by the Squire's father. There they once again encounter linkmen poets Bufo and Gump, as well as Twickenham the elf, who flies the mysterious elfin airship. Twickenham and Miles determine that the Squire has accidentally activated the Lumbog Globe, a magical paperweight allowing travel into the land of Balumnia. Balumnia can also be reached through magical doors, using one Jonathan, Ahab, the Professor, Miles, Bufo, and Gump enter Balumnia.
The group has adventures as they make their way to Landsend, a major port and subject of the treasure map. The dark presence of Selznak and an omnipresent, sinister witch is mitigated by light encounters with an inept stage magician, and an extraordinarily extended panegyric to the virtues of coffee. In Landsend the adventurers encounter the natural fool Dooly with his grandfather Theophile Escargot, who trades in Balumnia using his marvellous submarine. After searching for the treasure, the group splits and Jonathan, Ahab, and the Professor find themselves once again menaced by the evil Selznak, who is plotting to use the Lumbog Globe to terrorize the High Valley. As in the previous novel, however, unexpected allies such as the Strawberry Baron and Cap'n Binky of the magical blend prove crucial in resolving the plot.
References
External links
Great Science-Fiction & Fantasy Works:Light-Hearted Science-Fiction & Fantasy Books
Science-Fiction and Fantasy Books by James Blaylock
Of Steam and Stuff: A Conversation with James P. Blaylock
1983 American novels
American fantasy novels
Del Rey books
Dwarves in popular culture
|
65557421
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Biosecurity%20Centre
|
Joint Biosecurity Centre
|
The Joint Biosecurity Centre (JBC) is a scientific body which seeks to advise United Kingdom government policy as part of the response to outbreaks of COVID-19, such as on testing deployment, international travel, and the UK 'COVID-19 alert level'. Its existence was announced by Prime Minister Boris Johnson in May 2020. The body has been part of the UK Health Security Agency since the establishment of that agency on 1 April 2021.
Accountability and personnel
The Minister of State for Social Care at the Department of Health and Social Care, Helen Whately, has oversight of the JBC.
Tom Hurd, a civil servant, held the chief position at the JBC from May 2020 to June 2020, when he was replaced by Clare Gardiner, on secondment from her role as a director at the National Cyber Security Centre. However, the post is believed to have been vacant since June 2021.
The epidemiologist Thomas Waite, formerly a senior leader at Public Health England, took part in the creation of the JBC. In October 2020 he was described as its director of health protection, and was its director of health analysis until he took up a Deputy Chief Medical Officer post in July 2021.
, Johanna Hutchinson is the head of data and data science.
History
In June 2020, the body was said to be part of the NHS Test and Trace service, and it was reported that a small number of staff from GCHQ had been seconded to help the centre develop its data analytics capabilities.
In October 2020, it came to light that one of the responsibilities of the JBC was "the local lockdowns enforced on millions of people across the country". The JBC made the news in October 2020 when it was the subject of discussion over the secrecy to which it was entitled. Certain MPs and scientists then demanded that the minutes and the membership of the JBC be published.
In the same month, it came to light that the JBC was responsible for decisions to impose movement restrictions in London, York and other areas. Certain MPs were upset that the JBC failed to publish either its analysis or its argument(s). Even its premises were shielded from view by its Health Protection bureau chief.
In July 2021, the JBC was rebuked by the Office for Statistics Regulation over lack of transparency regarding data to support a 16 July decision by the government to strengthen quarantine requirements for travellers arriving in England from France.
References
2020 establishments in the United Kingdom
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom
Emergency management in the United Kingdom
Organizations established for the COVID-19 pandemic
Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government
Biosecurity
|
41369623
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Immigration%20and%20Ethnic%20Affairs%20%281975%E2%80%931987%29
|
Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1975–1987)
|
The Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs was an Australian government department that existed between December 1975 and July 1987.
History
The Department was announced in December 1975, resulting from the abolition of the previous Department of Labor and Immigration. The creation of the Department was an election commitment which Malcolm Fraser said indicated the importance placed by the Fraser government on Australia's immigration program and the Coalition's concern that issues affecting migrants and their families should receive close and sympathetic attention.
Scope
Information about the department's functions and/or government funding allocation could be found in the Administrative Arrangements Orders, the annual Portfolio Budget Statements and in the Department's annual reports.
According to the Administrative Arrangements Order (AAO) made on 22 December 1975 (reproduced by the National Archives), the Department dealt with:
Migration
Naturalization and aliens
Structure
The Department was an Australian Public Service department, staffed by officials who were responsible to the Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs.
References
Ministries established in 1975
Immigration and Ethnic Affairs
1975 establishments in Australia
1987 disestablishments in Australia
|
30130364
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton%20Mills%2C%20Virginia
|
Trenton Mills, Virginia
|
Trenton Mills is an unincorporated community in Cumberland County, in the U.S. state of Virginia.
References
Built c. 1790, rebuilt later. -story stone with gable roof; extant dam; machinery in place. Interior in poor condition. Partial roof collapse.
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Cumberland County, Virginia
|
64914817
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20melodic%20metalcore%20bands
|
List of melodic metalcore bands
|
The following is a list of bands described as playing melodic metalcore, a genre of music combining metalcore with melodic death metal.
List of bands
36 Crazyfists
7 Angels 7 Plagues
A Day to Remember
The Agonist
All That Remains
The Amity Affliction
As Blood Runs Black
As I Lay Dying
Atreyu
August Burns Red
Avenged Sevenfold
Bleed from Within
Bleeding Through
Bring Me The Horizon
Bullet for My Valentine
Bury Tomorrow
Caliban
Cataract
Darkest Hour
Dead to Fall
Electric Callboy
Feed Her to the Sharks
Heaven Shall Burn
Ice Nine Kills
I Killed the Prom Queen
In This Moment
Killswitch Engage
Misery Signals
Miss May I
Mutiny Within
Of Mice & Men
Parkway Drive
Phinehas
Poison the Well
Shadows Fall
Shai Hulud
Trivium
Unearth
The Raven Age
Wage War
See also
List of metalcore bands
List of melodic death metal bands
References
Metalcore
Lists of metalcore bands
|
20810462
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Nelson%27s%20Red%20Noise
|
Bill Nelson's Red Noise
|
Bill Nelson's Red Noise, or more simply Red Noise, was Bill Nelson's umbrella term for what effectively became a British new wave band formed by himself (lead vocals, guitar), his brother Ian (saxophone), Andy Clark (keyboards) and Rick Ford (bass). Dave Mattacks and Steve Peer (drums) both had brief stints in the band.
History
Nelson formed Red Noise after dissolving Be-Bop Deluxe, while metamorphosing from blues, progressive and glam rock to more new wave and electronic sounds following the last Be-Bop Deluxe album Drastic Plastic, released early in 1978. EMI's Harvest Records subsidiary, to whom Be-Bop had been contracted, insisted on his name being added – hence Bill Nelson's Red Noise. Clark had also been a member of Be-Bop Deluxe, while Ian Nelson had collaborated on the song (and hit single) "Ships in the Night" from the Sunburst Finish album (1976). Peer was previously in TV Toy, only joining the band for touring purposes after the album had been recorded (he can be heard on a number of Red Noise live and Bill Nelson-credited B-side studio tracks plus the one Red Noise-credited track on Nelson's later Quit Dreaming And Get on the Beam). In the studio, Nelson recorded most of the drum parts himself, hiring former Fairport Convention drummer Dave Mattacks for more complex tracks.
Red Noise released only one album, Sound-on-Sound, plus two singles, "Furniture Music" and "Revolt into Style", in February and April 1979. After that, Bill Nelson continued as a solo artist, with Ian frequently collaborating on his brother's recordings throughout the eighties. Clark would later appear, among other places, on "Ashes to Ashes" and other tracks on David Bowie's Scary Monsters (1980), and "Big Time" and "Don't Give Up" on Peter Gabriel's So (1986). Rick Ford played with Hazel O'Connor and Joe Jackson and now composes soundtrack music for the entertainment industry in California, while Steve Peer returned to work with TV Toy. In the early '80's he formed Custom Made Country, a cow-punk band that hailed from the easternmost town in the USA, Lubec, Maine. While in Maine he started Reversing Recordings, a label that features Down East musicians and most anyone else who wants to align with the Vacationland movement. He co-wrote and played drums on two Puzzle Monkey albums, and continues to tour and record with Trisha Mason, The Larks and Doug Hoyt and The Crown Vics.
Red Noise is also considered by some Be-Bop fans as a Be-Bop Deluxe continuation because of Sound-on-Sound similarity to the emerging electronic character of Be-Bop's final studio album, Drastic Plastic, released the previous year. An interview with Bill Nelson in 1979 hints that several of the songs in Sound-on-Sound were written during his Be-Bop Deluxe days and might have been included in any Be-Bop album subsequent to Drastic Plastic had that band remained together. However, Nelson also makes clear that he regarded Red Noise as an escape from Be-Bop Deluxe rather than its continuation: "Drastic Plastic was the last-ditch attempt to get the band to change a bit but it was difficult for people to accept." Touring England to promote the album, Red Noise performed a Be-Bop song from Drastic Plastic, "Possession."
In a 1984 interview, Nelson revealed that he had recorded a second Red Noise album immediately after Sound-on-Sound but that his record company Harvest Records didn't like it: "EMI wouldn't release it, and it sat on the shelf." Nelson's manager eventually purchased some of the unreleased songs back from EMI so that Nelson could release them as a solo artist under his own label, Cocteau Records. One of these was "Do You Dream in Colour", which received generous radio airplay and press coverage for its original music video. This track and one on the B-side featured all vocals and instruments by Nelson himself apart from sax by Ian Nelson. Two other tracks, "Ideal Homes" and "Instantly Yours", featured the Nelson/Nelson/Ford/Clark/Peer line-up. This release attracted the attention of Phonogram, who secured the remaining tracks for Cocteau to release the full album, Quit Dreaming And Get on the Beam, credited simply to Bill Nelson, on their subsidiary label Mercury Records in 1981. Red Noise had not been originally intended as a band so much as a name under which Nelson could bring in musicians as required without being tied down to a fixed band line-up. However, the commercial pressures of the music business meant that it didn't work out that way. Where only one track on Quit Dreaming was credited to Red Noise, it clearly referred to the band: "Disposable" featured the Bill Nelson/Ford/Clark/Peer line-up. Many other tracks featured both Bill and Ian Nelson.
The Sound-on-Sound album title inspired the publishers of Sound on Sound to name their magazine after it.
Harvest's 2012 CD reissue of Sound-on-Sound contained not only tracks from single B-sides previously unreleased on that format, but also a BBC Radio 1 Friday Rock Show session from 17 February 1979 previously unreleased on any format.
Discography
Albums
Sound-on-Sound (February 1979) Harvest
Singles
"Furniture Music" / "Wonder Toys That Last for Ever", "Acquitted by Mirrors" (February 1979), Harvest
"Revolt into Style" / "Out of Touch" (recorded live at Leicester De Montfort Hall) (April 1979), Harvest
"Revolt into Style", "Furniture Music" / "Stay Young", "Out of Touch" (both recorded live at Leicester De Montfort Hall, 12") (April 1979), Harvest
Miscellaneous tracks
"Ideal Homes", "Instantly Yours" on B-side of single "Do You Dream in Colour" (1980) Bill Nelson these two tracks feature the Nelson/Nelson/Ford/Clark/Peer line-up, Cocteau
"Ideal Homes", "Instantly Yours" (same recordings as above) on The Two-Fold Aspect of Everything (1984) [Bill Nelson] 2-LP set of A- and B-sides previously unavailable on LP, Cocteau
"Disposable" credited to Red Noise on album Quit Dreaming and Get on the Beam (1981) [Bill Nelson], Mercury
Compilation albums
Bop to the Red Noise (1986) Be-Bop Deluxe mixture of BBD and RN material
The Practice of Everyday Life (2011) [Bill Nelson] 8-CD, 40-year career retrospective of BBD, RN and BN solo material, Esoteric Recordings
Compilation singles
Permanent Flame (The Beginners Guide to Bill Nelson) (1983) [Bill Nelson] 5-disc set of previously released BBD, RN and BN solo material, Cocteau
References
External links
MySpace: Red Noise Unofficial MySpace site
Bill Nelson commenting about Red Noise
About the band members of Bill Nelson's bands and projects
Sound-on-Sound by Julian Cope presents Head Heritage web page
Musical groups established in 1978
English new wave musical groups
Musical groups disestablished in 1979
Harvest Records artists
1978 establishments in England
|
1663469
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raygun%20%28album%29
|
Raygun (album)
|
Raygun is an EP released by the Matthew Good Band in 1997. The EP was distributed by A&M Records on Matthew Good's own imprint, Darktown. It was the first MGB album recorded with guitarist Dave Genn as an official member of the band. The EP includes a re-recorded version of Last of the Ghetto Astronauts song, "Haven't Slept In Years".
Track listing
All tracks written by Matthew Good, except where noted.
"Raygun" – 3:17
"Generation X-Wing" – 4:32 (Good, Genn)
"Haven't Slept In Years (Alternate)" – 3:31
"Alabama Motel Room" – 3:22 (Good, Lloyd, Browne)
"So Long Mrs. Smith" – 1:36
Production
Produced and engineered by Dale Penner for Paradise Alley Productions. Mixed by Clif Norrell at Ocean Way Recording, Los Angeles, CA, except Alabama Motel Room, which was produced and engineered by John Shepp and remixed by Clif Norrell. Recorded at Greenhouse Studios and Utopia Parkway Studios, Vancouver, BC. Mastered by Stephen Marcussen at Precision Mastering, Los Angeles, CA.
Band members
Matthew Good - vocals, guitar
Geoff Lloyd - bass guitar
Ian Browne - drums
Dave Genn - guitar, keyboards
References
1997 EPs
Matthew Good albums
A&M Records EPs
|
21752844
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Conflicts%3A%20Aces%20of%20World%20War%20II
|
Air Conflicts: Aces of World War II
|
Air Conflicts: Aces of World War II is a 2009 arcade-style combat flight simulation video game developed by Finnish Studio Cowboy Rodeo and published by Graffiti Entertainment. Set during World War II, the game was developed for the PlayStation Portable and released in 2009. It is the sequel to the 2006 game Air Conflicts.
Gameplay
The game features 13 campaigns with 240 missions in which the player can pick up the task of flying for the US Army Air Force, Royal Air Force, Luftwaffe, or the Red Army Air Force. The game features a multiplayer mode in which up to 8 players can participate through ad-hoc.
Reception
The game received a poor 2/10 review from IGN, being summarized as "painful" and criticized for poor framerate during heavy fighting outside the Pacific Campaign. IGN also noted its clunky controls, imperfect hitboxes leading to munitions ignoring enemy targets, extremely long load times, poor menu design and extensive use of the PSP's battery.
Reviews from GameSpot are less critical of the game, mostly having problems with the difficulty of some gameplay parts and design choices. They praised the games dogfights and the amount of content and its variety. Overall GameSpot gives the game a moderate 6/10.
Reviews by Metacritic are relatively poor, at only 36%, with reviews citing poor load times, graphics, presentation, and lack of readable fonts, going so far as to describe the game as "unplayable."
It placed third on GameRant's list of Top 10 Worst Sony PSP Games.
References
2009 video games
Cowboy Rodeo games
Flight simulation video games
Graffiti Entertainment games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
North America-exclusive video games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Video games developed in Finland
|
17443511
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid%20Lake%20Fault%20Zone
|
Pyramid Lake Fault Zone
|
The Pyramid Lake Fault Zone is an active right lateral-moving (dextral) geologic fault located in western Nevada. It is considered an integral part of the Walker Lane.
The fault zone extends to the southeast from Pyramid Lake roughly parallel to the course of the Truckee River between the Truckee Range to the northeast and the Pah Rah Range to the southwest.
The Pyramid Lake Fault is the easternmost of a series of en echelon faults of the Walker Lane straddling the Nevada – California border. The parallel striking faults to the west are the Warm Springs Valley Fault, the Honey Lake Fault, and the Mohawk Valley Fault.
References
Additional reading
Late Pleistocene fault slip rate, earthquake recurrence, and recency of slip along the Pyramid Lake fault zone, northern Walker Lane, United States
USGS Database
Seismic faults of Nevada
|
31973357
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Euro%20Beach%20Soccer%20Cup
|
2007 Euro Beach Soccer Cup
|
The 2007 Euro Beach Soccer Cup was the ninth Euro Beach Soccer Cup, one of Europe's two major beach soccer championships at the time, held in May 2007, in Tarragona, Spain.
Ukraine won the championship for the first time, with France finishing second. Portugal beat 2005 champions Switzerland in the third place playoff to finish third and fourth respectively.
Eight teams participated in the tournament who played in a straightforward knockout tournament, starting with the quarterfinals, with extra matches deciding the nations who finished in fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth place. This was the last tournament until 2009 to use this format.
Participating nations
Matches
Main tournament
Fifth to eighth place deciding matches
The following matches took place between the losing nations in the quarterfinals to determine the final standings of the nations finishing in fifth to eighth place. The semifinals took place on the same day of the semifinals of the main tournament and the playoffs took place on the day of the final.
Winners
Final standings
References
Euro Beach Soccer Cup
2007 in beach soccer
|
17710107
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Confectionery%20Company%20Factory
|
New England Confectionery Company Factory
|
The New England Confectionery Company Factory, also known as the NECCO Candy Factory, is an historic factory complex at 250 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The property is now owned by DFS Advisors, and is under long-term lease to Novartis. The complex, which includes the factory building, a power plant, and a modern (2003) parking garage, occupies most of an entire city block bounded by Massachusetts Avenue, Cross Street, Albany Street, and Lansdowne Street. The Moderne-style building was constructed of reinforced concrete, faced predominantly with beige brick and trimmed with limestone. On some facades smooth concrete predominates as the finish surface. The building had a water tower that was painted to resemble a roll of Necco Wafers; during the alterations of the property for use by Novartis, the water tower was retained, and is now painted with a DNA pattern in pastel colors. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
Company history
The New England Confectionery Company was formed in 1901 by the merger of three Boston-area confectioners. One of these, Ball and Fobes, had in 1860 acquired another competitor whose equipment included precursors to those used to manufacture Necco Wafers. Ball and Fobes developed methods to print writing on hard candies. It was built in 1925-27 to serve as the company's sole manufacturing facility, replacing earlier facilities (which are now part of the Fort Point Channel Historic District) in Boston, and was at the time the world's largest candy factory. The building was designed in the Moderne style by a company engineer, F. C. Lutze, and built by Lockwood & Greene. The company used the facility as its major production facility until 2003, when it consolidated operations in Revere.
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts
References
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Cambridge, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Novartis
|
50303978
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjat%C5%A1eslav%20Kobrin
|
Vjatšeslav Kobrin
|
Vjatšeslav "Slavka" Kobrin (also transliterated: Vyacheslav Kobrin, , 11 April 1958 in Cherepovets, Russia – 23 April 2016 in Manuel Antonio, Costa Rica) was a Russian guitarist and songwriter.
Kobrin was born in Cherepovets, Russia, in the family of musicians. His father was director of a philharmonic and his mother was a choirmaster. At the music school, Kobrin studied flute.
In 1979, Kobrin founded the rock group Rok-Sentyabr (Rock September) in Cherepovets. Kobrin played the guitar and the flute, and sang as well. In 1982–1983, he collaborated with Yuri Shevchuk and DDT in recording of DDT's album Monolog v Saigone (Monologue in Saigon), later renamed to Kompromiss (Compromise).
In the same year Estonian rock musician Gunnar Graps invited him to his Magnetic Band where Kobrin played the guitar in 1983–1984. In 1984, after Magnetic Band was forbidden performing in the Soviet Union, he joined Lainer, a band of Estonian singer Jaak Joala. In 1986, several musicians from Lainer and Muusik Seif, a band of Tõnis Mägi, formed Kobrin Blues Band, a special project to perform at Levimuusikapäevad festival in Tartu. Later the same musicians formed Ultima Thule. Kobrin together with Riho Sibul became the main songwriters of the band.
In 1990, after Ultima Thule tour in Canada, Kobrin left the band and decided to stay in Canada. He played in different bands, most significantly in the band of Michael Pickett. He became a Canadian citizen. In the Canadian period, he started with retail business by opening a store in Toronto. In 2005, he moved with family to Manuel Antonio in Costa Rica. Kobrin stopped his musician career and performed only occasionally, e.g. in Augustibluus festival in 2009 in Haapsalu and in festivals in Cherepovets in 2012–2013. In 2012, he had a reunion concert together with Ultima Thule and performed together with Canadian blues singer and blues harp player David Rotundo and a group of Estonian musicians under the name Slavka Kobrin & Friends in several concerts in Estonia and Russia, including in the Estonian national television morning program. In 2013, he performed together with an American singer and bassist James Werts and a group of Estonian and American musicians.
In April 2016, Kobrin was found lying unconscious on the floor in his bathroom. He died in hospital on 23 April 2016.
In the 1980s, Kobrin was considered one of the best blues guitarists in the Soviet Union. In his autobiographical book, Estonian writer and musician Mihkel Raud compared Kobrin with Jimi Hendrix. Kobrin himself mentioned Robben Ford, Steely Dan and Angus Young as performers who had influenced him. According to Estonian musician Jaak Ahelik, a bandmate from Magnetic Band and Ultima Thule, Kobrin liked to listen to ZZ Top, Steely Dan, AC/DC, Peer Günt, Earth Wind & Fire, Havana Black, and Prince.
Kobrin was married, he had a son.
References
1958 births
2016 deaths
Russian rock guitarists
Russian male guitarists
Estonian rock guitarists
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
People from Cherepovets
|
32015891
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundarra-Barraba%20Important%20Bird%20Area
|
Bundarra-Barraba Important Bird Area
|
The Bundarra-Barraba Important Bird Area lies in the Northern Tablelands of north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. It is important for the conservation of the endangered regent honeyeater and is classified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.
Description
The 3500 km2 IBA is roughly bounded by the towns of Bundarra, Barraba, Kingstown and Manilla, and their connecting roads. It is characterised by a mix of eucalypt woodlands and farmland.
Birds
The IBA supports the second-largest population of the regent honeyeater as well as significant numbers of the near threatened diamond firetail.
References
Important Bird Areas of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands
|
1055203
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael%20Ehui
|
Ismael Ehui
|
Ismaël Ehui (born 10 December 1986) is a French footballer who plays as a striker. He played in the Football League for Scunthorpe United.
Career
Ismael signed a two-year professional contract at Fulham football club after being prolific in front of goal for the youth and reserve team, he then signed a one-year extension. In late February 2006, Ehui joined Football League One side Scunthorpe United on loan to gain vital experience, and to also help them with their survival in League One. He made his debut for the Iron coming on as a second-half substitute in their 3–1 away win at Gillingham. In March 2008, Ehui joined Isthmian League Premier Division side Carshalton Athletic on loan for the rest of the season to assist in their relegation fight. He made an immediate impact with the club, scoring three goals in his first two games and also winning a penalty to set up another. After his release from Fulham in 2008, he then joined Harrow Borough where he had a brief spell. In June 2009 he left Ermis Aradippou to sign with Belgian provincial team R.R.F.C. Montegnée.
Ehui signed for Southern League Division One Central side Northwood in September 2014, joining his younger brother Joakim at the club, but left in the summer of 2015.
After leaving Northwood, Ehui signed for Conference South side Hayes & Yeading United on 3 August 2015, after impressing in pre-season. Ehui later joined Isthmian League side Hendon on dual-registration in December 2015. He later had a short spell with Flackwell Heath before rejoining Northwood in September 2016.
Ehui has since had spells with Chalfont St Peter, Potters Bar Town, Hanwell Town, North Greenford United and Broadfields United. He then returned for a short third spell at Northwood between 2021 and 2022, before departing the club. He also returned for a short spell at Broadfields United.
Personal life
Ehui's younger brother Joakim and cousin Georges are also footballers.
References
External links
Ismael Ehui at Aylesbury United
1986 births
French men's footballers
Footballers from Lille
Living people
Carshalton Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
French people of Nigerian descent
Fulham F.C. players
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Harrow Borough F.C. players
French expatriate sportspeople in England
R.R.F.C. Montegnée players
Northwood F.C. players
Hayes & Yeading United F.C. players
Hendon F.C. players
Flackwell Heath F.C. players
Chalfont St Peter A.F.C. players
Potters Bar Town F.C. players
Hanwell Town F.C. players
North Greenford United F.C. players
Broadfields United F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Ermis Aradippou FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Cypriot Second Division players
Men's association football forwards
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Isthmian League players
Southern Football League players
National League (English football) players
|
5622962
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJF
|
WJF
|
WJF may refer to:
World Juggling Federation
General William J. Fox Airfield, (IATA airport code: WJF), a public airport in Lancaster, California
|
67194443
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917%20Massachusetts%20legislature
|
1917 Massachusetts legislature
|
The 138th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1917.
Senators
Representatives
See also
1917 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
65th United States Congress
List of Massachusetts General Courts
References
Further reading
External links
Political history of Massachusetts
Massachusetts legislative sessions
massachusetts
1917 in Massachusetts
|
25639576
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202000%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20triple%20jump
|
Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's triple jump
|
The Women's Triple Jump event at the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics program was held at the Olympic Stadium.
The top twelve athletes from the three jumps in qualifying progressed through to the final where the qualifying distances are scrapped and they start afresh with another three jumps. After these the top eight athletes carry their record forward and then have a further three attempts to decide the gold medalist.
Medalists
Schedule
All times are Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)
Records
Results
All distances shown are in meters.
DNS denotes did not start.
DNF denotes did not finish.
DQ denotes disqualification.
NR denotes national record.
AR denotes area/continental record.
OR denotes Olympic record.
WR denotes world record.
PB denotes personal best.
SB denotes season best
Qualifying
Held on Friday, September 22, 2000.
The qualifying distance was 14.25m. For all qualifiers who did not achieve the standard, the remaining spaces in the final were filled by the longest jumps until a total of 12 qualifiers.
Group A
Group B
Overall qualifying results
Final
References
External links
Official Report of the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics
IAAF
Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Triple jump at the Olympics
2000 in women's athletics
Women's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics
|
53808711
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Legendaries
|
The Legendaries
|
The Legendaries () is a comic book series created in 2004 by Patrick Sobral and published by Delcourt.
It is set in a world called Alysia. The Legendaries are five heroes who, in an attempt to stop an evil sorcerer named Darkhell from using the Stone of Jovénia, one of six magical stones used to create the world of Alysia, were unable to keep it from shattering, causing everyone, themselves included, to revert to childhood. Blamed by the people of Alysia for the "Jovénia Incident", the Legendaries split up, only to be reunited by their erstwhile leader Danael in an attempt to undo the spell and restore their adulthood. Sales for the comic books began in October 2012. The comic books sold over 2 million copies.
The Legendaries
Danael - The Leader of the Legendaries. Knight of the Kingdom of Larbos and former member of the Silver Falcons who represents the virtue of Dignity. His goal in life is to fight injustice throughout Alysia. He is armed with a golden sword forged in the Elven World.
Ironclaw / Claw () - A man-beast representing the virtue of Courage. Claw is Danael's best friend whose courage is joined with an impulsiveness that causes him to make foes. His claws can slice through rock.
Jadina - . magician and a princess who represents the virtue of Intelligence. Her parents, the King and Queen of the kingdom of Orchidia hate her because she entered the Legendaries team.
Razzia -The Colossus of Rymar who represents the virtue of Strength. Once a muscular barbarian hero, he has been reduced to the pudgy overweight boy he used to be, but still retains his strength. Razzia is armed with a blade dubbed the "Leviathan" and has a large appetite.(his drawing looks like the character's simplistic drawing from once upon time French éducatif comic series. )
Shimy - An Elemental Elf who represents the virtue of Purity. As an Elemental Elf, she is able to fuse with earth, water and fire. Shimy and Jadina don't get along.
Ténébris - The daughter of the evil sorcerer Darkhell, she joins the group after the death of Danael in the 10th volume. She was once The Legendaries's sworn ennemy, but they accepted her when they finally recognised the good in her. She is sentimentally bonded to Razzia, as they once worked together for Tenebris's father, Darkhell.
Amylada - A chiridirelle demon that has replaced Razzia's arm after he loses it fighting Anathos, Amylada (a.k.a. "Amy") has de facto become a member of the group. She was imprisoned and tortured by galina sorcerer Skroa, after her species lost a war against the Galinas, a long time ago. Amy is the last of her race, just like Skroa is of his, and she has sworn to herself that she will completely exterminate the Galinas by killing their last individual. She expanded this hate to Shun-Day, Skroa's daughter, but, after learning that Shund-Day was made using Amy's cells, and that the sorcerer's daughter had been abused of the same way as the Chiridirelle, Amylada understood that she should not hate Shun-Day, but redirect her rage against Skroa.
Volumes
The following volumes have been released in English through ComiXology:
1. The Stone of Jovénia
2. The Guardian
3. Brother Enemies
4. The Awakening of the Krea-Kaos
5. Heart of the Past
6. Hand of the Future
Television series
On March 20, 2012, Genao Productions announced that it had acquired the rights to develop an animated series based on The Legendaries from Delcourt. A year later, broadcasters TF1 and Canal J in France picked up the show. In 2014, Sobral confirmed he was consulting on the project and that it would begin airing the following year. Ultimately, the 26-episode series would premiere in France on TF1 on April 30, 2017, with the Canal J run beginning on August 27, 2018. In North America, the French version premiered on TiVi5 Monde in the United States in February 2018, followed by a debut in Canada on Télé-Québec on March 3, 2018.
An English-dubbed version premiered on TVNZ in New Zealand on March 31, 2018. In the United States, the series initially ran on KidsClick between June 16, 2018 and July 8, 2018. It would later air on Primo TV beginning December 2, 2020.
Animated Film
On June 18, 2021, it was announced an animated film is currently in development.
References
External
Official website (in french)
Official TV series website
2004 comics debuts
Comics adapted into television series
Comics adapted into animated series
Bandes dessinées
French comics titles
Fantasy comics
|
2418794
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%20Route%2058
|
Missouri Route 58
|
Route 58 is a highway in western Missouri. Its eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 50 west of Warrensburg; its western terminus is at Route D west of Belton, Missouri. It is one of only a very few highways to end at a state supplemental route.
Route 58 is one of the original 1922 state highways. Its eastern terminus was at Route 13 in Warrensburg, and its western terminus was at Route 1 (now Route 291) north of Harrisonville. In the 1950s, Route 58 had a spur connecting it with north US 71.
Major intersections
Related route
Route 58 Spur is a road that extends from Route 58 west to Main Street in Centerview.
References
058
Raymore, Missouri
Transportation in Cass County, Missouri
Transportation in Johnson County, Missouri
|
18429844
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82yny%2C%20Kuyavian-Pomeranian%20Voivodeship
|
Młyny, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
|
Młyny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelno, within Mogilno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Strzelno, east of Mogilno, south-west of Toruń, and south of Bydgoszcz. As of the 2011 Polish census, it had a population of 122.
References
Villages in Mogilno County
|
51226707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim%20Ahmed%20Khawaja
|
Karim Ahmed Khawaja
|
Karim Ahmed Khawaja () is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of Senate of Pakistan, since March 2012.
Political career
He was elected to the Senate of Pakistan as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party in 2012 Pakistani Senate election.
References
Living people
Pakistani senators (14th Parliament)
Pakistan People's Party politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
492035
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loganair
|
Loganair
|
Loganair is a Scottish airline based at Glasgow Airport near Paisley, Scotland. It is the largest regional airline in the UK by passenger numbers and fleet size.
In addition to its main base at Glasgow, it has hubs at Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Inverness and Newcastle airports. It holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.
History
Early years
Loganair was established on 1 February 1962 by Willie Logan of the Logan Construction Company Ltd, operating as its air charter arm with a Piper PA-23 Aztec based at Edinburgh.
In 1967, Loganair took delivery of three Britten-Norman Islander twin-engine eight-seat light commuter airliners and began regular flights between the Orkney Islands, and started operating in Shetland in 1970. In 1966, after Renfrew Airport closed, the airline established its head office at Glasgow Airport. This aspect of Loganair's operations ceased on 31 March 2006 when the new contract for air ambulance work was awarded to Gama Aviation.
Between 1968 and 1983, the company was owned by the Royal Bank of Scotland, Towards the end of this period, Loganair bought Short 360 and Fokker F27 Friendship aircraft. The company brought jet aircraft into the fleet with two British Aerospace 146s. In December 1983 it became a subsidiary of the Airlines of Britain Group. Further aircraft were added to the fleet: British Aerospace Jetstream 31, British Aerospace Jetstream 41, and British Aerospace ATP aircraft. In the late 1980s Loganair was the fastest-growing scheduled operator at Manchester Airport, and, in terms of number of flights, was the airport's second-busiest carrier.
In 1993, the airline became a franchisee of British Airways, operating its Islanders in the British Airways livery. This would stand until July 2008, when it became the new franchisee of Flybe.
After a restructure of British Midland Group in 1994, Loganair's routes outside Scotland and the aircraft used to operate them were transferred to Manx Airlines. This consolidation of services led to the formation of a new airline, British Regional Airline (BRA Ltd). In 1997, with Loganair now consisting of six aircraft (one de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and five Britten Norman Islanders) and 44 staff, a management buy-out occurred.
Operations as Flybe franchise and later developments
In June 2005, Loganair was awarded a contract from the Irish Government to operate a daily return service from Knock, County Mayo to Dublin. This public service obligation (PSO) route operated for a period of three years as British Airways, with effect from 22 July 2005. The operation ceased in July 2008, the contract having been lost to Aer Arann. The airline also bought routes from Citiexpress in March 2004.
Until October 2008, Loganair was a British Airways franchisee, operating flights sold through BA using BA flight codes. Loganair's inter-island operations between the Orkney and Shetland Islands carried out using Britten-Norman Islanders were removed from the franchise agreement in 2004. The flights have since been marketed under Loganair's own name, rather than British Airways'. Loganair became a franchise airline of Flybe, operating in the Flybe colours. Flights are also operated under a codeshare agreement with British Airways connecting flights from Scotland to London. The franchise has been criticised by residents in the Scottish islands for what they perceive to be excessively high fares, and a Facebook campaign set up in June 2015 to highlight the issue attracted over 7400 "likes" over the course of its first weekend.
On 8 July 2011, it was announced that Loganair had agreed to purchase Cambridge based ScotAirways. ScotAirways continued to trade as a separate entity (using its original name of Suckling Airways) and holding its own licences and approvals until April 2013.
Services to Belfast and to Birmingham from Dundee ended on 2 December 2012. After CityJet had terminated its services between Dundee and London City Airport in January 2014, Loganair took over the route, operating from Dundee to London Stansted Airport, with the support of a PSO agreement.
In May 2015, two Viking Air DHC-6-400 Twin Otter aircraft were acquired by Highlands and Islands Airports to be operated by Loganair on the Scottish Government's Public Service Obligation routes between Glasgow and Campbeltown, Tiree and Barra. In August 2015 the airline became part of a new regional airline group, Airline Investments Limited (AIL), along with East Midlands-based airline bmi regional.
On 21 November 2016, Flybe and Loganair announced that their franchise agreement would terminate on 31 August 2017. Despite headlines, it is unclear who initiated the termination. Loganair later relaunched its website without renewed interline agreements with Flybe or Aer Lingus.
In April 2017, pending the termination of the Flybe franchise agreement, Loganair unveiled its new independent corporate livery on Saab 340B Freighter G-LGNN. From 1 September the airline began operating "in its own right" for the first time in 24 years. Loganair signed a codeshare agreement with British Airways (BA), effective from 1 September 2017 (coinciding with the launch of independent operations), allowing passengers to book through flights onto BA's global network.
Reactions to the demise of other airlines
In February 2019, following Flybmi's cessation of operations, Loganair announced that it was to take over Flybmi's routes from Aberdeen to Bristol, Oslo and Esbjerg, from Newcastle to Stavanger and Brussels, and from City of Derry Airport to London-Stansted. A BALPA tribunal into Loganair's swift action following the closure of Flybmi found that the carrier had been acting lawfully, despite the fact that it had created several contingency plans for the demise of UK airlines Eastern Airways and Flybe.
In March 2020, following Flybe's cessation of operations, Loganair announced that it was to take over several Flybe routes from Scotland and Newcastle.
Potential sale
In October 2022, Loganair confirmed that the existing sole owners, brothers Stephen (age 72) and Peter Bond (age 61), were seeking a buyer to act as the company's "custodian for the next generation". The sale process was suspended in October 2023, with the Bond brothers retaining their stake while a fleet renewal programme is completed.
Destinations
, Loganair serves 44 destinations in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, the Republic of Ireland and continental Europe. Part of Loganair's operations includes the world's shortest scheduled commercial route, between Westray Airport and Papa Westray Airport, a distance of 1.7 miles, and the use of Barra Airport, the only airport in the world to use a beach as a runway.
After the collapse of the original Flybe in March 2020, Loganair took over a number of former Flybe routes from Scotland, the North of England and other parts of the UK, with service beginning as little as 10 days later.
In March 2023, Loganair secured a lease from British Airways for 30 additional slot pairs at Heathrow, previously leased to the relaunched Flybe before its demise in January 2023, and called on the UK government to reform competition remedies in order to ensure that Heathrow slots remain permanently available for UK regional connectivity.
Codeshare agreements
Loganair has codeshare agreements with the following airlines (as of April 2022):
Aurigny
Blue Islands
British Airways
KLM
Interline agreements
Loganair has interline agreements with the following airlines (as of September 2023):
Aer Lingus
Air France
Air Transat
Emirates
Etihad Airways
Ethiopian Airlines
Finnair
Icelandair
Luxair
Qatar Airways
Singapore Airlines
Turkish Airlines
United Airlines
Widerøe
Fleet
Current fleet
, the Loganair fleet consists of the following aircraft:
Fleet development
In June 2018, Loganair announced plans to add two additional Embraer ERJ-145 aircraft for summer 2019. The aircraft were to be transferred from sister company Flybmi, and would initially operate flights from Loganair's Glasgow base to Derry and Stornoway. Loganair also planned to use the Embraer ERJ-145 aircraft to launch new routes to European airports not previously served from Glasgow.
In November 2018, the company announced that approximately twenty ATR 42 aircraft would be added to replace the Saab 2000 and Saab 340 aircraft in the third quarter of 2019.
In April 2019, its Dornier 328 fleet was withdrawn and stored. Loganair returned the last of its Saab 2000 aircraft to the lessor on 25 March 2020.
Its Saab 340s are due to be retired by mid 2023, to be replaced by 8 new ATRs which will complement the existing ATR fleet.
Former fleet
Accidents and incidents
On 12 June 1986, a DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft with 16 people on board struck high ground on the island of Islay in poor weather. The pilots had mistakenly identified the coastal village of Laphroaig as the town of Port Ellen, near Islay's Glenegedale Airport. There was one fatality, a pilot.
In 1996, a Britten-Norman Islander was destroyed in Shetland. The accident occurred during a night time return flight to the aircraft's home base following a medical evacuation flight. The aircraft crashed short of the runway whilst attempting to land after a previous discontinued approach in strong gusting cross winds. The pilot had exercised his discretion to extend the period for which he was allowed to fly that day. The pilot's medical certificate had expired nineteen days earlier thus invalidating his pilot's licence. The pilot was killed in the crash and a doctor on board was seriously injured; a nurse seated at the rear of the aircraft sustained minor injuries.
On 27 February 2001, Flight 670, a Short 360 registered G-BNMT operating a Royal Mail flight to Belfast, crashed into the Firth of Forth shortly after taking off from Edinburgh at 1730GMT. Both crew members were killed. There were no passengers on board. An Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) inquiry later blamed a buildup of slush in the aircraft's engines for the crash. Protective covers had not been fitted to the engine intakes while the aircraft was parked for several hours in heavy snow at Edinburgh.
On 15 March 2005, a Britten-Norman Islander crashed into the sea while descending toward Campbeltown Airport in western Scotland. The aircraft was operating on an unscheduled air ambulance flight. Both occupants, the pilot and one passenger (a paramedic with the Scottish Ambulance Service), died in the crash. As a result of this accident, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) accepted Safety Recommendation UNKG-2006-101 from the UK's accident investigation report, which the European Commission adopted into regulation, making passenger shoulder harnesses mandatory on all commercial air transport aircraft weighing less than and having fewer than nine passenger seats.
On 15 December 2014, Flight 6780, a Saab 2000 registered G-LGNO, was struck by lightning whilst approaching Sumburgh Airport. The flight subsequently suffered from control difficulties and nosedived from after the crew tried taking over the controls, but failed to notice that the autopilot was still engaged. The aircraft then declared a mayday and returned to Aberdeen Airport. There were 33 occupants onboard and no injuries were reported.
On 16 June 2020, a Loganair Embraer ERJ-145EP registered as G-SAJS sustained minor damage at its stand on the apron at Aberdeen Airport after it was struck in a low-speed collision by a Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 registered as G-JECK. The Dash 8, wearing the livery of the defunct airline Flybe, became wedged underneath the ERJ's right hand engine. No passengers were aboard either aircraft the time of the collision, and no injuries were reported.
See also
Bryan Sutherland, engineer
References
Citations
Bibliography
Iain Hutchison, The Story of Loganair (1987) Western Isles Publishing
Roy Calderwood, Times subject to Tides: the story of Barra Airport (1999)
Iain Hutchison, Air Ambulance: sixty years of the Scottish Air Ambulance Service (1996)
Tony Merton-Jones, British Independent Airlines 1946-1976 (2000) The Aviation Hobby Shop, West Drayton, Middlesex.
Guy Warner, Orkney by Air (2005)
Captain Alan Whitfield, Island Pilot (2007)
External links
Airlines of Scotland
Airlines of the United Kingdom
Airlines established in 1962
Companies based in Paisley, Renfrewshire
Former Oneworld affiliate members
1962 establishments in Scotland
Organisations associated with Shetland
|
73483563
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Wiltshire%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29
|
East Wiltshire (UK Parliament constituency)
|
East Wiltshire is a proposed constituency of the House of Commons in the UK Parliament. Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, it will first be contested at the next general election.
Contents
The constituency will comprise the following areas:
The majority of the (to be abolished) Devizes constituency but excluding the town of Devizes and the area surrounding it, which will be included in the newly created constituency of Melksham and Devizes
In the north, an area transferred from South Swindon which includes Wroughton and Chiseldon
In the south, an area transferred from Salisbury which includes Tilshead, Shrewton and Amesbury
Prospective parliamentary candidates
In May 2023, Danny Kruger, the sitting member of parliament for Devizes, was announced as the Conservative candidate for the new East Wiltshire seat. In October 2022, Pete Force-Jones was announced as the True & Fair Party candidate for Devizes and, upon the boundary change taking effect, for the new East Wiltshire seat.
References
See also
List of parliamentary constituencies in Wiltshire
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 2024
Parliamentary constituencies in Wiltshire
|
44233259
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20XC40
|
Cray XC40
|
The Cray XC40 is a massively parallel multiprocessor supercomputer manufactured by Cray. It consists of Intel Haswell Xeon processors, with optional Nvidia Tesla or Intel Xeon Phi accelerators, connected together by Cray's proprietary "Aries" interconnect, stored in air-cooled or liquid-cooled cabinets. The XC series supercomputers are available with the Cray DataWarp applications I/O accelerator technology.
Deployed systems
Australia
The Pawsey Supercomputing Centre has a 35,712-core XC40 called "Magnus" for general science research. This supercomputer has a processing power of 1.097 petaflops.
The Bureau of Meteorology has a 51,840-core XC40 called "Australis" with 276 TB of RAM and a usable storage of 4.3 PB. The supercomputer with a peak performance of 1.6 petaflops provides the operational computing capability for weather, climate, ocean and wave numerical prediction and simulation.
Finland
National IT center for science CSC computer "Sisu" was completed as XC40 in 2014. It has 40,512 cores with overall peak performance of 1,688 TFlops.
Germany
High Performance Computing Center, Stuttgart (HLRS) has built a 185,088-core XC40 named "Hazel Hen" with a peak performance of 7420 TFlops.
India
Supercomputer Education and Research Centre (SERC) at the Indian Institute of Science has an XC40 supercomputer named SahasraT, with 1,376 compute nodes (33,024 Intel Haswell Xeon cores), together with Intel Xeon Phi and NVIDIA K40 GPU accelerators.
Pratyush and Mihir are the supercomputers established at Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune and National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF) respectively. Pratyush and Mihir are two High Performance Computing (HPC) units. They are located at two government institutes, one being 4.0 PetaFlops unit at IITM, Pune and another 2.8 PetaFlops unit at the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Noida. Both units and provides a combined output of 6.8 PetaFlops.
Japan
The Center for Computational Astrophysics at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan have an XC40 system named "ATERUI". This is an upgrade from a previous Cray XC30 system.
Poland
Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling in Warsaw has an XC40 supercomputer named Okeanos with 1084 compute nodes (26,016 Intel Xeon cores) with 128 GB of RAM each.
Saudi Arabia
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) has an XC40 named Shaheen. The processing power is 5.54 petaflops with 196,608 cores.
Sweden
Royal Institute of Technology has a 53,632-core XC40 called "Beskow".
Switzerland
The Swiss National Supercomputing Centre in Lugano had a system in 2013 named Piz Dora, a Cray XC40 with 1256 compute nodes. This has been combined with the old Piz Daint system into the new Cray XC50 Piz Daint.
United Kingdom
The UK Met Office has three XC40s, with a total of 460,000 cores, capable of 14 petaflops peak. It is currently the fastest machine in the world dedicated to weather and climate modeling, and was the 11th fastest (but is no longer) on the TOP500 list when it was installed.
United States
The United States Army Research Laboratory has an XC40 supercomputer called "Excalibur". This computer has 100,064 cores.
The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has an XC40 supercomputer called "Cori" with 76,416 Intel Haswell cores and 658,784 Xeon Phi Knights Landing cores.
Petroleum Geo-Services has an XC40 supercomputer used for the processing of complex seismic data sets.
The Bowie State University has an XC40 supercomputer called "Sphinx". This computer has 12,740 processing cores.
Indiana University has an XC40 supercomputer called "Big Red 3", with 22,464 processing cores.
Argonne Leadership Computing Facility has an XC40 supercomputer called "Theta".
References
External links
Cray XC Series Supercomputers
XC40
X86 supercomputers
|
36418218
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tania%20Seino
|
Tania Seino
|
Tania Seino (born 9 July 1973) is a Cuban former basketball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Cuban women's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for Cuba
Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
|
21965850
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jillian%20Pearlman
|
Jillian Pearlman
|
Captain Jillian "Cowgirl" Pearlman, USAF, is a fictional character in the . She was created by writer Geoff Johns and artist Carlos Pacheco as a rival to Carol Ferris for the romantic affections of Hal Jordan. Pearlman's original design in the comics was based on actress Kirsten Dunst.
Publication history
Created by Geoff Johns and Carlos Pacheco, Jillian Pearlman first appeared in Green Lantern vol. 4, #1 in 2005.
Fictional character biography
The fourth child of a Texan rancher, Jillian enlists in the United States Air Force after she turns nineteen. Her sharp wit, attitude, and Texan accent earn her the call sign "Cowgirl". Jillian meets Hal Jordan's alter-ego, Green Lantern, after he saves her life when the engine of her jet, an X-2020, is failing and later meets Jordan face to face at Edwards Air Force Base. Jordan and Jillian feel a romantic attraction to each other, and eventually realize that they have a lot in common.
During the lost year, Cowgirl, Hal "Highball" Jordan, and Shane "Rocket-Man" Sellers are sent on an Air Force mission, on which Jordan, per usual, does not wear his Green Lantern ring. During the mission, all three of their jets are shot down and the pilots taken as prisoners of war. Jordan files down his chains in an attempt to escape the camp, finally doing so when his captors attempt to torture Cowgirl in front of him to get him to reveal secrets, since torturing Jordan himself was not working. Cowgirl and Jordan use the surprise to overcome their jailers, locate Rocket-Man, and flee the camp,. They eventually make it to a campsite and a hospital. Upon their return to America they are awarded POW medals in a ceremony interrupted by a ship piloted by Tomar-Tu crashing to Earth. When the three recovered POWs are put back on active Air Force duty, it is done so on the condition that they attend therapy sessions. All three skip the sessions, deciding instead to get together at Pancho's, the station bar, and work through it.
Just 24 hours after being re-activated, Cowgirl is sent on a mission alongside pilots to take down the same group of terrorists that took her captive. During the mission, her jet is hit and the Air Force loses contact, causing Jordan to go after her in his Green Lantern guise when he finds out. When he makes it to the crash site and nearby camp, there is no sign of her, the terrorists having immediately taken off with her in a jeep when they realize the Green Lantern was coming. Cowgirl yanks the steering wheel, sending the jeep into a tree and herself into a frozen lake, from which she is saved by Hal Jordan, whom she recognizes beneath the mask. As he attempts to heal her with his power ring numerous bounty hunters attack him. John Stewart, undercover as bounty hunter, "captures" him and deposits Cowgirl in a hospital.
When the Star Sapphire gem resurfaces, hosted by Carol Ferris, it attacks Cowgirl at Pancho's to get to Jordan before realizing that Jordan has feelings for her. The Star Sapphire jumps hosts to Cowgirl and chases Jordan, carrying Ferris, through the city as he tries to tire her out, eventually knocking him into a "Honeymoon Hotel". Jordan covers Ferris with a Green Lantern "suit" and the two battle Pearlman. Jordan finally pinning Cowgirl under a car and prying the Sapphire off of her. Four Zamarons step out of the portal, and declare that both Cowgirl and Ferris will become the first two members of their Corps.
Jordan tells Ferris to attempt to remove the Star Sapphire from Cowgirl while he confronts the Zamarons. Though she is able to do so, the stone immobilizes both her and Cowgirl while the Zamarons gain the upper hand over Jordan. The stone asks Jordan which of the two women he desires the most, as the one he chooses will be able to be with him forever. In response, Jordan kisses one of the Zamarons. This convinces the stone to release its hostages and possess the Zamaron Jordan kissed instead. The stone reacts with its new host violently, prompting the Zamarons to retreat to their home planet.
Pearlman appears at the beginning of the 2009's crossover Blackest Night storyline, performing a "fly-by" with the Green Lanterns of Earth for Coast City's "memorial day".
After the events of DC Rebirth (2011), Pearlman is reintroduced in continuity on Grant Morrison's run for DC Retroactive, a collection of independent stories set in the 70s, 80s and 90s.
References
External links
Jillian "Cowgirl" Pearlman comicbookdb
DC Comics female characters
Fictional fighter pilots
Fictional characters from Texas
Comics characters introduced in 2005
Characters created by Geoff Johns
Fictional United States Air Force personnel
Fictional female captains
Fictional military captains
|
40783471
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams%20Middleton
|
Williams Middleton
|
Williams Middleton (1809 – August 23, 1883) best known as a signer of the South Carolina Ordinance of Secession, and as one of the owners of Middleton Place, National Historic Landmark gardens outside Charleston, SC.
Early life
He was a son of Henry Middleton (1770–1846) and the former Mary Helen Hering (a daughter of Julines Hering, a planter on Jamaica). Williams and his two brothers, John Izard Middleton and Admiral Edward Middleton, were the trustees of their Father's entire estate. His father served as the Governor of South Carolina and the United States Minister to Russia from 1821 to 1830 under Presidents James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson.
His paternal grandfather, Arthur Middleton, and great-grandfather, Henry Middleton, both served in the Continental Congress.
Career
When his father was appointed United States Minister to Russia in the 1820s, Middleton served as secretary for the American legation.
Williams inherited Middleton Place in 1846 and he pursued the family's interest in rice culture, carried out agricultural experiments, and further enhanced the gardens with the introduction of azaleas. In addition to Middleton Place, Williams Middleton made his home in town at 1 Meeting St., a house he owned between 1855 and 1870.
In 1860, Williams and an older brother signed South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession that removed the state from the Union, leading to the Civil War. Only days after the fall of Charleston in 1865, a detachment of Union soldiers from New York occupied Middleton Place. On February 22, 1865, the main house and flanking buildings were ransacked and burned. At the close of the war, with financial help from his sister, Eliza Izard Middleton Fisher of Philadelphia, and with a small income from phosphate mining, timber and lumber sales, Williams managed to hold on to the family plantation. He was able to repair the South Flanker sufficiently to make it the post-Civil War family home.
Personal life
In 1849, Middleton was married to Susan Pringle Smith (1822–1900), a daughter of Robert Smith and Elizabeth Mary ( Pringle) Smith. Together, they had two children:
Elizabeth Smith "Lilly" Middleton (1849–1915), who married Julius Henry Heyward.
Henry "Hal" Middleton (1851–1932).
Williams died on August 23, 1883, in Greenville. In 1886, an earthquake leveled what remained of the Main House and the North Flanker, while the restored South Flanker survived.
References
1809 births
1883 deaths
American people of Barbadian descent
American people of English descent
Middleton family
|
35777284
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav%20K%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE
|
Ladislav Kříž
|
Ladislav Kříž (born 28 January 1944) is a Czech former athlete who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
1944 births
Living people
Czech male sprinters
Czechoslovak male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Czechoslovakia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
|
40028251
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mok%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Mok (disambiguation)
|
Mok is a romanisation of several Chinese surnames, as well as a Dutch, Hungarian, and Korean surname.
Mok or MOK may also refer to:
Mok language, a Palaungic language of China and Thailand
Morori language (ISO 639-3: mok), a Trans-New Guinea language of Indonesian
Mok River, a tributary of the Yom River, Thailand
Mok-dong (Mok Ward), a ward of Yangcheon District, Seoul, South Korea
Mong Kok station (MTR station code), Hong Kong
People
Mok, Palatine of Hungary (), Hungarian lord
Heo Mok (1595–1682), Korean scholar-official of the Joseon Dynasty
MOK (born 1976), stage name of Tarkan Karaalioglu, a German rapper of Turkish descent
Fictional characters
Ookla the Mok, a character in Thundarr the Barbarian voiced by Henry Corden
Mok, one of the title characters in Pok & Mok
Technology
Machine Owner Key, a computer booting security feature of Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
|
2264996
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Berman
|
Steve Berman
|
Steve Berman is an American editor, novelist and short story writer. He writes in the field of queer speculative fiction.
Biography
Berman was born on August 28 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and raised in southern New Jersey. Berman realized in junior high school he was gay. He attended Tulane University, earning a bachelor's degree in English Literature, then later studied History at Rutgers–Camden campus in Camden, New Jersey as well as a master's degree in Liberal Studies in 2006. He began his publishing career working in pharmaceutical and medical publishing, then worked as a senior book buyer for wholesaler Bookazine, and served in the marketing department of a small Jewish press. He spent a decade as an employee engagement survey analyst for a human resources consulting firm in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Berman attended the Clarion East 2006 class, the last year that workshop was held in East Lansing, Michigan. Though raised Jewish, Berman wavers between Jewish secularism and Atheism.
Berman is a former member of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) and a lifetime member of the RPGA. His short fiction is mainly dark fantasy, horror, urban fantasy, and weird autofiction. He has spoken online and at convention panels on the history of LGBT-inclusive speculative fiction and on LGBT young adult topics. In 2001, Berman founded Lethe Press. The first few titles included his first short story collection, Trysts, and several books in the public domain. In 2004, he met author Toby Johnson and offered to reprint Johnson's book, Gay Spirituality. Lethe Press regularly publishes title of LGBT speculative fiction.
Several of his urban fantasy stories are set in the Fallen Area. In June 2009, he launched the quarterly publication, Icarus, the Magazine of Gay Speculative Fiction, which ended in October 2013.
In August 2017, Berman moved to Western Massachusetts.
Awards and honors
Berman has been a finalist for the Shirley Jackson Award, the Golden Crown Literary Award(1), a seven-time finalist for the Gaylactic Spectrum Awards and five-time finalist (as editor) for the Lambda Literary Award in various categories. He won the latter in 2018 for His Seed. His first novel, Vintage: A Ghost Story released in 2007 and was a finalist for the Andre Norton Award.
As editor
Charmed Lives: Gay Spirit in Storytelling (co-edited with Toby Johnson) (2006). The inaugural title in the White Crane Wisdom Series, this anthology of inspirational essays and short fiction for gay men was a finalist for a Lambda Literary Award.
So Fey: Queer Fairy Fiction (2007, Reprinted 2009). This is an anthology of LGBT short fiction dealing with faeries was a finalist for the Gaylactic Spectrum Awards and the Golden Crown Literary Awards.
Magic in the Mirrorstone (2008). This is an anthology of young adult fiction, all stories dealing with magic.
Best Gay Stories (2008–10, 2013-6). An annual anthology reprinting quality short fiction and essays that have gay themes. Canadian author Peter Dube took over editorial duties for the 2011 and 2012 volumes.
Wilde Stories (2008–18). An annual anthology offers reprints of the prior year's best works of speculative and interstitial fiction with gay characters and themes - the 2008 and 2010 editions were finalists for a Lambda Literary Award.
Speaking Out (2011). A young adult anthology of inspirational short fiction aimed at LGBT teens.
Boys of Summer (2012). A young adult anthology of summer-themed short fiction aimed at gay teens.
Heiresses of Russ (2011–16). An annual anthology of lesbian-themed speculative fiction (each volume is co-edited with a different female editor) named in honor after Joanna Russ. The 2012 volume was a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award and the Golden Crown Literary Award.
The Touch of the Sea (2012). An anthology of gay-themed fantastical stories involving the sea and maritime folklore.
Bad Seeds: Evil Progeny (2013). A horror anthology of stories about evil children from Prime Books.
Where Thy Dark Eye Glances: Queering Edgar Allan Poe (2013). A dark fantasy anthology that remixes the oeuvre of Poe through a queer perspective. A finalist for the Shirley Jackson Award.
Zombies: Shambling Through the Ages (2013). An anthology of historical stories featuring ghouls and zombies from Prime Books.
Shades of Blue & Gray: Civil War Ghost Stories (2013). An anthology of ghost stories set during or based on the consequences of the American Civil War.
Suffered From the Night: Queering Bram Stoker's Dracula (2013). A dark fantasy and horror anthology that offers new gay-themed stories about characters from the most famous vampire novel of all time.
Handsome Devil: Stories of Sin and Seduction (2014). An anthology of incubus-themed horror and dark fantasy tales from Prime Books.
Daughters of Frankenstein: Lesbian Mad Scientists (2015). A science-fiction lesbian-themed anthology, a finalist for the Golden Crown Literary Award.
His Seed (2017). Winner for the Lambda Literary Award.
Burly Tales (2021). An anthology of fairy-tale retellings for hirsute gay men.
Brute (2023). An anthology of stories that address the intersectionality of masculinity, violence, and the unnatural.
References
External links
Steve Berman website
20 Questions with Steve Berman (Interview)
Norton Award Interview
Interview with Steve Berman on Tor.com
A Conversation with Steve Berman on Chelsea Station Magazine
Steve Berman at RPGgeek
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
American agnostics
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American short story writers
American gay writers
Jewish agnostics
Jewish American writers
Lambda Literary Award winners
LGBT Jews
American LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Living people
Role-playing game designers
Rutgers University alumni
Tulane University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
67609641
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liina%20Vahtrik
|
Liina Vahtrik
|
Liina Vahtrik (née Liina Sallo; born 8 August 1972 in Tallinn) is an Estonian actress.
Liina Vahtrik was born in Tallinn to actress and singer Helgi Sallo and opera singer Uno Heinapuu (:et). She attended schools in Tallinn, graduating from Tallinn Secondary School no. 47, before enrolling at the drama department of the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre in 1994, graduating in 1998.
After graduation from the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre, in 1998 Vahtrik began an engagement as an actress at the Von Krahl Theatre in Tallinn. She left the Von Krahl Theatre in 2008, became a freelance actress and has appeared in a number of films and television series .
Liina Vahtrik has been married to since 2023.
Selected filmography
2006 – Tabamata ime (role: Eeva Marland/Pedak)
2007 – Jan Uuspõld läheb Tartusse (role: Rahvusema)
2007-2011 – Kodu keset linna (role: Sirje Koristaja)
2009 – Disko ja tuumasõda (role: Narrator)
2009 – Idioot (role: Varja)
2016 – Päevad, mis ajasid segadusse (role: Maarika)
2016-2018 – Naabriplika (role: Krista Koosar)
2018 – Seltsimees laps (role: Aunt Anne)
2018 – Lõbus perekond (role: Neighbour)
2019 – Lahutus Eesti moodi (role: Laura)
2021 – Vahingu päevaraamat
References
Living people
1972 births
Estonian stage actresses
Estonian film actresses
Estonian television actresses
21st-century Estonian actresses
Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre alumni
Actresses from Tallinn
|
24891245
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20compomer
|
Dental compomer
|
Dental compomers, also known as polyacid-modified resin composite, are used in dentistry as a filling material. They were introduced in the early 1990s as a hybrid of two other dental materials, dental composites and glass ionomer cement, in an effort to combine their desirable properties: aesthetics for dental composites (they are white and closely mimic tooth tissue, so can camouflage into a tooth very well) and the fluoride releasing ability for glass ionomer cements (helps to prevent further tooth decay).
History
Compomers were introduced in the early 1990s. Previous available restorative materials included dental amalgam, glass ionomer cement, resin modified glass ionomer cement and dental composites.
Composition
Compomers are resin-based materials like dental composites, and the components are largely the same.
The setting reaction is similarly a polymerisation process of resin monomers (e.g. urethane dimethacrylate) which have been modified by polyacid groups, and is induced by free radicals released from a photoinitiator such as camphorquinone. To induce the release of these free radicals, the photoinitiator must be exposed to a specific wavelength of light, blue light in the case of camphorquinone. There is a second less significant acid-base setting reaction which takes place after the light-cured polymerisation reaction; this setting reaction occurs as the compomer absorbs water from the oral environment.
Also in compomer is fluoroaluminosilicate glass which, when broken down by hydrogen ions through an acid-base reaction, releases fluoride. This process requires water absorbed from the oral environment. To aid water absorption and fluoride release, some of the resins in the compomer matrix are more hydrophilic (e.g. glycerol dimethacrylate).
The source of the hydrogen ions that break the fluoroaluminosilicate glass particles apart are certain resin monomers that have a carboxyl group attached. Some compomers instead source their hydrogen ions from a methacrylated polycarboxylic acid copolymer that is similarly used in some resin modified glass ionomer cements.
Properties
Aesthetics
Compomers are tooth coloured materials, and so their aesthetics can immediately be seen as better than that of dental amalgams. It has been shown that ratings in various aesthetic areas are better for compomers than resin modified glass ionomer cements. Compomers are also available in various non-natural colours from various dental companies for use in deciduous teeth.
Compomers and resin-modified glass ionomers have better aesthetics than conventional glass ionomer cements.
Fluoride release
Compomers and glass ionomer cements can release fluoride. This property can be useful in cases where a patient has a higher risk of experience tooth decay in future.
Fluoride is a mineral which helps strengthen our teeth and protects them from decay, and it is found in many dental products including toothpaste. Compomers and glass ionomer cements are able to release fluoride over extended periods, and this may help to reduce the risk of a tooth decaying further. However, such a property does not negate the need for excellent oral hygiene to prevent oral disease. Compomers are recommended for patients at medium risk of developing dental caries.
There is conflicting evidence regarding the amount of fluoride compomers can release: Powers, Wataha and Chen (2017) state compomers do not release as much fluoride as glass ionomer cements because they have a lower concentration of fluoroaluminosilicate glass particles; there is supporting evidence to suggest compomers only release 10% of that of glass ionomer cement. On the other hand, Richard van Noort (2013) states that, due to recent developments, modern compomers are now capable of releasing the same amount of fluoride over the lifetime of the restoration as glass ionomer cements.
Emerging evidence has shown that compomers and glass ionomer cements are able to absorb fluoride from the oral environment when their own fluoride stores are depleted, a process described as 'recharging'. The material can then release this stored fluoride when the fluoride concentration in the oral environment falls, thus exposing the teeth to fluoride for longer. This recharging ability is not as effective in compomers as it is in glass ionomers cements. Nevertheless, this can further prevent the risk of tooth decay.
There is evidence to show compomers have no advantage over an amalgam restoration with a fluoride releasing bonding agent, which releases mercury and fluoride.
Polymerisation shrinkage
Compomers undergo some shrinkage during the setting reaction, and the extent of this polymerisation shrinkage is similar to that of dental composites.
Water uptake
Compomers absorb water more rapidly than dental composites due to the addition of hydrophilic resin monomers within the matrix (see Composition section above). As such, water equilibrium is reached within days rather than weeks, months or even years in the case of dental composite materials. This property has the advantage of compensating for the polymerisation shrinkage during the setting reaction, thus reducing any gap that develops at the cavity margins. However, it can also cause fracture of all-ceramic crowns when compomer is used as the luting cement. Therefore, it is not recommended to use the luting version of compomer for cementing all-ceramic crowns. More information on luting compomer can be found below.
Mechanial properties
Compomers have poorer mechanical properties than dental composites, with a lower compressive, flexural and tensile strength. Therefore, compomers are not an ideal material for load bearing restorations.
In terms of wear resistance, compomers wear less quickly than glass ionomer and resin modified glass ionomer cements, but do not perform as well as dental composites.
Clinical application
Handling
Handling and ease of use of composites is generally seen as good by dental professionals. Compomers are available in both normal and flowable forms, with the manufacturers of the flowable compomers claiming that they have the ability to shape to the cavity without the need for hand instruments.
Adhesion to tooth tissue
It is important to note that compomers do not bond to tooth tissue like glass ionomer cements; this is the same issue with dental composites. It is therefore essential to use bonding agents to aid adhesion of the compomer to tooth.
Finishing and polishing
The process of finishing and polishing compomers is similar to that of dental composites.
After finishing and polishing, compomers have a similar surface roughness to dental composites.
Indications for use
As a restorative material, compomers are limited to low-stress bearing situations (proximal and cervical restorations) due to their mechanical properties and wear resistance as detailed in the Properties section above.
Compomers can be used as a cavity lining material to provide pulpal protection.
Compomers are notable used in Paediatric dentistry. Possible uses include:
As a restorative material, particularly for Class I and II cavities (see Green Vardiman Black Classification section on the Wiki page for Dental Restoration)
Fissure sealants
For cementation of orthodontic bands
Survival rate
Studies have shown compomers to have high survival rates 2-4 years following placement. Some issues that were identified 2-3 years after placement include discolouration around the restoration margins and loss of marginal integrity.
Compomer luting cement
Composition
A powder and liquid are mixed together to form the luting cement.
The powder contains fluoroaluminosilicate glass particles, sodium fluoride, and self-cured and light-cured initiators.
The liquid contains poly-acid modified monomers and water. The carboxylic acid groups in the methacrylate-carboxylic acid monomer help with adhesion.
Properties
The advantages of compomer luting cement are listed below:
Retentive
Highbond strength
High compressive strength
High flexural strength
High fracture toughness
Low solubility
Sustained fluoride release with the potential to act as a fluoride reservoir (recharges when it becomes depleted of fluoride, see 'Fluoride release' in Properties section above for more details)
The compressive and tensile strength of compomer cements are comparable to that of glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, and zinc polycarboxylate cements.
Indications for use
The use of the luting version of compomer is not recommended for all-ceramic crowns, nor as a core or filling material. See 'Water uptake' in Properties section above for more details. Compomer luting cement can however be used for cast alloy and ceramic-metal restorations.
See also
Dental restorative materials
Dental composite
Glass ionomer cement
References
Composite materials
Dental materials
|
49463144
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene%20Van%20de%20Walle
|
Rene Van de Walle
|
Rene Van de Walle (born 1924; died 2009) was an Old Testament Scholar hailing from the Society of Jesus. Van de Walle contributed to scholarly research through his writings which appeared in the major theological journals in India for nearly two decades.
Van de Walle was Professor of Old Testament at the De Nobili College (Papal Seminary), Pune and was associated with the revision of Marathi Bible produced by the Bible Society of India.
Writings
1965, An Administrative Body of Priests and a Consecrated People,
1967, Welcome address at the biennial of the Society for Biblical Studies in India,
1969, The sin in the garden and the sinfulness of the world,
1975, Jesus - Christ of Atonement or Christ The New Man?,
1975, The Prophets' Call for Renewal and Reconciliation,
1978, (co-translated with Christopher T. Begg), Parables of Jesus. Insight and Challenge
1978, Death and beyond in the sapiential literature,
1981, Israel's Relations with the Nations,
1983, Esther and Judith, Two Valiant Women,
1986, The Various Facets of Man in Wisdom Literature,
1986, Wisdom,
1989, The Minor Prophets as Conscientizers,
No date, A comparative study on Psalm 139 and Hymn IV, 16 of Atharvaveda,
References
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic theologians
Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)
Old Testament scholars
Indian biblical scholars
20th-century Belgian Jesuits
1924 births
2009 deaths
|
65687023
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil%20Water%20and%20Other%20Stories
|
Evil Water and Other Stories
|
Evil Water and Other Stories is a collection by Ian Watson published in 1987.
Plot summary
Evil Water and Other Stories is a collection of 10 science fiction, fantasy, and horror stories.
Reception
Dave Langford reviewed Evil Water for White Dwarf #88, and stated that "This collection is a shade less substantial than previous ones, but still offers fun and intellectual fireworks: alien parasites, failed timegates, transatlantic sponsored swimming, Greenham Common allegory, and an enjoyably nasty sense of humour throughout."
Reviews
Review by David V. Barrett (1987) in Vector 138
Review by L. J. Hurst (1987) in Vector 138
Review by Lee Montgomerie (1987) in Interzone, #21 Autumn 1987
Review by Gregory Feeley (1987) in Foundation, #40 Summer 1987
References
1987 short story collections
British science fiction books
British short story collections
Speculative fiction short story collections
|
19022273
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radlna
|
Radlna
|
Radlna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tarnów, within Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south of Tarnów and east of the regional capital Kraków.
References
Radlna
|
2821917
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution%20of%20Seats%20Act%201885
|
Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
|
The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (48 & 49 Vict. c. 23) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (sometimes called the "Reform Act of 1885"). It was a piece of electoral reform legislation that redistributed the seats in the House of Commons, introducing the concept of equally populated constituencies, a concept in the broader global context termed equal apportionment, in an attempt to equalise representation across the UK. It was associated with, but not part of, the Representation of the People Act 1884.
Background
The first major reform of Commons' seats took place under the Reform Act 1832. The second major reform of Commons' seats occurred in three territory-specific Acts in 1867–68:
the Reform Act 1867 applied to English and Welsh constituencies
the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868 applied to Scottish constituencies and gave Scotland an additional quota of seats
the Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1868 applied to Irish constituencies.
The latter United Kingdom set of Acts had fallen short of the Chartist aim to enfranchise and to equalise the electorates. Electoral quotas diverged and the gap by 1885 widened; most starkly in the retention of boroughs of dubious size and a limited attempt at creation of new urban boroughs. In reductions these previous reforms had rather merged into their surroundings those boroughs (historic towns) having fewer than 10,000 inhabitants as at the 1861 census. In a de-radicalising move a few of largest cities were given three MPs, whereby "no person shall vote for more than two candidates". As a result, the net partisan impact of these cities tended to be counterbalanced: for example, a borough formerly represented by two Liberals was now usually represented by two Liberals and one Conservative. In a Commons vote on party lines, the Conservative neutralised one of the Liberals, so that the borough counted for one party-based vote albeit having greater and slightly more equalised non-partisan local issue representation. By contrast the mid-size boroughs with two members such as the new creations – wherever they so happened to have two MPs of the same party – produced twice the voting power in the House as such cities.
By the 1880s, continued industrial growth and resulting population movements had resulted in an increased imbalance between the constituencies in terms of the numbers of MPs and the population.
The Third Reform Bill
William Ewart Gladstone, leading a Liberal government, introduced a Representation of the People Bill in 1884, which sought to greatly extend the franchise but not to alter the boundaries of constituencies. The Liberals had a large majority in the House of Commons, and the measure passed through the House easily. The House of Lords, on the other hand, was dominated by the Conservative Party. The Conservative leader, Lord Salisbury, was opposed to the bill. The majority of the Conservative party's MPs were elected by the counties, with the Liberals being electorally strong in the boroughs. He realised that the bill's extension of household suffrage into the counties would enfranchise many rural voters such as coalminers and agricultural labourers who were likely to vote for the Liberals. This, he claimed, would lead to "the absolute effacement of the Conservative Party". Salisbury hoped to use the Conservative majority in the Lords to block the bill and force Gladstone to seek a dissolution of Parliament before the reforms could be enacted. The Lords duly rejected the bill and returned it to the Commons, provoking outrage among the Radical wing of the Liberals. A campaign organised around the slogan "The Peers Against the People" called for reform or abolition of the Lords if they rejected the bill a second time.
The "Arlington Street Compact"
During October 1884 Queen Victoria intervened in what was rapidly becoming a constitutional crisis, urging the party leaders to meet and break the deadlock. Negotiations duly started at Salisbury's London home in Arlington Street, Westminster, between the Conservative leader and Sir Charles Dilke, a member of Gladstone's cabinet. Lord Salisbury agreed to allow the reform bill to pass on condition that a bill to redistribute parliamentary seats was also enacted; the two parties reached an agreement, the "Arlington Street Compact", whereby the bulk of MPs would be elected in single-member constituencies. He calculated that this would minimise the adverse effect on the Conservatives of the extension of the vote: dividing the counties would allow Liberal-voting and Conservative-voting districts to be separated. The division of boroughs would allow the suburban areas of towns to be represented separately from the inner cities, allowing the growth of "Villa Toryism". Dilke, a member of the Radical (socially progressive) wing of the Liberal Party, also favoured the division of boroughs to weaken the influence of the Whig faction in the party. Before 1885 many existing two-member boroughs one Whig and one Radical were nominated by agreement, often leading to uncontested elections.
The boundary commissions
Three boundary commissions were appointed in late 1884, one for England and Wales, one for Scotland and one for Ireland. Each commission was given similar instructions.
In dividing the counties they were to use Ordnance Survey maps and other documents in order to determine the boundaries of divisions. In doing so they were to ensure that each division of a county was to have an equal population "so far as practicable". In addition they were instructed "in all those cases where there are populous localities of an urban character to include them in one and the same division, unless this cannot be done without grave inconvenience, and involving boundaries of a very irregular and objectionable character". Subject to these rules, the divisions were to be as compact as possible and should be based on "well known local areas" such as petty sessional divisions or other aggregations of parishes. If necessary, an individual parish or parishes could be added to existing areas in order to equalise population, but under no circumstances was a parish to be divided. The county divisions were to be named after an "important town or place" within it, "preference being given to any merged borough or boroughs, or when it consists mainly of a well-known area, from that area". When the commissioners had devised a scheme of divisions for a county the details were to be advertised in the local press. A date would then be announced when one of the commissioners would attend at "a principal town" in the county to hear objections or proposed alterations.
The procedure for boroughs (or burghs in Scotland) was similar. Firstly the commissioners were to determine whether the present boundaries, or the boundaries proposed in the bill, embraced "the whole of the population which ought to be included within the borough". They could decide if an area formed a "community of interest" with the town and should be included within the borough boundaries. Where suburban areas had a sufficiently large population and distinct identity they might form a county division rather than be included in the borough. If boroughs were extended, existing "well-established" boundaries were to be used if possible. Where boroughs were to be divided, the population of each division was to be approximately equal, and "special regard" was to be had to the "pursuits of the population". This was clearly understood as meaning that working class and middle class parts of towns were to be separated where possible.
Passage through Parliament
The Bill was introduced to the House of Commons by the Prime Minister William Gladstone on 1 December 1884. The Bill was seen as a compromise measure, and did not include proportional representation. This led to unrest among the Liberals. Leonard Courteney, Financial Secretary to the Treasury, felt forced to resign his post and the party whip. Gladstone had held a meeting with Liberal MPs earlier in the day at the Foreign Office, where he defended the bill. He stated that far from being a compromise it was very much a government bill, and that the discussions with the opposition had been conducted with "no party bias". The bill received its second reading on 4 December 1884, and was then sent forward to the committee stage, which was to commence on 19 February 1885. The delay was to allow the boundary commissions to complete their work, with the boundaries and names of the new constituencies to be included as the schedules of the final Act.
In committee few changes were made to the boundaries recommended by the commissioners. However the committee felt that the proposed names for many of the divisions were unfamiliar, and preferred to use what they termed "geographical" names incorporating a compass point. A compromise was made where both were incorporated in the names of many of the constituencies: thus the seat officially called the "Northern or Biggleswade Division of Bedfordshire" was informally referred to as "Biggleswade", the "Biggleswade Division", "Northern Bedfordshire" or "North Bedfordshire".
The act received Royal Assent on 25 June, and the provisions of both the redistribution and representation acts first came into use at the 1885 general election.
Provisions
The committee's work coupled with the Arlington Street Compact resulted a major redistribution under the Act as follows:
Parliamentary boroughs (later known as borough constituencies):
All these units with a population of 15,000 or less ceased to have separate representation and were merged into a wider division (constituency) of their county – namely 79 constituencies were disenfranchised.
Six other boroughs were also merged into the county divisions: four that included large extents of countryside (Aylesbury, Cricklade, East Retford, Shoreham) and two that had been disenfranchised for corruption (Macclesfield and Sandwich).
Those with populations between 15,000 and 50,000 were to have their representation reduced from two MPs to one, namely 76 constituencies.
Those with populations of more than 50,000 (23 in all) continued to be a set of two-member constituencies
The City of London would have its representation reduced to two MPs and remain undivided
The Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin would each return two MPs.
Two low-population English counties lost an MP: Rutland was reduced to one MP and Herefordshire to two MPs.
The number of seats in the Commons was increased from 652 to 670, inclusive of Ireland.
Apart from boundary changes, approximately 160 seats were new (or "liberated" as Gladstone described it) in England and Wales. The number of seats in Scotland was increased by 12, and the representation of Ireland in Parliament remained at 103 members, even though its population had declined relative to the rest of the United Kingdom, due to emigration which had continued since the famine. This arrangement was described by The Times as "...obviously dictated by a somewhat pusillanimous [weak-hearted] calculation that it was better to avoid a struggle with the Parnellite party."
The number of seats had been fixed at 658 in the 1832 and 1867–8 legislation, but two two-member boroughs (Beverley and Bridgwater) and two single-member boroughs (Cashel and Sligo) had been disenfranchised for corruption.
Consequences
Cessation of dual-MP constituency pacts and majority-minority appeal
The reduction in the number of two-member constituencies (elected by the bloc vote system) ended cross-party cooperation: before the Act, in many counties and boroughs the two main parties had agreed to nominate one candidate each, and no election was held. Contested elections became the norm after the Act: 657 of 670 seats were contested at the 1885 general election.
Recognition of the middle and working classes
The division of former two-member constituencies had a direct, clear consequence: it hastened the decline of the domination of Parliament by the aristocracy (formed of those who had won Royal and often military favour and their heirs, many of whom were accurately referred to as the 'landed gentry'). After 1885, for the first time, MPs connected to industry and commerce outnumbered those closely related to the gentry. The Lords immediately stood out therefore as non-representative of the electorate; the "household suffrage" of 1885 gave the majority of men the vote; and by the end of 1918 all those aged over 21 could vote and some women.
Nonetheless, the Lords and their sons, grandsons and nephews in the Commons continued to form the greater part of the Cabinet until the Asquith ministry – further, the Lords legally bore equal strength, save for their inability to initiate bills spending public funds since 1407, until Asquith's constitutional Parliament Act 1911. The House of Lords could veto or amend bills sent to them by the Commons.
Electoral results and impact on strategy and attitudes
Immediate expansion of the working class electorate caused the number of 'Lib/Lab' MPs to rise from 2 in 1874 to 13 in 1885. The Act's new seats saw a 1% single-party swing to the Conservatives and so a gain of only 10 seats and a similar gain of 11 seats by Independent Liberals, the latter often slightly more radical (redistributive) than both mainstream parties.
The sudden balance of power of the seats held or won by Irish Parliamentary Party candidates galvanised those opposed to Home Rule. This third party power of veto coupled with the end of local electoral pacts in a foreseeable way; Disraeli and Gladstone needed central control of their members to pursue narrower narratives and promote differing values. The IPP were often labelled particularly by the media and Conservatives as 'Parnellites'. Their power saw Gladstone make Home Rule his touchstone but, in so doing, distance his party from most peers who, until the House of Lords was flooded with Liberal peers in 1911, preferred conservative policies and guarded their near-equal power. Peers of the Whig persuasion flocked to a conservative line given immediate loss of family ties (hence leverage) in the Commons and tide of reformist policies engulfing the Liberal party caused by the Act's generous franchise and loss of their coveted and often sponsored Whig-Radical and Whig-Conservative dual-member seats in the Commons. In short most peers felt change had gone far and fast enough. The opening words of free thought of the Lords, in its reply to the Queen's Speech came from the Duke of Abercorn who said:-
Liberal MPs opposing Home Rule rapidly formed a new party to stand at the next election in 1886, the Liberal Unionists who were willing to govern with Conservatives.
Liberals were unable to rely on any Lords' majorities (ratification) on their Bills from 1885 until the Parliament Act 1911. The 1911 Act ended the equal power of the House of Lords forever, constitutionally.
132 small areas ("parliamentary boroughs") were merged with part or all of their surrounding county constituency, all of which had previously returned two members. Courted for decades with the promise of for social change, religious freedom and free trade by Liberals, often served by a Radical-leaning alongside and a Whig-leaning MP, these boroughs had few Conservative MPs at most elections. Their substitute single-member seats where gaining suburban and wealthy rural parts particularly assisted the Conservative party, which took a position of national "strength and unity" in opposing Chamberlain's "radicalism" preferring instead education reform and opposing Gladstone's Home Rule "crusade" in favour of budgetary concessions and support for unionist Irish businesses. The ensuing Queens Speech showed the Queen was "...resolutely opposed [to Irish Home Rule]...convinced that I shall be heartily supported by my Parliament and my people."
The Conservative party thinkers and leaders in both houses had now enfranchised the majority of men trusting them to break the deadlock in their favour; in return they had espoused religious freedom and almost completely free trade. The Liberal Party may have won the 1885 General Election however the new Lords heavy antipathy and the Irish question tore the party apart.
The majority of multi-member seats saw cooperation before 1885 whereas under the new one-MP-per-constituency norm, cooperation as patron and protégé or to attract opposing voters was futile. Whig and the most progressive Radical candidates could now be branded "weak", "divided" or "distanced" from the line of Gladstone and his successors which proved a flaw in the broad congregation of the Liberal Party until the formation of the final splinter group of 1931. Conservatives depicted Gladstone's dogged advancement of Home Rule, notably his failed first and second Irish Home Rule bills in 1886 and 1893, an open dissent from Her Majesty, as the root cause of Liberal Party disintegration. This unorthodoxy combined with heavy defeats on other Commons bills in the House of Lords which began to hemorrhage more Whigs led to electoral landslide victories for the Conservative party in 1886 and 1895 to break the deadlock.
Redistributed seats: England
Redistributed seats: Wales
Redistributed seats: Scotland
Redistributed seats: Ireland
See also
Apportionment Act of 1911
Reform Acts
Representation of the People Act
The Parliamentary Franchise in the United Kingdom 1885-1918
Uniform Congressional District Act
External links
Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, 48 & 49 Vict. C. 23
References
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1885
1885 in British law
1885 in politics
1885 in the United Kingdom
Election law in the United Kingdom
Election legislation
|
53902341
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Perlow
|
Leslie Perlow
|
Leslie A. Perlow is an American ethnographer currently the Konosuke Matsushita Professor of Leadership at Harvard Business School.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Harvard Business School faculty
American women economists
21st-century American women
Place of birth missing (living people)
|
33361599
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Highway%2036
|
Ontario Highway 36
|
King's Highway 36, commonly referred to as Highway 36, was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The highway connected Highway 7 and Highway 35 in Lindsay with Highway 28 in Burleigh Falls, providing access to recreational cottages along the northern shore of several of the Kawartha lakes as well as to multiple communities, including Bobcaygeon. Today it is known as Kawartha Lakes City Road 36 and Peterborough County Road 36.
The route was first assumed in 1931 as a depression relief project and extended in 1937. It remained generally unchanged for the next 60 years before being decommissioned in 1998. However, a realignment near Lindsay in the late 1950s changed the southern terminus of the route from the centre of the town to southeast of it; the original route through Lindsay became Highway 36B and is now known as Kawartha Lakes Road 17.
Route description
The route and surroundings of former Highway 36 have largely remained unaltered since the highway was decommissioned in 1998. Within the City of Kawartha Lakes, the road is now known as Kawartha Lakes Road 36, while within the County of Peterborough, it is known as Peterborough County Road 36.
The route begins east of Lindsay at an intersection with Highway 7 and progresses north, crossing a former railway (now the Kawartha Rail Trail) before intersecting Kawartha Lakes Road 17. The western leg of Road 17, which travels to downtown Lindsay, was the original route of Highway 36 and later became Highway 36B. Continuing north, Highway 36 jogs north and east, serving cottages and communities lining the southern shore of Sturgeon Lake, but remains inland by over a kilometre (0.6 mi) itself. At Dunsford, which is bypassed, the highway intersects Kawartha Lakes Roads 7 and 24 — the former travels south to Omemee and the latter provides an alternative route to Bobcaygeon. Former Highway 36 continues, alternating directions between east and north twice before entering the village of Bobcaygeon.
Within Bobcaygeon, Highway 36 crosses the Trent–Severn Waterway and intersects the eastern end of Kawartha Lakes Road 8. At this point it is following the southernmost section of the Bobcaygeon Colonization Road. At the intersection with Main Street in the northern end of the village, the route turns northeast while former Highway 649 continues north.
Exiting Bobcaygeon, the former highway serves cottages along the northern shore of Pigeon Lake and Little Bald Lake. After passing Nogies Creek, the highway descends a hill and encounters the Canadian Shield for the first time. The road runs along the border of the Precambrian shield and the Ordovician limestone plateau en route to Burleigh Falls. The shield lies to the north and is overlain by the plateau to the south.
The highway turns south at Flynns Corner, intersecting former Highway 507. It enters the town of Buckhorn from the north, then drivers must turn to remain on the route, which exits the town to the east. Between Buckhorn and Burleigh Falls, the highway serves the cottages that line the northern shore of Lower Buckhorn Lake.
History
Highway 36 was first assumed by the Department of Highways (DHO) on July 1, 1931, and was one of several highways completed as part of a depression–relief program. The highway initially connected downtown Lindsay with Bobcaygeon.
This section was fully paved by the end of 1937. On August 11, 1937, the DHO extended the highway east to Highway 28 at Burleigh Falls.
Highway 36 remained essentially unchanged between 1937 and 1997,
with the exception of a being rerouted east of Lindsay in 1958.
However, on January 1, 1998, the entirety of Highway 36 was downloaded to Victoria County and Peterborough County,
both of which redesignated it as County Road 36. Victoria County became the City of Kawartha Lakes in 2001, and that section of the route is now known as City Road 36.
Major intersections
References
036
|
56201024
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallerberdina%20Station
|
Wallerberdina Station
|
Wallerberdina Station, most commonly known simply as Wallerberdina, is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in South Australia.
The property is situated approximately west of Hawker and north of Quorn. It shares a boundary with Yappala Station and Moralana Station.
The station is mostly made up of open terrain of supporting vegetation such as blue bush, cotton bush, black oak, copperburr, native clovers with sandy ridges. Permanent water is available to stock from reticulation drawn from Hookina Creek and two bores. It is equipped with a four stand shearing shed, cattle and sheep yards, quarters for 12 workers, and a four bedroom homestead. The property is suitable for sheep or cattle, with annual average carrying equivalent 6000 sheep or 400 cattle.
The property was established some time prior to 1878, at which time it was stocked with sheep and producing wool, and was owned by Gooch and Hayward.
By 1879 the property was owned by Messrs. Hayward, Armstrong and Browne, who were selling merino wethers. In 1880 the lease was to lose of land that was to be resumed by the government. The resumption had taken effect by 1887.
The property currently occupies an area of and was shortlisted in 2016 as a possible radioactive waste management facility. In 2015 it was owned by South Australian Senator and Liberal Party president Grant Chapman.
In 2015 Wallerberdina was short-listed as one of three potential sites for the National Radioactive Waste Management Facility. A decision is expected in 2019 but the process is controversial.
See also
List of ranches and stations
References
Stations in South Australia
Far North (South Australia)
|
70459369
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrich%20Mayorov
|
Henrich Mayorov
|
Henrich Aleksandrovich Mayorov (; 6 September 1936 – 3 April 2022) was a Russian-Ukrainian choreographer and ballet dancer.
Biography
He graduated from the Kyiv Choreographic School and then studied at Saint Petersburg Conservatory.
In 1957, he started his career at the Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet.
He died on 3 April 2022.
References
1936 births
2022 deaths
Soviet male ballet dancers
Russian male ballet dancers
Ukrainian male ballet dancers
Russian choreographers
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
People from Ulan-Ude
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
|
4474
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein%20condensate
|
Bose–Einstein condensate
|
In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which microscopic quantum mechanical phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent macroscopically.
This state was first predicted, generally, in 1924–1925 by Albert Einstein, crediting a pioneering paper by Satyendra Nath Bose on the new field now known as quantum statistics. In 1995, the Bose–Einstein condensate was created by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman of the University of Colorado Boulder using rubidium atoms; later that year, Wolfgang Ketterle of MIT produced a BEC using sodium atoms. In 2001 Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle shared the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates."
History
Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called photons), in which he derived Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics. Einstein was impressed, translated the paper himself from English to German and submitted it for Bose to the Zeitschrift für Physik, which published it in 1924. (The Einstein manuscript, once believed to be lost, was found in a library at Leiden University in 2005.) Einstein then extended Bose's ideas to matter in two other papers. The result of their efforts is the concept of a Bose gas, governed by Bose–Einstein statistics, which describes the statistical distribution of identical particles with integer spin, now called bosons. Bosons, particles that include the photon as well as atoms such as helium-4 (), are allowed to share a quantum state. Einstein proposed that cooling bosonic atoms to a very low temperature would cause them to fall (or "condense") into the lowest accessible quantum state, resulting in a new form of matter.
In 1938, Fritz London proposed the BEC as a mechanism for superfluidity in and superconductivity.
The quest to produce a Bose–Einstein condensate in the laboratory was stimulated by a paper published in 1976 by two Program Directors at the National Science Foundation (William Stwalley and Lewis Nosanow). This led to the immediate pursuit of the idea by four independent research groups; these were led by Isaac Silvera (University of Amsterdam), Walter Hardy (University of British Columbia), Thomas Greytak (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and David Lee (Cornell University).
On 5 June 1995, the first gaseous condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman at the University of Colorado at Boulder NIST–JILA lab, in a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvins (nK). Shortly thereafter, Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT produced a Bose–Einstein Condensate in a gas of sodium atoms. For their achievements Cornell, Wieman, and Ketterle received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. These early studies founded the field of ultracold atoms, and hundreds of research groups around the world now routinely produce BECs of dilute atomic vapors in their labs.
Since 1995, many other atomic species have been condensed, and BECs have also been realized using molecules, quasi-particles, and photons.
Critical temperature
This transition to BEC occurs below a critical temperature, which for a uniform three-dimensional gas consisting of non-interacting particles with no apparent internal degrees of freedom is given by:
where:
{|cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
|
| is the critical temperature,
|-
|
| the particle density,
|-
|
| the mass per boson,
|-
|
| the reduced Planck constant,
|-
|
| the Boltzmann constant and
|-
|
| the Riemann zeta function;
|}
Interactions shift the value and the corrections can be calculated by mean-field theory.
This formula is derived from finding the gas degeneracy in the Bose gas using Bose–Einstein statistics.
Derivation
Ideal Bose gas
For an ideal Bose gas we have the equation of state:
where is the per particle volume, the thermal wavelength, the fugacity and
It is noticeable that is a monotonically growing function of in , which are the only values for which the series converge.
Recognizing that the second term on the right-hand side contains the expression for the average occupation number of the fundamental state , the equation of state can be rewritten as
Because the left term on the second equation must always be positive, and because , a stronger condition is
which defines a transition between a gas phase and a condensed phase. On the critical region it is possible to define a critical temperature and thermal wavelength:
recovering the value indicated on the previous section. The critical values are such that if or we are in the presence of a Bose–Einstein condensate.
Understanding what happens with the fraction of particles on the fundamental level is crucial. As so, write the equation of state for , obtaining
and equivalently .
So, if the fraction and if the fraction . At temperatures near to absolute 0, particles tend to condensate in the fundamental state, which is the state with momentum .
Models
Bose Einstein's non-interacting gas
Consider a collection of N non-interacting particles, which can each be in one of two quantum states, and . If the two states are equal in energy, each different configuration is equally likely.
If we can tell which particle is which, there are different configurations, since each particle can be in or independently. In almost all of the configurations, about half the particles are in and the other half in . The balance is a statistical effect: the number of configurations is largest when the particles are divided equally.
If the particles are indistinguishable, however, there are only N+1 different configurations. If there are K particles in state , there are particles in state . Whether any particular particle is in state or in state cannot be determined, so each value of K determines a unique quantum state for the whole system.
Suppose now that the energy of state is slightly greater than the energy of state by an amount E. At temperature T, a particle will have a lesser probability to be in state by . In the distinguishable case, the particle distribution will be biased slightly towards state . But in the indistinguishable case, since there is no statistical pressure toward equal numbers, the most-likely outcome is that most of the particles will collapse into state .
In the distinguishable case, for large N, the fraction in state can be computed. It is the same as flipping a coin with probability proportional to p = exp(−E/T) to land tails.
In the indistinguishable case, each value of K is a single state, which has its own separate Boltzmann probability. So the probability distribution is exponential:
For large N, the normalization constant C is . The expected total number of particles not in the lowest energy state, in the limit that , is equal to
It does not grow when N is large; it just approaches a constant. This will be a negligible fraction of the total number of particles. So a collection of enough Bose particles in thermal equilibrium will mostly be in the ground state, with only a few in any excited state, no matter how small the energy difference.
Consider now a gas of particles, which can be in different momentum states labeled . If the number of particles is less than the number of thermally accessible states, for high temperatures and low densities, the particles will all be in different states. In this limit, the gas is classical. As the density increases or the temperature decreases, the number of accessible states per particle becomes smaller, and at some point, more particles will be forced into a single state than the maximum allowed for that state by statistical weighting. From this point on, any extra particle added will go into the ground state.
To calculate the transition temperature at any density, integrate, over all momentum states, the expression for maximum number of excited particles, :
When the integral (also known as Bose–Einstein integral) is evaluated with factors of and ℏ restored by dimensional analysis, it gives the critical temperature formula of the preceding section. Therefore, this integral defines the critical temperature and particle number corresponding to the conditions of negligible chemical potential . In Bose–Einstein statistics distribution, is actually still nonzero for BECs; however, is less than the ground state energy. Except when specifically talking about the ground state, can be approximated for most energy or momentum states as .
Bogoliubov theory for weakly interacting gas
Nikolay Bogoliubov considered perturbations on the limit of dilute gas, finding a finite pressure at zero temperature and positive chemical potential. This leads to corrections for the ground state. The Bogoliubov state has pressure (T = 0): .
The original interacting system can be converted to a system of non-interacting particles with a dispersion law.
Gross–Pitaevskii equation
In some simplest cases, the state of condensed particles can be described with a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, also known as Gross–Pitaevskii or Ginzburg–Landau equation. The validity of this approach is actually limited to the case of ultracold temperatures, which fits well for the most alkali atoms experiments.
This approach originates from the assumption that the state of the BEC can be described by the unique wavefunction of the condensate . For a system of this nature, is interpreted as the particle density, so the total number of atoms is
Provided essentially all atoms are in the condensate (that is, have condensed to the ground state), and treating the bosons using mean-field theory, the energy (E) associated with the state is:
Minimizing this energy with respect to infinitesimal variations in , and holding the number of atoms constant, yields the Gross–Pitaevski equation (GPE) (also a non-linear Schrödinger equation):
where:
{|cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
|
| is the mass of the bosons,
|-
|
| is the external potential, and
|-
|
| represents the inter-particle interactions.
|}
In the case of zero external potential, the dispersion law of interacting Bose–Einstein-condensed particles is given by so-called Bogoliubov spectrum (for ):
The Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) provides a relatively good description of the behavior of atomic BEC's. However, GPE does not take into account the temperature dependence of dynamical variables, and is therefore valid only for .
It is not applicable, for example, for the condensates of excitons, magnons and photons, where the critical temperature is comparable to room temperature.
Numerical solution
The Gross-Pitaevskii equation is a partial differential equation in space and time variables. Usually it does not have analytic solution and
different numerical methods, such as split-step
Crank-Nicolson
and Fourier spectral methods, are used for its solution. There are different Fortran and C programs for its solution for contact interaction
and long-range dipolar interaction which can be freely used.
Weaknesses of Gross–Pitaevskii model
The Gross–Pitaevskii model of BEC is a physical approximation valid for certain classes of BECs. By construction, the GPE uses the following simplifications: it assumes that interactions between condensate particles are of the contact two-body type and also neglects anomalous contributions to self-energy. These assumptions are suitable mostly for the dilute three-dimensional condensates. If one relaxes any of these assumptions, the equation for the condensate wavefunction acquires the terms containing higher-order powers of the wavefunction. Moreover, for some physical systems the amount of such terms turns out to be infinite, therefore, the equation becomes essentially non-polynomial. The examples where this could happen are the Bose–Fermi composite condensates, effectively lower-dimensional condensates, and dense condensates and superfluid clusters and droplets. It is found that one has to go beyond the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. For example, the logarithmic term found in the Logarithmic Schrödinger equation must be added to the Gross-Pitaevskii equation along with a Ginzburg-Sobyanin contribution to correctly determine that the speed of sound scales as the cubic root of pressure for Helium-4 at very low temperatures in close agreement with experiment.
Other
However, it is clear that in a general case the behaviour of Bose–Einstein condensate can be described by coupled evolution equations for condensate density, superfluid velocity and distribution function of elementary excitations. This problem was solved in 1977 by Peletminskii et al. in microscopical approach. The Peletminskii equations are valid for any finite temperatures below the critical point. Years after, in 1985, Kirkpatrick and Dorfman obtained similar equations using another microscopical approach. The Peletminskii equations also reproduce Khalatnikov hydrodynamical equations for superfluid as a limiting case.
Superfluidity of BEC and Landau criterion
The phenomena of superfluidity of a Bose gas and superconductivity of a strongly-correlated Fermi gas (a gas of Cooper pairs) are tightly connected to Bose–Einstein condensation. Under corresponding conditions, below the temperature of phase transition, these phenomena were observed in helium-4 and different classes of superconductors. In this sense, the superconductivity is often called the superfluidity of Fermi gas. In the simplest form, the origin of superfluidity can be seen from the weakly interacting bosons model.
Experimental observation
Superfluid helium-4
In 1938, Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of fluid, now known as a superfluid, at temperatures less than 2.17 K (the lambda point). Superfluid helium has many unusual properties, including zero viscosity (the ability to flow without dissipating energy) and the existence of quantized vortices. It was quickly believed that the superfluidity was due to partial Bose–Einstein condensation of the liquid. In fact, many properties of superfluid helium also appear in gaseous condensates created by Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle (see below). Superfluid helium-4 is a liquid rather than a gas, which means that the interactions between the atoms are relatively strong; the original theory of Bose–Einstein condensation must be heavily modified in order to describe it. Bose–Einstein condensation remains, however, fundamental to the superfluid properties of helium-4. Note that helium-3, a fermion, also enters a superfluid phase (at a much lower temperature) which can be explained by the formation of bosonic Cooper pairs of two atoms (see also fermionic condensate).
Dilute atomic gases
The first "pure" Bose–Einstein condensate was created by Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, and co-workers at JILA on 5 June 1995. They cooled a dilute vapor of approximately two thousand rubidium-87 atoms to below 170 nK using a combination of laser cooling (a technique that won its inventors Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics) and magnetic evaporative cooling. About four months later, an independent effort led by Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT condensed sodium-23. Ketterle's condensate had a hundred times more atoms, allowing important results such as the observation of quantum mechanical interference between two different condensates. Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievements.
A group led by Randall Hulet at Rice University announced a condensate of lithium atoms only one month following the JILA work. Lithium has attractive interactions, causing the condensate to be unstable and collapse for all but a few atoms. Hulet's team subsequently showed the condensate could be stabilized by confinement quantum pressure for up to about 1000 atoms. Various isotopes have since been condensed.
Velocity-distribution data graph
In the image accompanying this article, the velocity-distribution data indicates the formation of a Bose–Einstein condensate out of a gas of rubidium atoms. The false colors indicate the number of atoms at each velocity, with red being the fewest and white being the most. The areas appearing white and light blue are at the lowest velocities. The peak is not infinitely narrow because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle: spatially confined atoms have a minimum width velocity distribution. This width is given by the curvature of the magnetic potential in the given direction. More tightly confined directions have bigger widths in the ballistic velocity distribution. This anisotropy of the peak on the right is a purely quantum-mechanical effect and does not exist in the thermal distribution on the left. This graph served as the cover design for the 1999 textbook Thermal Physics by Ralph Baierlein.
Quasiparticles
Bose–Einstein condensation also applies to quasiparticles in solids. Magnons, excitons, and polaritons have integer spin which means they are bosons that can form condensates.
Magnons, electron spin waves, can be controlled by a magnetic field. Densities from the limit of a dilute gas to a strongly interacting Bose liquid are possible. Magnetic ordering is the analog of superfluidity. In 1999 condensation was demonstrated in antiferromagnetic , at temperatures as great as 14 K. The high transition temperature (relative to atomic gases) is due to the magnons' small mass (near that of an electron) and greater achievable density. In 2006, condensation in a ferromagnetic yttrium-iron-garnet thin film was seen even at room temperature, with optical pumping.
Excitons, electron-hole pairs, were predicted to condense at low temperature and high density by Boer et al., in 1961. Bilayer system experiments first demonstrated condensation in 2003, by Hall voltage disappearance. Fast optical exciton creation was used to form condensates in sub-kelvin in 2005 on.
Polariton condensation was first detected for exciton-polaritons in a quantum well microcavity kept at 5 K.
In zero gravity
In June 2020, the Cold Atom Laboratory experiment on board the International Space Station successfully created a BEC of rubidium atoms and observed them for over a second in free-fall. Although initially just a proof of function, early results showed that, in the microgravity environment of the ISS, about half of the atoms formed into a magnetically insensitive halo-like cloud around the main body of the BEC.
Peculiar properties
Quantized vortices
As in many other systems, vortices can exist in BECs.
Vortices can be created, for example, by "stirring" the condensate with lasers,
rotating the confining trap,
or by rapid cooling across the phase transition.
The vortex created will be a quantum vortex with core shape determined by the interactions. Fluid circulation around any point is quantized due to the single-valued nature of the order BEC order parameter or wavefunction, that can be written in the form where and are as in the cylindrical coordinate system, and is the angular quantum number (a.k.a. the "charge" of the vortex). Since the energy of a vortex is proportional to the square of its angular momentum, in trivial topology only vortices can exist in the steady state; Higher-charge vortices will have a tendency to split into vortices, if allowed by the topology of the geometry.
An axially symmetric (for instance, harmonic) confining potential is commonly used for the study of vortices in BEC. To determine , the energy of must be minimized, according to the constraint . This is usually done computationally, however, in a uniform medium, the following analytic form demonstrates the correct behavior, and is a good approximation:
Here, is the density far from the vortex and , where is the healing length of the condensate.
A singly charged vortex () is in the ground state, with its energy given by
where is the farthest distance from the vortices considered.(To obtain an energy which is well defined it is necessary to include this boundary .)
For multiply charged vortices () the energy is approximated by
which is greater than that of singly charged vortices, indicating that these multiply charged vortices are unstable to decay. Research has, however, indicated they are metastable states, so may have relatively long lifetimes.
Closely related to the creation of vortices in BECs is the generation of so-called dark solitons in one-dimensional BECs. These topological objects feature a phase gradient across their nodal plane, which stabilizes their shape even in propagation and interaction. Although solitons carry no charge and are thus prone to decay, relatively long-lived dark solitons have been produced and studied extensively.
Attractive interactions
Experiments led by Randall Hulet at Rice University from 1995 through 2000 showed that lithium condensates with attractive interactions could stably exist up to a critical atom number. Quench cooling the gas, they observed the condensate to grow, then subsequently collapse as the attraction overwhelmed the zero-point energy of the confining potential, in a burst reminiscent of a supernova, with an explosion preceded by an implosion.
Further work on attractive condensates was performed in 2000 by the JILA team, of Cornell, Wieman and coworkers. Their instrumentation now had better control so they used naturally attracting atoms of rubidium-85 (having negative atom–atom scattering length). Through Feshbach resonance involving a sweep of the magnetic field causing spin flip collisions, they lowered the characteristic, discrete energies at which rubidium bonds, making their Rb-85 atoms repulsive and creating a stable condensate. The reversible flip from attraction to repulsion stems from quantum interference among wave-like condensate atoms.
When the JILA team raised the magnetic field strength further, the condensate suddenly reverted to attraction, imploded and shrank beyond detection, then exploded, expelling about two-thirds of its 10,000 atoms. About half of the atoms in the condensate seemed to have disappeared from the experiment altogether, not seen in the cold remnant or expanding gas cloud. Carl Wieman explained that under current atomic theory this characteristic of Bose–Einstein condensate could not be explained because the energy state of an atom near absolute zero should not be enough to cause an implosion; however, subsequent mean-field theories have been proposed to explain it. Most likely they formed molecules of two rubidium atoms; energy gained by this bond imparts velocity sufficient to leave the trap without being detected.
The process of creation of molecular Bose condensate during the sweep of the magnetic field throughout the Feshbach resonance, as well as the reverse process, are described by the exactly solvable model that can explain many experimental observations.
Current research
Compared to more commonly encountered states of matter, Bose–Einstein condensates are extremely fragile. The slightest interaction with the external environment can be enough to warm them past the condensation threshold, eliminating their interesting properties and forming a normal gas.
Nevertheless, they have proven useful in exploring a wide range of questions in fundamental physics, and the years since the initial discoveries by the JILA and MIT groups have seen an increase in experimental and theoretical activity. Examples include experiments that have demonstrated interference between condensates due to wave–particle duality, the study of superfluidity and quantized vortices, the creation of bright matter wave solitons from Bose condensates confined to one dimension, and the slowing of light pulses to very low speeds using electromagnetically induced transparency. Vortices in Bose–Einstein condensates are also currently the subject of analogue gravity research, studying the possibility of modeling black holes and their related phenomena in such environments in the laboratory. Experimenters have also realized "optical lattices", where the interference pattern from overlapping lasers provides a periodic potential. These have been used to explore the transition between a superfluid and a Mott insulator, and may be useful in studying Bose–Einstein condensation in fewer than three dimensions, for example the Tonks–Girardeau gas. Further, the sensitivity of the pinning transition of strongly interacting bosons confined in a shallow one-dimensional optical lattice originally observed by Haller has been explored via a tweaking of the primary optical lattice by a secondary weaker one. Thus for a resulting weak bichromatic optical lattice, it has been found that the pinning transition is robust against the
introduction of the weaker secondary optical lattice. Studies of vortices in nonuniform Bose–Einstein condensates as well as excitations of these systems by the application of moving repulsive or attractive obstacles, have also been undertaken. Within this context, the conditions for order and chaos in the dynamics of a trapped Bose–Einstein condensate have been explored by the application of moving blue and red-detuned laser beams (hitting frequencies slightly above and below the resonance frequency, respectively) via the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
Bose–Einstein condensates composed of a wide range of isotopes have been produced.
Cooling fermions to extremely low temperatures has created degenerate gases, subject to the Pauli exclusion principle. To exhibit Bose–Einstein condensation, the fermions must "pair up" to form bosonic compound particles (e.g. molecules or Cooper pairs). The first molecular condensates were created in November 2003 by the groups of Rudolf Grimm at the University of Innsbruck, Deborah S. Jin at the University of Colorado at Boulder and Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT. Jin quickly went on to create the first fermionic condensate, working with the same system but outside the molecular regime.
In 1999, Danish physicist Lene Hau led a team from Harvard University which slowed a beam of light to about 17 meters per second using a superfluid. Hau and her associates have since made a group of condensate atoms recoil from a light pulse such that they recorded the light's phase and amplitude, recovered by a second nearby condensate, in what they term "slow-light-mediated atomic matter-wave amplification" using Bose–Einstein condensates.
Another current research interest is the creation of Bose–Einstein condensates in microgravity in order to use its properties for high precision atom interferometry. The first demonstration of a BEC in weightlessness was achieved in 2008 at a drop tower in Bremen, Germany by a consortium of researchers led by Ernst M. Rasel from Leibniz University Hannover. The same team demonstrated in 2017 the first creation of a Bose–Einstein condensate in space and it is also the subject of two upcoming experiments on the International Space Station.
Researchers in the new field of atomtronics use the properties of Bose–Einstein condensates in the emerging quantum technology of matter-wave circuits.
In 1970, BECs were proposed by Emmanuel David Tannenbaum for anti-stealth technology.
In 2020, researchers reported the development of superconducting BEC and that there appears to be a "smooth transition between" BEC and Bardeen–Cooper–Shrieffer regimes.
Continuous Bose–Einstein condensation
Limitations of evaporative cooling have restricted atomic BECs to "pulsed" operation, involving a highly inefficient duty cycle that discards more than 99% of atoms to reach BEC. Achieving continuous BEC has been a major open problem of experimental BEC research, driven by the same motivations as continuous optical laser development: high flux, high coherence matter waves produced continuously would enable new sensing applications.
Continuous BEC was achieved for the first time in 2022.
Dark matter
P. Sikivie and Q. Yang showed that cold dark matter axions would form a Bose–Einstein condensate by thermalisation because of gravitational self-interactions. Axions have not yet been confirmed to exist. However the important search for them has been greatly enhanced with the completion of upgrades to the Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX) at the University of Washington in early 2018.
In 2014, a potential dibaryon was detected at the Jülich Research Center at about 2380 MeV. The center claimed that the measurements confirm results from 2011, via a more replicable method. The particle existed for 10−23 seconds and was named d*(2380). This particle is hypothesized to consist of three up and three down quarks. It is theorized that groups of d* (d-stars) could form Bose–Einstein condensates due to prevailing low temperatures in the early universe, and that BECs made of such hexaquarks with trapped electrons could behave like dark matter.
Isotopes
The effect has mainly been observed on alkaline atoms which have nuclear properties particularly suitable for working with traps. As of 2012, using ultra-low temperatures of or below, Bose–Einstein condensates had been obtained for a multitude of isotopes, mainly of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal,
and lanthanide atoms (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , and ). Research was finally successful in hydrogen with the aid of the newly developed method of 'evaporative cooling'. In contrast, the superfluid state of below is not a good example, because the interaction between the atoms is too strong. Only 8% of atoms are in the ground state of the trap near absolute zero, rather than the 100% of a true condensate.
The bosonic behavior of some of these alkaline gases appears odd at first sight, because their nuclei have half-integer total spin. It arises from a subtle interplay of electronic and nuclear spins: at ultra-low temperatures and corresponding excitation energies, the half-integer total spin of the electronic shell and half-integer total spin of the nucleus are coupled by a very weak hyperfine interaction. The total spin of the atom, arising from this coupling, is an integer lower value. The chemistry of systems at room temperature is determined by the electronic properties, which is essentially fermionic, since room temperature thermal excitations have typical energies much higher than the hyperfine values.
In fiction
In the 2016 film Spectral, the US military battles mysterious enemy creatures fashioned out of Bose–Einstein condensates.
In the 2003 novel Blind Lake, scientists observe sentient life on a planet 51 light-years away using telescopes powered by Bose–Einstein condensate-based quantum computers.
The video game franchise Mass Effect has cryonic ammunition whose flavour text describes it as being filled with Bose–Einstein condensates. Upon impact, the bullets rupture and spray super-cold liquid on the enemy.
See also
Atom laser
Atomic coherence
Bose–Einstein correlations
Bose–Einstein condensation: a network theory approach
Bose–Einstein condensation of quasiparticles
Bose–Einstein statistics
Cold Atom Laboratory
Electromagnetically induced transparency
Fermionic condensate
Gas in a box
Gross–Pitaevskii equation
Macroscopic quantum phenomena
Macroscopic quantum self-trapping
Slow light
Super-heavy atom
Superconductivity
Superfluid film
Superfluid helium-4
Supersolid
Tachyon condensation
Timeline of low-temperature technology
Ultracold atom
Wiener sausage
References
Further reading
,
.
.
.
C. J. Pethick and H. Smith, Bose–Einstein Condensation in Dilute Gases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001.
Lev P. Pitaevskii and S. Stringari, Bose–Einstein Condensation, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003.
Monique Combescot and Shiue-Yuan Shiau, "Excitons and Cooper Pairs: Two Composite Bosons in Many-Body Physics", Oxford University Press ().
External links
Bose–Einstein Condensation 2009 Conference – Frontiers in Quantum Gases
BEC Homepage General introduction to Bose–Einstein condensation
Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 – for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
Bose–Einstein condensates at JILA
Atomcool at Rice University
Alkali Quantum Gases at MIT
Atom Optics at UQ
Einstein's manuscript on the Bose–Einstein condensate discovered at Leiden University
Bose–Einstein condensate on arxiv.org
Bosons – The Birds That Flock and Sing Together
Easy BEC machine – information on constructing a Bose–Einstein condensate machine.
Verging on absolute zero – Cosmos Online
Lecture by W Ketterle at MIT in 2001
Bose–Einstein Condensation at NIST – NIST resource on BEC
Albert Einstein
Condensed matter physics
Exotic matter
Phases of matter
Articles containing video clips
|
17841297
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del%20Norte%20High%20School%20%28San%20Diego%29
|
Del Norte High School (San Diego)
|
Del Norte High School is a public high school located in and primarily serving the 4S Ranch and Del Sur communities of San Diego, California. It is part of the Poway Unified School District (PUSD). Established in 2009, the campus covers of land.
History
Del Norte opened on August 19, 2009, and was the last comprehensive high school to be opened in the Poway Unified School District.
During its first year, Del Norte was expected to have approximately 700 students in order to create a personalized learning experience. Also notable was the absence of juniors and seniors, as the first year only contained freshmen and sophomores. The expected student population after the first few years was approximately 2,250 students.
On May 13, 2014, the Bernardo Fire broke out near the school, leading to the evacuation of 21,000 nearby houses.
On May 26, 2022, Del Norte High School and several nearby schools in Poway Unified School District were put into complete lockdown because of shooting threats called into the police station. The following day, many students left their homeroom period in a walkout to protest gun violence and honor the lives lost just two days prior during the Robb Elementary School shooting.
Beginning in the 2023-24 school year, longtime Del Norte administrator Ty Eveleth, who had previously served as assistant principal starting 2020, and a school counselor beginning in 2013, became Del Norte's principal. Eveleth succeeded Bryan Schultz, who served as principal between 2018 and 2023.
Enrollment
In the 2021-2022 school year, 2,585 students were enrolled at Del Norte, with a senior class of 675 students. Student enrollment in 2020 was reported as 38.4% White, 38.3% Asian, 10.4% Hispanic or Latino, 8.2% two or more races, 1.5% African American, 0.3% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 0.2% Native American or Alaska Native.
Campus
The school is modeled after the layout of another PUSD school, Westview High School. The design is a radial pattern, with all buildings linking to a central common area. Del Norte is equipped with technology including a school-wide data-sharing network, VoIP, and Promethean Activboards in all classrooms.
Athletics
The athletic programs that are offered are: sideline cheer, men's water polo, football, girls' field hockey, girls' golf, girls' tennis, girls' volleyball, and cross country in the fall; sideline cheer, basketball, soccer, girls' water polo, wrestling, club roller hockey and club rugby in the winter; competitive cheer, boys' golf, lacrosse, boys' tennis, boys' volleyball, swimming/dive, baseball, softball, girls' gymnastics, and track and field in the spring. Del Norte submitted a California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) membership application for the 2009-2010 year.
In February 2023, former NFL linebacker Nick Barnett was announced as the new head coach of the football team, becoming the eighth former NFL player to coach a high school team in San Diego.
Academic Rankings
In 2022, Niche and U.S. News both ranked Del Norte the 4th best high school in San Diego area, with U.S. News also ranking Del Norte as the top high school in PUSD.
Notable alumni
Quenton Meeks - American football cornerback for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL)
Haley Cruse Mitchell - American former professional softball player
See also
Primary and secondary schools in San Diego, California
References
External links
High schools in San Diego
Public high schools in California
Educational institutions established in 2009
2009 establishments in California
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.