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Autism is a developmental disability, which means that autism is inborn, and the child will continue to have autistic traits through his adulthood, though it may become less obvious with age. We must hence be able to recognise some of these symptoms, to prevent discrimination or the denial of opportunities for a condition they cannot control.
Who are we?
We are Project Mix & Mold (M&M), an eight-member Community Problem Solving (CmPS) group from Raffles Girl’s School (Secondary) working with children with autism in Rainbow Centre (Margaret Drive), a specialised institution catering to the more severe cases of autism. When we went down initially for our field research, we discovered that the children were mainly learning basic vocational and life skills that were more useful to them, such as making their own sandwiches and reading. They did not do much enrichment activities like painting or singing. Even though there are Co-Curricular Activities (CCA) that allow talent development, we felt that due to the centre’s limited resources and short-handedness, it was not enough, potentially leaving some hidden talents undiscovered.
We strongly believe that despite their condition, children with autism deserve the same opportunities to discover and develop their talent. Together with the teachers at Rainbow Centre, we believe that by building a platform to showcase their special talents, and by providing enrichment programmes which can develop their speech, drama and music skills, each and every child will discover their own hidden talent, and hopefully develop it in his/her own time.
What we do – At the Root Level
In November 2011, we had the opportunity to facilitate the Outward Bound Singapore camp specially organised for the children. We spent two days and one night with them, catering to their various needs such as hygiene. This gave us invaluable experience in working with children with autism and served as an eye-opener for us.
Now in 2012, we have translated that experience into real impact. We are currently holding weekly sessions at Rainbow Centre every Friday. We teach 2 classes, where Class One is made up of six 7 to 8 year old students, while Class Two is made of seven 9 to 10 year olds. Every week, we choose a theme, such as Frogs, Colours or Chinese New Year, which forms the basis of our lessons. We then incorporate these themes into talent-related activities. Under Arts and Craft, we do painting, drawing, colouring, and origami, as well as teach basic skills such as pasting and cutting. We also do singing, percussion and reading. For instance, when one of the lessons was on “Boats”, we taught them how to sing “Row row row your boat” and how to fold boat origami.
A lot of preparation and time is spent in preparing each and every lesson. Because teaching materials for children with autism are not readily available, we have to make them ourselves and adapt them specifically to the children’s needs. As children with autism are tactile and visual learners, we extensively use Velcro and pictures with accompanying short sentences in books, instruction sheets, and lyrics sheets, to facilitate our lessons and engage the children.
In addition to our weekly sessions, we also facilitate special events at Rainbow Centre such as Deepavali and Chinese New Year celebrations.
What we do – At the Public Level
Understandably, not all understand what “autism” is and many hold very strong misconceptions of it. In order to increase autism awareness, we have launched a public awareness campaign, starting from our closest community – our school. We hope that by sharing more about autism, our peers will come to see them in a new light instead of perceiving them as “different”. We have hence shared our project via various platforms. Firstly, we have made announcements during morning assembly. We then set up a booth in our school for a week. We have also held an assembly talk, in conjunction with the theme of Community Service, to the Secondary 3 and 4 students on our project. In addition, we have started selling merchandise such as badges and magnets in aid of Rainbow Centre. We have created an original brochure on the different traits of autism and how we might help or interact with them, and we hope to be able to first distribute it to our school, and then to other secondary schools. We will also be setting up another booth during the first week of April, in conjunction with World Autism Day on 2nd of April. We also currently gathering volunteers and Service Learning groups to sustain our project.
How can I help?
But we can’t do it alone. We need YOUR help in building a society where these special people are embraced despite their differences, and accepted for who they are. Here are some steps in making that vision a reality:
1. Befriend a child with autism. Every child is unique, so getting to know the child by learning about his profile, such as his likes and dislikes, will go a long way. Have patience and compassion when dealing with them.
2. Be understanding towards children with autism when you come across them. Avoid staring rudely at them when they show strange behaviour.
3. Know how to communicate with them. Use pictures as most of them are visual learners. Give clear instructions as well. Children with autism take things literally and will be confused by metaphors such as ‘raining cats and dogs’.
4. Treat them with respect. They are just like you and I, only that they require more attention.
What we’ve learnt
Just as we hope the children have grown through our sessions, we ourselves have come a long way since the beginning of this project. We have learnt more about autism than we ever could have imagined when we first decided to embark on this project, and interacting with the children has been a true eye-opener. We have learnt about the difficulties and challenges that they face each day. We have learnt to empathise with their parents and guardians. We have learnt how to communicate with children with autism on their level. Being able to interact with these children has really changed our perceptions of special needs people. Before, we used to underestimate such people, thinking that they were less capable than us. But before long, we found that these people are really not that different from us and are especially talented, in their own ways.
Also, with every week, we experienced how it was like to be a teacher, a teacher who has been granted the responsibility of guiding these children with autism through their formative years. It was certainly not easy, what with each week always posing us new challenges and problems, such as constantly adapting our materials and being flexible with our schedule. We also had to be extremely patient and sensitive with the children when they acted up or refused to follow our instructions. Though we may spend just an hour every week down at the centre, the teachers spend easily seven hours a day, five days a week, working tirelessly. We really admire the teachers here and everywhere else in the world for their amazing dedication and commitment, and it is these people who have truly given us the inspiration to continue, no matter how hard it may get.
Lastly, we now understand the true spirit of giving and have gained many invaluable lessons, such as teamwork and perseverance. There really is no limit to what you can provide for those less fortunate than you are in society – the only two things that limit it is how big your heart is, and how big you are willing to let that passion to serve grow. It might be a long and hard journey to make a real change and difference, but with a lot of commitment and effort, it is possible. For us, seeing the smiles on the children’s faces, every single week, has really made everything worth it.
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Question: If I want to plant flowers or vegetables in my yard, what’s the single most important thing I need to do to optimize my chance of success?
Answer: The most important thing you can do is make a good home in the soil for your plants. In other words, you should prepare your soil for your flowers and vegetables.
The easiest way to do this is to add some form of “well-balanced” organic matter to your soil. What does that mean? Well-balanced organic matter contains enough nitrogen and other nutrients to balance out the carbon you’re adding.
Most sources of compost or other organic amendments that you buy at a garden center come with a nutrient analysis. You want to make sure that the percentage of nitrogen or “N” is greater than 1%.
If you’re making your own compost to add to the soil, make sure that you add enough “green” with your “brown.” Here, green means grass clippings, coffee grounds, or leafy materials.
Have a question for Soils Matter? Post it as a comment below, or email us at [email protected]
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Learn about the Circular Economy of Metals
On 22 January 2018, the Massive Open Online Course ’A Circular Economy of Metals: Towards a Sustainable Societal Metabolism’ kicks off. This course is developed and taught by associate professor Ester van der Voet.
Metals: a limited and valuable source
Metals are present everywhere around us. They are, for instance, indispensable for our smart phones, computers and, of course, our means of transportation. In emerging economies, as well as industrialized countries, the demand for these metals is increasing rapidly. Mining and production activities are expanding, and so are the environmental consequences of metal production processes.
Learn how to close the cycle
In the Massive Open Online Course ’A Circular Economy of Metals: Towards a Sustainable Societal Metabolism’, those consequences and options to move towards a more sustainable system of metals production and use will be explored. We will focus especially on the options to reach a circular economy for metals: keeping metals in use for a very long time, to avoid having to mine new ones.
Tackling the global metal challenge
This course is based on the series of reports on metals of the International Resource Panel that is part of UN Environment. An important addition are the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ambitious goals that we will use as a touching stone for the assessment of the metals challenge, as well as the solutions we present in this course to solve that challenge.
As of now the course ‘A Circular Economy of Metals: Towards a Sustainable Societal Metabolism’ is open for enrollment. On Monday 22 January the first lecture will be available online. The course will take a total of 6 weeks. The instructor is professor Ester van der Voet from the Institute of Environmental Sciences.
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Teneriffe's coveted Woolstore apartments are renowned for providing the perfect mix of modern style and heritage architecture.
Standing proudly along the Brisbane river, the immense brick complex houses some of Brisbane’s most trend-savvy residents. Over time, the Tenneriffe Woolstores' history has been moulded by the suburb's gentrification - as their surrounding leafy streets have evolved, so too have the buildings and their status.
Teneriffe was born in 1854, when a property speculator named James Gibbon purchased a parcel of land between Newstead and New Farm and named it Teneriffe. Defined as a separate suburb until 1975, Teneriffe was confined to a locality within the suburb of Newstead until 2010 when it reverted to suburb status.
Following the dredging of the Brisbane river, the area became largely industrial as new depths allowed large ships to travel further upstream. By 1907, the size and number of vessels travelling to Brisbane’s South and City ports had increased to the point where new wharves were built in Teneriffe to accommodate them.
Photo source: State Library of Queensland and John Oxley Library
The first wharf was built by Dalgety and Co in 1907 - their primary business being wool and gold, and so, shortly followed the construction of Teneriffe’s beloved wool stores. Vernon Terrace’s Winchcombe Carson Woolstore was built in 1910, followed by the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Woolstore in 1911. Fast forward to the 1950s, and another nine Woolstores had made their mark along the Brisbane river, designed by well-known architects to represent the commercial success Australian wool producers experienced in the early 20th century.
During World War II, the navy requisitioned the Woolstores and their wharves to form Australia’s largest submarine base, housing around 60 submarines based at Teneriffe. The facilities were home to both American and British officers, referred to as ‘Capricorn Wharf’.
When Brisbane’s major port opened further upstream, the Woolstores, wharves and railway all closed, left in an unused state of decay. In the late 1980s, this once booming industrial centre had transformed into a state of economic stagnation, urban decay and crime. Slipping into a ghost town of degeneration, something had to be done to bring life back to Teneriffe.
Therefore, an urban renewal taskforce was established in 1991, responsible for revitalising roughly 730 hectares of derelict industrial land primarily in Teneriffe, Newstead and New Farm. The project centred around transforming the old Woolstores buildings into upmarket apartment residences, starting in 1995 and finalising in 2000. The renewal project was a huge success.
Fast forward to 2018, and Teneriffe’s Woolstore buildings are some of Brisbane’s most exclusive living quarters. The heritage listed sites embrace their riverfront position, evolving into grand architectural masterpieces that reflect the Teneriffe Woolstores’ history.
Today, Teneriffe is regarded for first class-dining, trendy cafes and elegant bars. Born through a bustling commerce centre, the suburb has matured along a rollercoaster journey to be one of Brisbane’s most vibrant destinations, not dissimilar from its original roots.
A rare top floor Woolstore apartment is currently listed with Judy Goodger from Place New Farm. We spoke to Judy about this special opportunity.
“The Woolstore apartments are highly sought after and tightly held for years – when buyers know they’ve secured one, they don’t want to let it go. On occasion a Woolstore apartment comes to the market, we find there is considerable interest.”
If you’re interested in seeing the historic architecture on offer in these unique buildings, check out the property here.
If you’re interested in learning more about the Teneriffe/Newstead area, download your suburb report here.
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Researchers Discover Fluorescent Frogs In South America; First Time Discovery In Amphibians
The first fluorescent frog has recently been discovered by scientists in South America. The researchers at the Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences of Buenos Aires discovered the frog accidentally.
According to a report, the researchers were trying to study a polka dot frog. They believed that the frogs they studied would give out a red glow because of the dots that are pigments of the skin. However, when a UVA flashlight was shone on these polka dot tree frogs, they saw that the frogs radiated a green or blue glow.
The discovery of the fluorescent frogs had been published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The scientists indicated that there could be more of these fluorescent frogs that can be found.
A report indicated that the discovery of the fluorescent frog is a step forward in understanding amphibians. These fluorescent animals absorb light and will re-emit the light at a longer wavelength. It is indicated that this phenomenon has been discovered in other species but not with amphibians. This may be the first one that has been discovered.
As the researchers further studied the fluorescent frog, they discovered three molecules. These molecules are hyloin-L1, hyloin-L2, and hyloin-G2. These three molecules found in the frog are the components responsible for the glow.
Meanwhile, the scientists added that the molecules that have been found in the fluorescent frog contain a ring structure. It also has hydrocarbons that are known to be rare in known fluorescent molecules in animals.
It is indicated that these frogs may use the glow for communication. It may be used by frogs to attract a male. This could also be used by a male frog to communicate to other frogs about his location. This is specifically made for frog eyes.
There have to be more studies done for the fluorescent frog. However, as of this time, the researchers indicated that the glow is pleasing enough to the frog's eyes.
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Unintelligible speech is a descriptive term used subjectively by the listener. It can be due to a few minor consonant or vowel errors, oral-structural differences, oral-motor weakness, dysarthria or apraxia of speech.
However, another casual factor to unintelligible speech, which even many professionals miss, is that of the faulty perception of language. Children who have difficulty processing and comprehending spoken language, particularly children who exhibit autism spectrum disorders, may exhibit jargon (sometime called “gibberish,” or unintelligible speech).
It is important to uncover whether a child has an unusual capacity to memorize dialogue, which doesn’t necessarily hold any meaning for them and are reiterating it the way they perceive it, without attaching meaning. In this case, the more emphasis there is upon improving processing and comprehension skills, the more improvement will be seen in increased intelligibility. Whereas, unintelligible speech rooted in the fine-motor coordination aspect of talking would require motor-speech or verbal motor work.
Children may have both perceptual and motor-speech difficulties. If there are any questions regarding whether the child comprehends spoken language, attention should be given to comprehension and not necessarily motor-speech output.
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First Phase of Missionary Activity
The history of the Mackenzie‐Fort Smith Diocese is intimately linked to the presence of the French Oblates who came to Canada in 1841 at the request of Bishop Bourget of Montreal. From Quebec and Ontario the Oblates soon moved West and North.
When Father Alexandre Taché, omi left Saint Boniface to travel to Fort Chipewyan, Alberta in 1847, he was far from thinking that he was staking out the existence of a mission territory that would come to be known as the Mackenzie‐Fort Smith Diocese, the size of the Province of Quebec. On September the second of that year he reached Fort Chipewyan.
Historically, the Indian people, as they were called then, were a very religious or spiritual people. Living on the land had made them discover the existence of the Great Spirit. They had developed a rich spirituality. This spirituality and our Catholic Faith shared much in common.
In their early writings to their homeland, the French Missionaries spoke of the deep faith and generosity of the people. This gave them hope of building a society and church that was closer to the Gospel than France itself.
Pope John Paul II recognized that reality when he came to America and said to the Aboriginal people:
“For untold generations, you the native peoples have lived in a relationship of trust with the Creator, seeking the beauty and the richness of the land as coming from his bountiful hand. In contact with the forces of nature, your ancestors learned the value of prayer, silence, fasting, patience and courage.
When the faith was first preached among the native inhabitants of this land, the worthy traditions of the Indian tribes were strengthened and enriched by the Gospel message. Your forebears knew by instinct that the Gospel, far from destroying their authentic values and customs, had the power to purify and uplift the cultural heritage which they had received.”
It is no wonder then that three weeks of intensive religious instruction in Fort Chipewyan produced 194 baptisms, the first fruits of a harvest that will see most native people of Northern Canada adopt the Catholic faith. Hundreds of missionaries, Fathers, Brothers, and Sisters would emulate Father Taché in crossing lakes and rivers, forests and prairies to reach the most remote camps and settlements of the North.
In spite of the almost insurmountable obstacles of land, climate, precarious living conditions,and thanks to the cooperation and in no small amount, help of the native people themselves, the Oblates in the person of Father Grollier, omi reached the Arctic Circle by the year 1857. He had as a companion, Brother Kearnie, omi, who remained, even without a holiday, in the mission of Good Hope for 57 years.
The apostolic work in those early days took many different forms from travelling by dog team to building and operating hospitals and school residences. Everywhere the conditions were extreme to the point where Pope Pius XI proclaimed the missionaries of the Canadian North as the specialists of the most difficult missions. In fact, more than 40 missionaries died in tragic circumstances (lost in storms, drowned, shot, frozen) since the early days of the Church in the North.
The pastoral principle that animated their apostolic action could be stated as follows:
“WHATEVER YOU DO TO THE LEAST OF MINE, YOU DO UNTO ME”
This principle animated the apostolic action of the Oblates and the Grey Nuns (who came to Fort Providence in 1867 to run the first mission school) for more than one hundred years. They preached and sacramentalized. They built hospitals and residential schools. They served as interpreters and even pulled teeth to be faithful to that principle.
Second Phase of Missionary Activity
From 1950 and on, the North was subjected to some radical changes that affected the presence and the action of the Catholic Church in the Western Arctic. The conditions of life have drastically changed.
Today, it is not a question of physical survival but rather psychological and moral survival due to the fact that the North has a new identity. The “old way of life” is a thing of the past. Now the First Nations and Inuit populations have to contend with money, radio, television, internal wage economy, etc… and not so much with “Where is my next meal to come from?”
Government Take‐Over of Institutions
One change that radically transformed the apostolate of the Oblates and the Grey Nuns was the fact that, in the fifties, the Canadian Government took away the health and education responsibilities from the Church. Thus the Church was eased out of the hospital and residential school systems. What had justified much of the labour of the missionaries was eliminated. The Church was somewhat forced to take a good and hard look at her presence and action and fall back more exclusively on her mandate of strict or pure evangelisation through preaching, administration of sacraments, etc.
Another factor that had serious consequences on the “identity” and modus operandi of the missionaries was the fact that in the late sixties and early seventies, Aboriginal People experienced a “cultural revival”. They discovered for themselves a new identity, a new self‐respect. The awareness of this dignity is well expressed by Pope John Paul II when he came to Canada and said to the Aboriginal People,
“You native peoples have a civilisation handed down from your ancestors. Over thousands of years, you have developed traditions, a way of life, a culture, and religious values and manifestations. It would be a big mistake on your part to forget those values and traditions for the sake of making money and getting more material things. What would the life of native peoples be worth if you forget who you have been and who you are? … if you forget how you have survived for thousands of years … if you forget for example that the land was given to you by the Creator and that you have to respect it and look after it carefully.”
A third factor that influenced even more directly the action of the missionaries on the Native People has been the holding of the Vatican II Council. A new awareness of who Catholics were was given to the whole Church membership. If the “whatever you do to the least of mine” was the motto of the apostolic action of the first phase, one has to say that the “you are a priestly nation” of Vatican II became the leitmotif of the Post‐Vatican II Church.
With Vatican II, lay people were encouraged to live their baptism in becoming “missionaries”. They were told that the preaching of the Gospel was also their mission. It was an offshoot of their baptism. More and more lay people do now in the North, what priests used to do.
They involve themselves in sacrament preparation, in Christian education, in financial administration, in leading prayer services in the absence of a priest, in giving communion and receiving the promises of marriage of Catholic couples as well as in conducting Christian funeral services.
Diocesan Synod – 1991
The challenge facing the Church in the late 1980’s was to develop a new identity or new way of being Church. The historical circumstances were a blessing in disguise as they forced the Church of the North to take a good look at itself to see how that challenge could be met.
When the Pope came to Fort Simpson in 1987, he had this message for the Native People:
“The challenge is for you to become active in the life of the Church. I understand that Bishop Croteau and the other bishops of the North are seeking ways of revitalizing the local churches so that you may become ever more effective witnesses of God’s Kingdom of love, justice, peace, forgiveness and human solidarity.
My dear Indian, Inuit and Metis friends, I appeal to all of you, especially the young people, to accept roles of responsibility and to contribute your talents to building up the church among your peoples.
I ask all the elders, leaders and parents to encourage and support vocations to the priesthood and religious life. In this way, the church will become ever more at home in your cultures, evangelizing and strengthening your traditional values and customs.”
Encouraged by that message the leadership of the Church organized a Diocesan Synod. After two years of serious preparation, the Synod was held in the summer of 1991. Like the Council of Vatican II, it gave the members of the Mackenzie‐Fort Smith Diocese a renewed identity and a new lease on life. The solution promoted by the Diocesan Synod was to involve the lay people themselves into the building of a Native Church.
The Synod also voted eighteen resolutions. Among them, two stood out as top priorities: LAY MINISTRY FORMATION (accent on native leadership and enculturation) and HEALING.
Ever since 1991, the diocese has laboured hard to make these two priorities the beacons guiding the passage of the diocesan church through the tumultuous waters of adaptation and evangelization. Many difficulties had to be faced in the years following our Diocesan Synod. One of them was the fact that the lay people feel unworthy and incapable of picking up the challenges thrown at them. It soon appeared that Native Leadership had to be developed through serious adult education to the faith. To facilitate that leadership formation, the Diocese built a Spirituality Centre at Trapper’s Lake, where possible leaders could come to train (See section on Trapper’s Lake Spirituality Centre).
The greatest difficulty encountered was the fact that most people carry with them a heavy load of sufferings, hurts and addictions. Spiritual formation cannot take place till the ground is clear of much that is negative. Therefore healing had to be an integral part of spiritual formation.
That is why the Mackenzie-Fort Smith Diocese, in the last few years, has invested heavily in such programs as Returning to Spirit, Building Love for Life, Core Couples, Marriage Preparation Course, as well as Biblical Studies.
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This study explores how chemical and microbial properties of litters can be affected by coastal environments across the Mediterranean basin. A litterbag experiment including Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pistacia lentiscus L., collected from both inland and coastal areas was set up in France, Greece and Algeria. Control litterbags were left in their sampling sites and a transfer of litterbags from inland to coastal area was performed to test whether the effect of the specific constraints of coastal environments varies according to the country and the litter type. After 10 months, litter chemical composition (CP/MAS 13 C-NMR) and microbial activities (cellulase, respiration, Biolog) and structure (TRFLP) were analysed. Coastal conditions led to various responses: i) litter aromaticity differed in the coastal zones depending on the country (high in Greek coastal area, low in Algerian coastal zone), ii) less functionally-diversified microbial communities were found in Greek coastal area compared to French and Algerian coasts, iii) genetic diversity and richness were strongly impacted after transfer to the coastal zone whatever the country. The type of litter shaped microbial communities: i) at a local scale i.e. in either coastal or inland area, catabolic profiles and cellulase activities varied with the plant species, ii) at a regional scale, the effect of coastal conditions differed with the plant species (basal respiration, Shannon-Weaver index, catabolic diversity H', cellulases and catabolic profiles). Thus, litter microbial properties differed in coastal environments across the Mediterranean basin and plant litter type plays a major role in microbial properties at large spatial scale.
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Wednesday, April 25, 2012 - 18:00 in Earth & Climate
Eruptions of very large volcanoes can reduce the number and intensity of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean for as long as the next three years, a study suggests.
- Eruptive characteristics of Oregon's Mount Hood analyzedMon, 2 Aug 2010, 14:22:13 EDT
- Pre-eruption earthquakes offer clues to volcano forecastersWed, 16 Dec 2009, 19:08:11 EST
- Scientists discover new eruption at undersea volcano, after successfully forecasting the eventTue, 9 Aug 2011, 16:40:32 EDT
- Marine scientists discover deepest undersea erupting volcanoThu, 17 Dec 2009, 17:39:32 EST
- The year of the Alaska volcano: Eruptions keep observatory busyThu, 18 Dec 2008, 7:18:24 EST
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Keeping Allergies & Asthma Under Control
Georgia is well known for its allergies since we have so many trees and plants in our beautiful city. Those beautiful trees could also be making you sick.
Seasonal allergies and asthma are two chronic, often-linked conditions that affect millions of lives in Georgia and across the U.S. While there is no cure for either, there are steps you can take to avoid triggers as well as reduce the aggravation of symptoms.
What is an allergic reaction?
An allergic reaction takes place when proteins in your immune system, called antibodies, mistakenly determine that a normally harmless substance is a threat to the body. The immune system binds the antibodies to the invading substance and releases a chemical called immunoglobulin E (IgE). When too much IgE is produced, it causes the familiar reactions and miseries that disrupt our daily lives—itchy and watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, coughing, etc.
The most common seasonal allergies include:
- Respiratory and eye—these are often triggered by:
- Pollen from trees, grass, and weeds
- Dust mites and mold spores
- Dander from cats, dogs, and rodents
- Skin allergies with rashes—oils from poison ivy, poison sumac, and poison oak are often threats during summer and fall
The most common trigger among allergy sufferers is pollen. When spring arrives, pollen is released from a wide variety of plants and can travel for miles when windblown, and ultimately land in eyes and noses.
Seasonal allergy symptoms can usually be eased with over-the-counter and prescription medications.
- Antihistamine medications—these come in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, and nasal sprays.
- Anti-inflammation nasal sprays—one or two sprays to each nostril daily can block allergy from happening and prevent allergy symptoms.
- Allergy shots—on rare occasions when typical allergy medications don’t provide relief, allergy shots, when administered by a specialist physician, can help. These contain a tiny amount of the thing you’re allergic to—pollen, mold, pet dander, etc.—and help your immune system build tolerance to the allergen.
Allergy and asthma connection
Asthma is a condition resulting from chronic inflammation of the lower airways, causing increased sensitivity to a variety of stimuli that results in decreased airflow into the lungs. Often, a specific cause is not found and there is evidence showing that a person’s genetic predisposition plays a role in asthma. Some identified triggers are infections, smoking, pollution, and even excess weight. But allergies are the number one trigger, with more than 60 percent of the 26 million asthma sufferers in the U.S. being affected.
What happens during an asthma attack?
When the airway comes into contact with an allergen, the lining of the airway becomes inflamed and causes the airway to become constricted. Mucus build-up further clogs the airway, resulting in difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing, and other respiratory problems.
Common triggers for allergy-induced asthma
Many substances that cause allergic reactions can also trigger asthma attacks—these include:
- Dust mites
- Pet dander
- Mold and fungi
Medicines for asthma include 1) controller medications that are anti-inflammatory agents that control chronic airway inflammation and 2) quick relievers that relax the smooth muscle around the airway to allow bronchodilation and open up the airways so that normal airflow can occur, thus making it easier to breathe. Be sure to consult your doctor or pulmonologist to create an action plan that can best control your asthma symptoms and maintain normal lung function.
You can also incorporate some practices in your lifestyle that may help minimize asthma symptoms:
- Identify your triggers
It’s worth noting that not everything you are allergic to will automatically trigger asthma symptoms. Your doctor can perform a blood or skin test to specifically identify allergens, environments, chemicals, or activities that cause allergic asthma episodes.
- Be more active
Regular exercise is important to your overall health. Even if you have exercise-induced asthma, moderate aerobic activities have been found to help asthma symptoms. In addition, obesity is recognized as a trigger for asthma, and exercise that can help shed excess weight can further improve asthma management.
- Eat more fresh fruits and vegetables
Studies have shown that antioxidant-rich diets, which often include a wide variety of common fruits and vegetables, have been linked to improvement of asthma symptoms. Beyond addressing asthma symptoms, eating foods packed with antioxidants provides a multitude of other health and wellness benefits as well.
- Take steps to relax
Research has proven that stress can often trigger an asthma episode. If at all possible, avoid situations that can cause extreme emotions or increase tension. Try activities such as yoga or progressive muscle relaxation. Even deep breathing exercises can help.
Gloria Westney, M.D.
Specializes in Internal Medicine, Pulmonary/Critical Care
Learn more about Dr. Westney.
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Is Acne Caused by Diet?
At any given time, between approximately 40 and 50 million Americans are living with acne, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. This skin condition is characterized by oily skin, pimples such as whiteheads and blackheads, cysts and scars. Your diet does not cause acne, but it may make it worse, which means that tweaking your diet may provide relief from breakouts or minimize their severity.
Causes of Acne
Acne results from clogged pores in your skin. When your skin produces too much oil, it can trap dead skin cells inside the pores. Bacteria that live on the skin known as Propionibacterium acnes, or P. acnes, also build up inside the blocked pores, which in turn inflames the pores and makes them red and swollen. These inflamed pores are better known as blemishes or pimples. Larger acne cysts or nodules develop when the inflammation travels deep into your skin.
Role of Diet
For years, dermatologists dismissed the idea that diet contributed to acne. However, according to the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology, the discovery that some populations with particular diets do not suffer from acne has made some dermatologists rethink this idea. For instance, acne is extremely rare among tribes living in remote areas who do not consume sugar, wheat, beef or dairy. Some doctors now believe that carbohydrates and hormones in dairy products can trigger breakouts or make them more severe. Limiting these foods may improve your skin.
Benefits of a Low-Glycemic Diet
A low-glycemic, or low-GI, diet emphasizes foods rich in fiber such as fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains, and limits refined carbohydrates. This type of diet helps regulate levels of insulin, a hormone that is linked to acne. Researchers from Australia and Finland investigated the benefits of this diet on males between ages 15 and 25 who had acne in a study published in the "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition" in July 2007. The diet improved the participants' insulin sensitivity, which means their bodies were better able to use insulin. It also reduced the number of acne lesions.
Evidence on the Link Between Dairy and Acne
In a study published in the "Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology" in 2005, researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health reviewed data from the Nurses Health Study II. Results of questionnaires completed by 47,355 women about their high school diet revealed a positive link between acne and consumption of whole milk and skim milk. The researchers hypothesized that the presence of hormones and bioactive molecules in milk may contribute to acne.
As with other medical conditions such as allergies or arthritis, triggers for acne breakouts differ from person to person. For instance, while chocolate --- which contains milk --- may aggravate your acne, it may not be a factor for someone else. Keep a diary to track any link between the foods you eat and your acne. Also, it's best to consult a dermatologist for more advice on treating acne.
Overview In a healthy adult, food does not cause itching. Itchy skin after eating certain foods is c...
When choosing food and beverages, selecting low-fat or low-sugar options is widely known to be healt...
Botulism is a disease caused by the toxin produced by the bacteria called Clostridium botulinum. Me...
Overview More than 80 percent of the adult population in the United States regularly consumes food p...
Acne is the most common skin condition in the United States. Its exact cause is a mystery but there ...
Hypoglycemia is a condition in which you have an abnormally low level of blood sugar, or glucose, ...
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Silly Faces Game
To be first to make a complete silly face.
1. Separate the Silly Faces cards and hand one to each player.
2. Peel off the liner as indicated on the Colorforms vinyl sheets.
Playing the Game
1. The youngest player goes first by spinning the spinner.
2. The spinner will point to one of five types of pieces (eyes, nose, mouth, hat/hair, ears) or a blank.
3. The youngest player chooses a Colorforms piece that matches the piece that the spinner arrow indicates. When players spin ears, they choose two ears. When players spin the hat/hair, they choose one or the other (not both). When players spin the blank, their turn is over.
4. The youngest player places the piece that s/he chose on her/his Silly Faces card.
5. Play passes to the left.
6. If players spin a piece that they already have, their turn is over and play passes to the left.
Winning the Game
The first player to create a complete silly face (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and hair or hat) wins the game. The sillier the face, the better!
To keep Colorforms pieces sticking like new, just wipe the
play surfaces and the backs of the Colorforms pieces with a damp cloth.
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Published at Tuesday, July 28th 2020. by Cateline Mathieu in Math Grade 5.
Many children are being left behind due to lack of math skills. Schools today seem to do a poor job of preparing students for math at the middle and high school level. Here are 5 tips that parents can use to help their child be successful at math. Start early. Before your child goes to preschool, they need to be familiar with small numbers, up to 10. Two is easy to teach and point out. Pair of socks, shoes, etc. Five fingers on a hand and toes on feet. Ten total fingers and toes. At the preschool level, start counting up to 20. Add small numbers, 1 plus 1 is 2. 2 plus 1 is 3. You can even begin the fraction of one half. Half a sandwich, and other food items are a great start. When finishing kindergarten, your child needs to be able to count past 20 and know what larger numbers mean as well. Not working with them, just be familiar.
There are many opportunities to teach your child how to count. You probably already have books with numbers and pictures, and you can count things with your child all the time. There are counting games and blocks with numbers on them, wall charts and a wide variety of tools to help you teach your child the basic principles of math. Mathematics worksheets can help you take that initial learning further to introduce the basic principles of math to your child, at a stage in their lives where they are eager to learn and able to absorb new information quickly and easily. By the age of three, your child is ready to move onto mathematics worksheets. This does not mean that you should stop playing counting and number games with your child; it just adds another tool to your toolbox. Worksheets help to bring some structure into a child has education using a systematic teaching method, particularly important with math, which follows a natural progression.
Math is a subject that many kids have trouble with as they progress through school. It is essential that math basic skills be mastered early on, as these skills build the foundation for understanding harder concepts introduced in higher grades. First grade math contains quite a few important skills, and using online games may be able to give students the help they need in order to become fluent in working with numbers. In kindergarten, kids learn simple math skills like number recognition and counting. They are able to begin to recognize that higher numbers are bigger numbers and can understand concepts like counting by twos and tens. Using online games with these children when they reach first grade can help them transition between beginning math skills and more complex numerical concepts. Providing a wide variety of different games in an entertaining online environment gets kids excited about tackling new ideas and puts math in a positive context. Once the foundation has been laid for basic comprehension and computational skills, children can use these games to progress even further.
To get your child ready to tackle 3rd grade math with confidence, it is time to introduce learning aids at home. Most parents assume that worksheets, word problems and visual representations are the most helpful tools, but many forget the importance of online tools that offer educational value. If you choose the right programs, you can help pave the way for success for your child by incorporating fun, challenging games that promote the learning and understanding of 3rd grade math. Many online math games are designed purely for entertainment and will not do much in terms of teaching your child. While these games can be fun and engaging for third graders, you want to choose games that will practice the skills being taught in school. Look for games and puzzles that are part of an adaptive learning program. This means that the online games are well-thought out and match the same set of skills that are being taught in the third grade curriculum. The program is structured toward each individual student and fills in the gaps where the child is struggling.
Children are expected to have a basic understanding of numbers and their concepts because in kindergarten, math is quickly introduced. Kids quickly begin learning how to add and subtract. Those children who are not completely familiar with their numbers will find themselves lagging behind the rest of the class, causing them to have lower self-esteem. Problems with self-esteem have a way of carrying through the rest of a child has school career, making it difficult to get good grades and feel good about himself. Participating in arts and crafts is another great way to work on your child has motor skills. There are a variety of free kids learning games online that offer various worksheets that can be printed, as well as methods for children to work on their motor skills, including cutting and pasting, coloring, making masks and even basic origami. All these projects help children master their motor skills, while helping them think logically.Preschoolers love to learn and want to feel like they are ready to enter the world of kindergarten. Rather than sending your child into elementary school unprepared, you can allow him to play free kids learning games online to learn all the necessary basics to give him a head start and positive first school experience.
The most important thing about these math worksheets is that they are used for tutoring and not for the main course studies. That is why they are used by tutors to offer remedial tuition and by parents at home so that they can offer their kids extra tuition to sharpen their skills. Math is known to be difficult and is often a headache for the young and so the math worksheets come in handy in helping resolve this problem. Thanks to the sites over the internet that offer free printable math worksheets, you do not need to worry about the cost of purchasing one, maybe only the ink cost. So do not go making excuses for not being able to access a math work sheet. For many years, digital learning games have been helping kids of all ages build new skills, grasp difficult concepts and improve their understanding of school curriculum. Young children find these games especially engaging, which can be useful when it comes to teaching kindergarten math.
There is one learning style that is absolutely essential if young children are to learn effectively. Children demonstrate their love of this approach on a daily basis often to the accompaniment of hair being torn out by frustrated parents. Young children are hands on learners. Nothing is usually too hot or too heavy. This tactile approach to life in general is their way of discovering and processing information about the world around them. "Children are born true scientists. They spontaneously experiment and experience and re-experience again. They select, combine, and test, seeking to find order in their experiences - "which is the moistest? which is the least-est? They smell, taste, bite, and touch-test for hardness, softness, springiness, roughness, smoothness, coldness, warmness: they heft, shake, punch, squeeze, push, crush, rub, and try to pull things apart."
Any content, trademark’s, or other material that might be found on the Milesquarefabricstudio website that is not Milesquarefabricstudio’s property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does Milesquarefabricstudio claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.
Copyright © 2021 Milesquarefabricstudio. All Rights Reserved.
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A new nationwide survey has shown that the existence of HIV strains resistant to at least one of the drugs in the cocktail used to treat Aids is higher among asymptomatic virus carriers who live in the city of São Paulo than in other parts of the country. The survey analyzed the pathogen profile of a group of 387 patients from 13 cities- recently diagnosed patients or patients chronically infected by the virus – but who had not come into contact with the medications because they had not yet manifested symptoms of the disease – and found 22 individuals with the resistant HIV. Thirteen of these patients (59.1%) live in the capital city. “Statistically, this data on São Paulo is important,” says Marcelo Soares, from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, one of the coordinators of the study, published on the 18th of last month in the scientific journal AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. The history of Aids in São Paulo is a long one. The first confirmed cases of the disease in Brazil, in the early 1980’s, were identified in São Paulo, and the city has the highest number of cases registered in the three decades since the outbreak of the epidemic: more than 71 thousand patients, not including thousands of asymptomatic carriers.
The other municipal regions did not report increased risks of infection by forms of HIV with genetic alterations that reduce the efficacy of the antiviral drugs, medications that hamper the multiplication of the virus in the organism. Strangely, the scientific study did not find any HIV strains resistant to the drugs in the cocktail in any of the 20 analyzed patients from the city of Santos. Ever since the outbreak of Aids in Brazil, this city on the São Paulo State coast is associated with an Aids epidemic and researchers had expected to detect a considerable number of resistant strains of the virus among asymptomatic carriers, in line with the results obtained from other surveys. “Perhaps the sample of patients that we focused on in the study is not entirely representative of the city of Santos,” says infectologist Eduardo Sprinz, from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, the first author of the study.
The Brazilians who participated in this study – two-thirds of whom were men and one third were women, all over the age of 18, live in eight states and represent all of the country’s regions, with the exception of the North. Prepared by a national pool of researchers from 20 study centers, the study found that 5.7% of the group had resistant HIV, a proportion that is equal to the proportion verified in a similar survey reported in 2003. In North America and Europe, similar studies indicate that the percentage of individuals contaminated by the Aids virus with mutations associated with resistance to some drug in the cocktail is double or triple the percentage verified in Brazil.
Although they carry the virus in their blood, all the people who took part in this study are in good health and are not being medicated with the anti-Aids cocktail. Therefore, in the case of the 22 participants in the study who have strains of the virus with some level of resistance to the medication, it is possible to conclude that they may have been infected with forms of HIV already resistant to some drug in the cocktail. The resistance was not developed in their organisms. It was developed in the organisms of third parties, probably in contaminated patients with Aids symptoms undergoing anti-retroviral therapy, who had transmitted a mutated version of the virus to the referred participants.
Public health policy
Since the early 1990’s, Brazil’s Ministry of Health has maintained a policy of providing free treatment with anti-retroviral drugs only when HIV-positive patients manifest health problems related to the disease. Asymptomatic carriers do not get free medication. This strategy has been praised internationally. Some developed countries have chosen to provide anti-retroviral medication to healthy HIV-positive individuals. The problem is that the prolonged use of anti-Aids medication can reduce the efficacy of certain drugs in some people, in addition to provoking side effects. In this case, one or two drugs that are part of the cocktail – usually a blend of drugs from three anti-retroviral classes – are prescribed in the following combination: two nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and a non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase or a protease inhibitor. The reverse transcriptase and the protease are viral enzymes that are vital to the HIV’s replication process.
Nearly all the patients in the study with resistance to some drug of the cocktail (19 out of 22 cases) showed this resistance to drugs from only one anti-retroviral class (the reverse transcriptase inhibitors); two were resistant to drugs from two classes and only one individual was resistant to the drugs of all three classes. “We noticed an increase in the number of mutations that provoke the resistance to non nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase,” says Soares. “We know that, in this kind of medication, one or two mutations lead to this.” As only a few cases of resistance to multiple drugs have been reported and at present there are 19 kinds of medications available from the public health system to prepare the cocktail, it is usually possible to prescribe a personalized combined therapy by choosing the drugs to which the organism of each patient will respond accordingly.
Of the carriers of the virus with some kind of mutation, 91% (20 cases) had been contaminated with the subtype B of the HIV virus, the most common Aids virus in the country. Only 9% (2 cases) had been contaminated with the subtype C, which had come to Brazil more recently and is basically restricted to the South Region. Indirectly, data from the study also seems to confirm the suspicion voiced by some specialists: safe sex, with the use of condoms, is not the rule even in the case of HIV-positive couples. Nearly half of the patients with HIV resistant to some antiretroviral drug admitted that his or her partner had Aids and was on medication. It is very likely that they acquired the mutated virus from their own partners.
SPRINZ, E. et al. Primary antiretroviral drug resistance among HIV Type 1-Infected Individuals in Brazil. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. Published on-line on August 18, 2009.
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The picture of Dorian Gray [text(large print)].
Publication year: 1996
Format: Large print
Edition: Large print ed.
Publisher: Bath : Chivers, 1996.
Resource type: Physical
ISBN: 9780745139302 (hbk.) :
First published to scandalised protest in 1890, Oscar Wilde's fantastic melodrama was widely condemned by his contemporaries as an affront to the values of polite society. It is the story of a man willing to sell his soul for eternal beauty.
Number of reservations: 0
324p. ; 23 cm.
Reviews Be the first to review this title
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|Wikimedia Commons has media related to First aid.|
First aid is a series of simple, life-saving medical techniques that a non-doctor can be trained to perform in medical emergency situations, before the intervention of emergency medical technicians or doctors. It is best to obtain training in first aid before a medical emergency occurs. Supplies useful in giving first aid are often kept together in a first aid kit.
This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total.
The following 88 pages are in this category, out of 88 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
Media in category "First aid"
This category contains only the following file.
- First aid.svg
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A report commissioned by the International Council on Clean Transportation has found battery-electric and fuel cell electric trucks could be feasible in Europe by 2030.
The report was produced by CE Delft in the Netherlands and the German Aerospace Centre and surveyed leading-edge zero-emissions technologies for both short- and long-haul on-road freight carriers.
On their current path, CO2 emissions from truck transport in the EU will rise nearly 25% by 2050, due to increased transport volumes, but that trend must be reversed if the European Union is to achieve its goal of reducing total CO2 emissions by 80% in 2050, relative to 1990 levels.
The report concludes that different zero-emissions technologies will succeed in different settings.
Battery-electric trucks suit short-distance transport, such as goods distribution in cities and regions where range requirements are lower and vehicles can recharge during scheduled downtime. Fuel cell trucks have a longer range and their refuelling times that are comparable to conventional vehicles, making them a better alternative for long-haul applications.
Increasing the share of ton-kilometres transported by these alternative vehicles to half of the total overall would reverse that trend and cut 2050 GHG emissions by 8%, according to the study.
And increasing alternative vehicles’ share still further, to 90%, could result in an emissions reduction of 90%. The total cost of ownership—purchase price plus operating costs — for zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles at present falls somewhere between 140% and 200% of conventional diesel vehicles, for short-haul trucks. But the report shows that ratio falling rapidly to between 110% and 140% in 2020 as fuel savings offset other costs, and achieving rough parity by 2030.
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Most studies on long-term exposure to air pollution and lung cancer risk have investigated the association with lung cancer mortality. Fine particles were predictors of lung cancer mortality in the extended follow-up of the Six Cities cohort study1 and the American Cancer Society cohort study.2 Evidence that air pollution is a (moderate) risk factor for lung cancer mortality has also been found in several case-control studies,3,4 with effect estimates of the same order of magnitude as those estimated from cohort studies.5
Few studies have investigated the association between air pollution and lung cancer incidence.6–9 In the Adventist Health Study on Smog cohort, incident lung cancer was found to be associated with long-term exposure to ambient concentrations of fine particles and sulfur dioxide.6 This study was conducted among adult Seventh Day Adventists, who are largely nonsmoking. A nested case-control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, which analyzed nonsmokers, found associations between the nitrogen dioxide concentration and lung cancer incidence.7 Two studies in Scandinavia found elevated relative risks for traffic-related air pollution assessed by nitrogen dioxide concentration at the home address and lung cancer incidence.8,9
Recently, we reported on the association between traffic-related air pollution and cause-specific mortality, including lung cancer, in an ongoing Dutch cohort study.10 In the present paper, we report the effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on lung cancer incidence in the same cohort. Cancer incidence data are preferred to mortality data in etiologic studies. Cancer registration in the Netherlands is both very complete11 and of high quality.12 Cases are coded by specially trained tumor registrars using national guidelines. Coders have access to pathology reports, clinical, and outpatient files. In case of doubt, the treating clinician is consulted.13 The cause-of-death registry contains information on all deceased Dutch citizens, as reported by the physician who established the death. This physician is not always informed on the complete disease history of the patient. The chances for misclassification (wrong primary site, missing primary site, or site of the metastasis as primary site) are much larger in the causes-of-death registry than in the cancer registry. The use of cancer registry data also allowed us to confine our analysis to the pathology-confirmed cases, reducing the possibilities of misclassification further. Further, due to a longer follow-up time for lung cancer incidence (11.3 years) compared with mortality (10 years), the lung cancer incidence analyses had more cases and more power.
The cohort has been described in detail.14 Briefly, the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer was initiated in September 1986 with the enrollment of 120,852 subjects (58,279 men and 62,573 women) aged 55 to 69 years living in 204 municipalities throughout the country. The study was designed as a case-cohort study, ie, cases are derived from the entire cohort, whereas the person-years at risk are estimated from a random subcohort (N ∼ 5000).15 This approach was chosen for efficient processing of the baseline questionnaire.
At baseline, all participants completed an 11-page questionnaire on dietary habits and other potential risk factors for cancer. For all participants, data from one machine-readable page of the questionnaire were entered at baseline (with information about smoking status). Further, for all participants information about sex and age at baseline was known. After recruitment, the entire cohort was followed-up for cancer. After the case-cohort design, the remaining 10 questionnaire pages (not machine-readable) were manually entered only for the emerging cases and the randomly selected subcohort. The exact residential address at baseline was available for all study participants, as were the previous cities of residence (not exact previous addresses).
Incident lung cancer cases (International Classification of Diseases for Oncology code [ICD-O-3] = C34) were identified by computerized record linkage of the entire cohort to the Netherlands Cancer Registry and the nationwide network and registry of histopathology and cytopathology in the Netherlands.16 The completeness of cancer follow-up was over 96%,17 with a follow-up period of 11.3 years (from September 1986 to December 1997). We excluded prevalent cancer other than skin cancer cases at baseline, resulting in 114,378 subjects and 2183 lung cancer cases available for analyses.
The study was approved by institutional review boards from Maastricht University and the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research. All cohort members consented to participation by completing the mailed, self-administered questionnaire.
Air Pollution Exposure Assessment
Details of the exposure assessment have been described previously.18 In summary, long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution at the geographical coordinate of the 1986 home address was estimated for all participants as the sum of regional, urban, and local air pollution contributions. Ninety percent of participants had lived for 10 years or longer in their 1986 municipality.19 Regional background concentrations were estimated using inverse distance weighted interpolation of concentrations measured at regional background sites in the National Air Quality Monitoring Network. The urban component was estimated using land-use regression models with concentrations for all regional and urban background monitoring sites as dependent variables. Predictor variables were population density and land use variables (residential or industrial). The sum of the regional and urban contributions was defined as background concentration. Background concentrations were estimated for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black smoke, and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Average concentrations were estimated for 1976–1985 and 1987–1996 (in 1986 the Monitoring Network was reorganized, resulting in only limited days with valid measurements in that year). Correlations between estimated concentrations for different years were high, even over a period of 20 years (correlation coefficients >0.8).18
Local traffic contributions were characterized by traffic variables using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a digital road network with linked traffic intensity data from 1986. We used (1) traffic intensity on the nearest road, (2) sum of traffic intensity in a 100 m buffer around each residential address, and (3) an indicator variable for living near a major road defined as “living within 100 m of a motorway and/or within 50 m of a local road with traffic intensity >10,000 motor vehicles per 24 hours (motor vehicles/24 hours).” Although absolute traffic intensities increased during the follow-up period, traffic intensity data obtained for different years were highly correlated (correlation coefficients >0.9), even over a period of 10 years.18 Further, quantitative estimates for the local component were estimated for NO2, black smoke and PM2.5 using data from field monitoring campaigns and regression models with traffic variables as predictor variables.18 We estimated no local traffic contribution for SO2 because there is virtually no traffic contribution to this pollutant. These local-component concentrations were added to the background concentrations, resulting in an overall exposure estimate for each pollutant.
Air pollution effects were analyzed for overall concentrations of pollutants and for a combination of background concentrations of the pollutants and traffic variables to identify effects of living near busy roads separately.
Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for concentration and traffic variable differences between the 5th and the 95th percentiles of the distributions. For NO2 this was rounded to 30 μg/m3, for black smoke 10 μg/m3, for SO2 20 μg/m3, and for PM2.5 10 μg/m3. For traffic intensity on the nearest road, we used 10,000 motor vehicles/24 hours and for the sum of traffic intensity in a buffer of 100 m we used 335,000 motor vehicles/24 hours.
We initially conducted analyses in the full cohort using Cox proportional hazards models. Person-years were calculated for all participants from baseline until the date of lung cancer diagnosis, death, or end of follow-up. We adjusted for sex, age at baseline, and smoking status coded as never-smoker, ex-smoker, and current smoker separately for cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking. We further adjusted for area-level indicators assessed using GIS data from the Central Bureau of Statistics: percentage of persons with a low and with a high income at the neighborhood scale and the “COROP area scale.” “COROP areas” have been defined in 1970 by the Coordination Commission for Regional Research Program as geographic regions consisting of a central point (eg, a city) and the surrounding economic and social region. The Netherlands is divided into 40 such areas. We chose 2 scales for area-level socioeconomic status because life expectancy varies considerably by area,20 and the neighborhood scale does not capture such regional variations adequately. Low income was defined by the Central Bureau of Statistics as below the 40th percentile and high income as above the 80th percentile of the Dutch income distribution (Table 1). The adjusted full cohort analyses included 1940 cases.
For more complete confounder control (at the cost of some power), we also conducted case-cohort analyses that included only subcohort members and cases. Cases were enumerated from the entire cohort, whereas person-years for the entire cohort were estimated using the random subcohort of 4755 participants. Data were again analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models, but to account for additional variance introduced by sampling from the cohort, standard errors were estimated using the robust Huber-White sandwich estimator.21
In the case-cohort analyses, we adjusted for the variables chosen a priori for studying the association between air pollution and lung cancer incidence: sex; age at baseline; active cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking coded as current/noncurrent and number of cigarettes/cigars/pipes and number of years of smoking; passive smoking defined as whether the partner smoked; educational level in 3 categories: primary school, lower vocational education, and high school and higher; occupational exposure during the last occupation to biologic dust, mineral dust, and gases and fumes (coded as no, low and high exposure using the ALOHA-JEM coding scheme)22; alcohol consumption in 2 categories (0–30 and >30 g/d); dietary habits: intake of vegetables (continuous), fruit (in quintiles), and folate (continuous); and the area level indicators of socioeconomic status. The adjusted case-cohort analyses included 1295 cases.
As in other cohort studies of air pollution and lung cancer,6,23 we conducted subgroup analyses for sex, educational level (3 categories: primary school, lower vocational education, and high school and higher), and fruit consumption (tertiles: low [0–96.8 g/d], medium [96.8–191.8 g/d], and high [>191.8 g/d]). Further, we conducted subgroup analyses for cigarette smoking status (never/ex/current). The never-smoker group is of particular interest in not being subject to possible residual confounding by the number of cigarettes and number of years of smoking cigarettes. Subgroup analyses by sex and cigarette smoking status were assessed in the full cohort, and subgroup analyses for educational level and fruit consumption were assessed in the case-cohort (information about education and fruit consumption was available only in the case-cohort sample). Heterogeneity in relative risks across subgroups was tested using Cochran's Q test.24
We conducted sensitivity analyses in the case-cohort for black smoke and the traffic variables to evaluate the potential confounding effect of the number of cigarettes, cigars and pipe, and the number of years of smoking, because no information about this was available in the full cohort. Further, we conducted sensitivity analyses adjusting for occupational exposure to biologic dust, mineral dust, and gases and fumes during the longest-held occupation rather than the last occupation, as occupational exposure earlier in life may be more important than recent exposure. We also conducted case-cohort analyses adjusted only for the limited confounder model used in the full cohort analyses, and compared the RRs with those obtained with the complete set of potential confounders.
Data management was done using SPSS 12.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) and statistical analyses were conducted using STATA statistical software 8 (StataCorp, College Station). GIS calculations were conducted using ArcInfo (ESRI, Redlands, CA).
During 11.3 years of follow-up, 2183 lung cancer cases were reported. For 98% of the subjects, a geographical coordinate at baseline was identified (n = 111,816 in full cohort). Table 1 shows the characteristics of the subjects in the full cohort for whom a coordinate was available. Lung cancer cases were older, predominantly men, and more likely to be current smokers. Lung cancer cases did not differ from non-cancer cases in the area-level socioeconomic status.
Air Pollution Exposure Data
There was a considerable contrast in air pollution exposure among the full cohort (Table 2). Distributions for the traffic variables were skewed. In the full cohort 5481 subjects (4.9%) lived within 50 m of a road with more than 10,000 motor vehicles/24 hours or within 100 m of a motorway. Average exposure for all exposure variables was higher for current smokers, but differences were small. The black smoke average concentration was 16.8, 16.6, and 16.3 μg/m3 for current, ex-, and never-smokers, respectively.
Distributions were similar for different time periods. For each pollutant the estimated concentrations between the periods 1976–1985 and 1987–1996 were highly correlated (correlation coefficients >0.9). The correlations between different pollutants within the same period were all >0.8, except for SO2 for which correlations were >0.6.18 Correlations of background black smoke with traffic intensity on the nearest road and sum of traffic intensity in a 100 m buffer were modest: 0.12 and 0.28, respectively. More detail on the exposure variables has been reported previously.18
Association Between Air Pollution Concentrations and Lung Cancer Incidence
Table 3 shows the relative risks for exposure to average black smoke, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 concentrations during the period 1987–1996. In both the full cohort and case-cohort analyses, effect estimates for all pollutants were below one. Average concentrations for the period 1976–1985 were available only for NO2 and SO2. The RRs for NO2 were 0.91 (95% CI = 0.76–1.08) and 0.98 (0.69–1.40) for full cohort and case-cohort analyses, respectively. Corresponding figures for SO2 during the period 1976–1985 were 0.94 (0.84–1.07) and 0.96 (0.75–1.21). There were no differences between the RRs for the 2 periods, consistent with the high correlation of the concentrations for the 2 time periods.
The RRs for the traffic variables were slightly elevated for both the full cohort and case-cohort analyses (Table 3). Risk estimates of the traffic variables did not depend on the specific background exposure with which it was modeled simultaneously, so we present results from models with just 1 pollutant—black smoke concentrations for the period 1987–1996.
In the full cohort analyses, RR estimates for overall concentrations of black smoke and traffic variables tended to differ for never-, ex-, and current cigarette smokers (Table 4). There were no differences between the effect estimates for men and women for both black smoke concentrations and traffic variables (data not shown).
In the case-cohort analyses, no consistent differences in effect estimates were found for different educational levels (Fig. 1). Effect estimates tended to be higher for subjects with low fruit consumption, except for those living near a major road for whom no differences were found (Fig. 2).
Adjusted case-cohort analyses showed that there were no differences in the effect estimates for overall concentrations of black smoke for models that included (RR = 1.03; CI = 0.78–1.34) or did not include (1.01; 0.78–1.32) the number of cigarettes, cigars and pipes, and the number of years of smoking. There were also no differences between the effect estimates for the traffic variables.
There was no difference in the RRs for black smoke concentrations and traffic variables when including occupational exposure to biologic dust, mineral dust, and gases and fumes during the longest-held occupation in the model (for black smoke, RR = 1.03 [CI = 0.78–1.34]) compared with a model that included occupational exposure during the last occupation (for black smoke; 1.01 [0.76–1.33]).
The RRs of case-cohort analyses adjusted for the limited confounder model used in the full cohort analyses were 0.92 (CI 0.74–1.13) for black smoke, 0.98 (0.86–1.10) for the traffic intensity on the nearest road, 1.07 (0.80–1.43) for living near a major road, and 1.10 (0.83–1.22) for the traffic intensity in a 100 m buffer.
In the full cohort, we found no association of air pollution concentrations or traffic intensity with lung cancer incidence. Among people who had never smoked cigarettes, there were positive associations of black smoke concentrations and traffic variables with lung cancer incidence. No associations were found in the ex- and current cigarette smokers. Associations of black smoke and traffic variables with lung cancer incidence were suggestively stronger in subjects with low fruit consumption.
Stronger associations between air pollution and lung cancer in never-smokers have been observed in the American Cancer Society study, as well.2 Relative risks associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase in the concentration of fine particles were about 1.03, 1.09, and 1.13 in current, ex-, and never- smokers, respectively.2 In a cohort study from Oslo, RRs per 10 μg/m3 increase in the concentration of NOx were 1.20, 1.25, 1.06, and 1.06 for never-smokers, and current smokers smoking 1 to 9 cigarettes/d, 10 to 19 cigarettes/d and more than 20 cigarettes/d, respectively.9 In a case-control study from Stockholm, the RR for NO2 above 29.3 μg/m3 (the 90th percentile) was similar in never-smokers (RR 1.68), former smokers (RR 1.58) and those smoking 1 to 10 cigarettes per day (RR 1.36), but was smaller in current smokers smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day (RR 0.74).8
The lack of association found for ex- or current cigarette smokers in our study might be because the effect may be too small to measure in comparison with the (strong) association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence. In the full cohort analyses, no information was available about the number of cigarettes, cigars and pipe, the number of years of smoking, the type of tobacco used, and the year when former smokers stopped smoking, which are all potentially important confounders. Sensitivity analyses in the case-cohort dataset showed small differences in effect estimates for air pollution variables for models with and without the number of cigarettes, cigars and pipes, and the number of years of smoking. This agrees with observations in the Swedish case-control study, in which the confounding effect of smoking was adequately addressed by a categorical variable.8 There was also little difference between the effect estimates adjusted for the complete confounder model used in the case-cohort analyses, and adjusted for the limited confounder model used in the full cohort analyses. If the findings from the case-cohort analyses apply to the full cohort, it seems unlikely that residual confounding due to lack of detailed data on smoking and other potential confounders is the explanation of the lack of association in the ex- and current smokers.
A few studies have investigated the association between air pollution and lung cancer incidence in study populations consisting entirely of nonsmokers. A cohort study in the United States (Adventist Health Study on Smog) among 6338 nonsmoking adults found that incident lung cancer was elevated with increased PM10 and SO2 concentrations.6 In a recent case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition among nonsmokers, lung cancer incidence was possibly increased with residence nearby heavy traffic roads (odds ratio = 1.46 [95% CI = 0.89–2.40]). The odds ratio for NO2 was 1.14 (0.78–1.67) for an increase of 10 μg/m3, and an odds ratio of 1.30 was found for concentrations greater than 30 μg/m3. No clear association was found with PM10 and SO2.7 Our results in the full cohort analyses among never smokers are in agreement with the results among nonsmokers of those other 2 studies.
Some recent European studies investigated the association between air pollution exposure and lung cancer incidence using individual-level exposure assessments, with a focus on traffic-related air pollution. A case-control study in Stockholm on urban air pollution and lung cancer incidence found an RR of 1.05 (95% CI = 0.93–1.18) for an increase of 10 μg/m3 in 30-year average NO2 concentrations from traffic, and a stronger RR of 1.10 (0.97–1.23) when using a 20-year lag (ie, using a 10-year average NO2 concentration over 21–30 years ago).8 In a cohort study among 16,209 men aged 40 to 49 year living in Oslo, the adjusted incidence risk ratio for lung cancer was 1.08 (95% CI = 1.02–1.15) for a 10 μg/m3 increase in average NOx exposure between 1974 and 1978. The risk estimate for a 10 μg/m3 increase in average SO2 exposure between 1974 and 1978 was 1.01 (0.94–1.08).9 These studies suggested an increased risk of lung cancer from traffic-related air pollution, in particular, assessed by either NOx/NO2 concentrations or indicator variables for living near a major road.7–9,25,26 In the study by Nyberg et al,8 heating-related SO2 showed little effect in any time window, despite high exposure levels in the early years of the study period. Although averages of estimated individual SO2 and NO2 exposure showed reasonably high correlation, traffic-related NO2 rather than heating-related SO2 was consistently the stronger risk indicator.
Previous studies showed that the association between lung cancer and air pollution became weaker when more recent exposures were used in the analyses, and that exposures 20 years before the start of the study or even earlier in life were most important.8,9 A limitation of our study is that we estimated exposure to air pollution during the latency period of lung cancer, ie, we estimated exposure based on the baseline 1986 address for 2 periods (1976–1985 and 1987–1996) and we used traffic intensity data for 1986. Correlations between estimated concentrations for different years were however high, even over a period of 20 years (correlation coefficients >0.8).18 It was therefore not possible to evaluate the independent contributions of concentrations of different time periods. It is likely that the correlation with years and periods before 1976 would also be high. We further found that traffic counts from different years over a period of more than 10 years were highly correlated (correlation coefficients >0.9) and we focused mainly on busy roads that have likely been in place for a long period of time. Only the baseline address was available for all subjects, but no complete residential history including exact addresses was available. It was however estimated that 90% of the participants had lived for 10 years or longer in their 1986 municipality. Mean (SD) duration of residence was 35 (19.8) years.19 These results support the use of our exposure estimate as a proxy for time periods further back in time.
A limitation of the exposure assessment method is that we assessed only outdoor concentrations, not taking into account factors related to infiltration of outdoor air pollution into the home, such as air exchange rate. Further, no information was available about the work address. However, approximately 85% of the population had no paid job at baseline. In addition, we had no information about the time participants spent at home or about the time commuting in traffic. The resulting misclassification is, however, likely to be nondifferential.
In a reanalysis of 2 US cohort studies on mortality and long-term exposure to air pollution, higher air pollution effect estimates for lung cancer mortality were found in subjects without high school education.23 We did not find higher effect estimates among subjects with low educational level.
We did find that effect estimates for air pollution and traffic intensity tended to be higher for subjects with low fruit consumption compared with subjects who had medium and high fruit consumption. Such results have not been reported before. Evidence of elevated effect estimates was also found for all-cause mortality among subjects with low fruit consumption.27 Fruit consumption has been consistently inversely associated with lung cancer incidence, with the highest risks for the lowest quintile of fruit consumption.28,29 One explanation is that diet is a source of antioxidants that may protect against oxidative stress.29 It is thought that one of the potential mechanisms of effect of air pollution is also through oxidative stress. Hence, low fruit consumption may be associated with a low protection against oxidative stress effects of air pollution.29
In addition to smoking, occupational exposure to carcinogens, diet and radon exposure are the main determinants of lung cancer. Information about radon exposure was not available in our study. However, only a small percentage of the annual lung cancer cases can be attributed to radon exposure in the Netherlands, and it is principally smokers who are at risk.30 Information about occupational exposure to carcinogens and about diet were available for the case-cohort dataset, but not for the full cohort dataset. Sensitivity analyses showed, however, that results of case-cohort analyses adjusted for the limited confounder model as used in the full cohort analyses are comparable with the case-cohort results adjusted for the complete confounder model including occupational exposure and diet. This suggests that occupational exposure and diet probably did not confound the association between air pollution and lung cancer in our study.
We previously presented results for the association between lung cancer mortality and air pollution in this same population.10 In the full cohort dataset, the adjusted risk estimate for lung cancer mortality for the overall black smoke concentration (period 1987–1996) was 1.03 (0.88–1.20) and the adjusted RR for the traffic intensity on the nearest road was 1.07 (0.96–1.19). Among never smokers, RRs for lung cancer mortality were 1.48 (0.97–2.25) for black smoke overall; 1.15 (0.92–1.46) for the traffic intensity on the nearest road; 1.44 (0.86–2.42) for living near a major road; and 1.36 (0.96–1.93) for the traffic intensity in a 100 m buffer. Effect estimates for lung cancer mortality and lung cancer incidence were thus comparable, which is in agreement with the short time between diagnosis of lung cancer and death from lung cancer (on average 0.9 year [SD 1.0] in our study).
In conclusion, we found evidence for an association between black smoke and lung cancer incidence in people who had never smoked cigarettes. Exposure to traffic was also associated with borderline elevated risks among this group. No clear associations were found for the full cohort or other smoking categories.
The authors are indebted to the participants of this study and further thank the cancer registries and the Netherlands nationwide registry of pathology. They also thank S. van de Crommert, H. Brants, J. Nelissen, C. de Zwart, W. van Dijk, M. Moll, A. Pisters, M. Jansen, H. van Montfort, T. van Moergastel, L. van den Bosch, and R. Schmeitz (Maastricht University/TNO) for assistance, Carla van Wiechen (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment) for advice on geographic information system calculations, and the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment for providing air pollution data monitored by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network in the Netherlands.
1. Laden F, Schwartz J, Speizer FE, et al. Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: extended follow-up of the Harvard six cities study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
2. Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA
3. Barbone F, Bovenzi M, Cavallieri F, et al. Air pollution and lung cancer in Trieste, Italy. Am J Epidemiol
4. Jedrychowski W, Becher H, Wahrendorf J, et al. A case-control study of lung cancer with special reference to the effect of air pollution in Poland. J Epidemiol Community Health
5. Vineis P, Forastiere F, Hoek G, et al. Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer: recent epidemiologic evidence. Int J Cancer
6. Beeson WL, Abbey DE, Knutsen SF. Long-term concentrations of ambient air pollutants and incident lung cancer in California adults: results from the AHSMOG study. Environ Health Perspect
7. Vineis P, Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M, et al. Air pollution and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study in Europe. Int J Cancer
8. Nyberg F, Gustavsson P, Jarup L, et al. Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm. Epidemiology
9. Nafstad P, Haheim LL, Oftedal B, et al. Lung cancer and air pollution: a 27 year follow up of 16 209 Norwegian men. Thorax
10. Beelen R, Hoek G, van den Brandt PA, et al. Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort. Environ Health Perspect
11. Schouten LJ, Höppener P, van den Brandt PA, et al. Completeness of cancer registration in Limburg, The Netherlands. Int J Epidemiol
12. Schouten LJ, Jager JJ, van den Brandt PA. Quality of cancer registry data: a comparison of data provided by clinicians with those of registration personnel. Br J Cancer.
13. van der Sanden GA, Coebergh JW, Schouten LJ, et al. Cancer incidence in The Netherlands in 1989 and 1990: first results of the nationwide Netherlands cancer registry. Coordinating Committee for Regional Cancer Registries. Eur J Cancer
14. van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, van't Veer P, et al. A large-scale prospective cohort study on diet and cancer in The Netherlands. J Clin Epidemiol.
15. Volovics A, van den Brandt P. Methods for the analyses of case-cohort studies. Biomed J.
16. van den Brandt PA, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, et al. Development of a record linkage protocol for use in the Dutch cancer registry for epidemiological research. Int J Epidemiol
17. Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, Dorant E. Estimation of the coverage of Dutch municipalities by cancer registries and PALGA based on hospital discharge data. Tijdschr Soc Gezond
18. Beelen R, Hoek G, Fischer P, et al. Estimated long-term outdoor air pollution concentrations in a cohort study. Atmos Environ
19. Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, et al. Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet
20. de Hollander A, Hoeymans N, Melse J, et al. Care for health—Public Health Forecast 2006 (Zorg voor gezondheid. Volksgezondheid Toekomst Verkenning 2006). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum; 2006.
21. Lin D, Wei L. The robust inference for the Cox proportional hazards model. J Am Stat Assoc
22. Sunyer J, Kogevinas M, Kromhout H, et al. Pulmonary ventilatory defects and occupational exposures in a population-based study in Spain. Spanish Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
23. Krewski D, Burnett R, Goldberg M, et al. Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality. Cambridge: Health Effects Institute; 2000.
24. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials
25. Choi KS, Inoue S, Shinozaki R. Air pollution, temperature, and regional differences in lung cancer mortality in Japan. Arch Environ Health
26. Tango T. Effect of air pollution on lung cancer: a Poisson regression model based on vital statistics. Environ Health Perspect
. 1994;102(Suppl 8):41–45.
27. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, et al. Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer
28. Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Miller AB, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: updated information from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer
29. Kelly FJ. Dietary antioxidants and environmental stress. Proc Nutr Soc
30. Health Council of the Netherlands. Radon: Evaluation ‘BEIR VI’.
The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands; 2000.
© 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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The primary purpose of Tan’s “Mother Tongue” is to orient the readers about the author’s intepretation of differentiating Standard English and broken English. Another purpose of writing such book is the fact that Amy Tan has spent much of her time in America, but she was born in China.
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In this episode of Mano Charchae, RJ Padma Priya is in conversation with Dr. Chandrashekhar about World Suicide Prevention Day. This year’s theme is – ‘Working Together to Prevent Suicide’. Seeking support and talking about suicidal feelings is critical in preventing it.
As per Vishwa Arogya Sameekshae, all over the world, around one lakh people lose their lives to suicide every year. In Bengaluru alone, around 3,000 people die of suicide every year. The number of people attempting suicides is rising every day and the most vulnerable age group is 25 years and above. “It is our responsibility to share awareness information and help people who are contemplating taking their lives.”
Talking about how one can gauge if someone is thinking suicidal thoughts, the doctor mentions paying close attention to their words and descriptions of life situations. Events like a loss in business, family fights, and exam failure tend to make people feel like there is no hope in life. We must look out for phrases like, “I am tired of this life”, “I can’t manage this life”, and more. Also, we must observe their day-to-day activities and take note of any sudden changes – if they have stopped being happy, are not sleeping well and have developed any addictions. Some people with suicidal thoughts may donate all their belongings suddenly and start showing no interest in anything.
Media can play an important role in helping build sensitivity around the topic of suicide. The WHO has bought forth some rules that need to be followed when telecasting news of such deaths. No media should highlight suicide cases again and again because this can trigger the minds of people who are already struggling with depression. The identity of the person who has died of suicide should remain hidden and headlines should not sensationalise such news.
Listen in for more…
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The United Kingdom is a country with a high level of urbanisation and great number of large cities. It has no megacities with a population over 10 million but it does have London, the capital, with by far the biggest population at over 8 million inhabitants. London does qualify as a megacity if we count the whole metropolitan area(almost 14 million people).
The population and cities of the UK are not evenly distributed (distribution just means the way in which something is spread over an area). The population density (a measurement of the number of people in an area calculated by dividing the number of people by the area) is also uneven. Northern Scotland and the upland areas of England and Wales tend to be sparsely populated so contain few people. The cities of the UK shown on the map, and the South East of the country are places which are densely populated contain many people.
Across the UK the highest population densities are found in major cities and as we move North through the UK population density falls, with the exception of the Edinburgh to Glasgow corridor. The upland areas in the UK have low population density and the densest population can be found to the South East, in the area around London. It is in these areas were issues over housing shortages have been at their worst.
The cities of the UK owe their origins to many different reasons, For example, Sheffield is famous for its steel industry, Newcastle coal and then ship building.
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By Younus Mirza
In a previous Islamic Law Blog post, Justin Stearns argues that we need to explore the diversity of Muslim responses to pandemics rather than citing individual prophetic reports or statements by famous scholars. Rather than looking at simple antecedents to our current COVID-19 crisis, it would be better to look at the range of responses to plagues within human history and examine how various communities responded in different ways based on their knowledge and contexts.
In this post, I will analyze how the medieval population of Damascus responded to the medieval Black Death in a similar way as they did to droughts and thus put plagues in the category of “natural disasters.” Because “natural disasters” came from God or were part of his divine decree, worship was directed solely to Him in lifting the disease from the land. The “natural disasters” were not seen as having originated from other groups, such as minorities, so we do not see largescale scapegoating. Rather, the religious authority organized a gathering similar to the rain prayer (ṣalāt al-istisqāʾ) which was designed to unite the community around the common crisis and affirm God’s ability to end it. However, critics argued that the gatherings were a religious innovation (bidʿa) as no analogy (qiyās) could be drawn to prescribed ritual prayers. Moreover, they contended that disease and deaths in fact increased after these gatherings demonstrating their ineffectiveness and potential harm.
The Rain Prayer (Ṣalāt al-Istisqāʾ)
The rain prayer (ṣalāt al-istisqāʾ) is a prayer ascribed to the Prophet Muhammad who is believed to have performed the prayer himself amid an intense drought. The Prophet responded to members of his community who asked that he pray for rain by assembling the faithful, giving a short sermon, and then leading them in two units (rak‘as) of prayer.Reports state that immediately after the prayer clouds appeared and it began to rain. The rain prayer appears to be a response to pagan traditions where Arabs would call upon stars or idols for rain. Early Islamic texts, such as al-Muwaṭṭaʾ of Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/796) further establish that the prayer was meant to affirm God’s omnipotence and supremacy. One tradition states that when the Prophet Muhammad would pray for rain he would say “God! Send rain to Your faithful servants and Your creatures. Spread your mercy and renew the life of this dying land of Yours!” The prayer was performed by early caliphs, such as ʿUmar, and has been continuously performed by Muslims communities throughout history and up until the present day.
Early Islamic legal texts, such as al-Muwaṭṭa’ of Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/795), discuss the rain prayer and ascribe it to the practice of the prophet Muhammad.
Response to the Black Death as a Form of Rain Prayer (Ṣalāt al-Istisqāʾ)
In a previous blog post elsewhere, I discussed how the Black Death united the population of medieval Damascus and led to a massive gathering. The famous Qur’ānic exegete and historian Ibn Kathīr (d. 774/1373) chronicles that on Friday, 5 June, 1348 (7 Rabīʿ al-Awwal 749), after the congregational Friday prayer (jumʿa) the judges and a group of people attended a public recitation of the famous ḥadīth collection of al-Bukhārī (d. 256/870) and prayed that God would lift the plague from the land. As the plague got worse, it was announced on Monday, 21 July 1348 (23 Rabīʿ al-Thānī 749) that the inhabitants should fast three days and that they should come out on Friday and implore God to raise the plague from them. For the following three days, most of the people fasted and some slept in mosques, spending the night praying as they did in the month of Ramadan. On Friday, the inhabitants emerged encompassing the entire population of Damascus – the Jews, Christians, Samaritans, elderly, children, poor, rulers, notables, and judges. All came after the early Morning Prayer and made their way to the “Mosque of the Foot” south of the city. At the mosque, the city’s inhabitants called on God until daybreak or midday. Ibn Kathīr ends his observation exclaiming that “it was a memorable day” (yawm mashhūd).
The famous traveler Ibn Baṭṭūṭa was also an eyewitness to the event and records it in his famous Travels devoting a special section to the day. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa additionally emphasizes the equality of the gathering stating that on Thursday night “the rulers, notables, judges and all different (social) classes gathered in the (Umayyad) mosque until it became crowded and they stayed the whole night. Among them were people praying, remembering (God), and calling out (to him).” After the Morning Prayer, they all left together on foot and in their hands were Qur’āns (al-maṣāḥif). Among them were the “Jews with their Torahs and the Christians with their Gospels.” Everyone was crying, imploring and seeking intercession with God’s Books and Prophets.
What is fascinating is that this event follows an almost identical structure to previous rain prayers in Damascus. Ibn Kathīr records a similar event which occurred thirty years earlier where he was also an eyewitness. However, this time, the problem was not a plague but rather an intense drought. On April 2nd, 1419 (10 Ṣafar 719), it was called out to fast in preparation for the rain prayer (istisqāʾ). It was further decreed to read the ḥadīth collection of al-Bukhārī and “the people prepared, supplicating at the end of each prayer and after the lectures (khuṭab), and implored God for rain (al-istisqāʾ).” On the following Saturday 7 April (15 Ṣafar), the entire inhabitants of the land (kharaja ahl-balad bi-rummatihim) went out to the Mosque of the Foot. Among these people was the representative of the Sultan and the rulers who were walking (not riding as they would have normally done) and they were crying and imploring God. The people gathered at the Mosque and it was a “remarkable site” (mashhad ʿaẓīm). As part of the rain prayer, there was a sermon which was performed by the Shāfi‘ī judge Ṣadr al-Dīn Sulaymān al-Jaʿfarī (d. 725/1325) and the people audibly said “amen” after his supplications. When people woke up the following morning, rain came “by the will of God, his mercy and kindness, not from the power and strength (of people).” The people became ecstatic (fariḥa al-nās faraḥan shadīdan) and the rain encompassed the entire land. Ibn Kathīr closes the episode by saying “To God is praise and benevolence, He is one, (and) there are no partners to Him.”
This account follows the same structure of the response to the plague – the great ḥadīth collection of al-Bukhārī was read, fasting preceded the event, and people processed to and prayed at the Mosque of the Foot. Ibn Kathīr highlights how the rulers joined the event, walking (not riding), and crying and imploring God. Everyone, including the ruling elite, humbled themselves before God and they directed their worship only to him. Moreover, the “entire population” was present demonstrating the communal nature of the event. It is not clear here whether non-Muslims attended but Ibn Kathīr’s language is inclusive such that they could have been present. Ibn Kathīr’s final comments are essential as he puts the result of rain on the mercy and kindness of God, not the “power of people.” He ends by saying “that there is one God and there is no partners to him.” The statement epitomizes the meaning of the rain prayer in that the prayer affirmed the absolute oneness of God.
Implications of the Plague Gatherings as a form of Rain Prayer
The fact that the inhabitants of Damascus responded to the plague in a similar way to a drought has important implications regarding religious authority and the unfortunate practice of scapegoating. First, the inhabitants reacted with a united front which was based on a shared crisis and strong religious authority. As Michael Dols argues, “The ulamaʾ in medieval society were able to formulate normative attitudes and to guide popular reactions toward the Black Death.” At least in Damascus, we don’t see the development of fringe, extremist or apocalyptic movements which rejected the established religious authority and began to develop their own responses to the plague. For instance, in parts of Europe, we see the rise of the Flagellants, who engaged in extreme purifying rituals such as publically flogging themselves. The movement was never sanctioned by the Church but did have some grassroots and popular support. Rather the Damascus religious authority was able to create a new practice which was based on the precedent of the rain prayer. The rain prayer was an already established ritual in Damascus and had roots in the Prophetic legacy, the example of the early Muslim community and the various Islamic schools of law. To order the community to engage in a gathering similar to the rain prayer was not too much of a mental shift and therefore gained wide support and appeal among the population.
Moreover, the fact that the community saw the plague as a form of drought has significant implications in regards to scapegoating which was one of the tragic legacies of the Black Death and natural disasters in general. In certain parts of Europe, Jews were blamed for the plague and burned alive as a way to expiate the community. However, medieval inhabitants of Damascus understood the plague affecting the entire community in a similar way to how a drought impacts everyone. Prophetic practice further focused the community on praying to God to end the calamity rather than blaming one segment of the community for its occurrence. The rain prayer was meant to unite the community against the common natural disaster and ask God for its cessation. As Ibn Kathīr and Ibn Baṭṭūṭa both observe, religious minorities were visibly present at the gathering and were praying with the rest of the population. They further do not record any retaliation against them in Damascus.
Plague Gathering Critics
News of the Damascus plague gathering would travel throughout the Mamlūk Empire and it would eventually be replicated in other parts, most notably in Cairo in 822/1419 and 833/1430. However, despite their wide-spread popularity, the gatherings did have their critics. In his plague treatise (Badhl al-māʿūn fī faḍl al-ṭāʿūn), the famous ḥadīth scholar Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (d. 852/1449) argued that the plague gathering in Damascus was a religious innovation (bidʿa) which did not have precedence in Islamic history. Speaking in the next century and citing secondary sources, Ibn Ḥajar contends that the 749/1348 gathering actually increased the disease when it was in fact less before. He then moves to explain that a plague (re)appeared in his hometown in 23 January 1430 (27 Rabīʿ al-Thānī 833) and at the time only 40 people had died of the disease. After it was called out to fast three days, people went out on Friday, 29 January (4 Jamāda al-Uwlā) to the desert which was a similar practice to the rain prayer (istisqāʾ). People gathered, prayed for an hour and then returned to the city. However, by the end of the months, the deaths numbered a thousand a day and continued to increase after that.
After the gathering, there were various fatwās regarding its practice. Some of the scholars supported it based on previous precedent, especially the fact that the Mamlūk Sultan Malik al-Muʾayyad (d. 824/1421) participated in a previous plague gathering and found it beneficial. A group of scholars further attended the gathering with him and did not object to it. However, others ruled that not participating in such gatherings was preferable in order to avoid the dissention (fitna) it could cause )within the community( both if the prayers were answered and if they were not. If the prayers were answered, there was a danger in people becoming pretentious. If their prayers were not answered, then the people would have a negative impression of the scholars and righteous and of supplication in general.
Ibn Ḥajar then interjects his own opinion saying that if these gatherings were permissible, then there would be some precedent from the early community (salaf), the jurists around the world, their followers and previous generations.However, no report has reached his generation, no tradition from his contemporaries exists and there is no written legal precedent (farʿ masṭūr) from any of the jurists. For Ibn Ḥajar, the words of supplication and the characteristics of the supplicant have particularities and inner reasoning – every prayer is unique and has a specific form which is suitable to it. What is relied on is that ritual prayers should be strictly followed and there is no room for analogy (qiyās).
To illustrate his point, Ibn Ḥajar gives the example of the eclipse prayer (kusūf) where the sermon and admonishment (takhwīf) has a different form than that of drought. Moreover, the prayers that are transmitted on natural disasters and calamities (nāzila) such as famine and disease are different than that on the eclipse prayer (kusūf) and the rain prayer (al-istisqāʾ). Whoever conflates the various prayers “has innovated in a religious matter which is not part of it and it should be rejected.” Here Ibn Ḥajar paraphrases a popular prophetic report on religious innovation and the importance of preserving the forms of ritual prayers. Ibn Ḥajar then gives another example of keeping the different prayers distinct by citing the eponym of his legal school al-Shāfiʿī (d. 204/820) who believed that there was no group supplication (qunūt) in the rain prayer (in contrast to other prayers such as the dawn/fajr prayer). Ibn Ḥajar ends the section believing that al-Shāfiʿī himself would support his position (and God knows best). For Ibn Ḥajar, each prayer – whether it be the eclipse or rain prayer – had a distinct form which should only be performed for its prescribed reason.
Ibn Ḥajar explains that the plague gatherings were in fact one of the reasons why he decided to write this plague treatise where he gathered various ḥadīths (related to plagues) and commentaries on them. He decided not to go out in the 833/1430 gathering and did not attend the earlier gathering with al-Malik al-Muʾayyad (in 822/1419), even though he was particularly close to him. What he anticipated would happen – an increase in deaths – occurred in both circumstances, and there is no strength and power except with God, the most high and great.
Ibn Ḥajar ends his argument stating that he has not heard about any time, especially in the era of the Companions and Successors, when people gathered in response to the plague in the same way they did for the rain prayer (istisqāʾ) except in the year 749/1348 (in Damascus). In Ibn Ḥajar’s view, they gathered, prayed, and returned back to the city but the affair became more difficult and they did not attain what they intended. What occurred almost 85 years later in Cairo (in 833/1430) had the identical result (kiffa bi-kiffa).
In summary, the scholarship has noted the occurrence of plague gatherings but has not sufficiently discussed their similarities to rain prayers and the subsequent debate that ensued. The fact that medieval Muslims of Damascus understood the plague as similar to the drought has important consequences in how they reacted to its occurrence. Just as the rain prayer brings rain which lifts the drought from the land, the inhabitants hoped that their gathering would in a similar way lift the plague from their city. Moreover, the population did not see the plague as originating from a particular group of people and therefore did not scapegoat anyone. The plague was like a drought where everyone was affected and needed to pray to God for its cessation. The Damascene religious authority was therefore able to effectively create a ritual that united the population and did not lead to fringe movements or scapegoating.
Nonetheless, the plague gatherings did have their critics especially when the gatherings started to be replicated in other parts of the Empire such as Cairo. The famous ḥadīth scholar Ibn Ḥajar argued that the gatherings did not have any precedent in Islamic history and that there was no room for analogy in ritual prayer and supplications. Each prayer had a distinct form and reason and it was wrong to apply one to another. Moreover, in his observation, the plague gatherings did not prevent deaths but rather they increased after their occurrence demonstrating their ineffectiveness and harm. The debate thus demonstrates how social responses to the pandemics built off precedents and established traditions which had popular support. Yet, critics were frequently present asking whether the responses conformed to proper religious practice and questioning whether they attained the desired result.
The secondary sources do reference this connection between the various plague gatherings and the rain prayer but more work needs to be done to understand the implications of this analogy. See Michael Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977), 248; Justin Stearns, “New Directions in the Study of Religious Responses to the Black Death,” History Compass 7, no. 5 (2009): 5; Justin Stearns, Infectious Ideas: Contagion in Premodern Islamic and Christian Thought in the Western Mediterranean (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), 164. Also, Stearns notes that these plague gatherings were unique to the “Mashriq, specifically Cairo and Damascus.” Stearns, Infectious Ideas, 161.
T. Fahd and P. N. Boratav, “Istisḳāʾ,” in Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition, eds. P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Boston: Brill 2020).
Mālik ibn Anas, Al-Muwaṭṭaʾ: the Recension of Yaḥyā b. Yaḥyā al-Laythī (d. 234/848), eds. and trans. Mohammad Fadel and Connell Monette (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Published by the Program in Islamic Law, Harvard Law School, 2019), 188.
Mālik ibn Anas, Al-Muwaṭṭaʾ, 187.
Dols references this event but does no connect it with ṣalāt al-istisqā’. Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East, 251.
For more on the life and works of Ibn Kathīr see Younus Y. Mirza, “Ibn Kathīr, ʿImād al-Dīn,” in Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson (Leiden: Boston: Brill 2016).
Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa’l-nihāya, ed. Ḥasan Ismā‘īl Marwa (Damascus: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2009), 16:41.
Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah al-musammāh Tuḥfat al-nuẓẓār fī gharā’ib al-amṣār wa’l-‘ajā’ib al-asfār, ed. ʻAbd al-Hādī Tāzī (Rabat: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah, 2004), 1:325. For a strong translation of this episode see Ibn Baṭṭūtah, The Travels of Ibn Battutah, ed. Tim Mackintosh-Smith (London: Picador, 2002), 39.
The famous Mamlūk Egyptian historian al-Maqrīzī also notes this procession and gathering but it does not seem that he was an eyewitness to the event. However, the fact that he notes the gathering in his history demonstrates that the news of the event had become widespread and was influencing other gatherings. See al-Maqrīzī, Al-Sulūk li-ma‘rifat duwal al-mulūk, ed. Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻAṭā (Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-‘ilmiyya, 1997), 4:85.
Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa’l-nihāya, 16:141.
For the acts of processions and fasting as a response to natural disasters in Europe see Jussi Hanska, Strategies of Sanity and Survival: Religious Responses to Natural Disasters in the Middle Ages (Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2002). For a specific discussion regarding Valencia see Abigail Agresta “From Purification to Protection: Plague Response in Late Medieval Valencia,” Speculum 95, no. 2 (2020): 371–95.
However, despite the enormity of the drought, it did not seem to have reached the same level as the Black Death since Ibn Kathīr does not note any deaths and his language does not signal the same level of desperation.
However, there are some key differences in that the plague gathering was performed on Friday while the rain prayer was done on Saturday. Also, the rain prayer had a sermon where the plague gathering did not.
Michael W. Dols, “The Comparative Communal Responses to the Black Death in Muslim and Christian Societies,” Medieval and Renaissance Studies 5, no. 1 (1974): 286.
As Jussi Hanska explains, “The important thing is that despite the participation by some members of the clergy, the flagellant processions seem to have been essentially a lay movement.” Hanska, Strategies of Sanity, 61.
As Hanska explains, “The need to find guilty persons manifested itself, for example, in psychotic witch-hunts for scapegoats in connection with epidemics and other major disasters. Since it was not a question of man-made disasters where it is easy to point the finger at someone, and since there was no scientifically relevant information about the causes of natural disasters, it is no wonder that the role of scapegoats was given to outsiders. Those who were not members of the community and bound by its rules were always looked upon with suspicion, and in exceptional circumstances they were always potential victims.” Hanska, Strategies of Sanity, 176.
Samuel K. Cohn, “The Black Death and the Burning of Jews,” Past & Present 196, no. 1 (2007): 3-36. For more on medieval Christian and Muslim views of Jews and contagion see Stearns, Infectious Ideas.
Ibn Ḥajar al-ʻAsqalānī, Badhl al-māʿūn fī faḍl al-ṭāʿūn, ed. Aḥmad ʿIṣām ʿAbd al-Qādir Kātib (Riyadh: Dār al-ʿĀṣima, 1991).
For more on his life see F. Rosenthal, “Ibn Ḥadjar al- ʿAsḳalānī,” in Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition, eds. P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Boston: Brill 2020).
Ibn Ḥajar, Badhl al-māʿūn, 328.
Ibn Ḥajar, Badhl al-māʿūn, 329. However, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa contended that the deaths decreased after the plague gatherings, especially in relation to Cairo. Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, The Travels, 1:325. The famous Egyptian historian al-Maqrīzī also notes that the deaths decreased. Al-Maqrīzī, Al-Sulūk li-ma‘rifat, 4:85.
Ibn Ḥajar, Badhl al-māʿūn, 329. Al-Maqrīzī chronicles this plague gathering in 833/1430 and also notes that the death’s increased after the event; Al-Maqrīzī, Al-Sulūk li-ma‘rifat, 7:204.
Dols speaks about this massive gathering and translates some chronicles on the event. Dols, Black Death, 238.
Ibn Ḥajar, Badhl al-māʿūn, 329.
Ibn Ḥajar, Badhl al-māʿūn, 330.
J. Robson, “Bidʿa,” in Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition, eds. P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Boston: Brill 2020).
Ibn Ḥajar, Badhl al-māʿūn, 330. Ibn Ḥajar notes that he started compiling the book in the year 819/1416-17.
Joel Blecher explains that, “Ibn Ḥajar cultivated a particularly close relationship to al-Muʾayyad, attaining a level of trust and influence he was never able to replicate with al-Muʾayyad’s successors….” Joel Blecher, “Ḥadīth Commentary in the Presence of Students, Patrons, and Rivals: Ibn Ḥajar and Sahīh al-Bukhārī in Mamluk Cairo,” Oriens 41, no. 3-4 (2013): 269.
Ibn Ḥajar then goes on a tangent in that he prefers the prayer of Adam and Eve “Oh Lord, we have wronged ourselves…” (8:23) over the one “Oh Lord remove this punishment from us verily we are believers” (44:12) since the former was accepted by God while the latter was made by a group of disbelievers and eventually rejected. During the plague outbreaks, there was a dream that people should make the prayer found in 44:12 but Ibn Ḥajar found this prayer to be inappropriate and not substantiated by precedent.
Ibn Ḥajar, Badhl al-māʿūn, 331.
Dols states that Ibn Ḥajar eventually agreed to the legality of the plague gatherings with the other scholars of Egypt but I do not see this within the text. Dols, The Black Death and the Middle East, 120. Dols also adds that the plague gatherings became popular in Egypt in the 14th and 15thcenturies.
As Dols states, “The Muslim writers on the plague did not dwell on the guilt of their co-religionists even if they did admit the plague was a divine warning against sin. Prayer was supplication and not expiation.” Dols, The Black Death and the Middle East, 285. Nonetheless, Stearn cautions that Dols’ observations were made from a limited number of sources and that Christians and Muslims often shared similar views of the plague. For instance, Stearns ends his article asking “To what degree did representatives of these traditions borrow from each other’s theological considerations of plague, much as they did with medical knowledge? More extensive comparative work may well give us answers to these and other questions, and will work against any all too facile reductionism when discussing religious responses to the plague.” Stearn, “New Directions,” 7. See also his Infectious Ideas where he states in the Introduction, “Instead of reducing Muslim and Christian understandings of contagion to a clear opposition between two approaches characterized by religious or civilizational labels, I attempt to delineate the parameters that directed these two groups of intellectuals toward qualitatively distinct constructions of contagion.” Stearns, Infectious Ideas, 11.
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Labor Day 2019
Annually on the first Monday of September, Labor Day pays tribute to the contributions and achievements of American workers. It was created by the labor movement in the late 19th century and became a federal holiday in 1894. But for most, Labor Day is a long weekend between Independence Day and Thanksgiving and captures the end of summer with parties, street parades and athletic events.
Let’s look at how we got to this workingman’s holiday serving two purposes.
In the late 1800s, at the height of the Industrial Revolution, the average American worked 12-hour days and seven-day weeks in order to survive. Most states did not have laws and regulations around who and how old a worker needed to be. So, mills, factories and mines across the country put children as young as 5 or 6 in the workforce, even while earning a fraction of their adult counterparts’ wages.
Additionally, the surroundings were often unsafe and working conditions were unsanitary with insufficient circulation.
It was only a matter of time until labor unions would appear, growing more prominent and vocal. They began organizing strikes and rallies to protest the conditions and compel owners and employers to alter hours, pay and surroundings. Some of those strikes and rallies turned violent but traditions also sprang out of the movement.
This is why you will see marches and parades in addition to picket lines and union representatives. Finally, the idea of improving working conditions and pay caught on around the country and legislation was passed in many states. However, Congress would wait another 12 years to follow suit when they were basically forced to act. A strike and a boycott of the Pullman Palace Car Company crippled the railroad traffic nationwide.
To break the deadlock, the federal government sent troops to help but only led to waves of riots and death. In the wake of the unrest, Congress passed the act making Labor Day a legal holiday and in June of 1894, President Cleveland signed it into law.
With such a contentious history, it is a wonder why our yearly holiday is met with celebration and happiness. Recognized across the United States with closed government offices, parades, picnics, barbeques, fireworks and public gatherings, Labor Day has lost some of its original meaning and now just represents the end of summer and the beginning of school.
But who doesn’t love a celebration and a reason to travel, visit with friends and family and enjoy the great United States of America? It is a gift of an extra day onto what sometimes seems like an endless work week and an opportunity to refresh and relax.
Regardless of how you plan to spend the holiday weekend, be sure to take a moment to give a nod to both the workingman’s holiday and the American celebration we know as Labor Day.
You’ve made some good points there. I looked on the net for
more info about the issue and found most people will go along with your
views on this website.
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Mass society requires both accessible elites and available non-elites if it is to exhibit a high rate of mass behavior. Elites are accessible and non-elites are available in that there is a paucity of independent groups between the state and the family to protect either elites or non-elites from manipulation and mobilization by the other. William Kornhauser
Mass society theory argues that with industrialization and subsequent social changes, people have become isolated and alienated. Mass society, as depicted by Kornhauser, refers to a social system in which elites are readily open to influence by nonelites.
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- 1 What is a hydrant line?
- 2 What is hydrant in water supply?
- 3 What type of hose is used to deliver water from a hydrant to an engine?
- 4 What is a forward lay in firefighting?
- 5 What does a yellow H sign mean?
- 6 How many PSI is a fire hydrant?
- 7 What are two types of hydrant connections?
- 8 What does a yellow fire hydrant mean?
- 9 Which type of load is most commonly used for Preconnected attack lines?
- 10 Why is it dangerous to work below the hot gas layer without attempting to cool it?
- 11 Can a fire hose kill you?
- 12 What is the difference between a forward lay and reverse lay?
- 13 What is reverse lay?
What is a hydrant line?
A fire hydrant or firecock (archaic) is a connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water supply. It is a component of active fire protection. Underground fire hydrants have been used in Europe and Asia since at least the 18th century. Above-ground pillar-type hydrants are a 19th-century invention.
What is hydrant in water supply?
A fire hydrant is a pipe that allows water to flow from a water main with the control of a valve in order to put out a fire. Fire Hydrant Protection System is designed to fight fire of huge proportions, in all classes of risks. It is designed to be in operation even if a part of the affected structure collapses.
What type of hose is used to deliver water from a hydrant to an engine?
Fire hoses are used as supply hoses and as attack hoses. Supply hoses are used to deliver water from a static source or from a fire hydrant to an attack engine. Fire hoses range in size from 25 to 152 mm (1 to 6 in.). Small-diameter hose (SDH) ranges in size from 25 to 51 mm (1 to 2 in.)
What is a forward lay in firefighting?
Forward hose lay: The laying of a supply line (4 or 2 ½ inch) from a water source (hydrant or tanker dump site) to the scene of the emergency. Such hoseline are carried in the far right trough in the main hose bed of the engine.
What does a yellow H sign mean?
H is for hydrant Yellow H signs are everywhere, and serve a very useful purpose; they point the fire services in the direction of the nearest hydrant. The top number indicates the size of the water main, and the bottom number indicates how far the hydrant is from the sign.
How many PSI is a fire hydrant?
Fire hydrants are flow-tested at a residual pressure of 20 psi; therefore, firefighters should understand the typical flow rates of fire hydrants at that pressure.
What are two types of hydrant connections?
Fire Hydrants fall within one of two types; wet and dry barrel.
What does a yellow fire hydrant mean?
Yellow body coating being applied to a fire hydrant. The tops of hydrants are painted in colors to indicate how much flow they can produce in gallons per minute (gpm). Blue – over 1,500 gallons per minute (gpm) Green – 1000 to 1,499 gpm. Orange – 500 to 999 gpm.
Which type of load is most commonly used for Preconnected attack lines?
Attack hose is loaded so that it can be quickly and easily deployed. The three most common hose loads used for preconnected attack lines are the minuteman load, the flat load, and the triple-layer load.
Why is it dangerous to work below the hot gas layer without attempting to cool it?
Why is it dangerous to work below the hot gas layer without attempting to cool it? The hotter the gas layer is, the more toxic the fumes are. The smoke contains fuel, and it may ignite at any time. Which is a component of the LCES technique for situational awareness at ground cover fires?
Can a fire hose kill you?
Respiratory burns can kill instantly, or at least as close as makes no difference. Also, structural fires will release toxic gases that can incapacitate and kill just as fast.
What is the difference between a forward lay and reverse lay?
A Forward Lay, which goes from the water source to the fire. A Reverse Lay, which is from the fire back to the water source.
What is reverse lay?
The Reverse Lay is typically used by the second due engine to supply the first due engine with a supply line. The second due engine stops at the scene or the attack engine, drops a supply line off to make connections and then proceeds to the hydrant.
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Ellicott City Smiles is at the forefront of periodontal education and oral systemic health.
We are one of the few practices in the region certified to perform Non Surgical Laser Gum Therapy (LANAP) alternatives to gum surgery.
Gum Disease Therapy
It’s no secret that the health of our gums, mouth, and teeth directly impact the health of our whole bodies. Recent studies show a direct correlation between periodontitis and increased risk of systematic disorders, such as heart disease, strokes, several types of cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, premature and low birth weight in babies, systemic inflammation, lung disease, obesity, weakened immunity, rheumatoid arthritis, and sleep apnea.
What is Periodontal Disease?
According to recent surveys by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), gum disease, including periodontitis is the leading cause of adult tooth loss in the United States. An estimated 67 million adults suffer from some form of periodontal disease. Systemic diseases such as diabetes and habits such as smoking often worsen periodontal disease.
Periodontal diseases may be divided into two categories: gingivitis (affecting only the gums) and periodontitis (affecting the gums, bone, and tooth-supporting structures).
The longer plaque and tartar remain on teeth, the more harmful they become. The bacteria initially cause inflammation of the gums, called “gingivitis.” Gingivitis gums become red and swollen, and can bleed easily. Gingivitis treatment begins with a focused professional cleaning from a dentist or dental hygienist, followed by effective daily brushing and flossing.
This mild form of gum disease does not cause any loss of bone or gum around the teeth, and it is considered reversible. If untreated, gingivitis can progress into more serious forms of periodontal disease.
Over time, undisturbed plaque can spread below the gum line. Toxins produced by the bacteria in plaque irritate the gums and stimulate a chronic inflammatory response. To fight the bacterial infection, the body produces substances that destroy the tissues and bone that support teeth. Gum tissue then separates from the teeth, forming pockets between the teeth and gums.
As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are lost. The rate of this process varies in different patients; for some, it can be as much as several millimeters of bone in a couple of month, while others have slower progression.
Often, this destructive process has very mild symptoms. Periodontal disease is usually painless and patients seldom experience discomfort. This results in many people going undiagnosed and untreated, as most patients are not aware they have active periodontitis.
Symptoms in the early stages of periodontal disease include bleeding, sore gums and pus formation. In latter stages, patients complain of bad breath, loose teeth, exposed roots and teeth that have shifted position. In many instances, it is only after years of living with the disease that individuals tend to notice problems. Left untreated, teeth can eventually become loose, fall out or require removal.
Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Treatment of periodontal disease involves removing bacterial plaque and calculus (also known as tartar) accumulations. Periodontal health is most predictably maintained using a team approach–doctors, hygienists and patients working together to keep the “bugs” at bay.
Ellicott City Smiles is at the forefront of periodontal education and oral-systemic health. We are one of the few practices in the region certified to perform Non Surgical Laser Gum Therapy (the Laser Assisted New Attachment Procedure: LANAP) alternatives to gum surgery. As with all the procedures we offer, we provide the most effective expert treatment with the highest level of comfort for our patients before, during and after treatment.
Contact us today and we’ll get started on your individualized treatment plan!
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There has been significant work on investigating the relationship between articulatory movements and vocal tract shape and speech acoustics (Fant, 1960; Flanagan, 1965; Narayanan & Alwan, 2000; Schroeter & Sondhi, 1994). It has been shown that there exists a strong correlation between face motion, and vocal tract shape and speech acoustics (Grant & Braida, 1991; Massaro & Stork, 1998; Summerfield, 1979, 1987, 1992; Williams & Katsaggelos, 2002; Yehia, Rubin, & Vatikiotis-Bateson, 1998). In particular, dynamic lip information conveys not only correlated but also complimentary information to the acoustic speech information. Its integration into an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, resulting in an audio-visual (AV) system, can potentially increase the system's performance. Although visual speech information is usually used together with acoustic information, there are applications where visual-only (V-only) ASR systems can be employed achieving high recognition rates. Such include small vocabulary ASR (digits, small number of commands, etc.) and ASR in the presence of adverse acoustic conditions. The choice and accurate extraction of visual features strongly affect the performance of AV and V-only ASR systems. The establishment of lip features for speech recognition is a relatively new research topic. Although a number of approaches can be used for extracting and representing visual lip information, unfortunately, limited work exists in the literature in comparing the relative performance of different features. In this chapter, the authors describe various approaches for extracting and representing important visual features, review existing systems, evaluate their relative performance in terms of speech and speaker recognition rates, and discuss future research and development directions in this area.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)
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Water is used by municipalities and industries in vast amounts as an engineering material as well as one of life's necessities. It serves as a solvent, suspending and transporting medium, fire extinguisher, heat-transfer agent, source of power and as a chemical reagent. Water outranks all other raw materials. A typical industrial city uses about 1/4 to 1 tonne of water per person per day for domestic and industrial purposes. The U.S. uses 6 t/d and Europe 2 t/d for all purposes. In the heat of summer a person will drink about 5 liters per day in various forms, depending upon level of activity. About 70 tonnes of water are used to make 1 tonne of paper, 1200 tonnes to make 1 tonne of aluminum, 250 tonnes per tonne of steel and 230 tonnes to grow a tonne of tomatoes. Often water is not consumed in the process but its physical state and impurity level may be altered.
Domestic consumption of water has been increasing so rapidly in recent years that governments have become alarmed at the growing scarcity. Incentives are used to curb profligacy and penalties are levied for wastage. Fresh water is not limitless and research focuses on economic methods for obtaining and purifying water (see Water Treatment). The U.S. withdraws an estimated 1.54 × 109 tonnes (1993) of fresh water a day from lakes, streams and underground sources (see Figure 1).
This is nearly 10% less than in 1980 despite the population increase.
Water is the only substance which can exist in all three phases of matter at "normal" temperatures. Key properties are its: high heat capacity, latent heat of evaporation, polarizability and solvency; having good convective heat-transfer coefficients; and being relatively inert, stable, nontoxic, cheap and abundant (see Water Properties).
Heat Transfer Medium for temperate heating and cooling—food processing, condensers, coolers, cooling towers, quenching.
Steam. In electricity generation; as a heating medium, since it is an easy form of energy to transport around factories (approximately 2000 kJ/kg depending on pressure) and has good temperature control via pressure regulation; and for inert blanketing.
Raw Material. As a solvent and chemical reagent (e.g. sulfuric acid manufacture, beverage industry).
Washing. With its high polarizability, water is a good ionizing solvent.
Miscellaneous. Hydraulic mining, sluicing, fire control, log debarking, nuclear shielding, irrigation, sanitary and other domestic uses.
The oceans hold 97% of the planet's water, a further 2% is frozen. The total amount of rainfall available worldwide is, however, more than adequate for our purposes.
The problem is one of 'supply' as rainfall is unevenly distributed. Table 1 lists rainfall and runoff for the continents. Australia is the world's driest continent with, not only the lowest rainfall and runoff in proportion to its area, but also the lowest ratio of runoff to rainfall.
*Runoff—Proportion of rain flowing to the sea; balance evaporates or fills underground aquifers.
Water is never chemically pure in nature. However, since fresh water is usually better than 99.9% pure it is usual to indicate purity by level of impurities (as mg/L, equivalent to parts per million, or ppm).
Rain is generally the purest form of natural water, especially if collected towards the end of a shower. Impurities consist of dissolved gases (O2, N2, CO2), salt (NaCl), oxides, and suspended material (dust, pollen, spores).
Water from lakes contains larger amounts of dissolved and suspended material than rainwater. If the soil contains gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) the natural water will contain more calcium; water from swampy areas will contain a variety of organic acids (humic and fulvic) and color (tannin) from decomposing humus, steams can contain suspended clays or sand, depending on flow rate. Acidic gases from industry (SO2, SO3, CO2, NO2, NO) lead to the formation of "acid rain" which can accelerate the weathering of rocks and soils and increase the quantity of dissolved salts in surface water. Curiously the amount of fine suspended dust from the predominately limestone soils of Western Australia and South Australia result in a somewhat alkaline rain across southern regions.
Springs and rivers contain higher quantities of suspended matter than lakes and are usually higher in dissolved material. However, some lakes are noted for their exceptionally high salinity where they are the terminus for streams or rivers with no outlet to the sea, e.g., Lake Eyre (Australia), Dead Sea (Asia).
Wells and bores often have very high levels of dissolved material even to the extent of becoming saturated with soil salts. However, the clarity is good with little suspended matter and low microorganism counts. Wells in shallow Aquifers can have high biological activity due to surface contamination.
The concentration of dissolved salts in sea water is very constant throughout the world's oceans at about 3.5%, or 35,000 ppm (see Table 2). Local variations occur where climatic conditions are severe. Thus in the Baltic Sea, the large runoff of fresh water from Scandinavia and Northern Europe reduces salinity, and in the Northern Spencer Gulf of South Australia solar evaporation results in a salinity of 45,000 ppm. The usefulness of a water source depends on the nature and concentration of contaminants, as well as its quantity and temperature. The treatment method depends on both source and end use. (See Desalination; Water preparation.)
Considine, D. M. Ed. (1974) Encyclopedia of Chemical and Process Technology, McGraw-Hill, NY.
Fenton, G. G. and Gerofi, J. P. (1985) Desalination in Australia: past and future, Solar Desalination Group, Uni. of Sydney.
Graves, W. Ed. (1993) Water, National Geographic Special Edition, NGS, Washington, Nov.
Weast, R. C. Ed. (1971) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51 ed., CRC Press.
- Considine, D. M. Ed. (1974) Encyclopedia of Chemical and Process Technology, McGraw-Hill, NY.
- Fenton, G. G. and Gerofi, J. P. (1985) Desalination in Australia: past and future, Solar Desalination Group, Uni. of Sydney.
- Graves, W. Ed. (1993) Water, National Geographic Special Edition, NGS, Washington, Nov.
- Weast, R. C. Ed. (1971) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51 ed., CRC Press.
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Rewards and punishments embedded in the District’s controversial teacher evaluation program have shaped the school system’s workforce, affecting both retention and performance, according to a study scheduled for release Thursday.
Hundreds of teachers have been fired for poor performance since the evaluations were implemented four years ago. But low-scoring teachers who could have kept their jobs also have been more likely to leave than teachers who scored higher, according to the study, published as a working paper of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
The study found that imminent consequences inspired two groups of teachers to improve significantly more than others: low-scoring teachers who faced the prospect of being fired and high-scoring teachers within striking distance of a substantial merit raise.
Written by James Wyckoff of the University of Virginia and Thomas Dee of Stanford University, the study suggests that incentives such as those pioneered in the District “can substantially improve the measured performance of the teaching workforce.”
The study is among the first attempts to understand the effects of the District’s teacher evaluation system, known as IMPACT. Then-Chancellor Michelle Rhee introduced the system in 2009, and it was among the first in the nation to link teachers’ job security and compensation to student test scores.
Chancellor Kaya Henderson hailed the new research as evidence that IMPACT — which has stirred criticism and spurred similar initiatives in other jurisdictions — is having its intended effect. “We’re actually radically improving the caliber of our teaching force,” Henderson said.
But while average teacher evaluation scores rose during the first three years of IMPACT, the study is silent about whether the incentives have translated into improved student achievement.
“This is a very important first step in looking at how teacher evaluation programs rolling out all across the country are going to impact teachers and students on the ground,” said Jonah Rockoff, an economist at Columbia University who was not involved in the study. “But a lot more remains to be done.”
IMPACT combines observations of teachers in the classroom with their students’ test results. It scores teachers on a scale of 100 to 400, and until 2012, it sorted them into four categories: ineffective, minimally effective, effective and highly effective. (In 2012, the school system added a fifth category, developing.)
“Ineffective” teachers are immediately fired, as are teachers rated “minimally effective” twice in a row. Teachers rated “highly effective” get a bonus; the second time they earn that rating, they get a base-salary increase worth up to $27,000 per year.
Wyckoff and Dee tried to understand the effect of those incentives by examining the relationship between teachers’ IMPACT scores at the end of one year and their retention and performance the following year.
Effects were minimal after the first year of IMPACT, but they were statistically significant after the second year, perhaps, the authors reasoned, because teachers did not immediately believe that the incentives were real and permanent.
Teachers rated “minimally effective” for the first time, the researchers found, were more than twice as likely to leave their jobs voluntarily than teachers with higher ratings.
The researchers zeroed in on teachers who scored near 250, the threshold separating “minimally effective” and “effective.”
Teachers who scored just beneath that threshold — and faced a pay freeze and the threat of dismissal — made larger average gains the next year than teachers who scored just above that mark.
That suggests that the prospect of losing their jobs was a key factor that encouraged those teachers to improve, Wyckoff said. Teachers showed similar outsized gains when they scored on the threshold between effective and highly effective — presumably because they faced the potential of a substantial raise.
Wyckoff cautioned that the results do not speak to the effect of IMPACT on the performance of teachers who do not score near the thresholds.
Stanford Professor Linda Darling-Hammond cautioned against assuming that IMPACT scores accurately reflect a teacher’s effectiveness, pointing to studies that have shown that test-score growth can be an unreliable measure, especially when a teacher has a lot of students who are working far below or above grade level.
Middle school teacher Angel Cintron, who was rated “highly effective” last school year, said IMPACT can motivate teachers to get better. But the emphasis on test scores can be demoralizing in a high-poverty school where many students are far behind, he said, adding that he has worked with excellent teachers who quit after low test scores pushed their rating down to “minimally effective.”
“The teachers I’ve seen leave, I know they’re high quality,” Cintron said.
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CC-MAIN-2016-30
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Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.
Organic architecture is also translated into the all inclusive nature of Frank Lloyd Wright's design process. Materials, motifs, and basic ordering principles continue to repeat themselves throughout the building as a whole. The idea of organic architecture refers not only to the buildings' literal relationship to the natural surroundings, but how the buildings' design is carefully thought about as if it were a unified organism. Geometries throughout Wright's buildings build a central mood and theme. Essentially organic architecture is also the literal design of every element of a building: From the windows, to the floors, to the individual chairs intended to fill the space. Everything relates to one another, reflecting the symbiotic ordering systems of nature. (see also Art Organique)
Javier Senosiain is a Mexican architect celebrated as a key exponent and explorer of so-called organic architecture.The work some have likened to that of Frank Lloyd Wright, Bruce Goff, Soleri, Hundertwasser, Gaudi and Rudolf Steiner and the nature and the Mexican Popular Art. He is currently a professor of architecture at the National Autonomous University of Mexico(UNAM).
Javier Senosiain's architectural creations have attracted both comment and controversy. A house at Vista del Valle, north of Mexico City sits on a hill overlooking the city and is designed in the shape of a shark. It is a ferro-concrete construction coated with polyurethane and UV-resistant elastomeric waterproofing. Inside it comprises a complex labyrinth of rooms and interconnecting carpeted tunnels.
Senosiain is the creator of a growing number of unusual architectural works:
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Serving Our Nation
Students will read about and research the lives of specific war veterans who have been honored on coins or medals to compare their common characteristics and differences.
- Half dollar
Students will do research and use charts and posters to explain common characteristics and differences of war veterans.
Major Subject Area Connections
- Social Studies
Minor/supporting Subject Area Connections
- Language Arts
- Third grade
- Fourth grade
- Fifth grade
- Sixth grade
- Seventh grade
- Eighth grade
Session Length: 90 minutes
Total Length: 46-90 minutes
- Whole group
- Small groups
- Individual work
Terms and Concepts
- American history
- Commemorative coins
- The United States Mint H.I.P. Pocket Change™ Web site (www.usmint.gov/kids)
- The United States Mint Web site (www.usmint.gov)
- Appropriate websites for researching coin histories or biographical information about military veterans
- Computer lab access/library access
- Copies of a group chart (columns should be where students write their information, the rows should be as follows: name of the war, name of the coin/medal selected, name of the veteran(s)commemorated, the branch of the military in which that individual(s) served, and the event or behavior that made that individual memorable)
- Poster board (1 sheet per group)
- Bookmark research sites in advance if desired.
- Make copies of group chart (1 per group).
- Create a rubric if desired.
- Select one or two coins or medals and display enlarged versions for your students to see. They should represent those who fought in two different wars.
- Ask the students why they believe that these coins or medals were created and who they were meant to honor. Answers should relate to the idea that they were created to honor people who served in the military.
- As a class, discuss and define the word "veteran." Ask students to explain why the United States Mint would decide to produce coins that honor veterns rather than a different segment of the population.
- Divide the students into five groups and assign to each group one of the wars that the United States participated in. As a member of the group, each student will use either the United States Mint H.I.P. Pocket Change Web site or another source to find a coin or medal that was created to honor the service of someone (or several people) who participated in that group's assigned war.
- Have the students independently research why the selected coin was created and who it honors. Have them also research some biographical information about the person or people honored, especially which branch of the military was involved and what event or behavior made the honoree(s) particularly memorable.
- Ater the students complete this independent research, form new groups of 5 composed of one member from each of the original groups.
- In these new groups, the students will create a chart listing the name of each war, the name of the coin or medal selected by that war's group, the name of the veteran(s) commemorated, the branch of the military involved, and the event or behavior that made the honoree(s)memorable.
- Have these groups discuss some common characteristics of military veterans that transcend the particular war in which they fought.
- Have each of these groups develop a poster based on their discussion. This poster should describe what it means to be a military veteran and should include illustrations as well as written words.
- Have each group select a resentative to present the poster to the class and explain why the images and words were selected.
- Create a bulletin board entitled “Those Who Served to Keep Us Free” and display each group’s poster on it.
Select a different theme and invite students to explore other commemorative coins and medals that the United States Mint produces that explore this theme (such as scientists, women in history, artists, African American history).
- Evaluate the group charts, posters, and students' participation to assess how well the students have met the lesson objectives.
- Use a rubric if desired.
This lesson plan is not associated with any Common Core Standards.
This lesson plan is not associated with any National Standards.
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Origin of gest
Related Words for gestscoup, consummation, conquest, accomplishment, enterprise, triumph, act, attainment, exploit, adventure, venture, performance, action, stunt, deed, execution, effort, achievement, victory, gest
Examples from the Web for gests
Historical Examples of gests
The antients represented the 143 passions, by gests, colors and sounds.A Treatise on the Art of Dancing
Gests at length came to signify adventures or incidents in general.
Hence it would appear that there was a program of the gests, stating the time of arrival at and departure from each of them.
He does not assert that the earth was stopped on its axis, but sug- gests "refraction" as a way out of the difficulty.The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 5 (of 12)
Robert G. Ingersoll
Romayn gestes, the 'Roman gests,' in the collection called Gesta Romanorum, or stories of a like character.
Word Origin for gest
"famous deed, exploit; story, romance," c.1300, from Old French geste "action, exploit, romance, history (of celebrated people or actions)," from Latin gesta "actions, exploits, deeds, achievements," neuter plural of gestus, past participle of gerere "to carry on, wage, perform," of unknown origin. Cf. jest.
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For the last 15 years, since well before the current cider renaissance, Mike Sturges has crafted countless varieties of cider in small, often experimental five-gallon batches. He picks the apples and forages other ingredients, like mulberry, knotweed and serviceberry, from places most people never think to look, like old farms and tangles of invasive bushes. If you can eat it, he’s probably made a cider from it. That’s no exaggeration — Sturges once made a mushroom cider.
Sturges is also a community maker. In 2005, he and a few fellow cider enthusiasts started A Few Bad Apples, an organization whose mission is to utilize forgotten fruit for sustainable community cider making. Each fall, they harvest fruit that would otherwise go to waste, ferment it into delicious cider, then share it with others — free of charge — at community fundraisers, charity events and their annual cider festival. This allows them to donate to causes important to each of them while opening up a dialogue about topics like food waste, food pathways and sustainable agriculture.
Even the ciders they make help to advance this conversation. A recent blend used knotweed and raspberries to highlight the impact of invasive species on native flora. “These two plants play well together in the bottle,” notes Sturges. “But they don’t get along in nature.”
A core group of five or six self-described “bad apples” does the majority of the heavy lifting: harvesting, pressing, bottling and pouring. But, Sturges says, upwards of 100 people consider themselves part of the organization, and this is the real story of A Few Bad Apples. It’s about cider, but it’s just as much about community.
Every part of the group’s cider-making process — from sourcing to sipping — is optimized to build relationships, and it often starts with a knock on a door.
Apple trees abound in neighborhoods, parks and backyards around the city of Pittsburgh, often overlooked as sources of nourishment. These trees, unpruned and neglected, produce gnarly fruit that gives people pause. Is it safe to eat? Will it taste as good as the perfect red orbs in the grocery store? As a result, countless tons of apples fall from these forgotten trees each year, feeding only the yellow jackets and groundhogs. A Few Bad Apples is working to change this dynamic and to get people to trust food that grows right in front of them.
When he finds a promising tree, Sturges approaches the owner and asks two simple questions: Are you using your fruit, and if not, may we harvest it? Most often, the answers are, respectively, “no” and an enthusiastic “YES!” The majority of people are more than happy to allow A Few Bad Apples to harvest their unused fruit, with the promise of new life for their apples and a few bottles of the cider they are destined to become.
Sharing the harvest and the fruits of his labor are critical to growing relationships and trust. But, the organization doesn’t stop there. Members of A Few Bad Apples become caretakers, volunteering to come back in the fall and spring to prune and nurture (both the trees and the relationship) for the future. This past winter, they tended more than 100 trees across Southwestern Pennsylvania.
Pressing is another chance to engage the community in their mission. Sturges invites everyone involved in the harvest to his home where a 140-year-old hand-cranked press turns the ugly fruit into fresh cider. A recent upgrade to equipment — A Few Bad Apples has gone electric — has made the process more efficient and predictable. That old press, though, comes out for special occasions, providing a photo opportunity on pressing day (pictures of babies sitting on top of a pile of apples in the press is a particularly popular snapshot).
Parents bring children, who might sample freshly pressed juice for the first time in their young lives. Cider fanatics drag along cider-skeptic friends, converting the wary to true believers. Others who are interested in learning the craft of cider making bring their own apples to press. By engaging people in the process of turning something they’d believed to be useless and disposable into something delicious and sustainable, Sturges and A Few Bad Apples are changing hearts and minds.
Always looking for ways to reuse and recycle, Sturges incorporates the pulpy pomace from the cider pressing — skins and seeds and stems from up to a ton of apples from a large pressing — into the large-scale community compost program he maintains. Those spent and forgotten fruits bring life to neighbors’ gardens, completing the cycle of life.
Over the last two years, Sturges has taken his craft to the next level, collaborating with Jack’s Hard Cider in Biglerville, Pennsylvania to produce a series of commercially available and experimental ciders. Currently pouring across Pennsylvania, Wylde Appeal highlights Sturges’ knack for squeezing a range of flavors into a glass. Wild fermented on 1,001 apple skins, then aged on French oak and in bourbon barrels, Wylde Appeal is surprisingly light and refreshing, with soft drying tannins from the skin contact. “It’s like bubbly Chardonnay,” Sturges notes.
New challenges are ahead: Recently, A Few Bad Apples started pruning a stand of long-neglected apple trees — untouched for five decades — in Pittsburgh’s North Park. The fruit from the next harvest in this orchard will become cider that is served at future fundraising events for the county parks. And while Sturges is kicking around the idea of opening a cidery in the future, for now he is happy making the ciders he loves on a scale that allows him to control the process from fruit to glass.
“Making and sharing cider enriches my life,” says Sturges, adding “It’s good for the soul.”
For more info about A Few Bad Apples, or to invite Sturges to harvest apples from your trees (if you are nearby Pittsburgh), email [email protected].
- Photos: A Few Bad Apples
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These statistics are presented here to illustrate the importance of protecting our precious waters.
* The National Wild and Scenic Rivers System has only 10,931 river miles in it -- just over one-quarter of one percent of our rivers are protected through this designation, and this protection is often contended.
* Currently, 600,000 miles of our rivers lie behind an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 dams.
* The United States has 3,500,000 miles of rivers. The 600,000 miles of rivers lying behind dams amounts to fully 17% of our river mileage.
* The Mississippi River is about 2,340 miles long, making it the longest river in North America. The Nile is the longest river in the world at 4,132 miles as it travels northward from its remote headwaters in Burundi to the Mediterranean Sea.
* The 8 longest rivers in the U.S. are (in descending order) Mississippi, Missouri, Yukon, St. Lawrence (if you count the Great Lakes and its headwaters as one system), Rio Grande, Arkansas, Colorado, Ohio.
* The 8 largest rivers in the U.S., based on volume, are (in descending order) Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Columbia, Yukon, Missouri, Tennessee, Mobile.
* Water covers nearly three-fourths of the earth^s surface.
* Most of the earth^s surface water is permanently frozen or salty.
* Over 90% of the world^s supply of fresh water is located in Antarctica.
* The earth^s total allotment of water has a volume of about 344 million cubic miles. Of this: * 315 million cubic miles (93%) is sea water! * 9 million cubic miles (2.5%) is in aquifers deep below the earth^s surface. * 7 million cubic miles (2%) is frozen in polar ice caps. * 53,000 cubic miles of water pass through the planet^s lakes and streams. * 4,000 cubic miles of water is atmospheric moisture. * 3,400 cubic miles of water are locked within the bodies of living things.
* If all the world^s water were fit into a gallon jug, the fresh water available for us to use would equal only about one tablespoon.
* The overall amount of water on our planet has remained the same for two billion years.
* 1.2 Billion -- Number of people worldwide who do not have access to clean water.
* 6.8 Billion -- Gallons of water Americans flush down their toilets every day.
* Each day almost 10,000 children under the age of 5 in Third World countries die as a result of illnesses contracted by use of impure water.
* Most of the world^s people must walk at least 3 hours to fetch water.
* It doesn^t take much salt to make water "salty." If one-thousandth (or more) of the weight of water is from salt, then the water is "saline."
* Saline water can be desalinated for use as drinking water by going through a process to remove the salt from the water. The process costs so much that it isn^t done on a very large scale. The cost of desalting sea water in the U.S. ranges from $1 to $16 per 1000 gallons.
* Only 7% of the country^s landscape is in a riparian zone -- only 2% of which still supports riparian vegetation.
* The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimate that 70% of the riparian habitat nationwide has been lost or altered.
* Over 90% of the nearly 900,000 acres of riparian areas on Bureau of Land Management land are in degraded condition due to livestock grazing.
* Riparian areas in the West provide habitat for more species of birds than all other western vegetation combined -- 80% of neotropical migrant species (mostly songbirds) depend on riparian areas for nesting or migration.
* Fully 80% of all vertebrate wildlife in the Southwest depend on riparian areas for at least half of their life.
* A 1982 study showed that areas cleared of riparian vegetation in the Midwest had erosion rates of 15 to 60 tons per year.
* Of the 1200 species listed as threatened or endangered, 50% depend on rivers and streams.
* In the Pacific Northwest, over 100 stocks and subspecies of salmon and trout have gone extinct and another 200 are at risk due to a host of factors, dams and the loss of riparian habitat being prime factors.
* One mature tree in a riparian area can filter as much as 200 pounds of nitrates runoff per year.
* At least 9.6 million households and $390 billion in property lie in flood prone areas in the United States. The rate of urban growth in floodplains is approximately twice that of the rest of the country.
* The average single-family home uses 80 gallons of water each day in the winter and 120 gallons in the summer. Showering, bathing and using the toilet account for about two-thirds of the average family^s water usage.
* Water use in the United States alone leaped from 330 million gallons per day in 1980 to 408 million gallons per day in 1990, despite a decade of improvements in water-saving technology.
* Water used around the house for such things as drinking, cooking, bathing, toilet flushing, washing clothes and dishes, watering lawns and gardens, maintaining swimming pools, and washing cars accounts for only 1% of all the water used in the U.S. each year.
* Eighty percent of the fresh water we use in the U.S. is for irrigating crops and generating thermoelectric-power.
* More than 87% of the water consumed in Utah is used for agriculture and irrigation.
* Per capita water use in the western U.S. is much higher than in any other region, because of agricultural needs in this arid region. In 1985, daily per capita consumption in Idaho was 22,200 gallons versus 152 gallons in Rhode Island.
* A corn field of one acre gives off 4,000 gallons of water per day in evaporation.
* The average person needs 2 quarts of water a day.
* It takes about 6 gallons of water to grow a single serving of lettuce. More than 2,600 gallons is required to produce a single serving of steak.
* It takes almost 49 gallons of water to produce just one eight-ounce glass of milk. That includes water consumed by the cow and to grow the food she eats, plus water used to process the milk.
* About 6,800 gallons of water is required to grow a day^s food for a family of four.
* The average American consumes 1,500 pounds of food each year; 1,000 gallons of water are required to grow and process each pound of that food. -- 1.5 million gallons of water is invested in the food eaten by just one person! This 200,000-cubic-feet-plus of water-per-person would be enough to cover a football field four feet deep.
* About 39,090 gallons of water is needed to make an automobile, tires included.
* If all the water in the Great Lakes was spread evenly across the continental U.S., the ground would be covered with almost 10 feet of water.
* One gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds.
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The development of green transportation on the sea is a fairly interesting one when one takes a moment to look at it. The earliest methods of sailing were accomplished using “green” technology in the form of sails that caught the wind, while many of today’s designs are focused on using the sun or alternative fuels to achieve propulsion. One of the latest designs that has been gaining some attention as of late is expected to use a hydrogen based fuel system and to have been inspired by Cold War designs.
Called the EkranoYacht, the hydrogen powered craft was designed by Jaron Dickson, a student at the Monash University in Victoria, Australia, as a sort of green luxury vehicle. The design for the EkranoYacht was inspired by a Cold War era Russian designed wing-in-ground (WIG) series of crafts called the Ekranoplan that first saw limited service in the 1960s. The basis behind the wing-in-ground design is that it would allow the newly designed EkranoYacht to essentially hover above the water at high speeds, reducing resistance on the surface of the water, and in effect reducing the amount of fuel needed and the impact such a vessel could have on the sea’s ecosystem. Paired with a hydrogen based fuel system, the craft would essentially have no carbon emissions to speak of and would offer a unique green choice for those in the market for a luxury yacht.
While exact specifications for the EkranoYacht are difficult to ascertain given the fact that an actual model has yet to be built, it is believed that the craft will be able to travel at speeds around 250 miles per hour. The vehicle will also focus on providing an open living space within its 118 foot length and allow space for approximately six people to live comfortably. Whether or not any other green systems will be available on board the EkranoYacht’s is unknown, it would be possible to see some other type of green technology on board depending on the final design.
All said and done, the EkranoYacht concept is apparently ready for a production plan that would place an official release sometime in 2025. Although the EkranoYacht will hardly have any major effect on the majority of people’s lives, the potential existence of such a craft within a market as unique as luxury yachts is interesting to consider. Maybe with a little bit more green in the picture, other companies will think of something similar.
Article by Richard Cooke, appearing courtesy Justmeans.
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International View of 2018 U.S. Election
The United States has fixed elections every two years for the entire House and one-third of the Senate, and every four years of the presidency. During this first midterm election of the Trump presidency, Democrats won a majority in the House of Representatives while Republicans retained control of the Senate.
Instructors, click the link below to download this week’s lecture for use in your classroom. The deck contains a writing prompt and a debate question as well as other assessment questions.
Download the PowerPoint Lecture Spark for U.S. International View of 2018 U.S. Election
“Midterm elections: How the rest of the world saw it”
“U.S. elections: Democrats win House, Republicans hold Senate”
“Threats, bipartisanship, and a CNN spat: Trump reacts to midterms”
“What path lies ahead for the U.S. after the midterms?”
“Trump calls midterm elections ‘tremendous success’”
“Europeans are obsessed with the U.S. midterms”
“Thank you Donald Trump for giving us the year of the woman”
“Russian legislators are in the U.S. to monitor the midterm elections”
“Donald Trump likely to be vindicated by midterm results”
“US mid-terms latest: Five key things we learned”
- Writing: What did you find most fascinating about the 2018 U.S. election results?
- Debate: Split-party control of the U.S. government will not impact U.S. foreign policy.
- Poll: Do you believe split-party control of the U.S. federal government will force the Trump administration to moderate some of its foreign policy?
- Short Answer: How might world financial markets respond to the U.S. midterm election?
Current events quiz:
1) In the state of Colorado, ________ was elected governor, becoming the first _______ governor in the country.
a. Ayanna Pressley; African American female
b. Jared Polis; openly gay male
c. Sharice Davids; Native American female
d. Rashida Tlaib; Muslim female
2) As a result of the election, the ________ have a majority in the House and the ________ have a majority in the Senate.
a. Democrats; Democrats
b. Democrats; Republicans
c. Republicans; Republicans
d. Republicans; Democrats
3)When is the next midterm election in the United States?
4) The number of women elected into office set a record during this election. (T/F)
5) All senators were up for re-election during the midterms. (T/F)
6) Internationally, President Trump is widely praised and respected. (T/F)
Enjoy using Lecture Spark? Answer this 5-question survey to help us innovate!
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Deep Drilling: From Salt to Petroleum (OG-01)
In the early 1800s, eastern saltworks operators developed basic machinery and techniques of modern cable-tool drilling. Stationary steam engines, used to pump salt water in 1829, later powered drilling equipment. By 1850, the cable-tool drilling rig was a reality.
After Drakes first successful oil well in 1859, oil operators adopted cable-tool equipment. Drilling techniques rapidly improved in the oil boom that followed.
Our Hoosier State Beneath Us: Oil and Gas
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8 reasons to switch to zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs)
From savings on fuel and maintenance costs to better all-around driveability to reduced carbon emissions to increased driver retention, here are some of the best reasons why you should contact 7Gen to start or accelerate your transition to fleet electrification as soon as possible.
Reason 1: Zero emissions from the vehicle
Just as the name suggests, zero-emission trucks (ZETs) produce zero greenhouse gas emissions. Despite making up just 3% of vehicles on the road, medium- and heavy-duty (MHD) vehicles such as freight trucks and passenger buses are responsible for a staggering 40% of total emissions, and are on a trajectory to surpass emissions from private transport by the end of the decade.
In particular, MHD trucks are the biggest contributor to nitrogen oxide and black carbon emissions. According to the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, “Black carbon has a warming impact on climate 460–1,500 times stronger than COer unit of mass.” Its effect on air quality results in 15,000 premature deaths in Canada each year and $36 billion in social, economic, and public welfare consequences.
Drivers of EV trucks can take pride in the fact that they are helping reduce emissions and operating cutting-edge technology. This, along with the health benefits mentioned below, makes the job more attractive to drivers and makes it easier for fleets to retain them.
Reason 2: Lower fuel costs
Unsurprisingly, fuel management is the biggest expenditure for fleet managers, taking up more than a third of operating costs. As TruckersReport notes, commercial trucks can consume more than $70,000 worth of diesel per year. Of course, this cost is only going to increase as gas prices continue to skyrocket.
By switching to electric, you could see a 75% reduction in energy costs. Generally, ZEVs are two to five times as efficient as their ICE counterparts, and electricity costs tend to fluctuate much less than fuel costs.
Reason 3: Less noise
Since ZETs don’t have an internal combustion engine, the only noise they make comes from the sound of their tires against the road and the wind passing over the vehicle. Propulsion noise is virtually silent and remains so at low speeds.
Cutting down on noise pollution might not be your top priority, but it’s something drivers and residents of urban areas both appreciate. Drivers of EV trucks report enjoying driving and feeling less fatigue due to less noise from the drive train operation. What’s more, a study published in Fluctuation and Noise Letters shows that noise pollution due to road traffic is a potential threat to human health, causing adverse effects such as irritation and annoyance, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular disease, risk of stroke, diabetes, hypertension, loss of hearing, and decline in work performance.
Reason 4: Less vibration
Truck drivers often suffer from back pain and even organ issues, such as kidney or liver damage, due to the constant and excessive vibrations caused by ICE vehicles. ZETs offer a much smoother ride, putting less wear and tear on the driver’s body.
This is especially good news since the government of Canada announced in 2021 that the truck-driver industry is currently experiencing a severe shortage of drivers, with thousands of job vacancies across the country. While it’s unlikely that the industry will see a spike in new drivers any time soon, better working conditions could help keep current drivers behind the wheel. Daimler Trucks told electrek that some drivers have even been putting off retirement because of the prospect of working with ZETs, which are much less taxing on the body.
Reason 5: Less maintenance
In addition to the considerable savings on fuel, ZETs come with lower maintenance costs than gasoline-powered vehicles in the long run.
“All the OEMs are announcing significant reductions in repair and maintenance costs, an average of 30%. We have seen in the existing electric fleets that these numbers could be even better. EVs have fewer moving parts, with powertrains directly on the axles. There’s no transmission fluid to change. The brakes don’t have to work as hard because EVs use regenerative braking. There are much fewer things to fix or replace,” says Frederic Bel, vice president of marketing and business development at 7Gen.
One report found that the total cost of ownership of ZETs is lower than that of natural gas and diesel powertrains when it comes to light-, medium-, and heavy-duty trucks. While gasoline-powered trucks are likely to require an engine and transmission overhaul, the biggest expenses for ZETs are the brakes and tires. An EV’s battery pack will have to be replaced after the warranty period (between 8 to 12 years), but battery technology is expected to evolve and become less costly over time.
Reason 6: Sufficient payload
One of the big concerns about ZETs is that they can’t compete with diesel trucks when it comes to payload. While it’s true that some electric trucks can weigh anywhere from 3,000 to 5,300 pounds more than conventional diesel trucks due to their heavy batteries, the sacrifice in payload isn’t consequential.
Moreover, as the technology behind these vehicles continues to advance, they should become lighter. Daimler, for example, has already managed to cut the weight of its eM2 batteries in half from an earlier version. The Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) for the eM2 is 26,000 pounds (Class 6) or 33,000 pounds (Class 7). A study out of the University of California’s Institute of Transportation Studies also suggests that batteries will be considerably lighter by 2050.
Reason 7: Instant torque
Unlike ICE vehicles, EVs are capable of reaching peak torque from the get-go, producing immediate, seamless acceleration. Gasoline-powered trucks, on the other hand, take a while to reach peak torque, making them feel more sluggish to drive, especially when you have to make regular stops.
In essence, torque is what gets the vehicle moving and keeps it moving. “The low-end revolutions per minute (rpm) generated by higher levels of torque is what allows the engine of a truck to easily carry heavy loads and move quickly after coming to a stop,” writes Lexi Tucker in Work Truck. For this reason, torque is often considered more important than horsepower when it comes to hauling heavy loads.
Reason 8: Subsidies available
You can’t talk about the benefits of fleet electrification without touching upon the available subsidies. In 2021, the government of Canada began investing $2.75 billion towards the purchase of ZEVs and electric infrastructure, such as charging equipment and facility upgrades, as part of its Zero Emission Transit Fund. The 2022 federal budget allocates $547.5 million over four years to launch a purchase incentive program for medium- and heavy-duty zero emission vehicles. It also includes funding to help provinces and territories work toward an ambitious goal: to have ZEVs comprise 35% of all MHDV sales by 2030.
In addition, each province offers their own incentives to EV owners and operators. For example, B.C.’s CleanBC Go Electric Specialty Use Vehicle Incentive program offers $100,000 for every medium- and heavy-duty electric truck purchase, and Quebec’s Écocamionnage allows up to $200,000 in subsidies in some specific cases. 7Gen works with fleet managers to help them find and get the most out of any incentive programs that might apply to them.
Start planning the switch today
If these benefits appeal to you as a fleet manager, then reach out to 7Gen to learn how you can start making the switch to ZETs.
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By Merja Merras
Today, in the State of Israel, there is much discussion about the circumcision of boys on the eighth day. Messianic Jews, in particular, ponder the question: Has the time to reject this old tradition finally arrived?
The rule of circumcision was given by God to Abraham and his descendants (Gen 17:9-14) and thereafter understood as the principal sign of belonging to the Jewish congregation. But is it so? If we take a closer look, old beliefs can be reconsidered in a new light.
When we look at the Old Testament as a totality, the central issue is obedience or disobedience of the law and not circumcision. The promise given to Abraham (“I will bless you…”) was extended to his descendants, not because they were circumcised, but only because Abraham kept the commandments faithfully. In Deuteronomy, circumcision of the heart (10:16-22; 30:4-6), which means obedience to the law, was already considered more important than fleshly circumcision. In the book of Joshua, one can clearly see that it was obedience to God's law, not circumcision, that was demanded, both of Israelites and the other nations. In both Jeremiah and Ezekiel, fleshly circumcision played no role whatsoever in the new covenant, which was binding upon those returning from exile.
In the last section of Scripture, the Writings, there is no mention at all of circumcision. This part of Scripture was written to invite the nations to adopt the torah, and with it true wisdom, since Greek wisdom was not able to encompass all wisdom. On this point, it would have been possible to ordain circumcision as a tangible sign of someone’s endorsement of the law, but such was not the case. Those who accepted the challenge of the Bible’s spiritual message gathered in congregations where Scripture was read to them and, in conformity with Genesis 17, circumcised their male children at the age of eight days. Yet, this custom in and of itself was not a distinctive mark (Jer 9:23-26), since it was part of the Hamite and Semite cultures.
The Apostle Paul, who was a Jew, also understood circumcision in this way, writing in his Letter to the Romans (2:25-29): “He is a Jew who is one inwardly, and real circumcision is a matter of the heart, spiritual and not literal.”
Why, then, is circumcision practiced among Jews to this day? This “dormant” habit of circumcision comes to life and even “steals the show” in the Maccabean literature, which deals with the revolt by Palestinian followers of Scripture against the Seleucids, the heirs of Alexander of Macedon. The king, Antiochus Epiphanes, had disgraced the Jewish Sanctuary, making the priest Mattathias furious. Mattathias asked Jews to join him in revolt: “And Mattathias and his friends forcibly circumcised all the uncircumcised boys that they found within the borders of Israel.” (1 Macc 2:45-46) The Maccabees and their followers were using circumcision as a “national flag”, a “standard”, around which they could easily rally followers to their own agenda.
The western part of Syria, the province Yehud, was declared independent by the Maccabees, and remained as such for some time. King Herod set out to build a massive temple in Jerusalem and needed income from outside his tiny state. All “followers of the Law” were invited to support the project. The inhabitants of Yehud were the yehudim. In those times, Judaism developed more around political than religious issues. The religious aspect of circumcision was only a medium of control to secure support for the interests and aims of the “followers of the dictates of scripture” in Yehud.
Today, this mechanism finds its counterpart in the way that the leaders of the State of Israel seek to “impose” their views on Jews around the world in order to secure support for their political agenda.
God’s law and Jesus’ Gospel are meant for all nations, not just the yehudim. This point is already made in the first pages of the Old Testament. Although written and addressed to Israel, other nations are continuously mentioned and encouraged to follow the law. In contrast, the letters of the Apostle Paul are both written and expressly addressed to all the nations, not just to the Jews. Since this teaching had to sound the same as the law of the Old Testament, it refers to the law continuously. The teaching of the “new teacher,” Paul, had to reflect the entire teaching of the Old Testament, thus, the Old and the New Testament form a totality. But by reading the Old Testament, Jews can already understand the message of circumcision, found throughout: nothing is of significance but obedience to the law. One God, one law and one message for all nations.
Ref. Paul Nadim Tarazi, The Rise of Scripture. OCABS 2017. 319-332.
Original Post: https://simeonjahanna.com/2017/11/26/miksi-ymparileikkaus-on-niin-suuri-juttu-raamatussa-vai-onko/
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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- adj. Not modified
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Not modified; not altered in form; not qualified in meaning; not limited or circumscribed.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- adj. not changed in form or character
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Boston began renal transplantation in unmodified human recipients in spite of the warnings and pessimistic predictions of many scientists and experienced clinicians.
What’s more, while ethanol requires special pipelines for shipping, butanol can be shipped in unmodified gasoline pipelines.
Some - but too few - have been applied to healthcare and often unmodified, which is a big mistake.
A book headed by a man's name unmodified and uncommented upon -- such as 'Horace Chase' -- is apt to have a dreary, unprepossessing air, unless the name is an incisive one that suggests an interesting personality.
Determing "unmodified" binary is running in memory
In that regard, it can be considered as a "unmodified" NetQuake client.
"unmodified" state even if it was different … therefore would not commit the changes to the database on save.
This not-so-subtle slam at the dangers of genetic engineering depicts a Grant-Wood-Iowa country-fair display of square tomatoes, a multiteated cow and other oddities in an unmodified soybean field, plus a pathetically overbred Chinese Crested dog, presented on an oval insert like a blue-ribbon prize.
P-51s were made to maneuver at low altitudes during dogfights, and unmodified, could reach speeds of up to 400 miles per hour.
So prescriptivists holding the “most important, not most importantly” view are asserting that importantly is only valid if it is unmodified, while important is only valid if it is modified.
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Forecasting Heat Stress
Creating Heat Stress Forecast Maps
The heat stress forecast maps are made using the seven day forecasts of four weather parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and cloud cover) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - National Weather Service (NWS). This website accesses the forecast information to produce a map showing stress categories by color. The prediction of animal stress is based on an equation that combines weather forecast data to estimate cattle heat stress response. These maps are to be used as an estimate of general trends of stress levels over the forecast period. The maps are also designed to forecast the anticipated peak heat stress category for each day. The maps cannot predict individual animal stress levels since there is much variability among animals.
Important Weather Parameters
The estimates of heat stress are based on four specific weather parameters: temperature, wind speed, humidity, and solar radiation. Each parameter plays a significant role in the overall heat balance of feedlot cattle.
In cool conditions it is easy for the animal to lose heat. As temperature increases it becomes increasingly difficult to lose heat.
Wind or air movement over the animals helps the animals lose heat. Even a gentle breeze can provide relief on a hot sticky day.
As humidity increases it becomes more difficult to evaporate the water both from the skin surface and from the surface of the respiratory track. Hot, sticky conditions that sometimes follow a summer rain shower can make respiratory heat loss very difficult.
Solar radiation is the energy the sun transmits. Radiant solar energy heats all objects that it impacts. Darker objects absorb more solar radiation than lighter objects. Forecast estimates of solar radiation are based on cloud cover, which is a forecast parameter provided by the National Weather Service.
Breathing Rate Equation
Breathing rate varies as cattle attempt to maintain thermal balance. Therefore, breathing rate reacts very quickly to changes in the weather. Studies have shown breathing rate to be a good indicator of cattle heat stress and is easily observable without special equipment or the need to handle the animal.
Using breathing rate as the indicator, an equation was developed by researchers at the US Meat Animal Research Center to predict the animal?s response to different weather conditions. The equation has been validated by subsequent studies conducted during summer conditions. The environmental parameters used to predict the animal's response include temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation.
For temperatures higher than 80?F
Breathing Rate = (2.83 x Temperature) + (0.58 x Humidity) - (0.76 x Wind Speed) + (0.039 x Solar Radiation) - 196.4
The chart below illustrates stress categories as defined by predicted breathing rate.
|Predicted Breathing Rate||Heat Stress Category|
|Less than 90 breaths per minute||Normal|
|From 90 - 110 breaths per minute||Alert|
|From 110 - 130 breaths per minute||Danger|
|Above 130 breaths per minute||Emergency|
In the breathing rate equation above, the breathing rate is the predicted breathing rate of cattle in a feedlot in breaths per minute. Temperature is air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Humidity is relative humidity in percent. For example, 60% relative humidity would be used as 60. Wind speed is independent of direction and measured in miles per hour. Solar radiation is the energy from the sun in Watts per meter2. If access to on-site weather data is not available, a good number to use is about 1000 Watts/meter2 which is the maximum solar radiation per day during the summertime. Solar radiation changes during the course of the day and with season and location. A graph of solar radiation is shown below. These measurements were taken at Clay Center, NE on July 5, 2001.
An animal must establish a heat balance to maintain a constant body temperature. Eating and digesting feed, standing, moving or other uses of their muscles all create heat that must be lost to maintain a heat balance. The animal has multiple means of losing heat which include: the simple transfer of heat by conduction (transferring heat to a solid), convection (transferring heat to water or air), and radiation (transferring heat in the form of radiant energy), as well as the evaporation of moisture. Cattle evaporate water not only from the surface of their skin, but also from the surface of their respiratory tract (lungs, trachea, etc.). Water is evaporated from the surface of the respiratory tract during each breath. In order to increase the loss of moisture cattle will pant, therefore breathing rate is an important behavior to watch in cattle during hot weather. Body temperature is another important measure because it is an indicator of how the animal is maintaining their heat balance. Body temperature is difficult to measure without expensive equipment or handling each animal.
Brown-Brandl, T. M., Eigenberg, R. A., Nienaber, J. A., and Hahn, G. L. 2005. Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, Part 1: Analyses of indicators. Biosystems Engineering 90(4): 451-462. View Paper
Eigenberg, R. A., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Nienaber, J. A., and Hahn, G. L. 2005. Dynamic Response Indicators of Heat Stress in Shaded and Non-shaded Feedlot Cattle, Part 2: Predictive Relationships. Biosystems Engineering 91(1): 111-118. View Paper
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Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death in the US, it is predicted that more than 600,000 people die due to heart failure every year. Unlike what most people think, heart-related disease does not only happen in older people. It can happen to anyone, regardless of their age. Therefore, preventing heart attacks needs to be done much earlier than we think.
It’s no secret that building and living healthy habits early on is the key to maintaining a healthy body and avoiding various types of diseases, including heart disease. One of the very impactful habits that we should pick on is by drinking a sufficient amount of water every day.
Why drinking water can help maintain heart health?
Drinking water is considered beneficial in reducing the risk of heart failure. According to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress in 2021, adequate hydration can prevent or at least slow down the progression of heart disease which will lead to heart failure.
The correlation between water and the heart is because when we do not drink enough water, the concentration of sodium in the body will increase. The less frequently we drink, the less fluid reserved in the body that can help dissolve the sodium content in the blood. The high sodium content will make the blood go thicker and as a result, the overall blood volume will decrease. The heart will then need to work even harder to make up for these deficiencies. That’s why most of the time, dehydration is often marked by a racing heart.
If this condition continues to happen in the long run, a heart that needs to constantly work extra hard will eventually experience many problems in the future. If we consume a sufficient amount of water every day, it will help to rinse excess salt in the blood which can be excreted through urine.
How many times should we drink water every day?
Recommended fluid intake varies between 1.6 litres to 2.1 litres per day for women and 2 to 3 litres for men. This amount is around 8 glasses per day, but this standard can be reduced or increased according to the person’s condition. If you are the kind of person who is active every day, you should drink more water. During hot weather or if you are sick, it is also recommended to increase your water intake to replenish the fluid that you may lose.
Unfortunately, the fluid intake of the majority of people does not reach the minimum limit of this range. Thus why we have to be more concerned about our overall health by ensuring that we consume enough water. You can set an alarm on your phone or install an app that can remind you to drink every hour, as a way to prevent dehydration.
To make it easier for you to check whether you have sufficient water intake or not, you can check your urine colour. If your urine colour is dark yellow, then it means that you are lacking water inside your body. Thus, you should immediately reach for a glass of water to add to your fluid intake.
Other things you can do to furthermore prevent heart disease
Drinking lots of water can help prevent heart disease, but we still have to do other things to furthermore maintain our heart health.
Consume heart friendly foods
Choosing the right food is also an important factor in preventing a heart attack. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and foods high in omega-3 such as fish are recommended to maintain heart health. As you grow older, you should also start limiting your consumption of salt, saturated fat, and red meat. If you want to consume milk or cheese, it is better if you choose a low-fat one.
Learn to meditate
Stress, fatigue, and anger can increase your risk of having a heart attack. To help you regulate your emotions better, you should learn to meditate. Set aside time to relax through yoga or meditation. A relaxed mind and body will keep you from various risks of disease including heart attack.
Smoking has many bad effects on health, it is also one of the triggering factors for heart attacks. An active smoker is at a higher risk of experiencing early signs of a heart attack, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, sudden fatigue, and swelling of the legs. Thus, stop your smoking habits from now on!
Even light exercise such as walking around the park can be an option to help maintain heart condition. Exercising is useful for lowering blood pressure, strengthening the heart muscle, and controlling fat accumulation. An active body move affects a healthy mentality and also reduces the risk of a heart attack.
Swap plain water for purified one
To protect your heart from any disease even more, you should swap your plain water with a purified one. Most tap water may contain toxins and chemicals such as lead and arsenic. Digesting this contaminant on a daily basis will definitely take a toll on your body. The two chemicals that have been mentioned before, can harm the heart in the long term. They can cause high blood pressure, which could lead to heart disease.
Drinking purified water is very effective to ensure you can lower the risk of having cardiovascular problems. You can get your hand on purified water easily without having to install a water purifier at home. Purchase purified water in bulk through My Own Water, for easier buying. You can just grab a bottle every time you are thirsty. Whenever you drink it, you know you are digesting the best quality of water that can ensure your health even more.
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â?¢ Discuss the development of moral values from middle childhood into adolescence.
â?¢ Summarize one theory related to human growth and development and identify at least two influential theorists in relation to the middle childhood and adolescence time period.
â?¢ Explain how heredity and the environment influence human development in relation to the middle childhood and adolescence time period.
In the growth and development of the human being one has to go through different stages before they reach the full grown state. The middle childhood and adolescence stage in life corresponds with the time when the children are in elementary or middle school. They are in the (5-13) age group category. At this time the children experience a lot of changes both physically and socially. It is at this stage that the 'children' receive less attention from the stage where they used to get full attention from their parents (Stages of, 2011).
As research has shown it is at this stage that the behavior of the individual is established as the individuals gains the understanding of how the world operates. In the history of development this stage has not been considered an important stage. This is because at this stage, the sexual urges are not active and no significant personality changes are made at this stage. In the present times that thinking has been overturned when the recent theorists recognized the significance that this stage holds. It is at this stage that the cognitive skills are developed, personalities are molded and interpersonal relationships are established (Adolescent Development, 2011).
Family and peer relationships influence in future development:
The family is the initial setup that the child encounters. It is the mother and father who teach the child about the 'world out there' which they will experience later. The family is then the first social setting the child will experience. It hence influences how the person ...
This solution expresses changes during middle childhood and adolescence periods.
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Environment of Care (CAMCAH / Critical Access Hospitals)
Q. Are defibrillators considered life support equipment?
Defibrillators - Life Support or Non-life Support Equipment
Current | June 15, 2009
A. The following definition appears in the glossary of the Comprehensive Accreditation Manual:
Life Support Equipment: Any device used for the purpose of sustaining life and whose failure to perform its primary function, when used according to manufacturer’s instructions and clinical protocol, will lead to patient death in the absence of immediate intervention (examples include ventilators, heart-lung bypass machines).
Defibrillation is a response to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Defibrillation consists of delivering a therapeutic dose of electricity to the affected heart with a defibrillator. The dose of electricity restores a normal heart rhythm, allowing the heart to continue to function in the patient. Therefore, the Joint Commission considers defibrillators life support equipment.
As it is required that organizations maintain an inventory of all medical equipment or selected medical equipment categorized by physical risk associated with use (including all life support equipment), defibrillators must be included in an organization's medical equipment inventory.
Maintenance activities then must be identified for equipment on the inventory. A maintenance strategy for defibrillators could include a range of activities from a visual inspection of the single-use AED (automatic external defibrillator) to the daily testing of a defibrillator in clinical use settings based on organization policy.
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“While in recent years there have been fantastic advances in the treatment of breast cancer there has been no way of predicting its progress,” said Helen McCosker, a PhD student at the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI).
Ms McCosker’s research found that a breast cancer’s interaction with its surrounding environment held the key to predicting whether it would grow, become dormant or spread to other organs.
“The ability to predict its progress is a huge step forward as it will ultimately enable doctors to select the most appropriate treatments for individual patients,” she said.
“This test should identify those patients who need their cancer removed but require no further treatment, those who need the tumour removed but also require additional treatment, for example, chemotherapy, and those who need more vigorous treatments.
“That will mean that patients should neither receive unnecessary treatments nor be undertreated when a more aggressive medical response is required.”
Ms McCosker said the new test would use the tissue surrounding the cancer cells, which were collected for biopsy purposes, but were currently not examined.
“The test makes better use of tissue that’s already being collected anyway, so from the patient’s point of view there would be no change; no new test,” she said.
She said the next step was to develop an easy-to-use, accurate online program that doctors would use to diagnose cancer progression.
“Ultimately, doctors should be able to key the results of the examination of tissue samples into an online program with built-in mathematical models and be presented with a clear answer as to the likelihood of cancer progression.”
She said the test would offer solutions for a wide range of patients, particularly those with more advanced, aggressive, disease that could spread to other organs as well as those in rural and remote areas with limited access to advanced medical services.
“The next step is to seek financial backing to fine-tune and commercialise the current prototype. It’s expected our models will be trialled in pathology laboratories over the coming years and if successful rolled out over the next five to 10 years,” Ms McCosker said.
Ms McCosker said the test, which is being funded by the Wesley Research Institute, should ultimately be applicable to other forms of cancer.
She said breast cancer accounted for 28 per cent of diagnosed cancers in Australian women and 16 per cent of cancer associated deaths.
Media contact: Rose Trapnell, QUT media officer, 07 3138 2999 or [email protected]
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A drought affecting one-third of the lower 48 states has hurt several key food crops, driving up prices this year and assuring widespread food inflation well into 2012.
According to the National Climatic Data Center, the drought has caused more than $10 billion in losses to agriculture and cattle, a number it expects to keep rising as the drought continues.
Meteorologists blame the drought on a La Niña weather pattern expected to last at least through the winter.
Crops most affected include corn and peanuts. In addition, the lack of rain dried cattle grazing pastures to dust, which has translated to higher beef prices.
"Yes, we are going to see higher prices this Thanksgiving," Purdue University agricultural economist Corinne Alexander told The Atlantic.
The American Farm Bureau estimates that a Thanksgiving meal for 10 will cost 13% more this year than it did last year.
The U.S. economy already has inflationary pressure as a result of the stimulative policies of the U.S. Federal Reserve pumping it with hundreds of billions of dollars.
"Ultra-low interest rates and excess money supply growth are what's been driving inflation," said Money Morning Global Investing Strategist Martin Hutchinson. "They raise commodity prices, which over time feeds into inflation in general."
Now the drought is pushing food inflation higher than overall inflation.
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) in September was up 3.9% over the previous year, while the increase for food alone was up 4.7%. Over the past five years, world food costs have risen 68%.
Earlier in the year, grocery stores were eating most of the price increases, somewhat insulating U.S. consumers. But in recent months that's begun to change.
"The era of grocers holding the line on retail-food cost increases is basically over," John Anderson, a senior economist at the Farm Bureau in Washington, told Bloomberg News.
The Biggest Bites
Prices are going up the most dramatically in the categories of food most affected by the drought. Beef is up 10.1%, for instance.
With pastures drying up over the summer, many ranchers were forced to sell off cattle before they could reproduce. While that briefly increased the supply of beef, the current shortage of cattle – the U.S. herd was at a 38-year low this summer – is impacting prices.
The drought has caused the price of hay to skyrocket from $80 a ton to $200 a ton, which, because it's used as forage for farm animals, has contributed to a 10.2% spike in dairy prices.
But perhaps the hardest hit crop has been peanuts. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has projected a 13% drop in peanuts for 2011, which has caused the price for a ton of runner peanuts (used in peanut butter) to surge from $450 to $1,200 in the past year.
That has led to massive price hikes among the major peanut butter makers. Kraft Foods Inc. (NYSE: KFT) raised the price for its Planters brand of peanut butter by 40% earlier this month, The J.M. Smucker Company (NYSE: SJM) raised the price of Jif by 30%, and ConAgra Foods Inc. (NYSE: CAG) raised the price of Peter Pan by 20%.
La Niña Returns
The La Niña weather pattern responsible for this year's drought has reformed this fall. La Niña is the name meteorologists have given to an unusually cool Pacific Ocean that in turn causes dry conditions over much of the Southwestern United States.
"This means drought is likely to continue in the drought-stricken states of Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico," said Mike Halpert, deputy director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center. "The odds do not favor the south getting out of drought, at least before next spring or summer, and even that could be a reach."
In Texas, which has by far borne the worst of the drought, government weather officials fear that the dry conditions could persist for a decade or longer.
That's especially bad news for the cattle industry, as it takes three years to raise cattle to slaughtering size, and the herds were already severely reduced over the past summer. A years-long drought will further delay recovery and drive steep increases in beef prices.
The only good news is that experts don't foresee any food shortages, just food inflation.
"The food will be available; you're just going to pay a higher price," Purdue's Alexander said.
News and Related Story Links:
- Money Morning:
Threat of Stagflation Looms as Prices Rise Despite Bad Economy
- Money Morning:
Agriculture's Impending 'Storm' Will Send Corn Prices Soaring
- Money Morning:
Investing in Water: How to Profit From the World's Most Precious Commodity
- Money Morning Archives:
- CNN Money:
Get your peanut butter — before prices soar
- NOAA Climate Prediction Center:
La Niña is back
- Bloomberg News:
Drought-Damaged U.S. Corn Crop Pressuring Global Food Supply
- Voice of America:
US Drought Could Trigger Higher Beef Prices
- USA Today:
USA's drought costs exceed $10B
- The New York Times:
Catastrophic Drought in Texas Causes Global Economic Ripples
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The IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was IBM’s first commercial scientific computer, which was announced to the public on April 29, 1952.
“I think there is a world market for maybe five computers” is often attributed to Thomas Watson, Senior in 1943 and Junior at several dates in the 1950s. This misquote is from the 1953 IBM annual stockholders’ meeting. Thomas Watson, Jr. was describing the market acceptance of the IBM 701 computer. Before production began, Watson visited with 20 companies that were potential customers. This is what he said at the stockholders’ meeting, “as a result of our trip, on which we expected to get orders for five machines, we came home with orders for 18.”
Aviation Week for 11 May 1953 says the 701 rental charge was about $12,000 a month; American Aviation 9 Nov 1953 says “$15,000 a month per 40-hour shift. A second 40-hour shift ups the rental to $20,000 a month.” In 2019 terms, that’s like $142,810 and $190,400 a month respectively.
The Magnetic Drum Reader/Recorder was added on the recommendation of John von Neumann, who said it would reduce the need for high speed I/O.
The first magnetic tape drives were used on the Tape Processing Machine (TPM) and then adapted to the 701.
The 701 can claim to be the first computer displaying the potential of artificial intelligence in Arthur Samuel‘s Checkers-playing Program.
Interested in the historic old computers? Let us know in the comments below.
Stop breadboarding and soldering – start making immediately! Adafruit’s Circuit Playground is jam-packed with LEDs, sensors, buttons, alligator clip pads and more. Build projects with Circuit Playground in a few minutes with the drag-and-drop MakeCode programming site, learn computer science using the CS Discoveries class on code.org, jump into CircuitPython to learn Python and hardware together, TinyGO, or even use the Arduino IDE. Circuit Playground Express is the newest and best Circuit Playground board, with support for CircuitPython, MakeCode, and Arduino. It has a powerful processor, 10 NeoPixels, mini speaker, InfraRed receive and transmit, two buttons, a switch, 14 alligator clip pads, and lots of sensors: capacitive touch, IR proximity, temperature, light, motion and sound. A whole wide world of electronics and coding is waiting for you, and it fits in the palm of your hand.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://blog.adafruit.com/2019/04/12/67th-anniversary-of-the-ibm-701-computer-mainframe-vintagecomputing-ibm/
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In his 1986 book, Biophilia, E.O. Wilson explores the idea that the love of nature – or, more specifically, of “life and lifelike processes” – is in our genes. He admits that the “evidence for the proposition is not strong in a formal scientific sense,” 1 and despite efforts to substantiate it, the “biophilia hypothesis” remains more an exercise in poetic imagination than in hard science. Wilson, hopeful that humans have the capacity for redemption usually attributed to their souls, puts his faith in the nearest sociobiological equivalent, their DNA. If he’s right, the selfish gene contains its own antidote, though even Wilson admits that this may be wishful thinking. “The conclusion I draw is optimistic,” he writes. “To the degree that we come to understand other organisms, we will place a greater value on them, and on ourselves.” 2
Whether rooted in genes or not, nature love is fraught with ambiguities that challenge simple optimism. Like other, clinically diagnosed “-philias,” biophilia can produce perverse results: loving nature and violating it are often bound up with each other. Some biophilia theorists, in fact, point to the American suburban landscape, a grassland dotted with occasional trees, as an expression of our desire to recreate humankind’s natal savanna environment. Biophilia here leads not to conservation – Wilson’s hope as he marvels at the number of species of bacteria contained in a single puddle in the rainforest – but something approaching its opposite.
Similar ambiguities arise when one examines the Disney animation tradition. The Disney studio may have been unmatched in the rationality of its factory-like production, with finely graded ranks of workers producing the thousands of drawings necessary for each animated feature, but from the start its output revolved around “life and lifelike processes.” Silly, stylized animals gave way to more realistic portrayals in films like Bambi (1942), The Jungle Book (1967) and The Lion King (1994). On the one hand, there is nothing more biophilic than the work of animating nature, which requires not simply filming animal movement, for instance, but being able to reproduce it realistically by hand. By necessity, Disney artists became naturalists. On the other hand, in representing nature, Disney transformed it into something else. This was most striking in its stock characters, the Mickey Mouses and Donald Ducks, who eventually became cuddly, large-headed pseudo-infants. But even when Disney attempted to be true to nature, its main interest lay somewhere else, in using nature as a metaphor for human society.
Biophilia’s chief perversion, then, may be narcissism. To paraphrase Claude Levi-Strauss, nature is a useful tool to “think with” about ourselves. Even in Romantic thought, which professes to love nature for itself, dissatisfaction with the shortcomings of civilization and artifice lurk in the background. Indeed, in the modern era, the natural world has frequently functioned as a “magic well” (to use a phrase of Wilson’s) that artists and thinkers have returned to time and again to supply what they fear contemporary civilization lacks. This implicit critique of modern society certainly appears in the Disney tradition in films like Pinocchio, which preceded Bambi, through Bambi itself and its loose “remake” fifty years later, The Lion King. The substance of the critique, however, varies in these films, indicating that what people draw from the “magic well” changes with the times.
Darwinism, Social and Antisocial: Pinocchio and Felix Salten’s Bambi
In many of the films of Disney’s classic era – Snow White (1936) and Fantasia (1940), most notably – the use of nature is almost wholly theatrical. If there is any idea of nature in Snow White, it is that it is as temperamental as its conflicting feminine archetypes: sweet and innocent as Snow White one minute, stormy and threatening as the evil Queen the next. In Pinocchio (1938), on the other hand, a more overt ideology arises, one rooted in ideas about nature popular through the first half of the century as thinkers grappled with the “softening” effects of civilization. These thinkers, Theodore Roosevelt foremost among them, insisted on the importance of preserving nature. In a variant of perverse biophilia, however, they felt that nature should continue to exist primarily so that it could be perpetually reconquered.
In Pinocchio, this theme is expressed as a tug-of-war between nature and civilization. While the title marionette ostensibly has to learn to choose between right and wrong, his ultimate task is to avoid becoming either to too civilized or too natural – in other words, to make the shift from artificial creature to real boy without overshooting and becoming a dumb beast. The Alpine village where Pinocchio begins (and ultimately ends) his journey represents a perfect balance between nature and artifice: clear mountain air and starry nights, on the one hand, and the lovingly handcrafted marvels of Geppetto’s workshop on the other. As the puppet ventures out into the world, however, the forces of under- and overcivilization work in tandem to upset the balance.
On his way to his first day of school, Pinocchio is snared by the dandyish Fox and hooliganish Cat, who promise the puppet instant celebrity. If they represent familiar pitfalls of modern life, however, the traveling Gypsy to whom they sell Pinocchio is a more ambiguous figure. Some have seen Stromboli as Disney’s caricature of a Hollywood mogul: flamboyantly egotistic, money-grubbing, and stereotypically Jewish in appearance. In other words, he is too civilized, at least in its decadent sense. Taken more at face value as a Gypsy, however, he is also a nomad whose wandering is traditionally tied to the seasons. His way of life contrasts with Geppetto’s settled existence. In this sense, he is too natural. The seeming contradiction is central to Rooseveltian thought, however: civilization weakens people not only in the physical sense of debilitating them, but in the moral sense of making them easily overpowered by the more barbaric aspects of their own nature.
This idea appears more starkly when, after Pinocchio escapes from the Gypsy’s clutches, the Fox and Cat – now in league with an evil Coachman – lure the puppet to Pleasure Island. Here, in a dark raucous atmosphere, gangs of boys literally “make asses” of themselves. 3 Once they metamorphose, the Coachman sends them to the salt mines for lives of hard labor. Pleasure Island is thus a vision of urban hell, transforming strapping country boys into degraded proletarians through canonical city vices: pool, beer, smoking, amusement park rides. The specter of anarchy and communism, associated in the late-19th and early 20th with urban riots, also shows up when gangs of boys, flouting both private property and bourgeois propriety, gleefully demolish a “model home.” By the time Pinocchio escapes Pleasure Island, he has been partly corrupted by it, and, strikingly, the donkey ears and tail he sprouts are not puppet facsimiles, but the real things. For Pinocchio, there is more than one route to “realness,” and city life brings out the bestial in him.
Becoming fully human, on the other hand, requires a strenuous battle against nature. Learning that Geppetto has been trapped inside a giant whale, Monstro, Pinocchio sets out to save him. Entering the whale himself, becoming engulfed by nature, Pinocchio ultimately saves his father by using artifice – in this case the most primordial of human technologies, fire. Pinocchio also displays physical bravery and self-sacrifice as he is propelled from Monstro when his fire’s smoke causes the whale to sneeze. He seems to die, but is finally resurrected as a real boy.
To mature as a human being, then, a boy (and this largely a masculine ideology) must conquer nature but, by the same token, never completely eliminate it for fear that it not be there for future generations of boys. This was a core idea of Rooseveltian Social Darwinism, which was simultaneously insecure about nature’s permanence and Western man’s dominance. Earlier schemes of natural theology posited that everything was given its rightful position in the great chain of being at the time of creation – including, by analogy, the classes of society – while Darwinism portrayed nature as a contest of perpetually changing beings that resulted (but never with finality) in the “survival of the fittest.”
If many members of the American establishment were confident that they would come out on top in history’s “struggle of races,” 4 others felt anxiety about the degeneration of Anglo-Saxon America. As Harvey Green shows in Fit for America, by the turn of the 20th century, Protestants worried that they had grown weak, neurasthenic and constipated. With a decline in the birth rate of the “Puritan Stock,” some even feared that they were committing “race suicide.” 5 This was largely chalked up to the debilitating effects of modern urban life, which undermined health through its decadent luxuries and hectic pace. Roosevelt himself advocated the “strenuous life,” a substitute for the rigors of frontier life that had toughened earlier generations of Americans. 6 In this variant of Darwinism, the natural world did not select for fitness so much as provide a means to instill it in those who could then compete successfully for dominance in society. 7
If Roosevelt believed that nature could reinvigorate the upper classes, other social reformers saw it as a way to moderate the vices and revolutionary impulses of the lower classes, thus curbing the animality that erupted in urban environments. As Paul Boyer argues in Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920, this idea was an underlying motive for the initial creation of urban green space in the form of parks and playgrounds. These efforts indicate a lingering sentimentality about the natural world, but some reformers were more straightforwardly Darwinist. Charles Loring Brace, the founder of the Children’s Aid Society, arranged the migration of poor children to the West. Unlike Roosevelt, Brace felt that city streets had an admirable toughening effect, at least on “street Arabs” (i.e., poor immigrant children). The problem was that they became immoral and potentially revolutionary. Having “read Darwin’s Origin of Species thirteen times and prais[ing] the theory of natural selection as ‘one of the great intellectual events’ of the age,” 8 he was opposed to the asylum movement, which sought to reform urchins in institutions such as Sunday School. Instead, he put his faith in the purifying effect of the frontier: “Out there, he believed, the ‘rough, thieving New York vagrant’ would be transformed into the ‘honest, hardworking Western pioneer…’” 9
If Roosevelt and Brace ultimately reconciled Darwinism with the project of social progress (as they saw it), the source material for Bambi drew bleaker conclusions from Darwinist thought. Bambi the book stresses the absence of either an overarching spiritual order or an ultimate goal to history. At the same time, it nonetheless continues to use nature to critique civilization, in this case the hypocrisy and conformity of polite society. Call it “antisocial” Darwinism.
Viennese author Felix Salten originally published Bambi in 1924. Matt Cartmill describes the book as radiating “a cold aura of Schopenhauerian pessimism” 10 with its steady drumbeat of carnage. Cartmill tallies the death toll, from a ferret killing a mouse in the first chapter to the mass slaughter of animals during a pheasant hunt. Man, always referred to as “He,” is the predatory god of this harsh world. Bambi first encounters Him, shrouded in myth, in storytelling sessions cum theological debates: “They listened tirelessly to everything that was said about Him, tales that were certainly invented, all the stories and sayings that had come down from their fathers and great-grandfathers.” During the discussions, a young doe named Marena offers the Christian viewpoint that “sometime He’ll come to live with us and be as gentle as we are…and we’ll be friends with Him.” 11 The bankruptcy of this thinking is later demonstrated when Gobo, a meek buck who is captured and domesticated by humans, returns to the forest preaching His benevolence, only to be shot in the gut as he trustingly approaches a hunter. “Then they heard Gobo’s wailing death shriek,” as the chapter’s final sentence matter-of-factly puts it. 12
Bambi’s path contrasts starkly with the domesticated Gobo’s. Mentored by a magnificent old stag, presumably his father, Bambi eventually reaches a clear-eyed state of Nietzschean solitude. He learns from the stag that all social attachments are fraught with peril. In their first encounter, the old stag scolds the fawn Bambi as he cries for his absent mother. “Of all of his teachings this had been the most important; you must live alone, if you wanted to preserve yourself, if you understood existence, if you wanted to attain wisdom, you had to live alone.” 13
If the old stag’s initial lesson applies to cutting the apron strings, a necessary stage in any individual’s social development, Bambi next learns that it applies equally to mature sexual relationships. When an amorous Bambi pursues the siren song of Faline, his mate, the old stag rescues him from what turns out to be a hunter mimicking a deer call: “He was so terrified that he began to understand only by degrees that it was He who was imitating Faline’s voice [and] calling ‘Come, come!’” 14 Man, a god who takes many forms, traps animals in the snares of their own instincts. Bambi ultimately abandons Faline and his own children. 15
As he learns the hidden paths of the forest and the tricks of survival, Bambi gradually embraces an antisocial isolation, becoming a mysterious presence in the woods alien even to other male deer. Animals who “knew-him-when” are constantly surprised to find him still alive. And, gradually, the book adopts Bambi’s view of the other citizens of the forest. The polite society of animals, which at first seems so charming – as it will later on in the Disney version – thinly veils a harsh reality of competition, violence and death. The animals blind themselves to this reality, or hypocritically deny it, or natter on about their petty obsessions. Bambi shuns this ship of fools entirely, concerning himself with his own survival and with transmitting the lessons of the old stag to his son, whom he meets in the final chapter.
The culmination of the stag’s teachings comes when he shows Bambi a dead hunter in the woods. In what Cartmill characterizes as a resolution of the conflict between man and nature, man is shown to be “only another dying animal.”16 Bambi concludes that “there is Another who is over us all, over us and over Him.” 17 Possibly tacked on to soften the bleakness of the book’s outlook, this piety is double-edged. If Man is a sadistic predator, the “Another” likened to him is perhaps similarly cruel. Alternately, this epiphany might be Salten’s way of proclaiming the death of God. This is arguably the inescapable conclusion to be drawn from Darwinism. If natural theologians proclaimed that the order of nature was an expression of Divine thought, the absence of an overarching order – that is, beyond the struggle for survival – implied the absence of a Divine thinker. Salten, who continued to hunt despite the horrors he vividly imagined it inflicting on the animals of the forest, embraced a nihilistic naturalism in which meaning was ultimately trumped by the brute fact of death. If this is love of nature at its most clear-eyed, it may again illustrate how biophilia can turn strangely perverse.
Nature as Nurture: Disney’s Bambi
By mid-century, Fascism had taken up strands of both Social and “antisocial” Darwinism and had monstrously amplified them. During the long period of Bambi’s development as a film (1936-1942), war loomed, broke out, and finally enveloped America. At this point, the “softening” effect of civilization seemed no longer to be its most obvious defect. Rather, the unbridled technological power of nation-states was the new means of civilization to destroy itself. In the face of this, Bambi’s writers dipped into the magic well in search of a more humane ideal and found it in a vision of nature that emphasized family, community and peaceful coexistence. If Bambi, like Pinocchio, is ultimately called upon to fight, it is in defense of these things, threatened this time by Man rather than an outsized avatar of Nature. Bambi would ultimately popularize a form of nature-love that insisted that the governing principle of nature is, in fact, love.
Bambi’s final shape was a long time in coming. Walt Disney originally envisioned the movie as a grand pastoral spectacle that would be heavy on vaudevillian shtick, including the slapstick pairing of a squirrel and a chipmunk. 18 Many of the animators had likewise been “raised on gags and funny sequences.” 19 Some of this original vision remains: the squirrel and chipmunk are still there, getting in each other’s hair in brief sequences. Sidney Franklin, the American filmmaker who originally optioned the story – and who finally determined that a live-action version would be untenable – argued that Disney should instead attempt to “duplicate the emotional experience of the book.” 20 There were writers who agreed, and who wanted to make the film a somber allegory about human violence as World War Two got underway. At the same time, many Disney artists wanted an opportunity to get away from “cartoonish” animals and create something more realistic. For “the story to be…moving,” they felt, “the audience had to be convinced that the animals really existed, as animals.” 21
The Bambi animators’ pursuit of realism is now legendary: the exhaustive photography of Maine woodlands “in summer, fall, winter, and spring, not missing Indian Summer; in rain, heavy snow, light snow, and sleet; on gray days and on bright, sparkling days”; 22 the travel to zoos; the lessons in animal anatomy provided by Rico Lebrun, “probably the greatest draftsman of animals in the country”; 23 the observation of two deer, Bambi and Faline, kept as pets on the Disney lot; and the dissection of splashing water through slow-motion filming (ultimately put to good purpose in a forest-storm scene). The portrayal of realistic animals – as opposed to the round, squishy creatures that inhabited cartoons up to then – also required innovative techniques. As Matt Cartmill notes, “the precision needed to maintain the illusion of constant slow movement in those long, thin, rigid legs” required the elimination of tracing errors. 24 Likewise, to make the movement of the old stag’s magnificent antlers convincing, rather than “rubbery,” involved the use of wooden models and mirrors. 25 In the opinion of animation historian John Culhane, all of the effort put into Bambi paid off:“The power of it was that is was real. It was there. You could walk into it and live with those animals.” 26
The single-minded pursuit of realism ended up not working artistically, however. Highly detailed backgrounds, in which every leaf and twig was rendered, contrasted awkwardly with the deer in the foreground, whose bodies were flat, unrelieved areas of color. 27 The solution to this problem arrived with Tyrus Wong, a frustrated Chinese-American “in-betweener” who grabbed the opportunity to make a career move into background art. He introduced a new style to the film: “His grasses were a shadowy refuge with just a few streaks of the actual blades; his thickets were soft suggestions of deep woods and patches of light that brought out the rich detail in the trunk of a tree or a log.” 28 His “East-meets-West” approach introduced a note of Edenic lyricism.
Wong’s less-is-more approach also operated on the level of narrative. This was not entirely voluntary: in the wake of the lackluster box office of Pinocchio and Fantasia, the film’s budget was tightened and its planned length cut from 8,500 feet to around 6,200. Writers cut lengthy, ponderous dialogue. Bambi’s father’s original speech after the death of Bambi’s mother – “Man has taken her away. I know it’s hard to understand, but that’s the way of life in the forest. Now you’ll have to be brave and walk alone.” – became simply, “Your mother can’t be with you any more.” 29 On another level, the studio’s economic concerns also put a new premium on entertainment value, rather than artistic purism. Bambi’s mother’s death itself was recognized as deeply disturbing and was progressively more attenuated until it finally disappeared form the screen. Other deaths from the book, from the ferret at the beginning to the hunter at the end, were taken out altogether. Ultimately, writers and artists on the film would see this paring down as salutary: “Possibly the picture worked better without the additional opulence…. Maybe we were chipping away the husk, the outer layers, the excesses, until we found the core.” 30
At the same time, however, worries about Bambi’s audience appeal remained. The solution came from an unexpected quarter. Bambi’s young rabbit friend, Thumper, was originally written as a minor character, but the lively and engaging voice of four-year-old Peter Behn begged for an expanded role. Thumper’s new prominence in turn drew the story away from adult animals: “The problem of how to make the adults convincing and interesting disappeared, for they were now supporting players, reacting to the intriguing personalities of the youngsters.” 31 The adult Bambi, with his longer, less expressive face, didn’t have to fully engage the audience – that work was done by the baby Bambi. Accordingly, while the book is primarily about the stag, the Disney film focuses on the fawn, who quickly became the canonical Bambi.
Viewed from 60 or so years later, the centrality of childlike animals in Bambi seems natural, because animation has long been seen as primarily geared toward kids. At the time, Walt Disney felt differently, commenting that the studio didn’t “cater to the child but to the child in the adult.” 32 Whatever its cause, however, the shift in emphasis welded a vision of nature to a tone of innocence and nostalgia. The mature animals in the movie itself participate in this, gazing with parental indulgence on Bambi’s first shaky steps. Nature has become part of the domestic sphere.
The realm of nature is accordingly purged of violence and death. The wise owl gently admonishes a chipmunk, where one of Salten’s owls would have torn it apart and devoured it. All of the animals are part of a charming, Capra-esque community full of recognizable American types, including a working mole tunneling his way to work. The principle that now permeates nature is love. Even the notoriously traumatizing murder of Bambi’s mother barely disrupts the gentle narrative: the scene has barely had time to register when suddenly it is Spring, and Bambi and his friends, freshly adolescent, become “twitterpated” as they frolic with new-found mates. 33 Maternal love has made way for erotic love, which is followed in turn by a new cycle of maternal love as Faline has fawns of her own.
Sometimes this peaceful realm is threatened. As he faces deprivation and danger, Bambi’s life cycle in fact echoes that of the canonical “Greatest-Generation” male. When young Bambi complains of hunger during a winter scene, this may have resonated with an audience familiar with life during the Great Depression. Later, Bambi is called to service: when dogs and hunters threaten Faline and fire engulfs the forest, he struggles heroically to save his mate and friends even after he is shot. At the end of the movie, he is a distant masculine figure, perched high on an outcropping of rock. Unlike the solitary wife-deserter of the book, however, Bambi is vigilantly protecting his family.
If the deprivation of winter is part of nature itself – though an impermanent, cyclical part – the real peril in Bambi comes from outside of the forest, much as international threats would preoccupy Americans throughout the second half of the 20th century. The external source of violence and terror is Man. At one point, when Bambi asks his mother why they have fled to the safety of their little clearing, she says simply, “Man was in the forest.” Even if humans are a byword for danger, however, Bambi does not categorically exclude them from grace. Rather, it sets ground rules for attaining harmony with nature. Don’t hunt. Don’t set fires. In other words, treat the natural world as an extension of domestic space. Rather than present nature as a realm of vigorous struggle or meaningless death, Bambi depicts it as a homey refuge, a symbol of everything that seemed worth protecting from America’s enemies. The meadow in particular – a sunny, open space to which mothers take their children and which allows the unfettered consumption of plentiful grass and succulent flowers – prophesies the postwar suburban landscape.
Both as metaphor and practice, this domestication of nature had a history before Bambi. Keith Thomas describes a centuries-long tendency to increasingly see animals as pets, a tendency reinforced in the case of wild animals by zoos and national parks. 34 Jennifer Price highlights the domestic themes in the anti-bird hat crusade earlier in the century: “The ground is strewn with the mutilated corpses of mothers!” one activist wrote about the scene following the harvest of plumes from a colony of Snowy Egrets (ignoring the actual behavior of the species, in which fathers share parental responsibility.) 35 Bambi itself would contribute to the trend, igniting crusades of its own. It influenced a whole generation of the anti-hunting activists, disdained by hunters as sentimental “nature fakers.”
This is arguably another perverse biophilia: a love of nature so fervent and sentimental as to be willfully blind to most of what goes on in it. In fact, this is not a fair assessment of the generations influenced by Bambi who would contribute to the maturing science of ecology, and who would be devoted to the in-depth examination of life processes. Ecology, in turn, would lend many of its insights to Disney’s next large-scale animated essay on nature. Even so, however, it would only contribute to yet another instance of humans thinking with nature about themselves.
Neocon Savanna: Disney’s The Lion King
The Lion King (1994) was conceived as a Bambi for the 1990s, 36 and the similarities are numerous. Both films are inhabited entirely by animals: humans, though consequential, are on the periphery of Bambi; there is no indication of humans in The Lion King. 37 Pride Rock, the Lion King’s “throne” overlooking the Pridelands, is a rocky ledge that resembles the outcropping that Bambi’s father stands on. A parent dies in both movies, though it is a father in The Lion King. Simba, the hero of The Lion King, has an adult romance with a childhood friend. Finally, both stories climax with a threatening pack of predators (dogs or hyenas), a fire, and the ultimate triumph over physical danger.
To be sure, the writers who created Disney’s first “original” story drew from other sources as well. In one popular gloss, The Lion King is Hamlet on the Serengeti: the devious Scar usurps the throne of his brother, Mufasa, whose neurotic son at first fails to avenge his death. Disney may also owe an unacknowledged debt to Japanese animator Osamu Tezuka, who created a similarly plotted feature, Kimba the White Lion, in the 1950s. 38 But the chief source of inspiration remained self-consciously the Disney tradition itself, which is why the differences between Bambi and The Lion King are especially striking.
Visually, of course, fifty years and a generous budget make a difference. The suggestive brush work of Tyrus Wong is gone, replaced by dazzlingly detailed and vividly colored landscapes. The opening sequence is a montage of different groups of animals making their way to Simba’s birth ceremony. At one point, in a dazzling imitation of a telephoto lens, the focus suddenly shifts from a close-up of carpenter ants on a tree branch to bounding antelope in the background. In place of Bambi’s modest soundtrack, 39 the Lion King features lavish musical numbers composed by Elton John. Simba’s oedipal wish, for instance, gets its own showstopper: “I Just Can’t Wait To Be King!” The expanded scope of the movie extends to the exoticism of its locale – their field trips this time took Disney artists far away from the Maine woods – though the nature-film tradition of filming animal wildlife reaches back to 1928’s African lion movie, Simba. 40
The Lion King’s biggest break with Bambi, however, is that its main characters are predators. 41 This drastically changes the context of even those scenes that are superficially similar to Bambi’s. In the earlier film, forest animals gather around and praise the newborn “prince,” but this quaint scene does not unsettle the theme of convivial and egalitarian life. In The Lion King, Simba’s birth ceremony involves serried ranks of zebras, antelope and other ungulates bowing down in unison beneath a prince who would one day actually grow up to rule – and, in fact, devour – them. Even given Disney’s long-held affection for fairy-tale royalty, the scene’s very conceit is almost as breathtaking as the animation.In making the traditional equation between lions and kings, Disney could still discreetly leave the cats’ eating habits unmentioned. As it happens, the movie takes a different tack. When King Mufasa explains to young Simba that the King is responsible for all of the creatures in the kingdom, including the antelope, the cub inquires, “But don’t we eat the antelope?” Mufasa concedes this, but adds that when lions die, their decomposing bodies eventually become part of the savanna’s grass. “So, in a sense, the antelope eat us,” he concludes, demonstrating the “circle of life” that is the movie’s symbolic centerpiece. Mufasa then has Simba practice pouncing on the kingdom’s hornbill vizier, Zazu, who comically tolerates this playful enactment of his own horrible death. 42
Between Bambi and The Lion King, nature had evidently fallen from its state of grace. In part, this reflects shifts in the broader culture, particularly the growing popularity of ecological science among both naturalists and lay people. Ecology has long combined two somewhat uneasy attitudes toward nature. On the one hand, it emphasizes features like interconnectedness, mutual dependence, and the indispensability of even the smallest members of an ecosystem – that is, communitarian values usually associated with the political Left that counter the perceived competitive individualism of Darwinian theory.
On the other hand, ecology is entirely consistent with Darwinism at its most selfish-genish, crediting the interconnected features of the whole to the self-interested actions of individuals organisms. In economics, this is called the Invisible Hand, a concept usually associated with the free-market ideologies of the political Right. At its inception, ecology was an explicit attempt to figure out the “economics” of natural systems, 43 so the cross-fertilization with free-market thinking is nothing new. What is interesting is its ability to combine, as The LionKing does, the warm-and-fuzzy “circle of life” with the vicious reality of nature, red in tooth and claw.
The Lion King ultimately elaborates its use of nature as a metaphor for society into a broad attack on welfare-state Liberalism, demonstrating in stark terms what happens when free-market principles are violated. Mufasa, a relatively hands-off king who lightly regulates the balance between the species, makes a crucial exception when it comes to hyenas. These scavenger/predators fall outside of the “circle of life” because, though clearly inferior to the noble lions, they refuse to be eaten by them. Disney thus imagines the hyenas to be a parasitic underclass poorly integrated into the economy of the savanna. And the artists and writers are not subtle about how they communicate this idea. Hyenas inhabit an elephant graveyard, a dark realm consisting of hulking, hollow structures that resemble burned-out buildings. Nearby, hot springs bubble like pools of toxic water. Mufasa forbids Simba to venture anywhere into this shadowy neighborhood. Disobeying, he finds himself confronted with a circling gang of thuggish hyenas who speak in the quintessentially street voices of Whoopie Goldberg and Cheech Marin. There is no question about it: Simba is in the ghetto.
Once established, the fact that hyenas symbolize the American underclass adds a socioeconomic dimension to the evil machinations of Mufasa’s brother, Scar. When Scar successfully murders Mufasa – simultaneously driving Simba, who thinks he caused his father’s death, into self-exile – he welcomes his unholy allies, the hyenas, into the sunlight of the grasslands. Scar pushes the lionesses to hunt enough to feed the newcomers, in essence putting the hyenas on welfare. The lionesses, grumbling, overhunt the savanna and the game disappears. In fact, the very rain stops falling, and Mufasa’s erstwhile kingdom becomes a barren wasteland. In other words, the burden of the welfare state cripples the economy and causes business to dry up. The ecological concept of “carrying capacity,” an upper limit to the population that an ecosystem can support, merges with the concept of an insupportable “tax burden.” In any case, where Bambi’s forest was threatened from the outside by a metaphorical wehrmacht, Simba’s savanna is undermined from within by liberal mismanagement.
Meanwhile, Simba becomes a hippie. Having, to his mind, committed patricide – the symbolic imperative of Baby Boomers – he flees to a rainforest bohemia to be raised by Timon and Pumbaa, the ambiguously gay meerkat-warthog pair who teach him the philosophy of hakuna matata (“who cares”). In the place of the big-ticket consumption of the savanna, Simba learns to eat small, brightly-colored insects. When Nala ventures into the rainforest in search of game, Simba mates with her on the basis of romantic love, not family obligation.
Simba’s new lifestyle seems to rule him out from recapturing the reigns of power. 44 In the end, however, he does just that. Prodded by Nala and the ghost of his father, he returns to the grassland and, learning that he didn’t kill his father after all, gains the backbone to vanquish Scar. (Scar ultimately meets a sticky end at the teeth of his erstwhile allies, the hyenas – poetic justice, it seems, for the liberal politician.) When he presents his own son in a birth ceremony that echoes his own, however, Timon and Pumbaa are standing on Pride Rock right next to him. 45 In the end, Simba reconciles the free-market economics of his father with the free-thinking ways of his youth. He is, in David Brooks’ coinage, the ultimate Bobo (“bourgeois bohemian”).
This is a crucial clue as to what the generation that created The Lion King is hoping to draw out of the magic well of nature. Nature’s main virtue is not simply that it abides by capitalist principles, but that it meets the challenge of market discipline by being endlessly, almost profligately, creative. To Brooks, the core values of the 1960s – self-actualization, exploration, a striving for revolutionary change, a commitment to meritocracy – are not only consistent with free markets, but necessary in a competitive global economy. The bohemian ethic keeps the American ruling class from becoming lazy and ossified. “The bourgeoisie has…revived itself by absorbing (and by being absorbed by) the energy of bohemianism.” 46 Like a rainforest, an unbridled culture is an ecosystem profligate in its production of forms. Most are ruthlessly eliminated, but the best survive and contribute to the overall growth of biomass or GDP.
As the twentieth century went its course, the vision of civilization’s goal changed: from dominance, to security, to competitiveness. At every stage, however, there was a fear that its strengths might become weaknesses: its prosperity undermining the will to conquer, its technological power threatening annihilation, its ability to provide stability and security sapping the agility necessary for global competitiveness and economic progress. And at every stage, ideals of nature – expressed, among other places, in the books and cartoons intended to inculcate children with the values felt necessary for future success – have provided correctives, models to guide civilization away from self-destruction. The love of nature may be in our genes, as E.O. Wilson proposes. On the other hand, it may be rooted in our anxieties. We put our trust in the ideals of nature, even as we destroy huge swaths of it in actuality, because in the end we fear to be left to our own devices.
Matthew Roth is a graduate student in History at Rutgers University. He is fascinated by the social subtext of the Toy Story movies, but feels that neither Shrek 1 nor 2 are much worth thinking about. He can be contacted at [email protected].
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In 1971, art historian Linda Nochlin wrote a provocative and now-infamous essay for ArtNews magazine: “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?”
Richard Feigen, the famous gallery owner, had asked her that very question a year earlier, saying he wanted to show more women artists but “couldn’t find any good ones.”
Nochlin grappled with his remarks in an essay that became a seminal piece of feminist writing. It was published in ArtNews alongside response essays from eight influential women artists, including Elaine de Kooning and Louise Nevelson.
Of course there were many “great women artists” in 1971. And there are even more today.
But Nochlin’s question still nags, so much so that ArtNews has constructed its entire June issue around the inequalities facing women artists today.
The centerpiece is a call-to-arms citing grim statistics collated by art curator Maura Reilly on how women are under-represented in the art world: since 2007, 25 percent of solo exhibitions at London’s Tate Modern were of women artists; in 2012 at the Metropolitan Museum, only 4 percent of artists on display were women (fewer than in 1989); and in April 2015, 7 percent of works on view at MoMA were by women.
The numbers are discouraging, but are they also misleading?
Should we hold the Met to the same standards as MoMA, given that the Met’s collection goes back centuries, when cultural mores forbid women from becoming Michelangelos and da Vincis?
There may not be as many Mary Cassats and Berthe Morisots as there are Monets in the Met’s Impressionist wing, but isn’t this partially because Monet contributed more to the movement?
Perhaps history has made us think so, Reilly argues, and it’s time we right the wrongs of history.
“[The Met] doesn’t have all the women Russian avant-garde artists on display who were equally important to their male comrades,” she tells me, adding that “those historical elisions that they perpetuate are part of the problem.”
Reilly is even more critical of MoMA (“they have a Frida Kahlo room as if it’s meant to represent all women artists!”) because the museum has become a paradigm of modernism, she says, mimicked in textbooks and by art history professors. “If women aren’t part of that narrative, how can we insure their future inclusion?”
It’s not just museums that are shunning women artists—it’s the entire market, from gallerists to collectors and critics.
In her story, Reilly cites a dearth of women artists in blue-chip galleries from a 2015 “report card” by Pussy Galore, the feminist art collective, which mirrors the Guerilla Girls’ 1986 version.
Tony Shafrazi scored lowest on the report with only 5 percent women artists, and Sperone Westwater came in close second at 7 percent, a figure that’s doubly jarring because Westwater is a woman.
Indeed, the last ten years have seen more women take on positions of power in the art world, whether at museums or in galleries.
Reilly reports: “The good news is that, while in 2005 women ran 32 percent of the museums in the United States, they now run 42.6 percent—albeit mainly the ones with the smallest budgets.” (New York’s Met, MoMA and Whitney museums are overseen by men, for example—Thomas P. Campbell, Glenn D. Lowry, and Adam Weinberg respectively.)
Vanity Fair celebrated 14 of the most influential female art dealers in a 2014 feature, “Prima Galleristas.” So why aren’t these ‘galleristas’ taking on more women artists?
“All of them have abysmal records for supporting women,” says Reilly. “They should be called out!”
When contacted by the Daily Beast, Sperone Westwater defended itself in a lawyerly statement, listing the women artists it has “proudly exhibited over the last forty years, including Susan Rothenberg, Kim Dingle, Carla Accardi, Dadamaino, Hanne Darboven, Ahn Duong, Laurie Simmons, Brenda Miller, Hope Atherton, and Eteri Chkadua.”
Mary Boone offered a proper rebuttal to Pussy Galore’s damning 13 percent figure: she emailed a roster of ten shows exhibited at the gallery this past year, five of which featured women artists.
She also noted that the gallery represents feminist artist Judith Bernstein, one of the founding members of the Guerilla Girls.
But it was the gallery’s longtime director, Ron Warren, who gave a refreshingly honest response: “We like to think we don’t choose artists based on gender. And the women artists we do represent are fantastic.”
It’s an entirely fair explanation, even if it implies that contemporary women artists aren’t as “good” or “valuable” as their male counterparts.
It’s true that their works are worth less. As Reilly notes in her piece, the highest price paid at auction for a living woman artist was $7.1 million for a Yayoi Kusama painting; the highest for a man was $58.4 million for a Jeff Koons sculpture.
And in today’s elitist art market, the monetary value of a piece frequently determines its artistic value.
The Cuban-American performance artist Coco Fusco makes this argument in her response to Reilly’s essay, highlighting an important distinction between the art economy and “that of film or literature, where popular demand is extremely important to determining one’s success.”
Not so with the art market. “Works are deemed valuable not by popular choice but by virtue of the decisions of a tiny elite,” she writes, adding grimly but pragmatically that she doesn’t foresee much change in the near future.
How can change happen when the biggest spenders are Russian oligarchs and Wall Street hedge fund managers? It may be a stereotype, but we can assume supporting women artists doesn’t factor high on their list of qualifications for contemporary art collections.
Jamian Juliano-Villani, the 29-year-old painter, writes that the more we call attention to sexism in the art world, “the longer it continues to be an issue.” Her strategy is to keep her head down, “to ignore that shit and keep going forward and make it work in my favor.”
Among older artists, Betty Tompkins feels “appreciated for what I do and what I’ve done, but when I look at the big picture I still see a lot of tokenism.”
Tokenism is a problem for women across industries, whether it’s a token female role in Hollywood or the token woman hired at a male-dominated tech company.
Because feminism is an increasingly popular—and increasingly fraught—issue today, women are often perceived as either undervalued (and underpaid) or overvalued in a token female-filling role. The media is flooded with women’s issues, and some are more deserving of attention than others.
ArtNews editor-in-chief Sarah Douglas was wary that their women’s issue would be perceived as a form of tokenism.
“It gave me pause, but in the end I think it’s important to do these things just to keep the conversation going,” she says. “But that conversation should be substantive and interesting and entertaining.”
Reilly is less wary.
“My theory is that we need women-only exhibitions, museums and galleries because there is no parity, and there’s no excuse for people to say ‘I don’t know any good women artists’ or ‘I can’t include them in shows,’” she says. “Until there’s at least a modicum of equality in representation—galleries, museums, etc.— we still need to have these ‘tokenist’ events.”
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Kidney stones are a common medical complaint. They occur when minerals and salts that are normally found in the urine accumulate and crystalize, forming stones. Poor nutrition and lifestyle choices play a large role in the development of kidney stones. A high nutrient, plant-based diet is key to preventing stone formation.
According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of kidney stones was 8.8%, affecting 1 in 11 people in the U.S.1 As developing countries adopt a more Western diet style (the Standard American Diet), their kidney stones rates continue to increase to match those of the U.S. There are five main types of kidney stones: calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, and cysteine. Eighty percent are calcium oxalate stones.
Many patients with kidney stones do not experience any symptoms; however, if large enough, the stones can cause severe flank and abdominal pain, pain when urinating, blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, and urinary frequency or urgency. If infection is present, then chills and fever can occur. Some patients require hospitalization, pain control, antibiotics, and extraction. If kidney stones are large enough to cause obstruction, then acute renal failure can occur.
The risk factors for kidney stones include:
The following are sample questions from the Ask the Doctor Community Platinum and higher members can post their health questions directly to Dr. Fuhrman. (All members can browse questions and answers.)
My husband has been dealing with very bad cases of kidney stones his entire life. Sometimes the kidney stones pass, but there have been four instances in a three-year span where he had to go in for surgery. After a 24-hour urine test, the doctor said he had high oxalate levels in his urine and gave us a list of things to stop eating, which included practically everything healthy and recommended on a Nutritarian diet (spinach, berries, etc.) and told him to replace with junk like white bread, white rice, etc.
I don’t know what else to do to help rid him of these constant kidney stones. My husband eats a Nutritarian diet about 90% of the time and still eats meat and some junk 10% of the time.
Your husband may be in that rare category where they may still have a tendency to form kidney stones, but the diet and perhaps supplements may make it much better over time, so he should still try. Research suggests that those on a vegetarian diet actually have a lower risk of forming stones regardless of the oxalate in the diet, although reducing the oxalate richest foods should still be part of his plan. Have him restrict or eliminate spinach, chard, parsley, and maybe beets, but all the other foods that have relatively moderate amounts should not be avoided because that limits the diet too much and there is only a little benefit from restricting oxalate to that low level anyway. Review my supplemental recommendations to further reduce oxalate stones from forming here: http://forums.drfuhrman.com/showthread.php?t=40911&highlight=kidney
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Short for KR on ABBREVIATIONFINDER.ORG, South Korea is a republic. It includes the areas on the peninsula south of the 38th parallel as well as around 3500 small islands off the coast. To the north, South Korea borders on the People’s Democratic Republic of North Korea.
The separation of Korea took place after the end of the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. South Korea is a mountainous country. A narrow strip of lowlands extends to the west and south of the peninsula. South Korea is 99% inhabited by Koreans, a Mongolian people.
The country’s urbanization is well advanced. Since the Second World War, South Korea has made the transition from an agricultural country to an industrial state. Its economic boom is considerable. South Korea’s industry is now the most important economic sector in the country.
The Korean peninsula lies between the Japanese and Yellow Seas. In the south it is separated from the Japanese islands by the Korean Strait. In the north and northwest it borders on China and Russia. After World War II, Korea was divided into a communist state in the north, North Korea, and a capitalist state in the south, South Korea. The demarcation line runs along the 38th parallel.
The Korea Strait in the south, the Yellow Sea in the west and the Sea of Japan in the east border the country. The northern border with North Korea is probably the most strictly guarded border in the world.
The capital is Seoul.
Important data about the country
|Population density:||484 residents / km²|
|Growth of population:||0.6% / year|
|Life expectancy:||74 years|
|Form of government:||Presidential Republic|
|Languages:||Korean, English (business language), Japanese (business language)|
|Religions:||Christians 38%, Buddhists 23%, Confucianists 22%, Shamanists 10%|
|Climate:||cool temperate, extra-tropical climate on the south coast|
|Land use:||Arable land 22.0%, forest 66.5%|
|Economic sectors (share of employees):||Agriculture 10.9%, industry 28.1%, services 61%|
|Export goods:||electrical and electronic products, automobiles, textiles, petroleum products|
|Gross domestic product:||$ 605,331 million (2003)|
|Gross National Product:||US $ 12,030 / resident (2003)|
South Korea is a mountainous country. It rises steeply to the east from the coastal plain on the Yellow Sea in the west to around 1700 m and then drops directly to the coast of the Sea of Japan. The Taebaek Mountains run parallel to the east coast with the Diamond Mountains in the south.
The highest point is the Chirisan with 1950 m. There are extensive basin landscapes in the mountain regions.
The coastal lowlands in the west and south of the peninsula are 50 to 100 km wide. There are around 3500 small islands in front of the lowlands.
Numerous rivers have their source in the mountains and follow the western roof in a south-westerly direction. At 526 km, the Naktong is the longest river in South Korea. Many of the rivers are dammed. The larger river systems form wide valleys.
South Korea lies in the transition area between a cool, temperate, continental climate with cold, dry winters and hot, humid summers in the north, and an extra-tropical climate on the south coast. The rainy season, under the influence of the monsoons, lasts from April to September, with an average of around 1380 mm of precipitation.
Mixed forests of oak, maple and beech cover two thirds of the country. In the extra-tropical southern parts of the country, bamboo, laurel, palm trees and evergreen oaks dominate the vegetation.
The high standard of living in South Korea differs significantly from that of North Korea. The state has built a qualified social system. Medical care for the population is guaranteed, the infant mortality rate is below 1%. The standard of education is high, there are 30 universities in the country.
South Korea was an agriculturally oriented country until the Second World War. After the Second World War, a fundamental structural change in the economy was brought about through the rapid industrialization of the country with foreign aid. South Korea is one of the Southeast Asian emerging economies.
The most important branch of the economy is industry. The main branches are the chemical industry, electronics, textile, shoe and toy industries as well as iron and steel production. In the 1980’s, shipbuilding and automobile construction as well as the construction and electrical industries developed. Compared to North Korea, the country is poor in raw materials. Hard coal, iron, tungsten, bismuth, molybdenum and other ores are mined. Large titanium ore deposits are so far unused (picture).
The US, China, Japan, Germany and the UK are South Korea’s main trading partners.
Rice is grown on around 65% of the agricultural area, but the harvest is not sufficient for self-sufficiency.
Other crops are barley, wheat, corn, millet, soybeans, potatoes, tobacco, fruit and ginseng. Sericulture is carried out. South Korea is one of the leading fishing countries in the world.
The tourism has become an important economic factor. Around 3.8 million foreign visitors come to the country every year, almost half of them from Japan.
South Korea’s transport network is well developed with over 6,000 km of railways and more than 61,000 km of roads. A high-speed rail link between Seoul and Pusan has been under construction since 1994.
Between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC Chr.: Immigration of the Koreans to the Peninsula
Until the end of the 19th century: the isolation of the Korean empires
1904/1905: Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate.
1945: The Japanese colonial era ends with the end of World War II. Soviet troops occupy the north of the country, US units the south. The line of demarcation is the 38th parallel. The Cold War between the USA and the USSR leads to the partition of Korea. Free elections only take place in the south.
August 15, 1948: Constitution of the Republic of Korea in the south
09.09.1948: Proclamation of the People’s Republic of Korea in the north
1950-1953: After troops withdrew from the USA and the USSR:
Korean War. The connections between North and South Korea will be completely broken.
February 1992: Ratification of a reconciliation treaty between the two countries with non-aggression, exchange and cooperation
Mid-June 2000: The heads of state of both countries meet for the first time.
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Big datasets pinpoint new regions to explore the genome for disease
Imagine rain falling on a square of sidewalk. While the raindrops appear to land randomly, over time a patch of sidewalk somehow remains dry. The emerging pattern suggests something special about this region. This analogy is akin to a new method devised by researchers at University of Utah Health. They explored more than 100,000 healthy humans to identify regions of our genes that are intolerant to change. They believe that DNA mutations in these “constrained” regions may cause severe pediatric diseases.
“Instead of focusing on where DNA changes are, we looked for parts of genes where DNA changes are not,” said Aaron Quinlan, Ph.D., associate professor of Human Genetics and Biomedical Informatics at U of U Health and associate director of the USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery. “Our model searches for exceptions to the rule of dense genetic variation in this massive dataset to reveal constrained regions of genes that are devoid of variation. We believe these regions may be lethal or cause extreme phenotypes of disease when mutated.”
While this approach is conceptually simple, only recently has there been enough human genomes available to make it happen. These new, invariable stretches may reveal new disease-causing genes and can be used to help pinpoint the cause of disease in patients with developmental disorders. The results of this study are available online in the December 10 issue of the journal Nature Genetics.
According to Quinlan, genes that have not previously been associated with disease often harbor one or more highly constrained regions. A mutation in these regions could cause disease.
“We are confident that these genes play a role in development of disease, but we currently know little about their role,” said Quinlan, senior author on the paper. “That’s where the exciting potential for discovery is.”
Many of the most constrained regions are enriched for genes associated with developmental disorders, including developmental delay, seizure disorders and congenital heart defects. This information gives the team confidence that the method is revealing truly constrained regions of genes.
His team created a detailed map of these constrained regions using more than 120,000 genomes obtained from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), a project that provides a massive catalog of human genetic variation detected in exome and genome sequencing data from a variety of large-scale sequencing projects.
The maps reveal both disease-causing variations and de novo mutations that underlie developmental disorders. This approach opens the door to identify new coding regions to study disease.
“A gene as a whole might be able to tolerate variation, but variation in one critical section [of the constrained region] could have serious developmental consequences,” said James Havrilla, first author on the paper and graduate student in Quinlan’s lab.
Quinlan cautions that the model is only powered to find extreme phenotypes, like developmental disorders responsible for intellectual disabilities, seizure disorders, facial dysmorphism and issues with heart development. The model is not adequate to identify regions of genes for common diseases, such as diabetes or coronary artery disease. In addition, the study is based primarily on individuals with European ancestry.
Source: Read Full Article
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All carnivorous plants require very pure water with few dissolved salts. Reverse-osmosis, deionized, distilled & rain waters are best. The water vending machines at your local grocery store are also a good option. Beware; PUR & Brita filtered waters are not adequate. Locally; Santa Rosa city, Guerneville city, East Bay MUD, some municipal water & Sacramento area water that comes from the river may be used on carnivorous plants. The Chlorine in city water has no ill effect.
A well fed carnivore requires no fertilizer, but MaxSea 16-16-16 should be used on hungry plants once a month during the growing season at 1/4 tsp/gallon. Sprinkle the plants foliarly, lightly.
You should expect a period of adjustment as your plants get used to their new home. For further information please read “The Revised Savage Garden” by Peter D’Amato.
American Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia)
Care is the same as for the Venus Flytrap, see below. Cut back old brown pitchers.
Dionaea M Red Dragon
Dionaea M Red Dragon
Pitcher Plant in Bloom
Tropical Pitcher Plant
Grow on sunny windowsills with at least three hours of direct sun, in greenhouses, or in a terrarium with fluorescent light (T-5 fluorescent fixtures are ideal). Set the photoperiod to 12 hours. High humidity is preferred. Highland Nepenthes like day temps in the 70’s-80’s & require a 10-20 degree drop in night temps. Lowland Nepenthes require constant temps in the 70’s-80’s. Pot into a New Zealand sphagnum moss mix with perlite, orchid bark, & tree fern fiber. Do not sit the pots in water for long periods of time as they may rot. Keep soil moist between watering.
Carnivorous in Bloom
Is a kind of pitcher plant native to northern California and southern Oregon.
Its habitat is very restricted. These plants only grow where cold spring water trickles from the ground or in cold water bogs, often in peaty, gravelly soil.
H. Heterodoxa Iosanii
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea m.)
The flytrap is a temperate plant that requires a chilly winter dormancy. In areas with mild winters, they should be grown outdoors year-round in part to full sun. They can take light frost to 20 degrees F. Keep sitting in water all year. They may be grown on a very sunny windowsill spring-summer, but should be put outside from Thanksgiving to Valentine’s Day, so they can go dormant. In areas with long, cold winters flytraps may be over wintered on windowsills in an unheated room or garage.
Transplanting is best done in winter & flytraps should be potted in 1 part Canadian sphagnum peat moss to 1 part hort. sand or 4 parts to 1 part perlite. Cover the drainage holes in the bottom of the pot with a wad of domestic long fibered sphagnum moss so the mix doesn’t run out. Flowers may be cut off in the spring for bigger & more numerous traps.
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Scenario Design Power SDP is an additional thermal reference point meant to represent thermally relevant device usage in real-world environmental scenarios. LTU-User, 1 month ago. Lithography refers to the semiconductor technology used to manufacture an integrated circuit, and is reported in nanometer nm , indicative of the size of features built on the semiconductor. See how consistently different CPUs perform with varying real world conditions. Min Avg Max Prices may vary for other package types and shipment quantities. C1 is the first idle state, C2 the second, and so on, where more power saving actions are taken for numerically higher C-states.
|Date Added:||20 March 2015|
|File Size:||62.52 Mb|
|Operating Systems:||Windows NT/2000/XP/2003/2003/7/8/10 MacOS 10/X|
|Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]|
Lithography refers to the semiconductor technology used to manufacture an integrated circuit, and is reported in nanometer nmindicative of the size of features built on the semiconductor.
Atom Z – Intel – WikiChip
Roblox fror the win. Prices may vary for other package types and shipment quantities, and special promotional arrangements may apply.
Your personal information will be used to respond to this inquiry only. What is single core floating point speed? What is the GeekBench score? CAN-User, 8 days ago.
Excellent 7 days ago. System and Maximum TDP is based on worst case scenarios. What is quad core integer speed? Excellent 26 days ago. It balances performance and power requirements across system workloads to represent real-world power usage.
You can quickly size aatomtm your PC, identify hardware problems and explore the best upgrades. Prices may vary for other package types and shipment quantities. It enables an environment where applications can run within their own space, protected from all other software on the system. What is quad core floating point speed?
Downloads for Intel Atom® Processor Z (K Cache, GHz, MHz FSB)
Support Home Product Specifications Processors. Listing of RCP does not constitute a formal pricing offer from Intel. Excellent 4 xtomtm ago. What is the difference between Boxed and Tray Processors? Allows for delivery and returns. Highly threaded applications can get more work done in parallel, completing tasks sooner. Search examples You can search our catalog of processors, chipsets, kits, SSDs, server products and more in several ways.
See your Intel representative for details. We calculate effective atommtm which measures real world performance for typical consumers.
Intel Authorized Distributors sell Intel processors in clearly marked boxes from Intel. Excellent 2 days ago.
Intel Atom Z520
Min Avg Max 2. Welcome to our freeware PC speed test tool. Terrible edit your comment Add link 11 days ago. Intel refers to these processors as tray or OEM processors. Ready to retire Age: Excellent 3 months ago. Please submit your comments, questions, or suggestions here. A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components or between computers.
An on-die Digital Thermal Sensor Z5220 detects the core’s temperature, and the thermal management features reduce package power consumption and thereby temperature when required in order to remain within normal operating limits.
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western, than on the eastern side of the river. From New Madrid to Pointe Coupee, a distance of more than eight hundred miles, the land on the western bank, with the exception of a few small tracts, is overflowed in the spring. In some parts the inundation extends fifty miles back from the river, covering vast cypress swamps, and lands producing different kinds of wood, with a depth of from two to twelve feet of water. No considerable settlements for this distance can be formed on the bank of the river. But much of the bank on the eastern side rises above the highest floods, and will admit of settlements and improvement. The waters of the Nile are extolled by the Egyptians, on account of their wholesome qualities and pleasant taste. The waters of the Mississippi, after filtration, or being in any way purified from a muddy sediment, are not disagreeable to the taste, especially to those who have been habituated to them. They are supposed to be possessed of medical properties, operating on some people as a mild cathartic, and generally cleansing the skin fromeruptions.
It is supposed the Mississippi takes its rise in a lake called White Bear Lake, but its head waters appear not to have been very accurately explored. The most that is known is derived from Indian information. The river above the falls of Saint Anthony, is called, by the Indians, Blue river. Here the stream is remarkably clear, and said to be navigable above the falls for three
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Grants and Contracts per year
Grants and Contracts Details
For the U.S. aviation industry to continue to grow, NASA has launched the Advanced Air Vehicles Program with the goal to make the nation’s air transportation system more efficient, safe, and sustainable. Development of supercapacitors capable of both high energy density and high power density is of interest for all NASA Mission Directorates. Ionic liquids electrolytes can be used in supercapacitors with the electric double layer (EDL) technology were energy is stored at the electrode surface with the electrolyte interfacial layer. Ionic liquids (ILs) are appealing electrolytes because they have low volatility, moderate reactivity, low flammability, a wider liquid range, and more electrochemically stable than most organic solvents. Both, experimental and computational approaches are used to study these systems. Computer simulations are capable of providing level of details unreachable for most experimental techniques. The focus of this project is to perform a coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) computer simulations for aqueous solution of ionic liquids at larger time scale and length scale when compared to all-atom molecular dynamics (MD). The specific goals of this project are: (1) Develop coarse-grained models for a system of aqueous solution of ionic liquids for different ILs concentration, (2) using a newly developed coarse-graining method perform CGMD simulations for accurate representation of such properties as: dynamics, viscosity, and structure of coarse-grained systems, (3) determine the correlation between ILs concentration and systems’ viscosity and validate the results by comparing with the available experimental results, (4) support NASA’s technical and educational mission by training students in science and engineering disciplines. The proposed project is applicable to several important NASA applications in both aeronautics, e.g. hybrid electric aircraft, space technology, e.g. rovers, ISS, Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, etc. that require advanced energy storage technology. Specifically, the proposed work is aligned with the technology development prioritizes of Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate, Advanced Air Vehicles Program. This project is also aligned with the national and Kentucky Statewide NASA EPSCoR Program Objectives as well as the Space Technology Mission Directorate, and Advanced Space Power Systems project. This project will be performed in collaboration with researchers at the NASA Ames Research Center.
|Effective start/end date||1/1/19 → 12/31/19|
Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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A caretaker, is somebody responsible for the treatment of a house’s cleansing crew. The maid can additionally in some cases do the fundamental cleansing chores for the home as well. The term “house cleaner” is typically made use of to refer to a male caretaker or female housemaid. Nonetheless, this is not the situation in all societies and countries. Typically, words refers only to a women caretaker. A male housemaid is called a gardener or farmer’s assistant.
Housekeeping responsibilities are split right into numerous categories: cleaning, vacuuming, cleaning, laundry and cleaning the kitchen. Each group has its own set of abilities called for to execute the work. Some maids might be certified to do a bit of whatever and might be taken into consideration by supervisors or managers. For instance, a caretaker who just cleans up the kitchen area might be considered a supervisor since she oversees the cleaning of the remainder of the house and sees to it that all the areas are presentable every day. Nonetheless, a housemaid that just does the standard laundry will not be considered a supervisor considering that she only washes daily. препоръчан сайт
Housekeeping chores are divided right into several areas based on how many members of the family has. The first group is that of basic house cleaning, which involves basic cleansing such as cleaning the floors, cleansing the home windows, cleaning furniture, dusting cupboards, emptying garbage can, and so on. The tasks in this category are usually what everybody wants done given that it is simple to dirt the house and make beds at the end of the day. Beds may be made by placing a pile of bed sheets right into a plastic bag and afterwards loading the bag with dust from the room or from the guest room. Vacuuming is one more simple task for housekeepers, considering that they can vacuum making use of a feather duster with a long take care of or a vacuum cleaner.
Housekeeping chores become much more tedious as the number of members in the home expands, especially if there are kids in the home. For example, making beds each morning becomes harder if there are two children, so the duties end up being a lot more varied every day. Each of the youngsters might require a different bathroom towel, so one housemaid is usually designated a particular duty depending upon the number of youngsters the household has. This means that housekeeping laundry jobs must be divided between housemaids or housekeepers to make sure that each kid gets his/her own washing done each day. The kids additionally do their own recipes, which implies that housekeeping duties have to be divided amongst them also.
Most households just have one shower room, so when cleaning the other locations such as the curtains as well as the sink, it is needed to have someone laundry these locations independently. This suggests having to work with a maid that can do ironing washing and so forth. Nonetheless, housekeeping duties that include ironing or stitching clothing normally come from the laundry room considering that the household uses this location more than any other area in your home. One of the most convenient duties to divide among all members of the family is the vacuuming as well as cleaning of the carpeting. If there is only one youngster living with you, then you will certainly be able to do both tasks without taking the house cleaner with you.
Housekeeping chores can be simplified if the children are not enabled to watch the ironing as well as the washing as well as the cleansing. You may additionally want to appoint some of the other duties to the various other family members, such as changing the bedding and also the establishing the table. Some family members appoint their cleansing duties to one member of the family, while others do it all themselves. Nevertheless, housemaids might not be called for to do the real tasks, however they are still necessary in making certain that the house is kept tidy. Свързана уеб страница
A housekeeper, likewise referred to as a housewife, is someone in charge of the treatment of the home’s cleansing team. Commonly the housemaid will also do the indoor cleansing chores as well. Generally housekeepers were utilized by the family members, that included youngsters and the senior. Nowadays, there are many that pick to function from residence as a result of the versatility this type of employment deals. Nonetheless, there are still those that prefer to be in an environment comparable to that in which they grew up.
Home cleaning may contain a number of general duties. The general responsibilities consist of the work of the broom, cleaning, vacuuming, scrubbing floorings, wiping floors and also light cleansing. It is likewise typical for housekeepers to sweep and wipe the cooking area floors, wash the dining-room table, the fire place, and any other area in your house that requires this sort of solution. Lots of house cleaners additionally give general errand assistance for their family. This normally involves searching for groceries, paying bills, preparing dishes, as well as greeting guests.
A lot of caretakers begin their work by obtaining a minimum education level, generally by taking at the very least a few classes connected to home cleaning. After acquiring their education and learning, they must finish a minimum number of hours of experience making use of cleansing items as well as completing jobs based upon the direction given. Housekeeping experience can be acquired by helping an employer for a specified time period or finishing apprenticeships.
Coming to be a housemaid requires a great deal of perseverance and dedication. It takes a lot more effort to be a caretaker than it does to be a home staff member. The family employee is needed to do a lot less than a housemaid. House cleaning includes a considerable amount of obligation than doing duties for the whole home. It is a necessary female’s job, but some ladies find it hard to adjust to. This is why housekeeping is normally the first job a new member of the family tackles.
If you are taking into consideration ending up being a housekeeper, you need to have the essential abilities and references to verify your reliability as a house cleaner. A maid is typically in charge of doing many different home tasks. These duties vary from ensuring that floorings are clean to making sure that cooking tools are washed extensively. On top of that, housekeeping obligations may consist of assisting with general housekeeping responsibilities, such as washing and also table maintenance, along with preparing meals. прочетете статия
The obligations a resort house cleaner need to perform will vary relying on the resort in which they work. A housekeeping work description will certainly additionally differ depending upon the type of establishment in which they function. As an example, a housemaid’s obligations will vary considerably if they are benefiting a resort than if they are working for a shop resort. There are numerous types of housekeeping jobs readily available and you must have the ability to discover one in which matches your needs flawlessly.
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I can read the mysql documetations and they are pretty clear. But, how does one decide which character set to use? On what stuff does collation have an effect?
I'm asking for an explanation of the two and how to choose them.
From MySQL docs:
A character set is a set of symbols and encodings. A collation is a set of rules for comparing characters in a character set. Let's make the distinction clear with an example of an imaginary character set.
Suppose that we have an alphabet with four letters: 'A', 'B', 'a', 'b'. We give each letter a number: 'A' = 0, 'B' = 1, 'a' = 2, 'b' = 3. The letter 'A' is a symbol, the number 0 is the encoding for 'A', and the combination of all four letters and their encodings is a character set.
Now, suppose that we want to compare two string values, 'A' and 'B'. The simplest way to do this is to look at the encodings: 0 for 'A' and 1 for 'B'. Because 0 is less than 1, we say 'A' is less than 'B'. Now, what we've just done is apply a collation to our character set. The collation is a set of rules (only one rule in this case): "compare the encodings." We call this simplest of all possible collations a binary collation.
But what if we want to say that the lowercase and uppercase letters are equivalent? Then we would have at least two rules: (1) treat the lowercase letters 'a' and 'b' as equivalent to 'A' and 'B'; (2) then compare the encodings. We call this a case-insensitive collation. It's a little more complex than a binary collation.
In real life, most character sets have many characters: not just 'A' and 'B' but whole alphabets, sometimes multiple alphabets or eastern writing systems with thousands of characters, along with many special symbols and punctuation marks. Also in real life, most collations have many rules: not just case insensitivity but also accent insensitivity (an "accent" is a mark attached to a character as in German 'ö') and multiple-character mappings (such as the rule that 'ö' = 'OE' in one of the two German collations).
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Peggys Cove (2009 population: approx. 46), also known as Peggy's Cove from 1961 to 1976, is a small rural community located on the eastern shore of St. Margarets Bay in Nova Scotia's Halifax Regional Municipality.
Peggys Cove is 43 kilometres southwest of downtown Halifax and comprises one of the numerous small fishing communities located around the perimeter of the Chebucto Peninsula. The community is named after the cove of the same name, a name also shared with Peggys Point, immediately to the east of the cove. The village marks the eastern point of St. Margaret's Bay.
The first recorded name of the cove was Eastern Point Harbour or Peggs Harbour in 1766. The village may have been named after the wife of an early settler or taken its name from St. Margaret's Bay as it marks the eastern beginning of the Bay and Peggy is a nickname for Margaret. Two versions of the popular legend claim that the name came from the sole survivor of a shipwreck at Halibut Rock near the cove. Artist and resident William deGarthe said she was a young woman while others claim she was a little girl too young to remember her name and the family who adopted her called her Peggy. In both versions, the young shipwreck survivor married a resident of the cove and became known as "Peggy of the Cove" attracting visitors from around the bay who eventually named the village, Peggy's Cove, after her nickname.
The village was formally founded in 1811 when the Province of Nova Scotia issued a land grant of more than 800 acres (3.2 km²) to six families of German descent. The settlers relied on fishing as the mainstay of their economy but also farmed where the soil was fertile. They used surrounding lands to pasture cattle. In the early 1900s the population peaked at about 300. The community supported a schoolhouse, church, general store, lobster cannery and boats of all sizes that were nestled in the Cove.
Many artists and photographers flocked to Peggys Cove. As roads improved, the number of tourists increased. Today the population is smaller but Peggys Cove remains an active fishing village and a favourite tourist destination.
Roads and several homes were badly damaged at Peggys Cove in 2003 by the extensive flooding that accompanied Hurricane Juan which also damaged the cove's breakwater. The breakwater was further washed away by Hurricane Bill in 2009, allowing waves to seriously damage a home and giftshop, and washed away one of the cove's characteristic wooden fish sheds.
Peggys Point LighthouseEdit
Peggys Cove is one of the busiest tourist attractions in Nova Scotia and is a prime attraction on the Lighthouse Trail scenic drive. The community's famous lighthouse marks the eastern entrance of St. Margarets Bay and is officially known as the Peggys Point Lighthouse.
Peggys Cove has a classic red-and-white lighthouse still operated by the Canadian Coast Guard. The light station is situated on an extensive granite outcrop at Peggys Point, immediately south of the village and its cove. This lighthouse is one of the most-photographed structures in Atlantic CanadaTemplate:Citation needed and one of the most recognizable lighthouses in the world.
Visitors may explore the granite outcrop on Peggys Point around the lighthouse; despite numerous signs warning of unpredictable surf (including one on a bronze plaque on the lighthouse itself), several incautious visitors each year are swept off the rocks by waves, sometimes drowning.
The first lighthouse at Peggys Cove was built in 1868 and was a wooden house with a beacon on the roof. At sundown the keeper lit a kerosene oil lamp magnified by a catoptric reflector (a silver-plated mirror) creating the red beacon light marking the eastern entrance to St. Margarets Bay. That lighthouse was replaced by the current structure, an octagonal lighthouse which was built in 1914. It is made of reinforced concrete but retains the eight-sided shape of earlier generations of wooden light towers. It stands almost 15 metres (50 ft) high. The old wooden lighthouse became the keeper’s dwelling and remained near to the current lighthouse until it was damaged by Hurricane Edna in 1954 and was removed. The lighthouse was automated in 1958. Since then, the red light was changed to white light, then to a green light in the late 1970s. Finally to conform to world standards the light was changed to red in 2007.
The lighthouse used to contain a small Canada Post office in the lower level during the summer months serving as the village post office where visitors could send postcards and letters. Each piece of mail received a special cancellation mark in the shape of the lighthouse. However Canada Post closed the lighthouse post office in November 2009 citing mold growth as a safety hazard.
TourismEditFrom its inception, the community's economy revolved around the fishery, however, tourism began to overtake fishing in economic importance following the Second World War. Today, Peggys Cove is primarily a tourist attractionTemplate:Citation needed, although its inhabitants still fish for lobster, and the community maintains a rustic undeveloped appearance. The regional municipality and the provincial government have strict land-use regulations in the vicinity of Peggys Cove, with most property development being prohibited. Similarly there are restrictions on who can live in the community to prevent inflation of property values for year-round residents.
The historic Carpenter Gothic style St. John's Anglican Church, the only church in Peggys Cove, is a municipally designated heritage site.
GeologyEditMore than 400 million years ago, in the Devonian Period, the plate tectonics movement of the Earth's crust allowed molten material to bubble up from the Earth's interior. This formed the rocks we see today and are part of the Great Nova Scotia batholith. The unique landscape of Peggys Cove and surrounding areas was subsequently carved by the migration of glaciers and the ocean tides. About 20,000 years ago, an ice ridge moved south from Canada’s Arctic region covering much of North America. Along with the ebb and flow of the glaciers, the ice ridge eventually melted and shifted and in the process scooped away and scoured large sections of rock, vegetation, and topsoil. As melted land glaciers flowed back to the oceans the changing tidal flows and rising sea levels filled the scarred areas with water, forming coves and inlets. Large boulders composed of 415-million-year-old Devonian granite, called glacial erratics, were lifted by the ice and carried for long distances before being deposited upon the landscape as the ice receded, leaving rugged barrens. The movement of the glacial ice and rocks left scouring marks in the bedrock that are still visible.
Peggys Cove has been declared a preservation area to protect its rugged beauty. The Peggys Cove Commission Act, passed in 1962, prohibits development in and around the surrounding village and restricts development within Peggys Cove. The area comprised about 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) stretching from Indian Harbour to West Dover and includes barrens, bogs, inland ponds, and rocky coastline.
The Atlantic OceanEdit
The Atlantic tide runs about 1.5 – 2 meters (4 – 6 feet). The ocean temperature ranges between 12 and 20 degrees Celsius (54 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit) in the summer and falls to between 0.5 and 4.5 degrees Celsius (33 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit) in the winter. The ocean moderates the air temperature over the land year round.Template:Citation needed
The shape of the ocean floor and the numerous ocean currents facilitate a rich diversity of marine life along the Atlantic coastline. The Labrador Current flowing south from the Arctic cools the ocean during the summer months. Offshore, the Gulf Stream, travelling northwest from the Caribbean to the northern Europe warms the ocean waters. The confluence of currents off Nova Scotia brings unusual Arctic and tropical species to St. Margarets Bay. Marine life includes Atlantic bluefin tuna, white-sided and white-beaked dolphins, and pinnipeds. Endangered Atlantic leatherback sea turtles are seen in the waters near shore. Endangered right whales and many other species are found in the waters.
Sculptor and painter William E. deGarthe lived in Peggys Cove. A gallery exhibiting his work is open to the public between May 1 and October 31 each year. Outside the gallery, in the William E. deGarthe Provincial Park, is a carved granite outcropping. This 30 m (100 ft) sculpture was carved by deGarthe as "a lasting monument to Nova Scotian fishermen." It depicts 32 fishermen, their wives, and children enveloped by the wings of St. Elmo, the patron saint of sailors, as well as the legendary Peggy.
Swissair Flight 111Edit
The Swissair Flight 111 Memorial is located at The Whalesback, a promontory approximately 1 km northwest of Peggys Cove. It is one of two memorials built to commemorate the victims of the Swissair Flight 111 disaster, which saw the aircraft crash into St. Margarets Bay on 2 September 1998. The crash site is roughly equidistant between the Whalesback Memorial and another memorial at Bayswater, Nova Scotia, located on the Aspotogan Peninsula on the western shore of the bay, opposite Peggys Cove.
The monument reads in English and French: "In memory of the 229 men, women and children aboard Swissair Flight 111 who perished off these shores September 2nd, 1998. They have been joined to the sea, and the sky. May they rest in peace."
The site of the crash and the two monuments form a triangle. The three notches on the monument at Whalesback represent the numerals 111. The sight line from the three grooves in the stone points to the crash site; while the markings on the facing stone point to the memorial at Bayswater. The memorial wall at Bayswater contains the names of the 229 passengers and crew of flight 111. The facing stone points to the crash site.
- ↑ 'William deGarthe, This is Peggy's Cove (1956)
- ↑ Bruce Nunn, History with a Twist, Nimbus Publishing Ltd., pp. 49-53
- ↑ Template:Cite rowlett
- ↑ "Woman Rescued from Waves at Peggys Cove" CBC Radio Halifax 23 June 2009
- ↑ "Peggys Cove Loses Lighthouse Post Office" CBC Radio, 5 November 2009
- ↑ Canada's Historic Places: St. John's Anglican Church
- List of Lights 1870-1998 Canadian Coast Guard
- Peggys Cove Geological Guide Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources
- HRM Civic Address Map
- Peggys Cove Lighthouse page - Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society
- Photographs of the Whalesback memorial to Swissair Flight 111
- Photographs of the Bayswater memorial to Swissair Flight 111
- Live Webcam of Peggys Cove Lighthouse
- The legend of Peggy's Cove
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TakeLessons, the nation's fastest growing music lessons provider, shares a few essential characteristics of successful music teachers.
Online PR News – 17-February-2012 – – Music teachers often have big shoes to fill, whether their student wants to someday play at Carnegie Hall or headline a music festival like Bonnaroo.
There are many integral characteristics for successful musicians to embody, but to be a great music teacher takes even more patience and organization. The job of a music teacher is to not only be knowledgeable about their particular instrument, but to also translate that in order to keep a busy adult student motivated, or to keep a fidgety 5-year-old student focused.
TakeLessons (http://takelessons.com), the nation's fastest growing music lessons provider, took the opportunity to share a list of important traits in order to be a great music teacher. The following is an excerpt from the TakeLessons blog post:
"1. Approachable. A happy person who demonstrates a sense of humor along with an empathetic sense of humanity is capable of putting people at ease, and, in return, can create an atmosphere where mutual communication can flow.
2. Organized. This projects a sense of professionalism and helps create confidence in your service. Your answering machine message should also reflect a person ‘in control’ of their business. Remember to include the name of your studio on your message, even if you use the same line for personal calls. Keep your teaching tools in the same place all the time, so you know where they are. Work closely with a calendar so you can plan events in a calm manner.
3. Motivating. Psychology is useful in any profession when dealing so directly with people. Understanding the different ways people learn, reason and communicate is vital when helping them reach their fullest potential. Positive reinforcement is a much stronger motivator than negative condemnation. A diligent teacher will have an array of strategies for motivating their students to practice, listen, express and create.
4. Inventive. Games, illustrations, analogies, exercises and demonstrations all need some consideration for individual students. An active mind not only learns better, but information is stored in the brain systematically, which makes retrieval easier! Emotion impacts much more strongly than cold facts. An inventive teacher is able to evoke an emotional response from a cold fact, which will then impact greatly on the student and can add to their growing knowledge.
5. Knowledgeable. It is unreasonable to expect any human being to know everything about a subject – even if they make a living out of it. However, a great teacher will know how to access and find information, as well as communicate it."
By sharing the list with blog readers, TakeLessons aims to continue engaging current students and teachers. Readers are invited to share their thoughts by commenting on the TakeLessons blog, where they can also learn how to save money on music lessons, and comments are also welcomed on Facebook (http://facebook.com/takelessons).
Headquartered in San Diego, CA, TakeLessons is America's full-service music and voice lessons provider. With private lessons taught by TakeLessons Certified™ instructors in cities nationwide, students of all ages can start living their dreams through music. Founded in 2006 to help people discover their creativity and pursue their passions, TakeLessons also offers turnkey music programs for schools and community centers.
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It’s really common to fall prey to colds, the flu and other viral infections when seasons start to change. Even a slight change in weather can lead to a lot of infections and the risk of falling ill. Adults are affected by this too, not just kids. This happens because sudden weather changes can weaken your immune system and make you more susceptible to germs. Since our body needs time to adapt to weather changes, it cannot immediately adjust to the sudden rise and fall in temperature. But with the right precautions, you can keep your immune system strong and healthy. Read on to find out some steps you can take to stay infection free, even when the weather is going out of control.
1. Increase Your Water Intake
It’s no secret that your body immensely benefits from water and hydration seems to be the answer for everything! Dry nasal passages and a dry throat allow bacteria to stick around, which in turn invites several infections. Drinking plenty of water will keep the bacteria at bay and build your immunity against various diseases by flushing out toxins and absorbing nutrients. Make sure to drink eight glasses of water every day, especially when the weather gets hot, and always carry a water bottle with you when going out.
2. Maintain Your Hygiene
Nothing attracts infections like germs and dirt. To stay healthy in changing weather conditions one must take extra care of their hygiene. Keeping your body, especially your hands, clean is extremely important. Wash your hands frequently to prevent the germs from settling and spreading everywhere else. When out and about, make sure to carry a sanitizer with you. Along with this, practice basic hygiene by following these simple steps:
- Take a shower daily
- Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing
- Change clothes if they’ve been soaked in sweat
- Keep your surroundings clean as well.
3. Don’t Skip Exercise
We can never get enough of the many benefits of exercise. Add one more to the list: it can keep you safe from infections as well! Be it something as simple as yoga or a rigorous workout session at the gym; even exercises such as swimming, cycling or taking a walk will help manage stress, which will keep your immune system strong. Don’t just take our word for it! Studies show that physical activity can help prevent or lessen the duration of a cold.
4. Get Enough Sleep
Lack of sleep doesn’t just affect your energy levels and make you dizzy, it also makes you more prone to catching colds and the flu because it weakens your immune system. According to a study, sleep improves the potential ability of some of the body’s immune cells to attach to their targets. Getting a good night’s sleep will allow your body to rest and repair, which will strengthen your immune system and eliminate toxins.
5. Watch Your Diet
Every season brings with it a lot of new, seasonal foods. But when the weather keeps changing it can be tricky to pick the right ones. This is when you should stick only to the healthier options. Increase you vitamin intake by incorporating fruits and vegetables that are high in vitamin C, such as oranges, papayas, lemons, pineapples and broccoli. They help to boost the immunity of the body and help fight various infections in the body. Also, as tragic as it is, avoid eating food from outside and stick to homemade meals whenever you can.
6. Start Using Rose Water
Rose water has always been beneficial for the skin, but when the weather changes, it becomes a must! It has powerful antiseptic properties and can prompt the creation of histamines by the immune system, which prevent and treat infections. Plus, who doesn’t want to smell like a bouquet of flowers?
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Political and economic developments in the Middle East, as well as the internationalization of many businesses and professions, have made understanding, speaking, reading, and writing Arabic an increasingly valuable skill. As the fifth most widely spoken language in the world, as one of the official languages of the United Nations, and as the religious language of a quarter of the world’s population, Arabic is also a language with a rich literary and cultural heritage that deserves to be studied in its own right.
Arabic is a Semitic language, related to Hebrew and a number of ancient languages of the Near East. It is structurally distinct from English and other Indo-European languages. While this presents native speakers of English with a challenge, it also offers them significant insights into linguistics and the nature of language in general. The Arabic alphabet, which consists of 28 letters and a finite set of diacritical markings, is written from right to left and is used to write a number of languages today, including Persian and Urdu, neither of which belongs to the Semitic language family. The script forms the basis for Arabic calligraphy, one of the preeminent art forms of the Islamicate world.
Arabic is characterized by diglossia. That is, literate native speakers know two forms of the language: a formal form, often called Modern Standard Arabic, which is used for formal communication such as speeches and most writing; and an informal form that is used primarily in conversation. Because Arabic is spoken across a culturally and geographically varied region stretching from Western Asia across North Africa, there are many dialects of spoken Arabic. Students in Arabic courses at UNC learn both Modern Standard Arabic and a dialect of spoken Arabic (either Egyptian or Levantine) simultaneously.
Arabic is also characterized by a long and rich literary tradition. The oldest extant works of literature are pre-Islamic odes that were composed orally in the sixth century BCE. The early years of Islam saw the rise of the science of grammar and linguistics as well as religious scholarship. By the medieval period, Arabic had become the language of literature and learning across a vast empire that stretched from Spain (Andalusia or al-Andalus) and Sicily to China. Writers and scholars of this period produced both imaginative and scholarly writings. They also undertook vast translation projects that integrated the great works of Greece, Persia and India into Arabic, and eventually served as a vehicle for transferring ancient knowledge from these cultures to Europe. Muslim scholars made scholarly contributions in Arabic and in fields such as medicine, pharmacology, mathematics (algebra is an Arabic word), astronomy, agriculture, philosophy, and literature.
The Arab world today continues to be characterized by cultural and linguistic diversity, cosmopolitanism, and transnationalism. In recent decades migrant workers from Asia and Africa have brought their cultures and languages to cities throughout the region, enriching the cultures of the Arab world as a result. At the same time, the rise of large communities of Arab immigrants in Europe, Africa, and the Americas has profoundly affected communities in these societies, and interestingly also the very development of the Arabic language.
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Mark Howell, 58, who lives at the end of Highbush Lane, is baffled by the white lupines growing across the street.
“I came across those white ones,” he said about the first patch he discovered, “and I don’t know where the heck they came from.”
He has thick rows of purple lupines growing next to his house, but this is the first year he has ever seen white ones — and he has been living on Highbush since the 1960s.
His only guess at their origin is the birds. He thinks they ate the seeds from the patch growing behind his house and then deposited them across the street. But he isn’t sure.
His white lupines, however, may not be the Kenai Peninsula phenomena he thinks they are.
Agricultural and Horticulturist Extension Agent Lydia Clayton said Howell’s white lupines are a matter of genetic variation.
It is the same as human genetics, Clayton said.
“We end up with eye color and hair color based on our genetics,” she said, and the same is true for plants.
She said there are other patches of white lupines around the Peninsula, but they are indeed rare.
However, she doubts birds could have deposited the lupine seeds. “They might be poisonous to them actually,” she said.
But Howell is excited, and now, he said, a little patch is flowering down the street by the stop sign.
“It’s right in the middle of all the plants,” he said.
Dan Schwartz can be reached at [email protected].
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Beginning an essay can be challenging, even for experienced writers. Getting blocked in the beginning of your writing process can slow you down and prevent you from ever writing your essay. However, understanding how to organize your ideas, develop your thesis and introduction, and keep on writing can help you finish your essay successfully.
Part 1 of 5:
Understanding Your Essay Assignment
1Know how to read an essay prompt. Although they vary depending on who has written them, most essay prompts include similar information. Essay prompts can seem overwhelming at first, especially if they incorporate a lot of information, but knowing what you're looking for can help you decipher them.
- Most prompts begin with some contextual information about the topic of the essay. While this can seem superfluous, read it carefully; it may give you a clue about how your teacher wants you to frame the topic of the essay.
- The "task" of the essay prompt will usually be worded with active verbs such as summarize, describe, compare, contrast, analyze and/or argue. These verbs will help you know what type of essay the prompt is asking for.
- Sometimes the prompt will offer a list of questions or suggestions for further thought. Read this section attentively: sometimes these questions or suggestions may just be a way to prompt your own thinking, but other times it may be required to address them all in your essay.
- Many prompts will conclude with a list of formatting requirements: common requirements include "12-pt font," "double-spaced," and "1-inch margins," but your prompt may also ask for others. Make sure you adhere to all of these requirements in your final draft! Failure to do so may cost you points on the essay.
2Understand your essay prompt completely. Knowing exactly what your teacher expects from you is the first step to starting your essay successfully. You should read the prompt as soon as possible after it is given to you.
- Read any questions or prompts several times. You may want to re-write the prompt in your own words to be sure that you understand it. Paraphrasing can help you remember and interpret information more effectively.
- If you have a choice between several essay prompts, choose the one that you feel the most comfortable with or the one that you think you can write about in the most detail.
- Ask questions if you are confused or unsure about the teacher’s expectations.
3Ask to see a rubric. Find out if there is a grading rubric for the essay and ask to see it ahead of time so that you can see how your work will be evaluated. This can help you know where to focus most of your time.
4Come up with at least two ideas. If your essay assignment is open-ended and you have to completely choose your own topic, come up with several ideas and then choose the one that you think will make the best essay: it may not be the first idea that pops into your mind.
- A good essay topic is broad enough that you will have plenty to say, but not so broad that you can't say anything of substance. An essay about "the impact of Shakespeare" is too broad; you could write a dozen books about that topic. An essay about "the impact of Shakespeare on common English phrases" is narrower, but still offers you plenty to think about.
Part 2 of 5:
Prewriting for Your Essay
1Consider the purpose of your essay. Is it to persuade your reader of something? Is it to convey an experience? Is it to present a critical analysis of a text or image? Knowing your goal will help you decide how to navigate your ideas.
2Prewrite to get ideas flowing. The best way to start an essay is to get your ideas out in a non-essay format to begin with. Prewriting can take many different forms, and you may want to experiment to find one that helps you the most.
- Freewriting, a process in which you just write what you are thinking about without worrying about grammar or punctuation or even your central argument, may be a good way to start generating ideas. It could also help you “find” your thesis.
- A simple list may be all you need. Write a list of the subtopics or specifics you want to include in the essay.
- A mind map may be a helpful prewriting guide for visual learners. The center of the mind map contains your main argument, or thesis, and other ideas branch off in all directions.
3Keep your audience in mind. As you write, think about what you might need if you were reading the essay. If it's a history essay, what context would you need about your topic? If it's a narrative essay, what information would you need to feel as though you had experienced the event?
4Understand that prewriting isn't perfect. One of the biggest causes of writer's block is striving for perfection before you've written a word. Don't censor yourself as you prewrite. Try to avoid negative thoughts such as "This doesn't make any sense" or "I can't express what I want to say." Just write everything down!
5Write a traditional outline. If you have used one of the prewriting methods listed above, reorganize the content and add detail by creating an outline. A traditional outline is a great format for getting out ideas in detail and organizing your entire essay.
- Begin each section of your outline with the main point. Indicate each section with a roman numeral (For example, I. Puppies are cute. II. Puppies are fun to play with.)
- Provide at least two sub-points for your main point. Indicate each sub-point with a capital letter (For example, A. Puppies look cute, B. Puppies act cute.)
- Provide at least two details for each sub-point. Indicate your details with a number (For example, A- 1. Puppies have sweet faces, 2. Puppies are small, and little things are usually cute. B- 1. Puppies play and roll around all the time, making people laugh, 2. Puppies are very affectionate and lick their owners to show love.)
- Each level of detail should be indented further to the right than the level before.
6Read your outline. Be sure that the organization makes sense, and re-organize or switch sections around if you need to. Be sure that each section has a similar amount of detail, and add detail to any sections that need to be developed.Advertisement
Part 3 of 5:
Developing a Thesis Statement
1Determine the type of paper you need to write. Your thesis will vary based on whether your paper is analytic, argumentative, or expository. Thinking about the verbs used in the prompt and the goal of your essay will help you decide what direction it needs to take.
- An argumentative thesis will indicate a position (side of the argument) as well as introduce the topic.
- An expository thesis will introduce what is going to be explained in the paper.
- An analytical thesis will introduce the topic and contextualize the reason for the analysis.
2Understand what a thesis statement needs to accomplish. Your thesis statement should provide an answer to the question "So what?" Ask yourself how your argument or analysis contributes to your reader's understanding.
3Think about what you want to say. Developing your thesis statement is an important part of writing your paper. If you try to write it before you’ve done any thinking or research about your topic, you’re unlikely to be successful.
- Refer back to your prewriting and try to find relationships between the ideas there.
- Think about your essay assignment and what you most want to say: the thesis statement will likely be somewhere in between those two things.
4Use a “working” thesis statement. If you are having trouble with this step, or if you feel like the pressure to have a perfect thesis statement is interfering with getting started, try using a “working” thesis statement. This will enable you to move on without getting too stuck, knowing that you’re going to go back and change the thesis.
5Write your thesis statement. Remember that you can always revise or change the language later, so don’t spend too much time worrying about the exact wording.
- Your thesis should answer the question posed by the essay prompt (if there was a prompt).
- A thesis statement is usually the last sentence of your introduction, but it may occasionally be the very first sentence of your paper.
- Do not write your thesis statement as a question.
6Avoid the "three-prong" thesis. An example of a typical three-prong thesis might be "Puppies are good for your health because they are cute, affectionate, and inexpensive." The trouble with thesis statements such as these is that they can severely restrict your essay development. You may feel the need to use only one paragraph to discuss each prong rather than developing your ideas as much as necessary.Advertisement
Part 4 of 5:
Writing Your Introduction
1Consider writing your introduction last. If you find yourself getting stuck by the introduction and it is preventing you from writing the rest of your paper, skip it for now. Just write your thesis statement at the top of your paper and start on your body paragraphs.
- You may find it easier to write your introduction after you finish your essay, after you know what you end up saying with your essay.
- It is more important to get into a groove with your writing than to write each part in the order that it comes in the essay.
2Remember the purpose of an introduction. An introduction should introduce your topic, state your argument, and provide your reader with the context of your essay. If sentences in your introduction do not help with any of those goals, they are likely unnecessary.
3Write a hook. A hook, often the very first sentence in your paper, is a sentence or two that “hooks” or grabs the interest of your audience. Commonly used hooks may be good for novice writers, but some college professors think that certain hooks are overused. A few ideas for hooks follow.
- A statistic (particularly one that seems surprising to the reader) can be a good way to start certain types of papers. Be sure the statistic is from a reliable source, like one from your school’s library database.
- A personal story or anecdote told in detail can draw the reader in. It should, however, be relevant to the topic, and you will need to explicitly connect it to your thesis statement. This may not be appropriate in a formal essay.
- A quotation from a famous person can be a good lead-in. However, since this is one method that has been overused, try putting a twist on this method by using a surprising quote, contradicting the quote, or using it in a new context. You will also need to connect this to your thesis clearly.
- Illuminating a paradox or puzzling scenario could draw your reader in by making them question something that is usually taken for granted.
- Try to avoid introductions that start by giving a dictionary definition of a word and explaining it or by asking a question.
- Avoid over-used and essentially empty phrases like “from the beginning of time” or “throughout the history of mankind.”
4Transition from your hook to your thesis. You will need to write a few sentences that explain the context of your hook and transition into the thesis of your paper. If your hook is long, as with a detailed personal anecdote, this may be a phrase like “this experience has led me to believe that…” If your hook is shorter, like a statistic, you will likely need to write 3-4 sentences explaining your statistic and leading up to your thesis statement.Advertisement
Part 5 of 5:
Writing Your Essay
1Give yourself time to write. If you wait until the last minute to begin your essay, you will likely feel more stress and the pressure to write in a short amount of time might cause you to become stuck. You also want to give yourself time to revise, so getting started early will help with the entire process.
2Sit down and write. The best way to write is to write. Just start putting words on the page, and give yourself a writing goal for your work time.
- Giving yourself a time goal (like 2 hours of writing) is often more helpful than a product goal (like 2 pages or 400 words).
- Many people use the “Pomodoro technique” to write, which is to focus with no distractions for 25 minutes, then take a 5 minute break.
3Keep writing when you feel stuck. Sometimes trying to get one sentence or section “perfect” can prevent you from continuing to write.
- If you find yourself getting stuck on a particular sentence, write a “placeholder” sentence and move on. A placeholder sentence may look like this: [Something about how much I like puppies.]
- You may want to mark any placeholder sentences with brackets or by highlighting it in the word processing program (or on paper if you’re writing a draft by hand).
4Revisit your placeholder sentences. When you have finished your first draft, go back to any areas or sentences that you skipped and try to write them now. It will be easier to revise your essay if these sections have already been filled in.Advertisement
Essay Template and Sample Essay
QuestionHow can I write an essay about myself?Community AnswerYou can write an essay about yourself by starting it with "My life is like..." and talk about certain events you would love to share and secrets about yourself like "in reality i had anxiety, but no one ever knew..." This way you can keep it interesting while allowing people to know who you really are.
QuestionHow can I concentrate when I am writing an essay?Community AnswerSet up your writing space in a quiet room where no one will bother you. Put away all potential distractions, like your phone, or give them to someone else in your house if you don't trust yourself. If you can't find a quiet place in your house to write, wear earbuds and listen to classical music, or go to the library.
- Be sure to leave yourself plenty of time to revise. This is particularly true if you have several placeholder sentences in place: don’t forget to go back and change them.
- Try not to spend too much time planning. If you over-plan, you might run out of time for productive writing.
About This Article
The hardest part of writing an essay is usually getting started, but with a little concentration, you can do it! Start by reading the essay prompt thoroughly to ensure you know what your teacher expects of you. If you have any initial thoughts on the topic, write them down, along with any specifics you might include in the essay. Once you decide what to write about, organize the content into an outline, adding details that support your main idea. After your outline is completed, start writing out your ideas in paragraph form, and you’re on your way to having an essay! Read on to learn tips from our English co-author on how to develop your thesis statement!
- ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/understanding-assignments/
- ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/understanding-assignments/
- ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/
- ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/01/
- ↑ http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/composition/brainstorm_freewrite.htm
- ↑ http://www.studygs.net/writing/prewriting.htm
- ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/02/
- ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/567/1/
- ↑ http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/planning-and-organizing/organizing
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We’re thrilled to welcome students and their teachers from all across Metro Vancouver to our new season of live theatre for young people. This is a great time to book your classes for next year and then you can sit back and enjoy your summer knowing that your special field trip is all planned!
But what does it mean to bring a class to the theatre, and how can you bring theatre into the classroom? To take the guesswork out of lesson planning and curriculum ties, we provide educators with fun and thought-provoking activities and resources created for each show in our season. Crafted to align with the BC curriculum, we offer everything you’ll need to prepare your students for their theatre experience, as well as activities and projects to keep the learning going after you return to your classroom.
All Educator Resource Guides include a synopsis of the play, a biography of the author, a glossary of theatre terminology, and a guide to theatre etiquette, along with lessons and activities in a variety of disciplines, organized by grade level. Check out our Resource Guide archive and see for yourself!
What are your strategies for bringing lessons from field trips back to the classroom? Do you plan field trips based on class goals, or do you build your lessons around student experiences? Let us know what helps you teach and e-mail us at [email protected]
(Recommended for Grade 1 and up)
by Anusree Roy
October 28-November 13, 2016
In this vibrant story from Indo-Canadian playwright Ansuree Roy, four children from different social classes – two who want to purchase better kites, two with the simple wish to attend school – are trapped in a world of begging on the streets of Kolkata, India. Dressed as gods, they bless the generous and threaten to curse those who are not. Together, they must work to escape servitude and set a course for a new life.
Grades 1-3: Explore the excitement of the Indian kite festival of Uttarayan through vibrant multimedia resources. Then, make your own kites and fly them in a classroom kite competition! (Arts Education, Social Studies, Physical and Health Education ties)
Grades 4-5: Try a taste of Indian street food and learn about a favourite dish of the main characters in the play by cooking and sampling Pao-Bhaji, a vegetarian curry sandwich. Explore street food traditions from around the world and create your classroom’s own family cookbook. (Social Studies, Physical and Health Education ties)
Grades 6-7: Engage with complex issues in a classroom debate about poverty and the morality of the hungry stealing food. Students engage in an interactive group debate, then hone their viewpoint in a persuasive essay. (English Language Arts and Social Studies ties)
(Recommended for Pre-K and up)
By Charles M. Schulz. Based on the television special by Bill Melendez and Lee Mendelson. Stage Adaptation by Eric Schaeffer. By Special Arrangement with Arthur Whitelaw and Ruby Persson
November 25-December 24, 2016
The classic holiday story comes to the CTYP stage in a musical adaption that includes a live jazz trio. Join Charlie Brown on his quirky journey as he tries to direct the school Christmas pageant. With some help from his friends and a ragged little tree, Charlie Brown discovers the true meaning of the season.
Finding deeper meaning in the busy holiday season is a key theme of A Charlie Brown Christmas, and classroom activities will offer opportunities to learn about the many ways families celebrate during this time throughout our community. Using Social Studies investigation skills, students can learn about winter holiday celebrations in other cultures, and share their own families’ traditions. Writing the story of their own celebrations is a great way to hone English Language Arts skills.
Arts Education activities may include learning more about the many jobs and contributions it takes to put on a show, as Charlie Brown himself discovers when he tries to direct the school pageant. Or, students may make their own little trees and come together to make them beautiful. And don’t forget to learn more about Schroeder’s favourite composer, Beethoven!
Finding ways to support each other at a time when you are “supposed” to feel happy is an important part of A Charlie Brown Christmas. As part of their Physical, Health, and Career Education curriculum, students can examine how marketing and commercialism can create stress during the holiday season. Students can identify ways to come together to support their community, such as a beautification project or writing cards to someone who needs a friend.
Recommended for Grades PreK-3)
Based on the book by Dr. Seuss. Play originally produced by the National Theatre of Great Britain.
February 24-March 26, 2017
Dr. Seuss’ beloved classic comes to life with extraordinary physical theatre, magic and movement. The Cat and his Hat appears one rainy day and turns The Boy, Sally and the Fish’s world upside down. At first it is fun, but Sally and the Boy soon find themselves in a chaotic predicament. They need to find the courage to tell that Cat that his mischief is just too much. Once everything is restored, they face the moral dilemma: do they tell Mom what happened?
Everyone knows how brilliantly Dr. Seuss encouraged reading readiness and literacy, but there’s even more to learn! Our production of Dr. Seuss’ The Cat in the Hat is filled with juggling, balancing, and other feats of physicality. Get students up and moving in a Physical Education lesson on the basics of juggling with scarves.
Explore Math and Science concepts like repeating patterns, balancing, and the effect of pushes and pulls on movement by seeing how The Cat in the Hat balances an umbrella, a fishbowl, and even a cake! Learn about the cycles of sunny and rainy weather, and share what you like to do on a rainy day.
Introduce ethical concepts around risk taking and roles and responsibilities at home by asking students to imagine what they would do in Sally and the Boy’s places. What do they think Sally and the Boy told their mother when she got home? Would they tell their mother about The Cat’s visit? The play offers an opportunity to discuss strategies for handling situations where someone wants to play in a way that is unsafe, and ways to make sure everyone playing feels comfortable.
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Unlucky for you: UK crypto-duo 'crack' HTTPS in Lucky 13 attack
OpenSSL patch to protect against TLS decryption boffinry
Two scientists say they have identified a new weakness in TLS, the encryption system used to safeguard online shopping, banking and privacy. The design flaw, revealed today, could be exploited to snoop on passwords and other sensitive information sent by users to HTTPS websites.
Professor Kenny Paterson from the Information Security Group at Royal Holloway, University of London and PhD student Nadhem Alfardan claim they can crack TLS-encrypted traffic in a man-in-the-middle attack.
According to their study, the weakness revolves around altering messages exchanged between the web server and browser, and noting microsecond differences in the time taken to process them.
These timings effectively leak information about the data being transferred, allowing eavesdroppers to rebuild the original unencrypted information slowly piece by piece.
Specifically, an attacker strategically changes the data used to pad out the encrypted blocks of information, and measures the time taken for the server to work out that the message was tampered with before rejecting it. The progress of the algorithms processing the blocks is revealed by this time difference, and it's enough to gradually calculate the contents of the original message.
But it is tricky to precisely measure these timings due to network jitter and other effects. And tampering with the data will cause the connection between the browser and the server to fail. Thus, a bit of client-side malware is needed to repeatedly probe a server with new connections, replaying slightly altered versions of the original encrypted message, which might for example be a login cookie. This is similar to the earlier BEAST (Browser Exploit Against SSL/TLS) attack.
We're told attacks against DTLS - a variant of TLS used by VPNs to secure traffic - can be carried out in a single session.
"TLS is not quite as bullet-proof as we thought."
A paper [PDF] titled Lucky Thirteen: Breaking the TLS and DTLS Record Protocols was published on Monday, and states:
The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol aims to provide confidentiality and integrity of data in transit across untrusted networks like the Internet. It is widely used to secure web traffic and e-commerce transactions on the Internet. Datagram TLS (DTLS) is a variant of TLS that is growing in importance. We have found new attacks against TLS and DTLS that allow a Man-in-the-Middle attacker to recover plaintext from a TLS/DTLS connection when CBC-mode encryption is used.
The attacks arise from a flaw in the TLS specification rather than as a bug in specific implementations. We have carried out experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of the attacks against the OpenSSL and GnuTLS implementations of TLS, and we have studied the source code of other implementations to determine whether they are likely to be vulnerable.
Professor Paterson said: "While these attacks do not pose a significant threat to ordinary users in its current form, attacks only get better with time. Given TLS's extremely widespread use, it is crucial to tackle this issue now.
"Luckily we have discovered a number of countermeasures that can be used. We have been working with a number of companies and organisations, including OpenSSL, Google and Oracle, to test their systems against attack and put the appropriate defences in place."
The attacks apply to all TLS and DTLS implementations that are compliant with TLS 1.1 or 1.2, or with DTLS 1.0 or 1.2. All TLS and DTLS cipher-suites that include CBC-mode encryption are potentially vulnerable.
Like CRIME (Compression Ratio Info-leak Made Easy) and the earlier BEAST SSL exploit, both developed by security researchers Juliano Rizzo and Thai Duong, the Royal Holloway academics' Lucky Thirteen study threatens a fundamental e-commerce security protocol. The latest attacks "are quite different from BEAST and CRIME" as the university pair explain in an FAQ:
BEAST exploits the inadvisable use of chained IVs in CBC-mode in SSL and TLS 1.0. CRIME cleverly exploits the use of compression in TLS. Our attacks are based on analysing how decryption processing is carried out in TLS. However, our attacks can be enhanced by combining them with BEAST-style techniques.
The computer-science duo tested their attack against OpenSSL and GnuTLS. For OpenSSL, full plaintext recovery of encrypted data is possible. For GnuTLS, partial recovery is possible. The researchers have not studied any closed-source implementations of TLS. Blocking the attack can be achieved by either adding random time delays to CBC-mode decryption or switching to either the RC4 or AES-GCM cipher-suites.
GnuTLS released a patch on Monday. OpenSSL is working on a fix. Other vendors, including web browser developers, may also need to adapt their software in response to the threat. ®
The researchers have a neat explanation for why the attack they have developed is called Lucky Thirteen:
"In Western culture, 13 is considered an unlucky number. However, for our attack, the fact that the TLS MAC calculation includes 13 bytes of header information (5 bytes of TLS header plus 8 bytes of TLS sequence number) is, in part, what makes the attacks possible. So, in the context of our attacks, 13 is lucky - from the attacker's perspective at least. This is what passes for humour amongst cryptographers."
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This fact sheet explains different types of domestic violence and the impact domestic violence has on families. Research findings are shared on the impact of domestic violence for fathers, children, father involvement, and fathers' partners, and the overall decrease in domestic violence victimization is noted. Charts are provided that illustrate differences in domestic violence victimization by subgroups, including differences by gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, and marital status. 1 figure, 5 tables, and 44 references.
Do you have something you think is appropriate for the library? Submit Library Resources.
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by Txchnologist Staff
Using extremely powerful x-rays, German materials scientists have discovered that molten liquid metals exhibit unusual properties as they cool.
The Saarland University researchers levitated positively charged molten metal droplets in an electric field generated between two electrodes within a vacuum chamber.
Hitting the drops with x-rays as they cooled, the team observed that liquid metal transitions to another liquid state with equal density but much more order before it crystallizes and turns solid.
“By demonstrating this structural modification, we have been able to show that within the liquid phase a ‘fragile’ less-ordered liquid is transformed into a so-called ‘strong’ liquid with a higher degree of order,” said Shuai Wei, a doctoral student in the university’s metallic materials group. “The results help to provide us with a better understanding of how a material reorganizes when it undergoes cooling.”
They saw this unusual behavior as droplets cooled from around 1,700 degrees F to 980 degrees F. Earlier work indicated that liquid metals’ viscosity and entropy changed as it cooled, but the details remained in question because of experimental difficulties in slowing crystal formation during solidification.
Wei says that such insight into how industrially important metals transform as they cool could lead to advances in higher performance materials. The group’s work was published in the July 1 edition of Nature Communications.
Top Image: A metal droplet in electrostatic levitation. The hot droplet is suspended in vacuum between two electrodes. During cooling and heating its structure is continuously illuminated with synchrotron radiation and documented. Photo courtesy Institute of Materials Physics in Space at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Cologne.
© GENERAL ELECTRIC 2012. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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A drug therapy that won approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is now available to patients in the U.S., making it the first new ALS treatment in more than two decades.
RADICAVA, made by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, Inc., is given intravenously and has been shown to slow the progression of ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, by 33%.
ALS is an incurable and progressive disease, in which the patient gradually loses most physical function. RADICAVA has been shown to slow down that process.
'Clinically meaningful treatment'
"After two decades without a new treatment, people with ALS finally have access to a new clinically meaningful treatment option for this horrible, progressive and incurable disease," said company president Atsushi Fujimoto.
The company says the drug can be administered in a number of different settings, including the home. Tom Larson, the company's chief commercial officer, calls it a "seminal" moment in the treatment of ALS.
"As of today, all across the country, conversations between ALS specialists and patients may be substantially different," he said.
Affects the brain and spinal cord
ALS affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It blocks nutrient flow to muscles, causing them to atrophy and waste away. According to the ALS Association, the lateral area of the spinal cord is where key nerve cells regulating muscle control are located.
The slow degrading of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their destruction. As the neurons die, the brain has less ability to initiate or control muscle movement. Patients eventually lose the ability to speak, eat, move, or even breathe.
Prior to RADICAVA, riluzole was the only FDA-approved treatment for ALS. The ALS Association says that drug "modestly" slows the growth of ALS in some people.
About 6,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with ALS each year. At any given time, around 20,000 Americans are believed to suffer from the disease.
Most patients who develop ALS do so between the ages of 40 and 70, with an average age of 55 at the time of diagnosis. However, cases of the disease do occur in persons in their twenties and thirties.
Symptoms vary among individuals, but generally are first manifested through loss of muscle function.
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New report on depression in HIV patients
Many HIV-infected individuals are at risk for depression, as many feel overwhelmed by the substantial changes in their lives. Growing research shows that HIV patients have more negative effects from depression, according to a report in AIDS Alert.
Jane Leserman, a research associate professor of psychiatry at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, notes that data shows that “psychological factors affect disease progression in HIV.” Over 50 percent of older adults with HIV have depression, said Tim Heckman of Ohio University. Doctors, therefore, must be aware that older patients are at risk.
Meanwhile, Gail Ironson, psychology professor at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, has found that HIV patients are vulnerable for depression right after diagnosis and also when symptoms first begin to show. Jerry Durham, a nurse and dean at Barnes College of Nursing in St. Louis, explained that HIV comes with an expectation of loss. Not treating depression can have stark results and can cost more in the long run.
Depression is associated with low immune response, disease progression, decreased survival, and lower quality of life as well. Leserman’s research showed that psychological factors can lead to faster HIV progression to AIDS. Her study of adult gay men and the stresses in their lives found that some patients prefer to remain stoic under stress.
Blood samples showed that cortisol levels appeared to predict which men would progress more rapidly to AIDS could lower the immune system. Leserman said that although there is little research available on cortisol, “our own findings showed that cortisol was not a very beneficial hormone for these men.”
Ref: “Clinicians, Researchers Starting to Understand Impact of Depression.” AIDS Alert 11/00. Vol. 15, No. 11, p. 129
Source: CDC HIV/STD/TB Prevention News Update. December 5, 2000.
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We all know that our cars need engine oil in order to operate smoothly. The role of engine oil is to keep the moving parts of the engine lubricated, to protect them against rust corrosion, and -- with modern detergent oil additives -- to keep them free of sludge and general engine gunk.
But most of us also know some things about engine oil that aren't actually true. For instance, isn't it always necessary to change your oil every 3,000 miles (4,828 kilometers)? And when the color of your oil starts becoming dark, doesn't that mean that it's about to fill your engine with harmful sludge?
Well, no. These ideas are myths and over the next few pages we'll debunk them, along with a few other engine oil "facts" that don't happen to be true. A little knowledge isn't necessarily a dangerous thing, but a little knowledge that doesn't happen to be true could quite possibly ruin your engine, or at least cost you a lot of unnecessary expense.
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Cursive Writing A-z Worksheets – Cursive can be defined as any type of penmanship, wherein characters are joined in a flowing fashion. This is in contrast with block letters. Cursive handwriting can be used for writing in everyday situations. Additionally, it’s often used for art and hand-lettering in calligraphy. Formal cursive is typically joined with pen lifts, while casual cursive may be combined with pen lifts and joins. The writing style is further subdivided into “looped”, “italic” or “connected”.
The cursive method is used for many alphabets due to infrequent pen lifting and beliefs that it boosts the speed of writing. Certain alphabets include multiple letters, or even all of them within the same word. Sometimes, just a single intricate stroke could create a word.
A study from 2013 found that the speed at which cursive letters are written is identical to that of print regardless of the handwriting the child learnt the first.
Cursive handwriting is a form of writing that requires the letters are joined, in an attempt to write more quickly. It’s a good alternative to block-letters in which the pen lifts between every letter. It can also be called joined-up handwriting , also known as script handwriting, but referring to cursive as script handwriting is less common.
Benefits of Cursive Writing
When you write, Cursive can be fun and beneficial. It not only makes your handwriting appear neater however, it can help you write faster and more efficiently! If in the future, your child may have to scribble down all the lecture notes they can write in cursive, and cursive handwriting can help.
Handwriting that is joined enhances motor skills and control of the pen. The ability to write cursive will help you to recognize letters quicker. When you teach cursive handwriting, you’re practising important muscles movements. These movements are vital for the development of manual dexterity. Being able to execute precise motor movements will aid in children’s hand-eye coordination.Z
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A 3,500-year-old tablet recording the Epic of Gilgamesh was returned to Iraq on Thursday after it was stolen three decades ago and brought to the United States illegally.
“For me, this means restoring self-confidence and confidence in Iraqi society,” Culture Minister Hassan Nazim said during the handover ceremony in Washington.
Joja chakra:What if Iraq attacked Texas?
Although the piece is small in size, it has enormous cultural and historical value. It contains parts of the “Epic of Gilgamesh”, an ancient epic poem from Mesopotamia, considered among the oldest literary works in human history.
It is a story that has influenced all the major monotheistic religions, and also left its mark in the “Iliad” and “Odyssey,” said Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Audrey Azoulay.
Gilgamesh was the fifth king of the first Uruk dynasty – the first known urban civilization located in what is now Iraq. Regarded as the most famous ancestor of the Sumerian kings, he ruled around 2650 BC and was the subject of legends and poems, becoming revered as a hero, and later a deity.
For Assistant US Attorney Kenneth Polit, the banner’s return “in itself is a story of epic proportions.” According to him, the clay work is believed to have been stolen from an Iraqi museum in 1991, during the first Gulf War, and reappeared in the United Kingdom in 2001.
An American art dealer bought it from a Jordanian family living in London in 2003 and sent the piece to the United States without disclosing its true nature to customs. It was then sold to antiques dealers in 2007 for $50,000 with a forged certificate of origin, and then, in 2014, for $1.67 million to owners of the Hobby Lobby craft chain.
The curator was concerned about the tablet’s assets in 2017 due to a lack of documentation and the work was finally confiscated in 2019.
The Iraqi Ministry of Culture has asked other organizations to examine the artifacts of questionable origin.
Iraq’s archives have been looted for decades, including after the 2003 US invasion.
“Gamers. Unfortunate Twitter teachers. Zombie pioneers. Internet fans. Hardcore thinkers.”
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Congratulations to Gennady Borisov, the Crimean amateur who discovered the object now officially designated as 2I/Borisov (with a 0.65-metre telescope he built himself!). That ‘I’ in the designation points to the object’s interstellar origins, and picks up the nomenclature used with the first interstellar object in our system, 1I/‘Oumuamua. We’ve examined thousands of comets over the years but have found none with an orbit as hyperbolic as 2I/Borisov. That means that while the comet’s trajectory is being affected by the Sun, it’s not going to be captured by it.
What’s ahead: 2I/Borisov reaches perihelion on 7 December 2019, at which point it will be 2 astronomical units from the Sun and also 2 AU from Earth. It reaches its brightest levels in the southern sky in December and January and then heads back out toward the interstellar deep. So far, it appears that 2I/Borisov is a few kilometers in diameter, and we’ve also learned — via the Gran Telescopio Canarias (Canary Islands) — that its spectrum resembles typical cometary nuclei. The new interstellar visitor appears to be more straightforward than 1I/‘Oumuamua.
But considering that 1I/‘Oumuamua appeared a scant two years before 2I/Borisov, the inference is clear that such objects may be fairly numerous. Keep in mind that new instrumentation about to come online will expand our catalog, allowing us to investigate exoplanetary systems in ways beyond radial velocity and transits, through the spectra of objects within our own system.
Image: A comet from beyond our Solar System, as imaged by the Gemini Observatory. The image of the newly discovered object, named 2I/Borisov, was obtained on the night of 9–10 September 2019 using the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph on the Gemini North Telescope on Hawaii’s Mauna Kea. Credit: Gemini Observatory/NSF/AURA.
There is little doubt about 2I/Borisov’s cometary nature, given that observations have shown a condensed coma and a short tail. The IAU’s decision to give it a designation as an interstellar object follows the computation of its orbit by the IAU Minor Planet Center, with confirmation of the hyperbolic orbit from JPL’s Solar System Dynamics Group. Now we wait to learn how often to expect such objects and how much information we will be able to tease out of them.
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Chapter 4, Cheer the Weary Traveller, W.E.B. Du Bois, Germany and the Politics of (Dis)placement.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What does Gilroy say DuBois often reminded blacks?
(a) That slavery was the worst thing people could suffer.
(b) That slavery was a finite stage in the development of the world consciousness.
(c) That slavery was worse than cultural collapse.
(d) That slavery was not the worst form of domination.
2. What kind of history did Frederick Douglass propose according to Gilroy?
(a) A history of pre-contact North America.
(b) A history of pre-slavery Africa.
(c) A history of blacks in the new world.
(d) A history of race relations.
3. How does Gilroy say we should look at the history of race in the West?
(a) As an opposition of black and white essences.
(b) As a conjunction of races.
(c) As a long cooperative experiment.
(d) As the collision of two defined cultures.
4. What kinds of frameworks was DuBois trying to look beyond?
5. What does Gilroy say the language of ethnic opposition typically does?
(a) Provides a false sense of power and identity.
(b) Obscures racial differences.
(c) Empowers oppressed minorities.
(d) Accommodates numerous racial experiences.
Short Answer Questions
1. Who does Gilroy say DuBois was analyzing in The Souls of Black Folk?
2. How does Gilroy characterize postmodernity?
3. What does Gilroy say modern thinkers focus on in describing modernity?
4. How did DuBois' birthplace affect his identity?
5. What does Gilroy say master-race intellectuals often do to race?
This section contains 330 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
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Before Custer: Surveying the Yellowstone, 1872
M. John Lubetkin
University of Oklahoma Press, Feb 25, 2015 - History - 328 pages
Hoping to complete its transcontinental route, the Northern Pacific Railroad set out in 1872 to survey the Yellowstone Valley. An emissary from the Lakota chief Sitting Bull had warned the two surveying expeditions (eastern and western) not to enter the valley. But no one—certainly no Northern Pacific investor—was worried about taking the Indian threat seriously.
As it turned out, the Indians were deadly serious—and successful. The firsthand accounts compiled here by M. John Lubetkin document the survey’s three-month struggle with the Lakotas and other Plains Indian people. Before Custer: Surveying the Yellowstone, 1872 tells the story of a military and public relations disaster. Much to the surprised dismay of U.S. Army strategists and railroad executives, the Indians repeatedly harrassed army forces of nearly a thousand men. One surveying party turned back, without meeting its objectives, after a determined attack led by Sitting Bull. The other also retreated, and one ambush it encountered resulted in the death of a member of President Ulysses S. Grant’s family and the narrow escape of the railroad’s lead engineer.
The previously unpublished documents that Lubetkin has collected and annotated also tell a parallel story: that of the dire consequences of the railroad’s problems for the country. When the Northern Pacific’s expansion plans were thwarted, the nation’s largest private banking house failed, leading to the Panic of 1873. The fighting brought Sitting Bull to national attention and led directly to George Armstrong Custer’s transfer to the Department of Dakota.
The vivid eyewitness accounts artfully assembled here reveal the failures of alcoholic army commanders and show personal encounters between soldiers and Indians, among them the formidable Lakota warrior known as Gall. Before Custer tells of a little-known but crucial episode in the history of westward expansion and Native peoples’ efforts to halt that expansion.
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The History of the Abel Prize
Three main tasks were specified as the celebration of the Abel centenary in 1902 approached. The first was to arrange a broad cultural commemoration, the second to raise a worthy monument in memory of the genius and the third, to establish an international Abel Prize.
The first two tasks were completed. The Abel festivities in September 1902 were held with pomp and circumstance, and students, townspeople, scientists, artists, the Storting, the Government and the royal family attended. A number of foreign mathematicians also present were awarded honorary doctorates. Gustav Vigeland's Abel monument on Abelhaugen, a knoll on the Palace grounds, was unveiled six years later. For various reasons, however, the plans for an Abel Prize were set aside.
The first eager proponent of establishing an Abel Prize was the mathematician Sophus Lie, Norway's other world-renowned mathematician. Before his death in 1899, one of the last things he used his international prestige for was to gather support for establishing a fund that would award an Abel Prize every five years for outstanding work in pure mathematics. Lie's effort was, by all accounts, inspired by the ongoing collection for the Nansen Fund and certainly by the fact that Alfred Nobel's plans for annual prizes, made known in 1897, lacked a prize in mathematics.
Although the support from the leading centres of mathematics in Europe was over-whelming, the contacts and promises for support were tied too much to Sophus Lie personally. Therefore, when he died, the effort died too. Not until the centenary celebration in 1902 did King Oscar II become interested in a prize in Abel’s honour. In close association with the Science Society of Christiania, today the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the mathematicians Carl Størmer and Ludvig Sylow drew up statutes and rules for this prize.
However, the dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway in 1905 put an end to any further plans. Fridtjof Nansen, the polar explorer, regretted that even with contributions from mathematics circles abroad, it was financially impossible for Norway to establish an Abel fund on its own. In a letter in 1906 to the mathematician Elling Holst he added: "The Abel Prize promised by blessed King Oscar went to heaven with the Union."
On the occasion of the centenary of his death in 1929, Abel was commemorated on Norwegian stamps, the first non-royal after Henrik Ibsen to be so honoured. In 1948, Norges Bank printed Abel's portrait on the obverse of the 500-krone banknote. And Abel's memory was kept alive in subsequent banknote and stamp issues. When the International Mathematical Union, with UNESCO support, designated 2000 as the "World Mathematical Year", Abel was Norway's leading logo. Abel's international position and his life and work were also at the heart of the efforts leading up to the bicentenary of Abel's birth. The objective of a number of national and international efforts aimed at the profession, schools and society at large was to create a broader appreciation for the importance of mathematics and science for today's society.
At a meeting in August 2000 between Abel's biographer Arild Stubhaug and the CEO of Telenor, Tormod Hermansen, events from a century earlier were discussed and the plans for a major international Abel Prize dusted off. Hermansen briefed the Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs about the idea, and Stubhaug brought the matter before the Department of Mathematics at the University of Oslo. After an invitation from Arne Bang Huseby, the academic head of department, and Yngvar Reichelt, the administrative head of department, Hermansen, along with his secretary, Kjell Stahl, attended a meeting at the Department of Mathematics in March 2001.
Here a working group was appointed, the Working Group for the Abel Prize, consisting of professors Jens Erik Fenstad, Arnfinn Laudal and Ragni Piene, administrative head of department Yngvar Reichelt, lecturer Nils Voje Johansen and the author Arild Stubhaug. From then on all parties involved worked intensely on the matter. Members of the Storting and key players in academic, business and cultural circles were briefed on the plans for an Abel Prize, and feedback was entirely positive. Declarations of support also came from major international mathematics organisations. On 23 May the Working Group for the Abel Prize sent the prime minister its proposal to establish an Abel Prize.
Then on 23 August 2001, during a speech on the Blindern campus of the University of Oslo, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg announced that the Government would establish an Abel Fund worth NOK 200 million. He emphasised the broad political consensus regarding the proposal and hoped that an annual Abel Prize would strengthen and inspire teaching as well as scientific efforts.
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A science experiment can be an exciting time of discovery for kids and their parents. Many times, families struggle to find an experiment that is easy to do, yet follows the scientific method. Sometimes, in the middle of all the regulations and details of the science experiment, the fun gets lost, and along with it, the opportunity to learn.
Our 24 Hour Science Projects guide has wonderful science experiments for kids! We are devoted to helping parents and students discover that science projects can really be fun. We’ve put our many years of experience with science experiments into packages of projects with hand-holding, step by step instructions.
We have easy science projects, projects perfect for middle school, experiments ready to send to a science fair. We also have cool science projects that will fascinate kids and impress teachers. Take a look at our project guides
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This article or section needs more/new/more-detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made.
This article or section needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of article quality.
The original language of the Hobbits is lost to history, as their specific origins. The earliest known historical location of the Hobbits is in the upper vales of Anduin and while there, they must have had some contact with the Éothéod, who lived in the same area. Thus the earliest known Hobbit-language must have been a northern Mannish tongue learned from the Éothéod. Eventually, due to the increasing danger from Greenwood, the Éothéod migrated south to Calenardhon and the Hobbits migrated West starting their "Wandering Days".
A small number of Stoors would move briefly to the Angle of Eriador where they had some contact with the Dunlendings, picking up a few Dunlendish words. When the Stoors later moved to the Shire with the rest of their kin, they quickly adopted the language as spoken in the Shire at the time, but no doubt their Dunlending background resulted to several regional peculiarities in regions that Stoors mostly settled in (eg. Buckland and the Marish).
In any case, by the time of the War of the Ring, the Rohirric language and Hobbitish possessed many linguistic similarities which were obvious even to a non-linguist like Meriadoc Brandybuck; because of their Northern Mannish background from the Vales of Anduin, Hobbitish retained some archaic elements that didn't exist in Westron. Simply hearing parts of the language of the Rohirrim, Merry noticed several words which clearly sounded like old words used in the Shire.
Merry would in his later years author a book of linguistic study on the relationship, "Old Place Names in the Shire".
Hobbitish was a regional dialect spoken in a rustic agricultural region. As such, it was not as "refined" as the true form of the language as spoken eg. in Gondor or Rivendell. It contained many simplifications and archaisms.
Hobbit society was made up almost entirely of farmers and with barely and "government" to speak of, much less a noble class. As a result, Hobbitish possess only the "familiar" pronoun of Westron but not the deferential pronoun; except in scattered parts of the Westfarthing where is was used more as a light-hearted term of endearment.
This prominent peculiarity in actual grammatical structure is what Gondorians are referring to when they repeatedly remark that Hobbit-speech sounds strange.
It was most obvious when Peregrin Took was speaking to Denethor II, Steward and ruler of Gondor, while he was at court in Minas Tirith; unintentionally, Pippin was addressing Denethor using the very informal and personalized familiar language, as with a close friend or social equal. Denethor seemed to react with some bemusement but astonished his servants, and probably gave strength to the rumor that Pippin was of very high social rank within his own country, and one particularly wild rumor that the "Ernil i Pheriannath" had promised 5,000 Hobbits to the defense of the city.
Personal names of Hobbit individuals are varied. Some of them are Hobbitish but many are archaic with forgotten meaning. The most common names were worn by the middle class, such as the Bagginses, they were meaningless and their form was short; male names ended in -a while females ended in -o or -e.
Hobbit women also wore names of flowers or jewels.
The major difference between Hobbitish and more proper forms of Westron are many archaic words that Hobbits retained in their vocabulary from whatever languages they spoke in ancient times. Examples would include:
- Smial - "large excavated hole used as a home" (i.e. Bag End, Brandy Hall, or Great Smials of the Tooks).
- Mathom - "old thing which you no longer have a use for but don't want to throw away; a knick-nack; an antique" (i.e. the Mathom-house is a museum)
- Withywindle - river name, peculiar to the language of the Shire.
- Swertings - a word referring to the Swarthy Men.
- Oliphaunts - name of the gigantic beasts, also known as Elephants.
- Goblin - the evil race properly termed "Orcs" in Common Speech were referred to as "Goblins" by the Hobbits. This is apparently some local colloquialism of uncertain origin. However, while this originated as a Hobbit "slang term" for Orcs, due to the presence of the Shire on the major trade route of the Great East Road, over the centuries this term was actually picked up by members of other races (much as how smoking Pipe-weed was). The term actually gained a high degree of popularity throughout Middle-earth. The term "Goblin" came to more often be used when referring to smaller Orcs, of the type Hobbits were more likely to see (rare roving bands like that led by Golfimbul). Larger soldier-Orcs bred for war were less likely to be referred to as "Goblins", because they never really encountered them, thus larger breeds of Orcs would often simply be called "Orcs".
- Note: Tolkien's conception of what "Orcs" and "Goblins" were exactly fluctuated over time, and in The Hobbit was written when these ideas had not solidified in his mind, and as such in that book he uses the two terms rather interchangeably. Later on, he more fully set down that "Orcs" was the proper term for the entire race, with "Goblins" being a colloquial Hobbit-invented term for Orcs
The highest concentration of unique "Hobbitish" words are of course in the surnames of old families, place names, and calender words such as names for months, days, seasons, et cetera.
Αll of this ties into the fact that "Westron" as it appears in the books written by J.R.R. Tolkien functions under the conceit that "Common Speech" is really a separate foreign language which Tolkien "translated" into English. For example, the name "Meriadoc Brandybuck" is "translated" into English from the "genuine Westron" name Kalimac Brandagamba (which would make it, actually "genuine Hobbitish")
In order to mirror the peculiar and rustic dialect of Hobbits, Tolkien invented new words by "modernizing" obsolete archaic Old English ones that had not survived in modern language; such examples are Thain from þegn, mathom from māþum and smial from smygel.
The most obvious linguistic parallel between the "Hobbitish" dialect and language of the Rohirrim is in the name "Hobbit" itself: according to Théoden of Rohan, there are a few legends among the Rohirrim about Hobbit-like creatures they they call the Holbytlan in Rohirric. Rohirric is actually "translated" into Old English in the books just as Westron is into English, because it is an archaic form of Westron. "Holbytlan" in Old English means "Hole-builders", an apt name for the Hobbits. However, in "genuine Westron", the word translated into English as "Hobbit", is actually "Kuduk". The corresponding "genuine Rohirric" word from which it evolved is "Kûd-dûkan".
As Tolkien did with the Mannish languages which he rendered with Germanic names, various regional Hobbitish names are usually rendered with variant forms.
- Westron = Modern English
- "Middle Westron" (of the Yellowskin Book) = Middle English
- "Old Marish-hobbitish" = (Old) Welsh
- Fallohide names = Frankish (a variety of Old High German)
- "Bree-landish" = Eastern Brythonic (the variety of the British Celtic language spoken in Logria, before it became "England")
Portrayal in adaptations
- Adapter Terence Tiller briefly corresponded with Tolkien about what accents should be used. It is unknown if he followed Tolkien's advice.
- There seems to be little contrast in style, other than the rural portrayal of Samwise Gamgee.
- Any dialectical difference is completely removed. Sam talks the same English as the other Hobbits.
- In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", Jonathan Adams' portrayal of Sam Gamgee is close to over-the-top rustic. He speaks in a grumbling, low voice.
- Considerable attention was paid to the dialects characters speak with and cast members trained extensively with dialogue coaches. Hobbits in the films speak with basically an English Midlands accent, because Tolkien said that the Shire was based largely on his boyhood home in the Midlands. Of the main Hobbit characters:
- Sam Gamgee speaks with the working-class rustic Midlands accent which was used as the standard for all the other minor Hobbit characters.
- Bilbo and Frodo Baggins, because they are both book-educated, speak with a slightly more refined and less pronounced accent.
- The actor who played Pippin, Billy Boyd, is Scottish, and originally he was supposed to speak like the others, but eventually it was decided that it was adversely affecting his comic timing. The production team then invented the justification that the Took region of the Shire is described as very hilly, so much so that when Saruman's ruffians take over the rest of the Shire they are successfully repulsed from Took-land due to its rough terrain, and thus is it loosely analogous to Scotland. Thus, it was decided that Tooks should speak with a Scottish accent as well, and Boyd was allowed to use his normal Scottish accent when portraying Pippin for the entire trilogy of films.
- Meriadoc Brandybuck is described as being the linguistic "oddball" of the group: he was not from any of the four farthings of the Shire, but a Brandybuck from Buckland, and thus is from a region apart. To reflect this, his accent is noticeably distinct from the other Hobbits seen on-screen, something of an invention between actor Dominic Monaghan and the dialect coaches, to reflect his unique origin.
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Close to Collinsville, Illinois, USA stands one of the most fascinating pre-columbian earthworks. The so-called Monks Mound is the largest pyramid north of Mesoamerica. Although much of it is overgrown now and nature also took its toll, it is still not hard to guess that this structure was man-made.
In its prime, it is calculated to have been 100 feet (30 m) high, 955 feet (291 m) long and 775 feet (236 m) wide. The ground area is roughly the same as the famous pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The Monks Mound was built around the year 900 and saw several hundred years of adding and modifying the structure. After 1400, it was abandoned and only around 1860, the Monks Mound started to become interesting to archeologists. The stairs on the picture are modern, but were built almost exactly at the spot of the original stairs.
We are not responsible for the contents of external links. Full disclaimer can be found here.
Photo Credits / Sources:
By Skubasteve834 [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported], via Wikimedia Commons
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Archaeologists discovered that the Indus Valley civilisation, that occupied the region of what is now Pakistan and North-west India during the Bronze Age domesticated rice farming far earlier than previously believed.
The latest research confirms that Indus populations were the earliest people to use complex multi-cropping strategies across both seasons, growing foods during summer, such as rice, millets and beans, and winter, like wheat, barley and pulses, which required different watering regimes. Researchers from the University of Cambridge’s Division of Archaeology, in collaboration with colleagues at Banaras Hindu University and the University of Oxford believe they have found evidence for an entirely separate domestication process in ancient South Asia, likely based around the wild species Oryza nivara. This led to the local development of a mix of “wetland” and “dryland” agriculture of local Oryza sativa indica rice agriculture before the truly “wetland” Chinese rice, Oryza sativa japonica, arrived around 2000 BC. According to the archaeologists while wetland rice is more productive, and took over to a large extent when introduced from China, our findings appear to show there was already a long-held and sustainable culture of rice production in India as a widespread summer addition to the winter cropping during the Indus civilisation.
Archaeologists sifted for traces of ancient grains in the remains of several Indus villages within a few kilometres of the site called Rakhigari (including Masudpur I): the most recently excavated Indus civilisation city that may have maintained a population of some 40,000. They found winter staples of wheat and barley and winter pulses like peas and vetches, as well as evidence of summer crop, such as domesticated rice, but also millet and the tropical black lentil and horsegram. Radiocarbon dating provided absolute dates of 2890-2630 BC for millets and winter pulses, 2580-2460 BC for horsegram, and 2430-2140 BC for rice.
(after EurekAlert & Cameron Petrie)
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Every year in the United States, about 4.5 million people suffer from dog bites and 20% of them require immediate medical attention. 50% of the people who suffer the bites are children who are below 13 years. They are more vulnerable to dog bites because they do not know how to act around dogs. Unfortunately, there are no many cases of dog bites from strange dogs. They happen when interacting with familiar dogs. Any dog has the capacity of biting and it is thus important to educate people and children on how to avoid dog bites. Most of the dog bites happen then they are still puppies.
Puppies use their mouth to explore and learn about the world. However, their teeth are quite sharp thus making it uncomfortable when they come into contact with the human skin. As the saying goes, it is hard to teach old dog new tricks unless they are willing to learn. Therefore, it is important to train these small puppies on the behaviors that are acceptable and which are not. The earlier they learn, the easier it is to control the bites.
Before we can know how to stop puppy bites, it is important to know the reasons behind this biting. Below are some of the major reasons why these bites occur.
1. The possessiveness of a dog. A dog is a man’s friend and in many homesteads, it serves as a very important security measure. Once you make a dog your friend, it will try to protect all the property that belongs to you and will bite anyone who tries to take anything from you. To stop this behavior it is important to train your dog early to minimize the possessiveness. By training the dogs to follow the command of “Leave it” it works really well in preventing any toy aggression. In case of food aggression, you can train them to wait while you pour their food. In protecting their foods, they can harm anyone who comes around them and it is important to teach your children not to bother the dogs while they are eating.
2. Trying to explore the world and sharpen their teeth. As earlier stated, this is very common with the puppies. Just like babies how they put almost everything in their mouth, the puppies also use their mouth to learn about the things that surround them. They will bite anything that is around them. At this stage, it is recommended that you should not let your children play with them so much and if they have to play, keep a close watch on them so as to avoid any bite.
3. Dog fears. A dog fear is mostly portrayed to strangers, veterinarians as well as when they are in unfamiliar situations. Your children should be taught to avoid approaching unfamiliar dogs as it will trigger fear in them thus the need to bite. A puppy should be taken through early socialization thus minimizing the risk that come with their phobia in their adulthood.
4. Dog pains. Just like human beings, dogs are uncomfortable when they are feeling unwell. No matter how friendly a dog is, when it is in pain it can even bite its closest friend. If your doing is feeling pain, you ought to instruct your children to stay away from the dog. When in pain, a dog can become a bit snippy. It is recommended that you should take your dog to a vet before the conditions becomes worse.
5. Maternal instincts. There is nothing as protective as an animal that has given birth. When the dog has puppies, they are very protective and can bite anyone who tries to take the puppies away from them. You ought to advise your children to approach the puppies with a lot of caution. Also, when handling puppies, you must be very cautious of the mother. Making one careless mistake can make the dog to bite you. The best way to avoid bites resulting from this is to ensure that the dog and its puppies have a secluded place that they are comfortable and they feel secure with minimal or no distraction.
6. Prey drive. If you pass by a dog running or cycling, it will start chasing you. When you are performing your exercises, or cycling, you should be careful of the environment you are in. If there is a roaming dog, try to avoid crossing paths as it may result to a chase. The end result may be a bite.
Despite the above major instances that may trigger your dog or puppy to bite, there are various ways that you can stop these bites from happening. Some of the ways are:
A. Cry. When you are playing with a friendly dog, it may at some point bite you and the best way to make it stop is by crying or yelping. This will convey the message to the dog that the bite hurts and it will instantly stop. A puppy will be surprised by your yelping thus is will stop biting andstart licking you. In this case, you should show the puppy that you love him and give him a puppy kiss.
B. Give your puppy a time out. There are some instances that the yelping will not help. In training you ought to let your puppy know that biting is not allowed by giving it a time out. Basically, this is ignoring her for about 30 seconds. With time, your puppy will learn from the negative response that biting is wrong. The puppies should learn that the moment they bite, their play time is over. After a time out, they will return to playing but it will not be rough.
C. Stop biting by substitution and rejection. This basically entails replacing the puppy’s favorite toys whenever they bite. This is an essential part of training that ensures that there minimal or no bites. Show them that their teeth should go to these toys. This will make your puppy grow up knowing that biting is not a good behavior.
D. Set play dates with your puppy. Just like how babies learn things faster when they are in company of the people in the same age group, the puppies are also able to learn the good and the bad from other puppies. It is therefore important to ensure that you set some time for your puppies to play with other puppies in the same age. When they are playing and it bites another dog, the bitten dog will cease to play for some time and thus your dog will learn that biting hurts.
E. Use of negative association to discourage the dog. This technique basically involves applying some spray or substances with unpleasant taste so that when these puppies bite you, they will feel an unpleasant taste thus will cease biting. These substances are recommended and stocked by many vet stores. The puppy will associate the biting with an awful taste.
Learn more about canine health and pet supplements at https://blog.nuvet.com/
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Why Did President Ford Ban Assassinations?Google Questions
Originally published 8-24-05
This article was first published on November 4, 2001.
Until 1975 few people outside the government knew that the United States had ever plotted the assasination of foreign leaders. Even many high officials inside the government did not know, including Henry Kissinger, then secretary of state, and President Gerald Ford. All that changed, however, as the result of a series of exposes published in the New York Times by investigative journalist Seymour Hersh.
The story came out as the result of a disclosure by the president himself. In late 1974 Hersh had stumbled upon evidence that the CIA had been engaged in domestic spying, in express violation of its 1947 charter. After he had assembled his evidence he went to the head of the CIA, William Colby, for an explanation. Colby promptly warned the White House, which wanted to know what other skeletons lurked in the CIA closet. Colby, complying, sent over a copy of a document known as the Family Jewels, which had been prepared at the direction of the previous director, James Schlesinger, near the end of his term. The Family Jewels listed every underhanded operation in which the CIA had ever been engaged, including plots to assassinate foreign leaders. When Colby after the Christmas holiday briefed the president he emphasized the assasination plots.
In January the Senate, alarmed by the disclosures concerning domestic spying, established the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, chaired by Frank Church. Colby, called to testify, revealed that the CIA had indeed spied on antiwar protesters. Kissinger moaned:"Every time Bill Colby gets near Capital Hill, the damn fool feels an irresistible urge to confess to some horrible crime."
But as historian Christopher Andrew relates,"it was Ford himself" who"inadvertently revealed the most sensational crimes of all."
At a White House lunch for the publisher and editors of the New York Times on January 16 the president revealed that the intelligence files contained material that it was against the national interest to reveal because it would"blacken the reputation of every President since Truman.""Like what?" asked one of the editors."Like assassinations!" replied Ford, adding hastily,"That's off the record!" It was, by any standards, an astonishingly ill-judged remark. Colby was told what Ford had said the next day."I was stunned," he recalls."I just couldn't figure out how it had happened. My conclusion is that it was just Ford being the straightforward guy he is. He's not a Machiavellian, ... and he was being pressed."
In fact, as Andrew relates,"all the CIA's assassination plots had either failed or been abandoned," but Ford's remark eventually got around, though the editors of the Times had decided not to publish it. Eventually CBS's Daniel Schorr got wind of the story and made it national news."President Ford," Schorr reported,"has warned associates that if current investigations go too far they could uncover several assassinations of foreign officials involving the CIA."
In the months that followed the pressure grew on Ford to renounce assassinations. Determined to restore the integrity of the presidency in the wake of Watergate, he pinned the blame on rogue officials at the CIA. In March Ford announced at a press conference,"I will not condone-in fact I condemn-any CIA involvement in any assassination planning or action. ... I am personally looking at, analyzing all of the more recent charges of any assassination attempts by the CIA or actual assassinations from its inception to the present."
In early 1976, following a year of disclosures, investigations and public revulsion, President Ford issued an executive order banning the assassinations. Senator Church praised the president's action."It is," said Church,"simply intolerable that any agency of the government of the United States may engage in murder."
- Christopher Andrew, For the President's Eyes Only (1996)
- Stephen F. Knott, Secret and Sanctioned (1996)
comments powered by Disqus
Walter McElligott - 8/29/2005
"Why Did President Ford Ban Assassinations?"
What a dumb Q. to be added to "why was Lincoln shot at Ford's Theatre." The A. to both is "assassinations are a reply to hatred.
Ford sought to eliminate the hate that arises when the US. disagrees w/ the politics of other nations.
To ask why Pres. Ford did so is to assume he was wrong, & thus Lincoln's assassination was proper.
Michael Ducey - 11/7/2001
I know of at least one assassination of a foreign official that succeeded. In 1970 the U.S. sponsored a group of ultra-right wing military men in Chile who assassinated the commander of the Chilean army General René Schneider because the general refused to use the army to overturn the election to the presidency of Socialist Salvador Allende. The United States supplied unmarked machine guns to the Chilean plotters.
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The body receives and processes endless bits of information every day, both from within the body and outside of the body. Each of the senses gathers new information constantly, and your mind makes you aware of any changes and things to focus on.
When so many bits of information are being processed, it can be difficult to fully register and address each one. For this reason, much is kept in the subconscious, with only the most important facts being provided to the conscious mind. This can lead to small warning signs being missed, and where the kidney functioning is concerned this can be a dangerous situation.
Kidney failure can occur when the kidney is no longer able to filter the blood as well, and it can cause several symptoms. The effects of lower kidney function include sleep disturbance, headaches and exhaustion, dry skin, changes to taste, difficulty breathing, swelling in the extremities and eyes, back pain, and high blood pressure.
Continue Reading “I can’t Believe N 1!”
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ASA Issues Position Statement on School Start Times
In order to offer a more economical solution to school bus scheduling, and easier after-school activity planning, many schools across the country have changed middle school and high school start times to earlier hours in the morning. Many schools now start at 07:00 – some even earlier.
While this does offer substantial upfront cost savings to school budgets, it comes with a burden that far outweighs the benefit.
According to CDC research, “Among an estimated 39,700 U.S. public middle, high, and combined schools (with an estimated total enrollment of 26.3 million students), the average start time was 8:03 a.m. Forty-two states reported that 75%–100% of their public schools had early start times (before 8:30 a.m.)” Almost half of schools start before 08:00.
There is growing evidence that teenagers, as well as young adults, are negatively impacted by early school start times. Circadian rhythm studies have demonstrated that teenagers generally go to bed later and wake up later than adults. This is not a result of societal pressures, but rather an intrinsic part of their DNA and internal biologic time clocks. Teens also require more total sleep time than adults.
With earlier school start times, young students are not obtaining adequate total sleep time. This is resulting in numerous consequences. Data shows that early school start times and inadequate sleep lead to a decreased school performance, as well as mental health and physical health problems.
Early school start times and sleep deprivation are associated with weight gain, depression, mood problems, higher blood glucose levels and increased motor vehicle accidents.
Later school start time are associated with higher attendance rates, lower depression scores, and more even temperament at home.
The American Sleep Association position on school start times is that middle school and high school should not start before 08:00. A time closer to 09:00 or later would be preferable.
ASA is excited to partner with Start School Later which advocates for later school start times.
CDC – http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6430a1.htm?s_cid=mm6430a1_e
UMN – http://www.cehd.umn.edu/carei/publications/documents/Bulletin200212Wahlstrom.pdf
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Honey bees drones actually have a large spectrum of personalities. Scientists found that some are homebodies, some are explorers, and no matter what they are, we can change them.
There are some scientific studies for which the results don't matter so much as the method of inquiry. For example, when people hear that a team led by the University of Illinois has discovered that honey bees have personalities — and how to change those personalities — the results of the study can be safely pushed aside while people focus on the question, "How in the world do you figure out that bees have personalities?"
The first step is defining what a "personality" is. Science has done this before with both octopuses and humans. The defining trait of personality is a consistent response to similar stimuli in different contexts. People (who do have personalities) do not respond to one barking dog by cowering in a corner and respond to an out-of-control horse by running up to it. Octopuses, who do not have personalities have shown that one day they will run from a strange object while another day they will investigate it.
Honey bees hives are filled with self-sacrificing drones who, under the right circumstances, don't have a care for their lives, let alone personal preferences. Still, there are differences. Certain bees, while gathering food, tended to range farther and explore more than other drones. They did this consistently, but that alone wasn't enough to convince the researchers that they had personalities. Then the hives grew until they had overgrown their homes. The colony had to split. Before the split could happen, intrepid bees had to go out in search of new nest sites. By necessity, these couldn't be too close to the other hives, or they two populations would compete. The most novelty-seeking worker bees responded to the crisis, scouting out new areas to nest, searching far beyond the scope of the regular hive.
Once researchers found bees that had novelty-seeking personalities, they took a look at their biological make-up, finding genes expressed differently depending on the bee's tendency to seek out new horizons. They then starting tinkering with the various biological that determined personalities in the bees. Glutamate and octopamine increased novelty-seeking behavior, making bees reckless. Decreasing dopamine, however, tended to lessen the chemical reward for each risk and inhibited the behavior.
So yes, as soon as we found out that bees had personalities, we found a way to brainwash them. Even eerier than that, their more adventurous biological make-up matches with the biological make-up of our more adventurous human beings. Chemically brainwashing a bee isn't that different from brainwashing a human being.
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Browsing named entities in Hon. J. L. M. Curry , LL.D., William Robertson Garrett , A. M. , Ph.D., Confederate Military History, a library of Confederate States Military History: Volume 1.1, Legal Justification of the South in secession, The South as a factor in the territorial expansion of the United States (ed. Clement Anselm Evans). You can also browse the
collection for Georgia (Georgia, United States) or search for Georgia (Georgia, United States) in
Your search returned 137 results in 5 document
ts, Connecticut, Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia.
New York was divided, and North Carolina abthe constitutional majority of nine States.
Georgia and the Carolinas resented this disposition tesired to bring to bear on North Carolina and Georgia the same pressure which New York had so succet spot is the head of Savannah river; the State of Georgia, on the other hand, contends that the soumajority of the commissioners, on the part of Georgia—April 28, 1787, signed an agreement and conveed States, and intervened as a wedge between Georgia and North Carolina, affording for several yea against the whites, under Colonel Newman, of Georgia.
Simultaneously with these complications c January 22, 1818, marched to the frontier in Georgia, where he was joined by a body of Georgia milncies.
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Yemen Battles the World’s Worst Humanitarian Crisis
Country’s Diminishing Resources Leave People in Need
Yemen, a country which is located on the Arabian peninsula in Asia, is currently experiencing the world’s worst humanitarian crisis. The crisis primarily began with the 2011–2012 revolution against former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had led Yemen for more than three decades. Issues intensified with the start of the Yemen War in 2015. The United States had 100 military advisors that were supporting the government’s fight against al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
Houthi rebels, a minority Shia group from the north of the country, drove out the US-backed government. The group was led by President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi, and they took over Sanaa, the capital of Yemen. The issues escalated into a multi-sided war, which allowed terror groups al-Qaeda and ISIS to grow stronger.
An article from PBS describes the number of people that are being impacted by this ongoing war: “The U.N. (United Nations) estimates that 366,000 Yemenis have been displaced due to the Houthi rebellion and other tribal clashes in the north of the country, including 52,000 who fled their homes in the first part of this year.”
A quote from the International Rescue Committee demonstrates how groups are trying to gain control of the country: “After rebel groups overtook the government, the Saudi- and Emirati-led coalition has been attempting to regain control by launching thousands of airstrikes, many of which have hit homes and public areas such as schools, health facilities and markets. Thousands of civilians have been killed and tens of thousands injured as a result. In fact, August 2018 was the deadliest month so far, with nearly 500 civilians killed in the first nine days.” These attacks make it difficult for humanitarian organizations to deliver aid to the country.
According to United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres, three quarters of the nation is in desperate need of aid and protection. Eight million people in the country do not know where they are getting their next meal. Statistics discovered by CNN state that, "Every ten minutes, a child under five dies of preventable causes."
The capital, Sanaa, is in danger of becoming the first capital in history to run out of the already scarce resources. Forty-four percent of the population are undernourished and five million are in need of emergency aid. “Unless urgent humanitarian action is taken, Yemen will be plunged into a hunger crisis of catastrophic proportions,” said Jerry Farrell, Save the Children’s Yemen director.
Refugee camps are overcrowded and the nation lacks sanitation, health care, and clean water. Without access to clean drinking water the country as a whole is at high risk of a cholera epidemic. Cholera is a bacterial disease contracted by ingesting contaminated water or food. It is prevalent in places with poor sanitation, unclean water and inadequate hygiene. Cholera can lead to severe dehydration and shock. If fluids are not replaced quickly, death can occur within a few hours.
Those who want to help the country can donate money to organizations. Lily Caprani, from Unicef UK says, “While we appreciate all volunteers... the best thing the public can do to help is to donate so organizations like Unicef can continue their life-saving work.” With these donations, organizations can bring in doctors and supplies such as food, safe water, and medicine to the nation in need. If you are interested in helping this humanitarian crisis, Unicef and the International Rescue Committee are accepting donations.
International Rescue Committee: https://help.rescue.org/donate/email-yemen-crisis#webform-component-donation
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May 23, Stuart Estell rated it it was amazing. A superb work on the smaller genera of Mexican cacti with lavish photography. Library categories Return to Book Page. While this might leave a beginner collector scatching thier head as to what this means; those more seasoned will be able to fondly guess at which species are covered in this book. Ariocarpus Retusus,fisuratusfisuratus lollyfurfuraceos,trigonus y fisuratus intermedio. Chill Fai Yee shared his post.
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Just to give an understanding of the severity of the winter, the plants saw almost constant frost for more than 10 weeks, with temperatures measured as low as C 5 F in the area where the plants grow.
Lophophora williamsii var. My Trans-Pecos peyote plants are doing quite well, approximately one in eight died and the surviving plants are not too marked by the frost. The Trans-Pecos peyote is the northernmost form of Lophophora williamsii and is also known as Lophophora williamsii var.
Trans-Pecos peyote surviving the frost My regular Mexican and south Texan Lophophora williamsii plants fared much worse, less than one in ten of the larger plants survived the winter. One of the few surviving Lophophora williamsii var. I have several times had the smaller form from south Texas [L.
The Cactus Conservation Institute has an informative page on the differences in traits between Lophophora williamsii var. But many medium sized seedling plants actually survived while the larger plants of the same variety and yearling seedlings succumbed.
The surface-area-to-volume ratio SA:V decreases with size, i. Consequently a large plant will need relatively longer time per unit of volume to go flaccid and prepare properly for the winter as all excess water needs to be evaporated through the surface the epidermis. Similarly seedlings are more prone to die of drought as an increased SA:V means increased exposure to the environment in general. Ariocarpus has turned out to be an unconditional coldhouse success.
I expected my Ariocarpus fissuratus plants to make it safely through the winter as they originate from locations like Fort Stockton, Texas JM and Crockett County, Texas SB , but I had doubts about my Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus var.
Amazingly they all survived the winter in great style almost looking lush and vigorous, like a winter swimmer surfacing with renewed energy after a cold plunge. Surviving Ariocarpus, Epithelantha, and Leuchtenbergia plants Epithelantha is another seriously cold tolerant genus. My Epithelantha micromeris var. The Epithelantha bokei plants SB ; Brewster Co, Texas also look fine, but due to the extremely dense spination it is hard to say for sure if they are completely undamaged.
Strangely the cold has taken the hardest toll on my regular Epithelantha micromeris SB; near Belen, New Mexico — this variety of E. Surprisingly approximately two thirds of the plants survived as illustrated in the above picture the surrounding pots are not empty, each contain a rather large L.
Other success stories are Normanbokea valdeziana , Homalocephala texensis , and Mammillaria meiacantha which all made it through the winter without casualties — the Normanbokea plants are even budding. Most Escobaria and Echinocereus obviously had minimal problems with the frost. Frost killed Lophophora williamsii turning to mush As mentioned above the majority of my larger, regular Lophophora williamsii plants were killed by the frost, but the more tender Lophophora species like Lophophora diffusa and L.
Dead Lophophora diffusa Other species that are completely wiped out include Matucana madisoniorum , an unknown Echinopsis hybrid, Ferocactus glucescens PP , Lithops lesliei not exactly a cactus, I know ;- , and Harrisia jusbertii.
Surprisingly all my Mammillaria grahamii also died — I had expected this species to be more cold hardy. Most of my saguaro cactus Carnegiea gigantea also succumbed to the frost — 4 plants look like they might survive, most of them badly damaged, but it is too early to say. I need to start building a new collection of grafting stock — all Trichocereus plants that I grew in the coldhouse are dead, including Trichocereus pachanoi, T. Even plants that were well prepared for the winter died, so Trichocereus is definitely not as tolerant to frost as I had expected.
Decomposing Trichocereus plants To put the death toll into perspective this is the coldest winter in 14 years in Denmark followed by March, a month with the most extreme temperature fluctuations in 14 years, which were not very becoming to my struggling plants either. The frost set in just before Christmas and only lifted again in the beginning of March. The lowest temperatures measured in the area were as low as C 5 F. Outdoor temperature in late January Once in a while short bursts of thaw set in quickly followed by frost as indicated by the above graph , making the conditions even harder for the plants.
Outdoor temperature in mid February The temperature measurements come from a semi-professional weather station located approximately 1. To end on a positive note I expect the frost to have killed off many pests also including red spider mites. Also, I got an affirmative confirmation that it is actually possible for peyote to survive rather extreme conditions in an unheated greenhouse in Denmark
Ariocarpus et cetera
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Texting while driving is one of the most dangerous things you can do in a car, narrowly beating drunk driving. About 300 University of Kansas students were polled about their cell phone and driving habits. Every single student—100 percent—admitted talking while driving, and 72 percent said they text message. And for those surveyed who said text messaging is “very risky,” 35 percent said they still text all or most of the time while driving. Even people who are fully aware of the potential devastating consequences of texting while driving still continue to do it. Why? Why do they endanger their own lives and the lives of everyone else on the road for a text that can wait?
One of the biggest causes for texting and driving is the societal pressure of always being available through technology. People feel the urge to always be connected through their cell phones which impairs their rational decision-making abilities when driving. Technical communications professor Jo Mackiewicz believes, “With our 24-hour-a-day, seven-day-a-week mentality, the need to constantly be reachable will only intensify.” This mentality is what motivates people to check their messages while driving, even though they know they shouldn’t. Another cause is teen’s overconfidence in their driving abilities. In a study done by AT&T, as part of an anti-texting and driving campaign, it was shown that over a quarter of people polled said their driving performance was not affected by texting. Yet 98% of participants admitted they knew the risks, meaning they believed texting while driving was risky for everyone but themselves.
However, there are solutions. A couple ways to stop feeling the urge to check your phone while driving are putting your phone somewhere inaccessible while driving, silencing your phone, and setting boundaries with your friends and family. By following all these habits, the need to check your phone while driving will be reduced, and you’ll also set a better example for the younger generation, making them safer. Many young drivers often claim that although they’re told never to text and drive, they see their parents do it all the time, and so they pick up the habit. By instilling good habits to prevent distracted driving in your life, you will not only make yourself safer, but you will help everyone around you. No text is worth risking your life.
This article was written by Stavya Arora, Journalism Committee Intern
- Kim, Gina. “Text Drive: While Few Think Texting and Driving Mix, a Majority of Us do it Anyway. here’s Why.” McClatchy – Tribune Business News. ProQuest, https://www-proquest-com.content.elibrarymn.org/wire-feeds/text-drive-while-few-think-texting-driving-mix/docview/461597025/se-2?accountid=45111.
- “Why so Many People Text and Drive, Knowing Dangers.” CBS News, CBS Interactive, 5 Nov. 2014, www.cbsnews.com/news/why-so-many-people-text-and-drive-knowing-dangers/.
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In social amoebae, genes for cooperation and for cheating have reached a stalemate
Anyone who has crawled along in the left lane while other drivers raced up the right lane, which was clearly marked “lane ends, merge left,” has experienced social cheating, a maddening and fascinating behavior common to many species.
Although it won’t help with road rage, scientists are beginning to understand cheating in simpler “model systems,” such as the social amoeba,Dictyostelium discoideum.
At one stage in their life cycle thousands of the normally solitary Dicty converge to form a multicellular slug and then a fruiting body, consisting of a stalk holding aloft a ball of spores. It is during this cooperative act that the opportunity for cheating arises.
Some amoebae ultimately become cells in the stalk of the fruiting body and die, while others rise to the top, and form spores that pass their genes to the next generation. When unrelated amoebae gather to form a fruiting body, some strains may overcontribute to the spores and undercontribute to the stalk. These are the cheaters.
Scientists knew that cheaters could be found in wild populations of Dicty, but whether this was a successful strategy in the game of natural selection was anyone’s guess.
Now the ease and low cost of genome sequencing has finally made it possible to answer the question. “By looking at the genetic variation in or near Dicty’s ‘social genes,’ scientists are able to tell whether variants of these genes that made cooperators into cheaters had swept through populations, fought to maintain a toehold, or been given a pass because they didn’t affect survival,” said Elizabeth Ostrowski, PhD, assistant professor of biology and biochemistry at the University of Houston.
“The genome signatures we found suggest neither the cheating nor the cooperating variants of the social genes was able to take over the populations and that the variants had battled to a standstill,” said David C. Queller, PhD, the Spencer T. Olin Professor of Biology in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis.
“A stalemate is maintained only in a complex environment where it’s unclear which strategy will win,” said Joan Strassmann, PhD, the Charles Rebstock Professor of Biology in Arts & Sciences. “If the rules never change, the gene that is best on average will eventually drive out the other variant.”
The findings suggest the benefits of cheating change with its frequency, or prevalence, in a population. Cheaters may succeed, for example, only when they are rare, and fail when they become so numerous they push out cooperators or put pressure on cooperators to find ways to defeat cheating.
Many social behaviors are like this, Queller said; the success of one individual’s strategy depends on how many others are also employing it.
The study, described in the June 4 issue of Current Biology, is the work of a collaboration of scientists from Washington University, the University of Houston and the Baylor College of Medicine. Ostrowski is the first author on the paper and Queller and Strassman are senior authors.
An arms race or trench warfare?
“For this project, we sequenced 20 Dicty strains we had isolated from the soil in the eastern U.S. We then looked for variation in 140 genes implicated in social behavior, comparing them to the rest of the genome to see if the social genes were evolving differently,” Strassmann said.
“We originally got enough funding to sequence two genomes,” she said. “But by the time we had cleaned the clones up, the price of sequencing had dropped so much we were able to sequence many more.”
The 140 genes, Queller said, were ones that had been located during an earlier genome-wide screen for genes, that when they are disabled, turn a cooperating amoeba into a cheater.
The scientists framed their study by defining several hypothetical scenarios for the evolutionary dynamics of cheating behaviors in Dicty (illustrated above), each of which makes different, testable predictions about DNA diversity in and near the social genes.
“We thought we were going to see the signature of an arms race in the DNA,” Queller said, “because the cheater/cooperator conflict seems analogous with other kinds of conflict, such as host/pathogen conflict, that produce escalating battles between adaptations.”
An arms race, technically a series of “selective sweeps,” would have shown up as a lack of variation in the DNA in or near the social genes, because a highly advantageous gene “sweeps” through a population. “What we found was kind of the opposite,” Queller said. “Instead of diminished variation, there was more variation in the social genes than average, which is consistent with a prolonged stalemate at these locations.”
The scientists found more evidence for a stalemate when they compared strains from two different populations, one in Texas and the other in Virginia, Queller said.
In an arms race, the Dicty at these geographically separated locations would probably have undergone different selective sweeps, which in turn would make the two populations less similar. In fact, however, the populations differed less at the social gene locations than at other genes, suggesting that some selective force was working to maintain the same variants of the social genes in both the Texas and Virginia populations.
Both the increased genetic diversity near the social genes and the failure of separated populations to drift apart at those genetic locations support the stalemate scenario.
“We failed to observe the genetic signatures of a simple arms race: a reduction in genetic diversity and long-term divergence of populations,”Ostrowski said. “Rather, the genetic signatures suggests there is trench warfare among variants of the social genes, and neither the cheaters or the cooperators are able to gain the upper hand.”
But why is that? Ostrowski said. “What limits the spread of cheaters? Are they suppressed by better cheaters or by a resistant population? And conversely what limits cooperators? Why don’t the cooperators completely shut down the cheaters?”
It’s hard to imagine questions of more universal interest.
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Potatoes are grown from seed potatoes which you can purchase at a nursery or garden center. Red potatoes grow well in Texas; in fact, they are commercially grown in certain areas. Red potatoes need cool night temperatures (below 68 degrees F) and lots of light in the daytime, which is a typical May cycle in Texas. Red La Soda and Viking are the most commonly grown red-skinned potato varieties in Texas gardens, according to agriculturalists at Texas A&M University. Start your seed potatoes one week before you plan on planting them in the garden. When you shop for seed potatoes, look for those that are listed as certified and are smaller in size than an egg.
Place the seed potatoes in an egg carton or other box-type container and leave them in an area with lots of light, with a temperature that remains between 60 and 70 degrees F. As the seed potato sprouts, remove all but the top four sprouts, by rubbing them off the surface.
Plant the red seed potatoes in mid-February in all parts of Texas except for the Rio Grande Valley, the Rolling Plains and the Panhandle. According to agriculturalists at Texas A&M University, gardeners in the Rio Grande Valley should plant their red potatoes in late December, Rolling Plains gardeners should get their planting done in late February to March, and those in the Panhandle should wait until April.
Dig up the planting area to a depth of 8 inches, turning the soil and crushing any large clods.
Amend the soil by laying down a 3-inch layer of coarse sand and a 4-inch layer of compost. Mix these materials into the top 8 inches of soil, using the gardening fork.
Water the area well and allow it to drain completely.
Plant the seed potatoes 5 inches into the soil, 7 to 9 inches apart and in rows 32 inches apart.
Pile the soil over the seed potatoes into a 3- to 4-inch tall hill or mound.
Water the potato plants again in April, with 1 1/2 inches. In May they will need 7 inches and in June, 12 inches. In July, cut back to 6 inches of water, just prior to harvest.
Feed the potato plants every other week with a 10-20-10 fertilizer.
Things You Will Need
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- Coarse sand
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- Germinate Carrot Seeds
- Store Seed Potatoes
- Microwave Small Red Potatoes
- The Best Winter Storage Potatoes
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Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare. It is a story about Macbeth, a Scottish general, who receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland. Macbeth’s ambition and desire for power lead him to murder Duncan, the current king, in order to fulfill the witches’ prediction.
Lady Macbeth is Macbeth’s wife and she is just as ambitious as her husband. She urges Macbeth to kill Duncan so that they can gain power. After Macbeth murders Duncan, Lady Macbeth begins to feel guilty and she eventually kills herself.
The witches are three supernatural creatures who play an important role in Macbeth’s rise to power. They predict that Macbeth will become king and they give him guidance on how to make this happen. The witches are ultimately responsible for Macbeth’s downfall.
Macbeth’s tragic flaw is his ambition, which is further influenced by the witches and Lady Macbeth. It can be said that without any outside influences, Macbeth would not have gone down the path of destruction. However, it is Macbeth’s responsibility to control his own actions.
The witches may have planted the seeds of ambition in Macbeth, but it was Macbeth himself who watering those seeds and allowed them to grow. Same goes for Lady Macbeth; she may have pushed Macbeth towards killing Duncan, but it was Macbeth who actually committed the deed. In the end, the tragedy of Macbeth was brought about by a combination of external (the witches, Lady Macbeth) and internal (Macbeth’s ambition) factors.
The Macbeth witches are three supernatural creatures who appear in the play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare. The witches influence Macbeth and precipitate the tragedy of the play.
The witches first meet Macbeth in Act I, Scene iii, where they make three prophecies: Macbeth will become thane of Cawdor, king of Scotland, and father to a line of Scottish kings. These prophecies influence Macbeth because they feed into his ambition. Macbeth is not content with being simply a thane, he wants to be king. The witches’ prophecies give him a taste of what could be and he becomes increasingly obsessed with achieving them.
In Act IV, the witches show Macbeth three apparitions: an armed head, a bloody child, and a crowned child holding a tree. The apparitions are ambiguous and Macbeth is not sure what to make of them. However, they still have an influence on him because they give him a false sense of security. He believes that he cannot be harmed by any man born of woman, which leads him to feel invincible. This ultimately leads to his downfall because he becomes careless and overconfident.
When Lady Macbeth questions Macbeth’s masculinity in Act I, Scene vii, she influences him to kill Duncan. Even though Macbeth has doubts, Lady Macbeth convinces him to kill Duncan by calming his fears. She does this by telling him that she would kill her own child if it meant that her husband could be king. This shows Macbeth that she is just as ambitious as he is and is willing to do whatever it takes to achieve their goals.
Lady Macbeth wants her spouse to reign and become king, and she would stop at nothing to make it happen. The witches and Lady Macbeth use Macbeth’s susceptibility to their influence to drive him to act in the play. The witches’ false predictions persuade Macbeth and Lady Macbeth that anything is possible. The deceptive prophecies of the witches not only deceive Macbeth, but they also lead him toward Duncan’s assassination. From the moment his eyes first met with those of Macbet, he was under a spell. His fate is swayed as soon as they meet (Lambs 183).
Macbeth is not content with his position in society and believes that he deserves to be more. Lady Macbeth also has high ambitions for Macbeth; she is the one who pushes Macbeth to kill Duncan so that he can become king. After Macbeth becomes Thane of Cawdor, Lady Macbeth says to him, Great Glamis! Worthy Cawdor! / Greater than both, by the all-hail hereafter! (I.v.54-55).
She is elated and full of ambition for Macbeth, which further convinces him that murdering Duncan is the right thing to do. The witches play on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s desires and manipulate them into doing things that they would not normally do.
Macbeth is a good man who is led astray by the witches and Lady Macbeth. He succumbs to their influence and commits horrific acts because of it. If it were not for the witches, Macbeth would not have known about his destiny and Lady Macbeth would not have been able to convince him to kill Duncan. The witches are responsible for all of the chaos and destruction that occurs in Macbeth.
The Weird Sisters are the ones who provide Macbeth with the desire to commit treason. They’re supernatural beings that encourage Macbeth in his evil intentions (Boyce 715). In Act 1 Scene 3, the witches gave their initial prophecies to Macbeth. They greeted him before he had a chance to introduce himself, recognizing him as Sir. The first witch greets him with, “All hail, Macbeth! Hail to you, Thane of Glamis!” This is his current title; the only surprise in her words is that she already knew who he was without an introduction (I , III, 49).
The witches tell Macbeth that he will be Thane of Cawdor and eventually King. Macbeth believes them, even before they finish speaking (I, iii, 50-51). Banquo is also told that his children will eventually sit on the throne. This prophecy does not interest Macbeth as much as his own prophecy. Macbeth’s greed and ambition are sparked by the witches’ prophecies.
The witches’ first appearance causes Macbeth to begin thinking about murdering Duncan so that he can become king sooner. In Act 1 Scene 4, Macbeth tells his wife, Lady Macbeth, about the witches’ prophecies. He is worried that he will not be able to kill Duncan because he is such a good man.
Lady Macbeth encourages him to do whatever it takes to become king, even if it means murdering Duncan. She tells Macbeth that he is not a man if he does not follow through with the murder (I, vii, 60-61). From this point on, Macbeth’s conscience is constantly nagging him about whether or not he should go through with the murder.
The second witch then exclaims, All hail, Macbeth! Hail to you, Thane of Cawdor (I, iii, 50). This is a perplexing question for Macbeth since he believes the Thane of Cawdor lives a rich gentleman (I, iii, 72). When Macbeth receives his title formally later on in the play, he asks why you’re putting me in borrowed robes? (I, iii. 108) The witches seem to have clairvoyant abilities: they appear to be aware of everything that goes on around them. They knew that when they were not at the fight scene that Macbeth would attain the title of the Thane of Cawdor.
Macbeth is greatly interested in their prophecies. Macbeth is not the only one who is interested in witches and their prophecies. Lady Macbeth, Macbeth’s wife, also takes a great interest in them. When Macbeth returns home to tell his wife about the witches’ prophecies, she immediately wants to know when he will be crowned king (I, v, 17-19).
She then starts making plans on how Macbeth could become king sooner. The next day, Duncan announces that his son Malcolm will be the heir to the throne after him (I, iv, 65-67). Lady Macbeth becomes very upset because this means that her husband’s chances of becoming king are very slim. She starts to think of ways to kill Duncan so that Macbeth could take his place.
While Macbeth is at dinner with Duncan, Lady Macbeth takes the daggers from where they are hidden and puts them on the table in front of her husband (II, ii, 54-59). Macbeth is shocked and horrified by what his wife has done. He tells her that he will not go through with their plan to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth then starts to question Macbeth’s manhood and his courage (II, ii, 60-67). She finally convinces him to go through with the murder by telling him that she would do it herself if he does not have the guts to do it (II, ii, 77-79). Macbeth then kills Duncan.
After the murder, Macbeth is haunted by the ghost of Banquo (III, iv, 50-51). He is so disturbed by the ghost that he starts to think that maybe killing Duncan was a mistake (III, iv, 72-74). Lady Macbeth tries to calm her husband down and tells him that he is just imagining things (III, iv, 75-76). However, Macbeth is not convinced and he starts to worry that he will be caught and punished for his crime.
The witches meet again on a heath. They make more predictions and send Macbeth a message to beware of Macduff (IV, I)., 64-67 Macbeth then decides to kill Macduff’s family. Lady Macbeth is shocked by this and she tries to stop her husband (IV, ii, 33-37). Macbeth does not listen to his wife and he goes ahead with his plan. He kills Macduff’s wife and children.
The witches’ predictions come true in the end. Macbeth is killed by Macduff and Malcolm becomes the new king of Scotland. Lady Macbeth is so overwhelmed with guilt that she commits suicide. The witches are responsible for influencing both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to commit all these murders.
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Scrabble word: CIRCUMFUSING
In which Scrabble dictionary does CIRCUMFUSING exist?
Definitions of CIRCUMFUSING in dictionaries:
- verb - spread something around something
There are 12 letters in CIRCUMFUSING: C C F G I I M N R S U U
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word CIRCUMFUSING plus a wildcard: CIRCUMFUSING?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word CIRCUMFUSING
12 letter words
8 letter words
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for CIRCUMFUSING
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.
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Notes and Tips
Helpful Notes, Tips, News and Info
Tips for Mindful Living
Spend some quiet time every day for more mindful living
Having some quiet time every day is the most important tip for mindful living. The importance of connecting with some form of mindfulness practice on a daily basis can’t be emphasized enough, preferably for ten minutes or more. By deliberately practicing mindfulness every day, you strengthen your mind’s ability to be more aware and awake.
If you want to be more mindful, you need daily training, just as when if you want to become more physically fit, you need to exercise your body on a daily basis. If you only exercised once a week, you wouldn’t benefit as much. Your mind goes back to its original state even more quickly than the body does.
Slow Down To Move Forward
"Drink your tea slowly and reverently, as if it is the axis on which the world earth revolves -- slowly, evenly, without rushing toward the future. Live the actual moment." -- Thich Nhat Hanh
Sometimes we need to slow down in order to move forward. Slowing down is a deliberate choice that can lead to greater appreciation for life and a greater level of happiness, which yields better results in one's endeavors.
Being truly in the moment allows us to escape from adversity and conserve our inner energy. Living in the moment doesn't mean we don't care about the future. It means that when we make a choice to do something, we focus on solely doing it, rather than letting our mind wander into the future (or the past).
"To find yourself first learn about yourself." Finding the real you is an enlightening experience. You become self-sufficient and do things for yourself, for once. It's a hard feeling to put into words, but when you don't know who you are, it's hard to ignore. Finding yourself is not easy, but it's worth it.
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This strategy helps students anticipate the direction of the text. At the same time, it gives you a chance to pre-assess their knowledge of the content.
How to Use the Strategy:
Download these resources to use in your classroom.
Directions for printing Toolbox Cards
1.Download the toolbox card
2. Select the save button in the right hand corner
3. Open the saved document
4. Select File>Print
5. Change Page Scaling setting to Booklet Printing
6. Change Booklet Subset to Both sides
7. Press OK
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The All Children – All Families (ACAF) training, is an evidence-informed training that helps agency staff build knowledge and skills to serve LGBTQ+ youth, families, and caregivers. The training has been evaluated and data show that this training leads to increased knowledge of LGBTQ+ topics and improved attitudes and affirming behaviors towards LGBTQ+ people. Download the information sheet to learn more!
This short data dashboard gives a snapshot of the preliminary findings of the ACAF training that should help agencies and providers determine whether this training would meet their needs and goals. For questions on the data and information represented in this dashboard, please contact the National SOGIE Center at [email protected].
This comprehensive training prepares agency facilitators to train the evidence-informed ACAF Training. Facilitators will learn how to deliver the ACAF training as well as facilitate difficult conversation and help dispel myths and stereotypes associated with LGBTQ+ people. Prospective facilitators begin by observing training as participants and then complete classroom instruction with ACAF Expert Trainers. Prospective facilitators conduct teach-back presentations and receive feedback from ACAF Expert Trainers to ensure a firm grasp of content and teaching methods. Following completion of full program and achievement of baseline fidelity levels, participants conduct co- trainings with expert trainers as a final step to full certification to deliver content to the organization’s specific training audience. Download the information sheet to learn more!
This two-hour training is designed to improve knowlege, attitudes, and skills related to caring for LGBTQ+ youth.
This short data dashboard gives a snapshot of the preliminary findings of the ACAF Caregiver training that should help agencies and providers determine whether this training would meet their needs and goals. For questions on the data and information represented in this dashboard, please contact the National SOGIE Center at [email protected].
Building Safety for Youth and Families (Building Safety) is a training designed to increase the knowledge and skills of child welfare staff in recognizing and affirming young people’s sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression and to educate staff on making referrals to local LGBTQ+-specific programs.
This short data dashboard gives a snapshot of the preliminary findings of Building Safety that should help agencies and providers determine whether this training would meet their needs and goals. For questions on the data and information represented in this dashboard, please contact the National SOGIE Center at [email protected].
The Human Rights Campaign Foundation’s All Children – All Families program certifies child welfare organizations for their LGBTQ+ inclusion efforts and delivers expert LGBTQ+ training nationally.
Through its certification process, All Children – All Families promotes LGBTQ+ inclusive policies and affirming practices among child welfare agencies and celebrates those agencies that are leading the field with innovative approaches to inclusion in its annual report. Participants gain access to a comprehensive, online self-assessment tool, free webinars on the latest best practices, and peer-to-peer learning opportunities.
The All Children – All Families National Training Program offers expert training, capacity building and coaching on a diverse range of LGBTQ+ topics for child welfare professionals and caregivers. High-quality, engaging and evidence-based training is available virtually and in-person at a variety of durations to meet your organization’s needs, including: one hour, 90 minutes, three hour, and full-day training and workshops as well as a multi-day Training of Facilitators program. Download the information sheets below to learn more!
The Human Rights Campaign Foundation’s Youth Well-Being Program is excited to offer this FREE online learning module for social workers, counselors, educators and other youth-serving professionals in partnership with the National SOGIE Center. This self-paced course takes approximately one-hour to complete and participants can earn one free CEC. This module offers an opportunity for youth-serving professionals to learn how to best promote safety, health, and well-being for LGBTQ youth at home, at school, and in systems of care.
The UConn School of Social Work is approved by the Connecticut Department of Public Health to provide continuing education credits (CECs) for social workers. The School is accredited by the Council on Social Work Education. The University of Connecticut is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, Inc. through its Commission on Institutions of Higher Education.
The Philadelphia Coalition for Queer Justice and Intersectional Equity partnered with Innovations Institute to host a two-day virtual symposium on the state of LGBTQ+ youth in the child welfare system and how their experiences have changed in light of COVID-19. This symposium gathered medical professionals, child welfare workers, prevention workers, mentors, and executives from a variety of disciplines. Together we elevated the voices of experts to a national audience in the pursuit of equity for our LGBTQ+ youth.
Each month, our Center of Excellence hosts webinars and Ask our Experts sessions focused on the best and latest practices to decrease behavioral health disparities impacting LGBTQ+ children, youth, young adults, adults, and older adults. CECs are available at no cost for both live and recorded sessions!
This guide documents the efforts, successes, and lessons learned that Ohio’s Cuyahoga County Division of Children and Family Services experienced in implementing organizational change efforts within the county to better serve LGBTQ+ youth and their families. Cuyahoga County was successful in identifying LGBTQ+ youth in their care and providing those youth and their families with much-needed services around sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression. Also available is a standalone infographic outlining Cuyahoga County’s systems change journey.
This animated short, available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French, reviews basic terminology that is important to know when working with people who have diverse sexual orientations or gender identities. This terminology includes sex assigned at birth, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, and more.
All behavioral health care organizations provide services to LGBTQ+ people and their families, regardless of the organization’s size, location, or type of service provided. Therefore, it is imperative for organizational leadership to put policies and practices in place that affirm LGBTQ+ people. This tip sheet outlines actions leaders can take to support their workforce in being more welcoming and inclusive. This resource was created by our Center of Excellence on LGBTQ+ Behavioral Health Equity in partnership with the National Family Support Technical Assistance Center.
This 25-minute video, created by the Ruth Ellis Center, is for providers, for parents, doctors, therapists — anyone who is serving those who are trans or non-binary to better understand how to serve them, what resources are available to educate themselves about medicine or non-medical transitioning and language that’s more accessible to them to serve clients better.
Watch our animated short, Supporting LGBTQ Youth Starts at Home. This animation focuses on the impact of rejection children, youth, and young adults can experience in their homes and communities and provides examples and strategies to promote support, acceptance and affirmation of youth with diverse SOGIE.
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On July 30th, cheesecake lovers around the country will celebrate National Cheesecake Day by voting for their favorite flavors, entering their own in contests for prizes, and especially, by eating this deliciously creamy treat. Most people have a favorite kind of cheesecake. It may be one created with the family recipe handed down for generations or the one made at the deli down the street. It could feature blueberries or cherries, chocolate or caramel, or be so fantastic in its own right, that it needs no embellishment.
With so many varieties and variations it is logical to wonder if there is a point where a cheesecake is no longer really a cheesecake, but some other kind of dessert. So, how can you tell if the slice on your plate is actually cheesecake? Here is a quick overview of all things cheesecake.
While there are no real hard and fast rules about cheesecake, there is one absolute requirement; it must feature a layer that is made from some kind of soft fresh cheese. It will also have a base upon which this cheesy layer rests that can be a crust, like those made from graham crackers, some kind of pastry or biscuit, or even a sponge cake. Cheesecake can come baked or unbaked and may or may not have a topping of some kind above the cheese layer. Therefore, as long as there is a base and a layer made primarily of cheese, the slice on your plate qualifies as cheesecake, at least according to today’s definition.
However, if we were in ancient Greece, the slice on your plate would be considered cheesecake, but it would be very different. The first known versions of cheesecake were simple concoctions containing only four ingredients: flour, honey, and cheese, and had no crust. The ingredients were mixed together and baked. The ancient Romans are the ones who first separated the cheese layer from the base, filling pastries with a cheesy filling. They are also the ones who would spread the concept of cheesecake around the world enabling that first cake made with cheese to evolve into the cheesecake of today.
So, in order to be a cheesecake, it must have a cheese layer, but does it matter what kind of cheese that layer is made from? The simple answer, it depends who you ask. In some European countries, like Germany, cheesecakes are made with quark, which is similar to curds or cottage cheese. In Italy, cheesecakes are made with ricotta. Here in the U.S., most cheesecake is made using cream cheese but even that is not as clear cut as it may sound. For example, while Philadelphia-style cheesecake does use cream cheese to produce its light and creamy texture, New York style cheesecake relies on heavy cream and sour cream to create its dense consistency and creamy texture.
To wrap up, you will know your cheesecake is a cheesecake if it has a base of crust or pastry, paired with a creamy layer that may, or may not contain actual cheese, but will have some form of dairy product as its main ingredient. From there, pretty much anything goes! You can top your cheesecake with fruit like cherries or blueberries, drizzle it with chocolate or caramel, or decorate and embellish it with just about anything you desire, and it will still be a cheesecake.
Looking for a great way to celebrate National Cheesecake Day? Try one of these great recipes from Fill Your Plate that feature local Arizona ingredients and flavors.
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The first video from inside the tomb of Amphipolis! You can admire and feel the same awe felt by archaeologists!
By removing three rows of limestone sealing wall, in the front part of the second baffle wall, the whole of the Amphipolis Karyatids is finally revealed. They have a height of 2,27m. Wearing a long chiton and long fringed robe with rich folds. On the feet, they wear sandals, which are decorated with red and […]
Ancient Amphipolis has already changed the known data in archaeology. The Caryatids, a creation of classical Greece, placed on a Macedonian tomb, make the monument unique . Let’s briefly look at some data that will help us to understand what they have found so far in Amphipolis. Regarding Archaeology: 1) The combination of Caryatids (classical Greece) […]
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