text
stringlengths 222
548k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 14
7.09k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 53
113k
| score
float64 2.52
5.03
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christopher Dresser was an English Designer whose knowledge of past styles and experience with modern manufacturing processes made him a pioneer of professional design.
Born on 4th of July 1834 in Glasgow, Scotland, he died on 24th November 1904 in Mulhouse, Alsace, Germany (now part of France).
Dresser studied at the School of Design in London (1847–54), where he was appointed Professor of Artistic Botany in 1855.
In 1858 he sold his first designs.
He submitted two books in 1859; "Unity in Variety, as Deduced from the Vegetable Kingdom" and "The Rudiments of Botany, Structural and Physiological" and a short paper on morphology, "Contributions to Organographic Botany" to the University of Jena, Germany, who awarded him a doctorate in 1859.
In his Art of Decorative Design (1862), he further expressed his theories of design and botany and liberated design from historicism.
He supplied many designs for the 1862 International Exhibition in London where he presented the first ever large European collection of Japanese art, a subject he had studied for many years and on which he became a recognized authority.
Design reform and Eastern, particularly Japanese, art were essential elements of the Aesthetic movement and Dresser played a pivotal role in the movement’s development.
In 1863 Dresser lectured on “"The Prevailing Ornament of China and Japan"” and in that same year he worked with Owen Jones on the decoration of the Indian court and the Chinese and Japanese court at the South Kensington Museum (now called Victoria and Albert Museum).
In 1876–77 he visited Japan and delivered a gift of art manufactures (ceramics, glass, lace, metalwork, textiles, and a carpet) to the newly established institution, now known as the Tokyo National Museum, and was presented to the emperor.
Dresser’s philosophy of design was explained in a series of articles in the Technical Educator (1870–72, later published as Principles of Decorative Design in 1873).
In these he presented a design manifesto adopted by the Arts and Crafts movement 15 years later; and in the books Studies in Design (1874–76) and Modern Ornamentation (1886) he set out his views on the interior decoration of the period.
Besitzer: The Claret Jug Collector
Inhalt: 19 Elemente
|
<urn:uuid:c6843b90-00da-4e73-859b-1262895c0903>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
http://www.karaffensammler.at/gallery/main.php?g2_itemId=13288
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023002852-20211023032852-00153.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968815
| 512
| 2.84375
| 3
|
Evolution: Landscapes had to be learned
It’s easy to assume that landscape painting (or print) has been around as long as humans with paints or ink close by have fallen in love with beautiful vistas– that the art form is every bit as natural as a walk in late-afternoon sunlight. Surrounded as we are by beautiful scenery and (the corollary) a seemingly never-ending supply of Blue Ridge landscapes in acrylics and oils and ink, it’s that seems to be an especially logical assumption.
As with all things in art, however, a landscape image is a convention, one that evolved over time and through the various visual experiments of generations of artists. Artists had to learn how to envision the landscape transplanted to a two-dimensional canvas of a certain size and shape, and then their audience had to learn how to view it.
“To Delight the Eyes & Transport the Viewer: Dutch Landscape Prints of the Golden Age,” collects prints from the 16th century in the Netherlands, when the idea of making the landscape the sole subject of a piece of art was just beginning to take hold.
Not surprisingly, the artists represent a wide variety of techniques and, more tellingly, compositions. The anonymous “Landscape with Woodcutters,” from 1559, depicts a small community of woodcutters in an especially flat scene, using spare detail and arranged in broad horizontal lines.
Compare this to a print hanging adjacent to it, Goudt’s “Landscape at Dawn.” Goudt’s dark, dramatic scene locates darkness in the lower corner of a valley and in the swirling clouds directly above. As land and sky retreat, they lighten.
Both of these prints contrast with work by Anthonie Waterloo, whose “Le Portefaix” eschews a broad, vista-full view in favor of a tight focus on carts and animals, pushing the landscape views to the borders of the frame.
Schelte Adam Bolswert’s “Landscape with Storm” seems as stormy, dark, and broadly rendered as Goudt’s “Landscape.” If it looks familiar, however, it’s because it is a print made in imitation of a Paul Rubens painting. Rubens didn’t hire Bolswert because he felt he could make an original print from his painting, something that could stand alone. Rather, Rubens wanted a printer who was skillful enough to translate the nuance of his painting into ink.
It may seem strange today, but at the time, craftsmanship was a much more important attribute in the arts, and originality far less so. Even while a modern concept, the landscape image, was taking form in small details like this, the exhibit certainly betrays itself as a remnant from a distant era. A fascinating exhibit.
“To Delight the Eyes & Transport the Viewer: Dutch Landscape Prints of the Golden Age” runs through October 6 at the University of Virginia Art Museum. Rugby Road. 924-3592.
|
<urn:uuid:180dd9ac-bb48-4d76-9230-692ca01f8a4a>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-40
|
http://www.readthehook.com/99357/evolution-landscapes-had-be-learned
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737864605.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221744-00142-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965007
| 655
| 2.796875
| 3
|
OpenACC is an application programming interface (API) that supports offloading of code to accelerator devices. It consists of a set of compiler directives, library routines, and environment variables that influence run-time behavior.
GNU Fortran strives to be compatible to the OpenACC Application Programming Interface v2.6.
To enable the processing of the OpenACC directive
free-form source code; the
directives in fixed form; the
!$ conditional compilation
sentinels in free form; and the
sentinels in fixed form,
gfortran needs to be invoked with
the -fopenacc. This also arranges for automatic linking of
the GNU Offloading and Multi Processing Runtime Library
libgomp in GNU Offloading and Multi Processing Runtime
The OpenACC Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a
form of a Fortran 90 module named
openacc and in a form of a
include file named openacc_lib.h.
|
<urn:uuid:b25ad996-9882-4151-b616-8b3a0840f3a2>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-10.2.0/gfortran/OpenACC.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417222733-20210418012733-00575.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.811702
| 201
| 2.71875
| 3
|
Kate Oates, Antimicrobial Pharmacist with the Trust blogs about Antibiotics Awareness Week and why antibiotics awareness is so important...
Antibiotics– how many of us have taken them at some point? I can guarantee that the overwhelming majority have been prescribed them in the past. For some they bring about a swift resolution to a minor infection while for others they are quite simply life saving. However, the worrying story of antibiotics is that we are running out of them due to a combination of overuse and misuse. Bacteria have been around for a long time –they are clever and they are adapting – and this is not good news for any of us.
Some 25,000 people die each year across Europe from infections that are resistant to antibiotics and it is 30 years since a new class of antibiotics was introduced, despite the growing numbers of infections that are resistant. Indeed a recent study found that the likelihood of GPs prescribing antibiotics for coughs and colds increased by 40% between 1999 and 2011.
This is why, in my role as the Trust’s Antimicrobial Pharmacist, I am raising awareness of the situation during World Antibiotic Awareness Week (16-20 November). The campaign aims to increase awareness of global antibiotic resistance and to encourage best practices among the general public, health workers and policy makers to avoid the further emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance.
Research has shown that only 10% of sore throats and 20% of acute sinusitis benefit from antibiotic treatment but the prescription rates are much higher and it is estimated that annually, across the EU, lost productivity and annual healthcare expenses due to antibiotic resistant bacteria costs 1.5 billion Euros.
Antibiotic resistance has been classed as one of the greatest threats facing the world today. The Chief Medical Officer for England, professor Dame Sally Davies, in her annual report in 2013 described the threat of antimicrobial resistance as ‘catastrophic’and warned that there is the real possibility that people admitted to hospital in 20 years time for minor surgery would be at risk of death from an ordinary infection that would no longer respond to antibiotics.
One of the major problems is the lack of new antibiotics being developed, with antibiotics introduced since the 1980s being new versions of old drugs, but with no new class of antibiotics launched. It is understandable why this area of development is not a priority for the pharmaceutical companies when any new antibiotic that is marketed is highly restricted as we know it is a precious resource and courses for antibiotics are generally only for a week or two –commercially it makes much more sense to prioritise drugs for long term conditions that will be prescribed for a number of years for an individual patient.
So what can we do as healthcare professionals? Well, a number of things, but here are a few to start with.
You can make a personal pledge to use antibiotics wisely and sign up to be an antibiotic guardian at www.antibioticguardian.com. There are pledges for healthcare professionals, the public, students and educators.
If you are someone who prescribes antibiotics please read and use this checklist to help make decisions about prescribing antibiotics:
This video, produced by Public Health England is only 2 minutes long and well worth watching: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HN5ultN7JaM
Thank you for taking the time to read this blog – together we can all help to safeguard antibiotics for the future, for the next generation and ourselves.
|
<urn:uuid:9af796f9-14eb-453c-8dfc-cc8e20358808>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-22
|
http://www.coch.nhs.uk/corporate-information/blogs/blogs/antibiotics-awareness-week-why-it-is-a-concern-for-us-all.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258120.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525144906-20190525170906-00042.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951071
| 708
| 2.9375
| 3
|
The infant mortality rate is a particularly important health indicator because it tells us, in a single statistic, what healthcare is like in a country. Over the decades, India has managed to pick itself up by the bootstraps and double-down on the country’s infant mortality rate; During the year 2017, about 802,000 infant deaths were reported – the lowest it’s been in the past five years. The sex-specific mortality rates were 39 in 1,000 for male and 40 in 1,000 for females.
UNICEF India representative Yasmin Ali Haque states, “India continues to show impressive decline in child deaths, with its share of global under-five deaths for the first time equalling its share of childbirths.”1 But how did we get here? Among other reasons, family health insurance coverage, such as the one available on Finserv MARKETS, has played a major role. It has helped bolster maternal and infant health, decreasing the number of infant deaths in our country. Let’s take a closer look.
1. Institutional Delivery
One of the main factors which affect a country’s infant mortality rate is accessibility. How accessible is quality healthcare? How affordable is it? Are our citizens adequately aware of healthcare plans and family health insurance? The answers to these questions determine the health of our children. According to UNICEF India, the three instrumental systemic changes India has made include improving institutional delivery, countrywide scale up of special newborn care units and strengthening of routine immunization.
2. The Girl Child
As India moves forward, we’ve begun to realize that we can’t leave our women behind. In 1994, the Central government banned prenatal sex determination, which has proven incredibly helpful when it comes to equalizing the gender ratio. Though there’s still a long way to go, this has had a meaningful impact on our infant mortality rate. As Haque explains, “Even more heartening is the fourfold decline in the gender gap in survival of the girl child over [the] last five years.” When we made girl child a priority, we simultaneously helped improve the national healthcare plane.
By SamanthaBooth – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0
3. Insurance Coverage
For newborns across the world, the first month is the riskiest. This period will prove influential in their health and immunity throughout the rest of their lives. Therefore, insurance coverage plays a major role in determining the country’s infant mortality rate.
With the family health insurance plan available on Finserv MARKETS, coverage for maternity and newborns is inclusive. This also means you don’t have to purchase a new insurance plan when you’re welcoming a new member into the family. In addition to the convenience of adding a family member to your health insurance plan, you can also benefit from comprehensive coverage, tax refunds, and more when purchasing the affordable Bajaj Allianz Health Insurance for families on Finserv MARKETS. Therefore, you’ll also be helping improve the nation’s infant mortality rate and overall healthcare statistics. Who knew protecting your health could help the country too?
Here are some of the benefits of this particular offering.
The Bajaj Allianz Health Insurance plan is the trusted financial policy for over 100 million customers across the country, which means it’s a tried and true companion you can lean on for all your healthcare needs.
Don’t file for different health insurance policies. Instead, choose custom-made plans for all ages groups. The offerings available on Finserv MARKETS are completely customizable and tailored to suit all your needs.
3. Extensive Coverage
Bajaj Allianz has tie-ups with over 6,500 hospitals all over India, making it one of the most extensive insurance networks in the country. Furthermore, their family insurance plan features medical coverage from 1.5 lakhs to 50 lakhs. That means you can rest assured when it comes to paying medical expenses.
4. Swift Claim Settlements
There’s nothing more tedious than filing claim settlements and waiting to see if you have been approved. The family health insurance plan available on Finserv MARKETS ensures no delays in the claim settlement process with a claim settlement rate of 94% and no third party involved. This makes it quick, easy, and seamless to file all your settlements.
As India’s infant mortality rates continue to fall, this serves as a timely reminder to make sure you and your family have a good family health insurance plan.
“Finserv MARKETS, a subsidiary of Bajaj Finserv, is a one-stop digital marketplace that has been created for consumers on the go. It offers 500+ financial and lifestyle products, all at one place. At Finserv MARKETS, we understand that every individual is different. And that’s why we have invested in creating a proposition – Offers You Value. A value proposition that ensures you get offers which are tailor made for you. We also offer an amazing product range and unique set of online offers across Loans, Insurance, Investment, Payments and an exclusive EMI store. Be it in helping you achieve your financial life goals or offering you the latest gadgets, we strive to offer what you are looking for. From simple and fast loan application processes to seamless and hassle-free claim-settlements, from no cost EMIs to 4 hours product delivery, we work towards fulfilling all your personal and financial needs. What’s more! Now enjoy the same benefits in just one click with our Finserv MARKETS App.”
|
<urn:uuid:cc452575-b8d4-499b-9629-0d46806e5785>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-49
|
https://www.bajajfinservmarkets.in/discover/journals/blogs/insurance/how-has-india-managed-to-improve-its-infant-mortality-rate/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711360.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208183130-20221208213130-00691.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946876
| 1,175
| 3.125
| 3
|
On May 15, many Palestinians and their supporters mark what they call "Nakba Day," a commemoration focusing on their view that the reconstitution of a Jewish state in Israel was a "catastrophe."
The commemoration is often accompanied by a flurry of opinion pieces and news stories conveying the Palestinian narrative of Israels independence, which frequently contain false charges.
In May 2008, for example, an Op-Ed in the New York Times claimed "a people had been expelled from their land in a comprehensive ethnic cleansing operation, given the name Plan D by Israelis" (Elias Khoury, 5/18/08, "For Israelis, an Anniversary. For Palestinians, a Nakba"). In fact, notwithstanding a limited number of tactical expulsions, "a people" was certainly not expelled. And Plan D was not at all a "comprehensive ethnic cleansing operation" you can read the text of that plan here.
A news story published in the Washington Post likewise passed along this false charge of mass expulsion. Reporter Sylvia Moreno relayed, from organizers of an anti-Israel rally, the accusation that every Palestinian that fled the war was actually "expelled." She wrote: "To make way for Israel, 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from their homes and more than 400 of their villages were destroyed, organizers of the event said" (5/18/08, "Palestinian Quilt Presents a Different Viewpoint; Creation of Israel Came At Great Cost, Some Say"). The reporter didnt bother pointing out that this accusation has been debunked by prominent historians.
The piece below provides needed facts and context about the frequently distorted refugee issue.
During and after the 1948 war, hundreds of thousands of Arabs and Jews fled, and in some cases were forced from, their homes in Mandate Palestine and beyond. The effects of this flight are still today a major issue, as politicians, diplomats and other concerned parties try to resolve the Palestinian "refugee problem" the status of the original Arab refugees and millions of their descendants, many of whom still live in refugee camps. The vast majority of Jewish refugees went to Israel, where they were absorbed with great difficulty. Despite having found a country committed to taking them in, they still seek redress and acknowledgment of their largely ignored plight.
Estimates vary on the number of Palestinians who became refugees as a result of the war. Israel's Foreign Ministry and Central Bureau of Statistics estimated the number to be between 500,000 and 600,000. [Update: Historian Efraim Karsh reached a similar conclusion after breaking down the flight by locale.] The British Foreign Office suggested the number was between 600,000 and 760,000. A 1950 report by the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine endorsed an estimate of 711,000 refugees by an "expert of the Statistical Office of the United Nations."
Most broadly, the Arab flight can be divided into two time periods corresponding with the two major phases of fighting. Roughly half of those fleeing did so between November 1947 (when Palestinian Arabs responded to the United Nations partition recommendation with anti-Jewish violence) and May 1948 (when the armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Lebanon invaded Palestine). During this period, the conflict more closely resembled a civil war, with Palestinian Jews battling Palestinian Arabs and several thousand Arab militiamen. A second phase of the fighting and flight occurred after May 1948, when neighboring Arab armies initiated the conventional phase of the war by joining in the fighting on the side of the Palestinians.
Some commentators divide the Palestinian exodus into three or four somewhat shorter waves. One prominent example of the four wave' characterization refers to 1) the flight of the Palestinian elite between November 1947 and March 1948; 2) a flight coinciding with the shift by the Jewish Haganah militia from defensive to offensive operations in April 1948 and lasting until a truce in June of that year; 3) the period between July, when that truce expired, and October, when a second truce ended; and lastly, 4) the period from October through November 1948.
Causes of Flight
Historians agree that there was no single cause of the Arab flight from Palestine. In large part, the masses fled because they saw the Palestinian elite doing the same thing. In part, it was in response to exhortations by Arab military and political leaders that Palestinian civilians evacuate their homes until the end of the fighting. Vast numbers were simply fleeing the heavy fighting that surrounded them, or that they expected to soon disrupt their lives. In some instances, Palestinians were forced from their homes by the Jewish military.
Following the Leaders
The Palestinian leadership and elite set an example for the rest of society by evacuating their towns and villages early during the conflict, usually long before fighting neared their towns, and some even before the civil war began. (Or as commander of the Arab Legion John Bagot Glubb put it, "villages were frequently abandoned even before they were threatened by the progress of war.") This behavior not only shattered the morale of the Palestinian masses, but also, in the words of historian Shabtai Teveth, "amounted to clear albeit unwritten instructions to flee Palestine."
The British High Commissioner for Palestine at the time, General Sir Alan Cunningham, described this phenomenon and its effect on the general population:
You should know that the collapsing Arab morale in Palestine is in some measure due to the increasing tendency of those who should be leading them to leave the country. For instance in Jaffa the Mayor went on 4 days leave 12 days ago and has not returned, and half the National Committee has left. In Haifa the Arab members of the municipality left some time ago; the two leaders of the Arab Liberation Army left actually during the recent battle. Now the Chief Arab Magistrate has left. In all parts of the country the [elite] effendi class has been evacuating in large numbers over a considerable period and the tempo is increasing.
Another British official, Palestine's Chief Secretary Sir Henry Gurney, wrote that "It is pathetic to see how the [Jaffa] Arabs have been deserted by their leaders."
Palestinian refugees at the Ein al-Hilweh camp in Lebanon
After Haifa's chief Arab magistrate abandoned that city, a British intelligence report described the act as "probably the greatest factor in the demoralization of Haifa's community."
Just as the residents of cities followed in the footsteps of their fleeing leaders, the cities in general served as examples for inhabitants of nearby rural villages. For example, the residents of Balad ash Sheikh and Hawasswa left their homes after seeing Haifa residents do the same; Salama, Al Kheiriya and Yazur followed the lead of Jaffa; and Dhahiriya Tahta, Sammu'i and Meirun followed Safed.
Explicit Instructions to Flee
Palestinian leaders also explicitly instructed Palestinians to leave their homes. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al Husseini, told a delegation of Haifa Arabs in January 1948 that they should "remove the women and children from the danger areas in order to reduce the number of casualties," and continued to encourage evacuations in the months that followed. Indeed, just a few months later, when Haifa's British, Jewish and Arab leadership were working to negotiate a truce, the Arab side, in line with the Mufti's orders but to the great surprise of everyone involved, insisted on a complete evacuation of all Arab residents.
Similarly, the national Palestinian leadership (or "Arab Higher Committee") published a pamphlet in March 1948 urging the evacuation of women, children and the elderly from areas affected by the fighting. The local Palestinian leadership (or "National Committee") in Jerusalem heeded this call, ordering Jerusalem Arabs to evacuate these populations, and asserting that those who resisted doing so would be seen as "an obstacle to the Holy War" and as "hamper[ing]" the actions of the Arab fighters.
Jordan's Arab Legion ordered women and children out of Beisan, a town near the Jordanian border and an anticipated point of invasion by the Legion.
In Tiberias, local Arab leaders chose to clear the town of its Arab residents, and did so with the help of the British authorities. In Jaffa, after the British forced Jewish militiamen to withdraw from the city, local Arab leaders organized the evacuation of the roughly 20,000 residents who hadn't already fled during or before the fighting.
Similar scenes played out in dozens of Arab villages across the land.
Some villagers were not merely instructed to leave, but actually expelled by Arab militiamen from outside the country who feared local Arabs might ally themselves with the Jews, or who wanted to use the residents' homes for lodging.
In a number of instances, the Jewish leadership appealed for the Arabs stay. The surprise announcement by the Palestinian leadership of Haifa that "the Arab population wished to evacuate" was immediately followed by a tearful plea by the town's Jewish mayor, Shabtai Levy, for the leaders to reconsider. The Haganah's chief representative in Haifa also assured the Arabs that if they stayed, "they would enjoy equality and peace, and that we, the Jews, were interested in their staying on and the maintenance of harmonious relations." The British commander in Haifa, Hugh Stockwell, emphatically insisted that the Arabs were making a mistake, and also urged them to change their decision, which reportedly came from the Arab Higher Committee in Beirut.
Even as Haifa's Arabs were streaming out of the city on British boats and trucks, the Jewish establishment continued to urge an end to the exodus and to insist that those who had departed should return. "[E]very effort is being made by the Jews to persuade the Arab populace to stay and carry on with their normal lives," reported the British Superintendent of Police. A member of the Arab National Committee, Farid Saad, admitted that Jewish leaders "have organized a large propaganda campaign to persuade [the] Arabs to return." (Most, however, did not return. The Arabs fleeing Haifa made up approximately 10 percent of the total number of Palestinian Arab refugees, and influenced countless others to follow in their wake.)
Likewise, in the town of Tiberias, which was evacuated with the help of, and perhaps at the behest of, the British, a senior Jewish representative appealed against the evacuation to the British governor, to no avail.
Although fighting between Jewish and Arabs in Palestine began in late 1947, the Jewish military began offensive operations only in April 1948. (Before this point, the Jewish fighters operated only defensively.) Things had been going poorly for the Yishuv early in the fighting. The combination of the Jews' precarious position and the knowledge that professional armies of neighboring Arab countries would soon be invading prompted a change in strategy loosely along the lines of the Jewish contingency plan known as Plan D, which called for gaining control of key territory in order to protect Jewish towns and the frontiers of the Jewish state against the attacking armies. Already before this Jewish switch to the offensive, about 100,000 Arabs, mostly those with the financial resources to relocate to somewhere more comfortable, had fled their homes. As the expected date of the invasion by Arab countries approached, Israeli military commanders saw the control of Arab villages along the borders (which were expected to soon become the front lines of fighting and points of entry for Arab armies) and of villages along key transport routes as a key objective. If a village could not be searched and controlled due to resistance, Plan D allowed for troops to force residents from their homes, something that indeed happened in a number of cases.
There were never any blanket orders to expel the Arabs, and in fact the new Israeli army, at the behest of the government, made clear in July 1948 that "it is forbidden ... to expel Arab inhabitants from villages, neighborhoods and cities, and to uproot inhabitants from their places without special permission or explicit order from the Defense Minister in each specific case."
Although no such orders would be issued by Defense (and Prime) Minister David Ben-Gurion, the military in some cases nonetheless chose, mostly for operational reasons (such as securing vital roads, preventing sniping, preventing the use of villages as a base for Arab armies), to expel Arab residents who remained behind after their neighbors' spontaneous flight. These decisions were occasionally overturned by government officials.
Lydda, an Arab town near Tel Aviv, which was the temporary Jewish capital, is a prominent example in which the combination of military expulsion orders, the government's overturning of these orders, the military's interpretation of the government's position, significant fighting, and spontaneous flight resulted in a substantial numbers leaving.
In July 1948, the Israeli army invaded Lydda and the neighboring town of Ramle to help secure Tel Aviv and drive out Arab Legion troops based in the towns. As the fighting began, a considerable number of civilians fled in panic. The battles ended quickly, and the towns surrendered, Ramle formally and Lydda informally.
Then, with a few hundred Israeli troops controlling a pacified Lydda, Arab Legion armored cars attempted to enter the town, only to encounter Israeli resistance. This minor encounter spurred local residents, who seemed to think wrongly that the vaunted Legion was staging a counter-attack, to themselves open fire on Israeli troops.
The troops, shaken by the attacks, aware of their small numbers, and worried about their vulnerable position in a town of thousands of hostile residents, responded harshly to end the attack, striking at homes thought to be used by snipers and firing at townspeople who violated curfew. Some estimate that 250 were killed by Israeli troops during the fighting. The incident helped convince further masses of Arab residents to flee, and simultaneously helped convince the Israelis to clear the town of its insurgent population. An Israeli military order called for immediately expelling the residents of Lydda.
But as troops were still figuring out how to transport the Arabs, many of whom were already streaming out of the town on their own, Israel's Minister for Minority Affairs, Bechor Shitrit, arrived in Lydda. Shitrit was furious when he learned of the deportation orders, and indignantly reported what was happening to Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett, who in turn spoke with Ben-Gurion. Sharett and Ben Gurion, in turn, told the IDF leadership that those who wanted to leave must be allowed to do so, those who wished to remain behind would be responsible for themselves, and women, children, elderly and sick residents must not be forced out of the town. The new orders, though, failed to end the removal or the voluntary exodus of the towns residents.
Despite such incidents, though, the overwhelming majority of Palestinian refugees were not expelled by the Israelis.
Factors associated with war in general the deterioration of public services, food shortages, demoralization, the breakdown of law and order, misbehavior by armed militiamen and, not least, the din and danger of the fighting itself all put strains on Palestinian Arab life, and certainly contributed to the flight.
- "Charging Israel With Original Sin," Shabtai Teveth, Commentary, September 1989
- "1948, Israel, and the Palestinians The True Story," Efraim Karsh, Commentary, May 2008
- "The Palestine Arab Refugee Problem and its Origins," Shabtai Teveth, Middle Eastern Studies, April 1990
- Fabricating Israeli History: The New Historians, Efraim Karsh
- Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, Benny Morris
- Genesis 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War, Dan Kurzman
Volunteer Arab militiamen from neighboring states, ostensibly sent to Palestine to protect local Arabs, often terribly mistreated the population of towns that hosted them. According to an account by one leading Palestinian, militiamen based in Jaffa and other cities robbed the locals, looted their homes, and defiled the "women's honor." A British report noted that the officers of one of these foreign militias "treat the locals like dirt."
Rumor was also a factor. Arab-spread rumors about supposed Jewish atrocities apparently compelled some already demoralized locals to flee, while others left as a result of Jewish psychological operations which intentionally spread rumors about impending attacks so as to induce an exodus from several villages.
Mostly generally, and perhaps most understandably, it was fear of war that spurred the Arabs of Palestine to decide to leave their homes. Whether they fled well before the fighting began, just as a battle for their village was set to begin, or during the exchange of fire itself, local townspeople did not want themselves or their families in harm's way.
Regardless of the causes, the bottom line is that had the Arab world, including the Palestinians, not chosen to launch a war of destruction against the Jewish state, the much-discussed Palestinian refugee problem would not exist.
Jewish refugees from Iraq at Lod airport, 1950
Although relatively overlooked, a large number of Jews over 800,000 became refugees during and after Israel's war for independence. An overwhelming majority were driven from their homes in the Arab world, a result of anti-Jewish sentiment amplified by the war. Others lost their homes in British Mandate Palestine as a direct result of the fighting they either fled or were captured by Arab troops as the armies of neighboring states overran and destroyed their villages.
Jewish Refugees from Mandate Palestine
The number of Jews who lost their homes within the territory of Mandate Palestine as a direct result of the fighting was significantly less than the number of Arabs who fled from the region. In large part, this was because Arab armies failed to capture many Jewish towns, thus allowing many of the roughly 10,000 Jewish evacuees who fled the fighting to return to their homes after the war. It was also because, in the words of Palestinian leader Muhammad Nimr al-Khatib, "[t]he Palestinians had neighboring Arab states which opened their borders and doors to the refugees, while the Jews had no alternative but to triumph or to die."
Still, in some cases Jews fled their homes when it became clear their village was on the verge of being lost to Arab forces. For example, women and children were evacuated from Gush Etzion, a block of four villages southwest of Jerusalem, as the situation there started to deteriorate. At Yad Mordechai and Kfar Darom, in the south, residents escaped just before the Egyptian army captured and destroyed the towns. The village of Atarot, north of Jerusalem, was evacuated under fire, its residents escaping on foot to Neve Yaakov. When the Arab Legion attacked Neve Yaakov the following day, the residents of that town fled and, along with the displaced from Atarot, found refuge in Hadassah Hospital.
Jewish villagers who did not flee before Arab forces gained control of their town were generally removed from their homes and held as prisoners of war. Prisoners from areas that remained under Arab control after the war were eventually transferred to Israel, where they had to find new homes. For example, residents of the Gush Etzion villages of Mesuot Yitzhak, Ein Tzurim and Revadim, which came under the control of the Arab Legion, were taken captive and resettled in new Israeli villages after the war. (The residents of the fourth Gush Etzion village, Kfar Etzion, were almost all massacred by Arab gunmen.)
The surrender of Jerusalem's Jewish Quarter to Arab Legion troops was immediately followed by the exile from the ancient city of roughly 1,300 Jews. Almost 300 others males of fighting age were taken captive. The impossibility of keeping a Jewish presence in the Old City, which had been inhabited by Jews from time immemorial, was underscored by the Arab mobs that marched on the departing residents and on a hospital housing severely injured Jews, only to be held off by the well-disciplined Arab Legion. The Jewish Quarter was ransacked and burned.
Even when Israel regained control of a captured village by the end of the war, residents generally could not return to their homes, as they were destroyed by the Arab conquerors. The residents of Mishmar Hayarden, for example, were taken into captivity by Syrian troops, who then destroyed the village before Israel regained control. The same happened when Nitzanim was overrun by Egyptian troops.
Jewish Refugees from the Arab World
Between 1948 and 1951, as a result of the War of Independence, about 400,000 Jewish refugees were absorbed by Israel after being driven from their homes from Arab lands. In total, well over 800,000 Jews indigenous to Arab and Muslim countries lost their homes and property following Israel's independence, roughly 600,000 of whom found refuge in Israel. Although the number of Jewish refugees and the total area of their lost land exceeded that of their Arab counterparts, the similarity in the numbers of Jewish and Arab refugees has led some to describe the exodus of the two groups as a de facto population transfer.
With the UN's 1947 decision to partition Palestine, the Jewish community in Iraq, which only a few years earlier had suffered a devastating pogrom, faced a new wave of harsh persecution.
- The Edge of the Sword: Israel's War of Independence, 1947-1949, Natanel Lorch
- Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Martin Gilbert
- Encyclopedia Judaica
- "1948, Israel, and the Palestinians The True Story," Efraim Karsh, Commentary, May 2008
- "The evacuation of the noncombatant population in the 1948 war: three kibbutzim as a case study," Nurit Cohen Levinovsky, Journal of Israeli History, March 2007.
- Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century, Martin Gilbert
- The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, Maurice Roumani
The Iraqi government adopted what author and journalist Edwin Black described as "Nazi confiscatory techniques," levying "exorbitant fines as punishment for trumped-up offenses." Zionism was made a criminal offense. As Arab countries invaded the newly declared Jewish state, the Iraqi police ransacked Jewish homes and arrested hundreds of Jewish citizens. Hundreds more were dismissed from their public jobs. Crippling restrictions targeted Jewish commerce and travel. The government seized Jewish property, cut off municipal services to Jewish neighborhoods, and shut down Jewish newspapers
Researcher Esther Meir-Glitzenstein explained that "what had begun as voluntary emigration turned into an expulsion." Eventually, about 120,000 people almost the entire Jewish community would escape the oppression, with little more than the clothes on their backs.
A similar scenario played out in Egypt. The events of 1948 brought a revival of anti-Jewish sentiment, complete with anti-Jewish riots and murders, the confiscation of Jewish property, legal restrictions affecting the employment of Jews and mass arrests. This prompted a wave of Jewish flight from the country, a trend that only increased in the decade that followed.
Violent anti-Jewish rioting in Yemen in the wake of the UN partition plan help spur tens of thousands of Yeminite Jews to leave their homes and migrate to Israel as part of Operation Magic Carpet. Murderous pogroms in Morocco in 1948 and 1953, and in Libya in 1945 and 1948, yielded similar results.
|
<urn:uuid:cc5635c1-4533-45a8-b0c0-3dffb128b24d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-40
|
http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=35&x_article=1671
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659496.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00114-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971176
| 4,781
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Fig. 1. "Submerged Jets" sample for the 2003 gift exchange at the Friends of Dard Hunter annual conference
I've long been fascinated by the swirling eddies produced by jets of water. As a paper scientist I've also been fascinated by how quickly such swirling motions die down in the presence of fibers. Recently I found a cool way to capture some of these swirling motions by a method that I will call the "submerged jet" method. The accompanying exhibit was formed by this method, and I am hoping that the method could produce even more interesting effects and designs in the hands of an artisan. So here's a description of how this exhibit was prepared:
As shown in Fig. 2, the key to achieving the effect is the use of a syringe to "jet" a slurry of deeply colored fibers below the surface of a slurry of white or tinted fibers. This was done, in this case, with a "pour" type of sheet-forming mold consisting of two rectangular frames, one covered with a screen. The two frames are held together during sheet forming by two clamps. The frames are submerged in a pool of water so that water rises about ½ inch (2-3 cm) above the screen.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of "submerged jet" method of making colored patterns in handmade paper
|Next a syringe was used to inject about 20 ml of deeply colored red fibers, at about 1.5% solids, below the surface, with simultaneously motion in a sweeping circular motion parallel to the plane of the screen. The "submerged jet" step was then repeated, similarly, with a slurry of deep-blue fibers.||
Fig. 3. Dewatering the sheet by pulling a vacuum with the hydrostatic head below the screen
Various approaches were used to fix the dye to the fibers. Since the red dye was a conventional anionic direct dye (Direct Red 254) having relatively low affinity for bleached kraft fibers, the red fibers were prepared by first adding the dye, and then adding either aluminum chloride or low-mass poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC). The latter fixative proved to be much more successful. Since the blue dye was a cationic direct dye (Fastusol C Blue 76L), it was not necessary to use any fixative.
How to Achieve Different Effects
Some of the factors that I found to affect the results of "submerged jet" paper art include the preparation of the syringe tip, the relative speed with which the color fiber slurry is squeezed out of the syringe, the solids content of the fiber suspension in the sheet mold, and the amount of dye fixative used.
Preparation of syringe tip: My approach was to just cut off the tip of each plastic syringe with a razor knife, leaving a rough opening about 2-4 mm wide. This alteration allowed the colored fibers to spread out into more interesting patterns. Also, it minimized a tendency of jetted fibers to impale themselves onto the screen surface, leaving a clearly visible pattern even after the wet sheet had been taken away.
Speed of discharge of the jet: As shown in the third figure it was possible to achieve a wide range of effects. At very low speeds of discharge of the syringe, approaching laminar flow, it was possible to draw relatively narrow lines (see also the comment below regarding the solids content of the fiber suspension). Rapid jetting, by contrast, produced more impressionistic patterns. Turbulent eddies of flow became frozen in the paper.
|Solids content of the slurry: The most interesting effects were achieved only within a certain range of solids of the suspension initially placed above the forming screen. I estimated that the most interesting range of solids (or "consistency") was between about 0.4% and about 1%. Also it helped if the fibers had been made more flexible by refining (which could be achieved by use of a blender for a minute or two). But I think that you can get a pretty good feel for whether the solids content is in the right range by observing whether there are enough fibers present to form a contiguous mat, causing motion to cease within one or several seconds after injection of colored fibers.||
Fig. 4. Effect of discharge rate on the type of colored pattern (laminar vs. turbulent flow)
Amount of fixative: You can expect rather different effects depending on whether the dye is fixed to the fiber or whether it is mainly present in the water. In fact, it would be interesting to simply inject dye solutions directly. I observed that crisper patterns - and less issues concerning cleanup - resulting when the dye had been firmly fixed onto the fibers in the suspension.
Comments welcome: At the Department of Wood and Paper Science at NC State University our main focus usually is on the science - not the art - of paper manufacture. However, I am very happy to give input on paper handcraft projects. There has been a huge amount of progress in the science of mechanized papermaking, and, who knows, some of those scientific findings might be useful in paper art.
|
<urn:uuid:59b390fa-2e12-41dd-a317-246abaed9512>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-22
|
http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hubbe/Submerged_Jets.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00245-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954775
| 1,067
| 2.546875
| 3
|
Homesteading is the act of developing a self-dependent homestead or home. In such a way, homesteading has actually been compared to that of living in a suburban neighborhood in rural America. Both homesteading and prepping have also been incredibly popular in the media recently and have made a great deal of limelights; however just what is prepping? Why is it various than standard gardening? What is its function?
The prepper is a private or family that prepares ahead and Gets ready for contingencies. One prepper’s main goal is to get ready for an unforeseen event by developing a home-based emergency situation package. The prepper may also use the packages as a resource box for emergency food products. Other preppers might save their emergency preparedness products in a basement, cars and truck trunk or a storage shed. They believe it makes good sense to save things that might be changed, like the weather condition stripping on windows and doors, flashlights, and candle lights.
Prepping includes storing materials in locations where there will be very little if any invasion from others and animals. Lots of preppers feel that stockpiling survival items keeps them safe from regrettable scenarios. A great survivalist frequently has many survival tools on hand due to the fact that they have actually utilized them over again in the past when life has been especially challenging.
Another crucial tip for homesteaders is to look to their pasts for motivation. Many people like to seek to the old times when life was simpler and less expensive. The homesteaders who lived in the yesteryears before contemporary society was born were more equipped to face difficulties. They had less problems with disease, they were resourceful, and they understood the value of their time and the worth of their land. In other words, they gained from their forefathers!
One of the most special homesteading ideas is to end up being really knowledgeable about all types of alternative energy. This can consist of whatever from hydroponics and aquaculture to wind and solar energy. The homesteader can learn about the best ways to gather and use their natural resources. They can learn more about the very best ways to raise their animals. They can discover the most efficient usages for their land and water. When the homesteader finds out how to finest utilize their resources, they are more likely to live an extremely comfy and healthy way of life that will make them smile with pride.
One of the factors people love to reside in big houses and vacation leasings is due to the fact that they have the kind of quality life that homesteaders did not have access to in years past. When you have this type of quality life, you will discover that you do not require any survival abilities to offer yourself. It is almost like residing in your own private little neighborhood. You have all of the features and luxuries of home, however with no of the maintenance or the research of homesteaders from generations past.
Another reason that homesteaders picked to live by doing this is since they had the foresight to construct a self-dependent source of food and shelter. They knew how to grow and harvest vegetables and fruits, they understood how to develop both their basic and luxurious homes, and they knew how to look after their animals. When you have these tools, and the understanding and the wisdom to fully use them, you have all the tools you require for a very comfortable way of life that makes it simple to merely delight in life with no sort of survival skills or inspiration needed.
When you choose to adopt a more penny-wise way of life and end up being a housewife, your only significant financial investment will be time and effort in finding out the Homesteading idea. You ought to look for a web course that teaches you all of the essentials of Homesteading and how to become a self-sufficient homemaker. Once you have all of your tools in place, it should just take you about 2 months to develop your first simple but effective house. Once you have accomplished all of the objectives laid out in your Homesteading course, you need to then be able to delight in the type of lifestyle that only comes with a natural lifestyle – without any major financial investments and no survival skills needed.
|
<urn:uuid:3c5f95ec-d555-49ad-85a5-1764300b03d8>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://laserworldskiel2016.com/homesteading-orchard/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178389472.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210309061538-20210309091538-00351.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972836
| 870
| 2.6875
| 3
|
Activity cards accompany the activity-based lesson plan and provide students with insight into the most influential factors effecting life in China during the Middle Ages. Chapter 16’s activity cards represent the five regions from the Chapter Activity (China, Africa, India, Persia, and Korea) and profile two common trade commodities from that region. Students decide which item from their region they will sell, develop a commercial explaining the benefits of their commodity, and engage in trade with their fellow classmates from other regions.
At Pearson we continue to focus on your needs and on improving our customers' online experience. We invite you to complete the survey below, and greatly appreciate your input as a valued customer of Pearson.
It will only take a minute or two to complete. Your responses are confidential and for research purposes only.
Take the survey now!No Thanks Take the Survey
|
<urn:uuid:7994cc9e-3b74-40aa-9b92-323b7f1ff8d0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-40
|
http://www.pearsonschool.com/index.cfm?locator=PS1aDs
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660709.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00040-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93958
| 172
| 3.78125
| 4
|
Cats are diligent in grooming themselves, but some cats also actively groom their owner's hair. A "beautician cat" might perch on the back of a chair or above your head in bed and comb through your hair with its teeth and paws. Sometimes the cat will even hold your head steady or object if you move out of reach.
Cats' grooming behavior can be a physical and social issue. Their physical and emotional health, as well as traits of instinct, influence how a cat acts and reacts. Think of this as the H.I.S.S. Test, which stands for health, instinct, stress, and symptom solvers.
Grooming keeps skin and fur healthy and clean. Cats spend about 50 percent of their awake time in some form of grooming behavior.
Kittens begin to groom themselves as youngsters. Much of the grooming behavior is instinctive but it's also influenced by the environment. If Mom is a neatnik, then chances are the babies will also grow up with clean "cattitudes." But slovenly Mom-cats may pass on their grooming indifference to offspring. Mom-cats also groom their babies to keep them clean, and social cats groom each other and share communal scent.
Cats also use grooming to relieve stress. You could compare self-grooming for stress relief to a human getting a relaxing massage. Other times, cats can use "power grooming" as a way to intimidate other felines and chase them away from a favorite territory.
Symptoms, Signs, and Solutions
If your cat is grooming your hair, it is likely to be using grooming as social behavior. Cats groom other cats in their family group when they like each other and have friendly relationships. The licking also spreads scent, so the cats that sleep together and groom each other smell alike. This creates a sort of "family perfume" that identifies each other as safe and friendly. If the cat suddenly starts out of the blue, maybe she likes the smell of your new shampoo.
When your cats groom you, they aren't interested in creating proper feline hairdos (well, maybe some cats have a style in mind). More likely, cats that target an owner's hair simply trigger on the "furry part" of the human and want to share the family scent with proper grooming.
The cat might receive some sort of reinforcement that encourages them to repeat the behavior. Do you talk to the cat and pet it during this grooming? Or it may be enough simply to respond if your cat taps your head to get you to move back into range if you move away.
The behavior can become a bit aggravating when overdone. Some cats pull out the owner's hair or chew it off, just like they over-groom themselves from stress. The pulling/chewing behavior may be an extension of the wool-sucking sorts of targeting Oriental heritage cats often seem to indulge. That can have a basis in nutritional deficits (sometimes anemia) not to mention the potential for hairballs if they swallow long strands of human hair. If a cat seems to want to eat your hair, it's a good reason to go to the veterinarian for a check-up.
You can offer kitty a substitute such as a fuzzy stuffed toy, and shoo the cat away from your head to prevent being snatched bald. But in most cases, consider a cat grooming a human's hair to be a huge compliment and gesture of affection, sort of the kitty equivalent of a petting session. Don't worry, the cat won't expect you to become kitty beauticians with a lick and a promise. Petting will do.
|
<urn:uuid:c866be1d-d860-4e75-aa1d-6bf7442e3909>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://www.thesprucepets.com/cats-grooming-humans-553935
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038089289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416191341-20210416221341-00438.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952809
| 742
| 2.859375
| 3
|
Right to farm Constitutional Amendment
On August 5, 2014 the voters of the State of Missouri will vote on whether or not to adopt a constitutional amendment to forever guarantee that farmers and ranchers have the right to engage in farming and ranching practices by adding section 35 through the Missouri Constitution (the “Amendment”), which reads as follows:
“That agriculture which provides food, energy, health benefits, and security is foundation and stabilizing force of Missouri’s economy. To protect this vital sector of Missouri’s economy, the right of farmers and ranchers to engage in farming and ranching practices shall be forever guaranteed in this state, subject to duly authorized powers, if any, conferred by article VI of the Constitution of Missouri.”
Voters will be asked to vote yes or no on the following question:
“Shall the Missouri Constitution be amended to ensure that the right of Missouri citizens to engage in agricultural production and ranching practices shall not be infringed?”
Questions – What are the implications with respect to the adoption of this Amendment? How do voters make an informed decision as to whether or not to vote for or against this Amendment? What are the legal consequences if the Amendment is adopted and will there be unintended consequences? Perhaps even more important is the question of whether or not it is good policy to include in the Bill of Rights of the Missouri Constitution “the right of farmers and ranchers to engage in farming and ranching practices.”
Answering these questions is no easy task because piercing through the fog of sound bites and political rhetoric is difficult. Determining if there is a hidden agenda is even harder and more important because if the Amendment is adopted it will be nearly impossible to change the Constitution.
To determine the validity of the claims made by leading proponents of the Amendment – the Missouri Farm Bureau and Missouri Farmers Care – I have reviewed statements they have posted on their site, reviewed several law review articles and Missouri case law and have to the extent possible provided links to these sources of information (except law review articles that are not on-line) so that the reader has the full benefit of the original document.
Vagueness – The proponents, argue that the Amendment is vague and will require interpretation by the courts. Highlighting this point is the fact that there is no historical basis for interpreting a constitutional right to engage in farming and ranching practices since only North Dakota has adopted a farm rights amendment to its constitution guaranteeing it’s citizens a constitutional right to farm and there have been no appellate court cases to date interpreting the North Dakota constitutional amendment.
In order to sidestep the question of uncertainty the proponents of the Amendment state that it will be interpreted like other constitutional provisions in the Bill of Rights. A perspective about the right to farm – on the Missouri Farm Bureau Website supporting the amendment – provided by Brent Hayden, a lawyer from Columbia, Missouri states that: “The Right to Farm amendment, if passed, will make farming and ranching a right in Missouri, similar in scope and protection to the speech, religion and gun rights already in Missouri’s Constitution.” I agree with the statement that the right to farm Amendment will be interpreted like the right of free speech, freedom of religion and the right to bear arms contained in the Missouri Bill of Rights. With that in mind voters need to sit up and take notice.
The interpretation of the constitutional right of free speech, religion and the right to bear arms strongly suggests that the proposed right to farm and ranch Amendment will be nearly absolute. Inclusion in the Bill of Rights gives the Amendment special status over other provisions in the Missouri Constitution. The language in the Bill of Rights of the Missouri Constitution with respect to the right of free speech (“no law shall impair”), freedom of religion (“a natural and indefeasible right” nor shall “beliefs be infringed”) and the right to bear arms (“shall not be questioned”) makes these rights nearly absolute although it must be recognized that there are limits but these limits are the exception and are narrowly defined. The rule of statutory construction is to liberally construe rights in the Missouri Bill of Rights against infringement by law. Ask yourself whether or not the General Assembly can adopt laws, which limit free speech, freedom of religion or the right to bear arms? Limitations on the right of free speech, freedom of religion and the right to bear arms have only been upheld in rare and unusual cases.
The not so secret hidden agenda
Power of local government limited – Proponents of the Amendment argue that it is “… subject to duly authorized powers, if any, conferred by article VI of the Constitution of Missouri.” (emphasis added) So what does “if any” mean? One tip is that the drafter’s were not willing to even concede in the Amendment that any powers are granted by article VI by adding the phrase “if any” in order to avoid and interpretation of the amendment that all words must be given meaning. The “if any” phrase is intended to give the drafter’s of the Amendment an argument that article VI confers no power otherwise why is this language included in the Amendment? The exception for duly authorized powers in article VI of the Missouri Constitution are basically meaningless because the state can always limit the power of local government.
In addition, making the amendment subject to article VI, which pertains to cities, counties and special districts is misleading because by law the General Assembly can limit the power of local government. In addition, every well-versed municipal lawyer knows that statutory cities and counties are generally not conferred any rights by article VI. Home rule cities and counties have the right to adopt laws provided they are not inconsistent with the Missouri Constitution or state law. Local laws that conflict with state law are invalid. Claims by the proponents of the Amendment that local government will continue to have the power to regulate and things won’t change are simply empty promises that cannot be kept.
Power of the General Assembly may be limited – The language “subject to duly authorized powers” in article VI of the Missouri Constitution, is important because it implies that other provisions of the Missouri Constitution such as article III, section 1, (power of the General Assembly to legislate) would be subservient to the constitutional right of farming and ranching. As a consequence laws adopted by the General Assembly, which prohibit or limit farming or ranching by the General Assembly could be invalidated because the Bill of Rights trumps state law and nearly every other constitutional provision that is not in the Bill of Rights. A state law that limited the right to free speech, freedom of religion or the right to bear arms would be found to be invalid in a New York minute. It is hard to imagine why the Amendment guaranteeing the right to farming and ranching would be treated any differently. In fact, the proponents state that the amendment would be treated like the right to free speech, religion and the right to bear arms.
The Amendment may abolish the right to bring a common-law nuisance action for pollution of property when it is caused by forming or ranching operations. The proposed Amendment did not occur in a vacuum. As discussed in an earlier Post on my blog in May of 2011 a court decision affirming a jury verdict awarding $11 million in compensatory damages to 15 adjoining property owners against a hog farm run as a Concentrated Animal Farm Operation (CAFO) set the General Assembly on fire with an immediate reaction to protect farmers from common-law nuisance actions resulting in the passage of HB 209, which was vetoed by Governor Nixon. HB 209, was a complete overreach by the General Assembly for the reasons noted in my May Post of 2011.
Ultimately a compromise was reached to deal with some of the concerns by the General Assembly adopting a law, which the Governor signed. This matter continued to simmer leading the General Assembly in 2014 to adopt a HJR submitting to the voters the Amendment to the Bill of Rights in the Missouri Constitution establishing farming and ranching as a fundamental constitutional right.
Several state courts have held that state statutes, which limit the right to bring a common law nuisance action against a farming operation that is creating a common law nuisance is an unconstitutional taking. When the Iowa Supreme Court declared state legislation, which prohibited common-law nuisance actions as a taking in a farm state like Iowa farm groups sit up and take notice. Certainly, the proponents of the Amendment would argue that the constitutional Amendment if approved bars common-law nuisance actions. In addition, you can expect that the proponents will argue that the Amendment validates section 537.295 RSMO., which allows an expansion of a farm cattle operation once it has been in operation for at least one year is no longer a taking of private property without compensation.
History is important in understanding the purpose of the Amendment. It is no secret that the proponents have proposed the Amendment because of the above history and the concern that a court might invalidate any effort by the General Assembly to adopt laws which limit the right to bring a common law nuisance action.
The public policy question – No one argues with the proposition that farming and ranching is extremely important. The public policy question does not center on that question. The critical question is whether or not inclusion in the Constitution of the State of Missouri as part of the Bill of Rights is appropriate and whether or not its inclusion will limit the ability of to adjust to future threats from farming and ranching operations that may have a very severe impact on the environment.
What is the history with respect to the failure of civilizations to adjust to changes in the environment? A summary in Wikipedia of “Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed,” by Jared Diamond demonstrates many of the principal causes for failure of a society include: destruction of forestation and habitat, erosion, salinization and soil fertility losses, overhunting and introduction of species on native species and the introduction of toxins in the environment. Does anyone remember the dust bowl of the 1930s? The location of a hog farm that is operated in northern Arkansas as a concentrated animal feed operation (CAFO) in karst topography – within several miles of the Buffalo River – tells the real story about big farming and their concern with the environment.
Our elected representatives should be able to deal with changes to the environment without being hamstrung by constitutional amendment that can only be changed by the voters. Be assured, once this Amendment is adopted it will be in the Missouri Constitution forever. State government needs the flexibility to act when the environment is threatened.
Howard Wright @ 2014
|
<urn:uuid:1d4d3ed2-5cb8-49d2-8683-eff7dd91b80e>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://momunicipallaw.com/2014/07/30/right-to-farm-constitutional-amendment/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304954.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126131707-20220126161707-00325.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943181
| 2,178
| 2.609375
| 3
|
The urinary tract is responsible for regulating the water ratio in the body and for eliminating harmful waste. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a painful condition that can affect anyone at any age. Such infection is the result of the presence of bacteria in the inner lining of the urinary tract.
Keep in mind that this is not something that will go away on its own. In fact, it can get worse as time goes on. If left untreated, it can affect your uterus (for women) and kidneys and damage them permanently.
While conventional treatments rely on antibiotics, they often offer a temporary relief and the problem generally re-occurs after few weeks or months, requiring another round of therapy until the problem becomes chronic and it becomes necessary to stay on antibiotics permanently.
At Holistic Specialists we look at the root cause of the problem, which is poor gut flora that allows bad bacteria to reach the urinary tract.
Some of the common symptoms of the infection include:
- Urge to urinate frequently
- Reduced urine flow
- Burning sensation or pain in the bladder region
- Discomfort above the pelvic bone
- Change in the color of urine
- Cloudy, dark, or smelly urine
- Blood in urine
Several methods are available for urinary tract infection treatment. The effectiveness of a treatment will depend on certain factors, such as severity of the infection, the frequency of the occurrence, the overall health of the person, and so on. Here are some treatment options for people suffering from the condition.
It is first necessary to identify if the problem is caused by a bacteria or some form of yeast. For this reason a functional stool test analysis is required. Even if the infection is located in the urinary tract, the gut is the site where the infection originates.
Antimicrobial herbs help to kill the bacteria or fungi without altering the already compromised gut flora and it is what we use with our patients. Antibiotics work by killing the bad bacteria but they also kill the good ones, making the situation worse in the long term. For this reason most UTIs re-occur within 6 months after treatment. This indiscriminate killing of the bacteria can lead to further problems. The good bacteria are required in order to maintain balance in the urinary tract and to control the bad bacteria from overtaking the territory.
To keep the problem from re-occuring following therapy, it is necessary to re-build the gut flora with a combination of specific probiotic to maintain health in therapeutic dosages combined with foods that naturally contain good bacteria.
One of the best ways to keep your immunity strong and prevent the bacteria and toxins from accumulating in your system is to drink plenty of water. When you do not flush the toxins from the body, it can contribute to a UTI.
Certain foods feed the offending bacteria and yeast, so for this reason they have to be removed while eliminating the offending pathogens. Also anti-inflammatory foods and herbs should be reinforced during this period.
No infection is as common and as embarrassing as a urinary tract infection. Millions of people all around the globe suffer from this condition every year. People who suffer from this condition are always on the lookout for the best treatments.
|
<urn:uuid:b9191b56-d9fd-43ca-aef3-ed1da1976d8e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.holisticspecialists.com/urology-health/urinary-tract-infection-treatment/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348513230.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606093706-20200606123706-00374.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942905
| 652
| 2.796875
| 3
|
This article is for anyone who loves reading philosophy and wants to learn more about it and its beginning. There are so many worth reading philosophy books, but these are some of the classics you need to read. Click the book title or image to order one of them.
Socrates – Plato’s Apology of Socrates
Socrates (470/469 – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher. He is stated to have in part (together with Plato and Aristotle), or exclusively, laid the foundations of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Plato’s dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is “hidden behind his ‘best disciple’, Plato”.
Although Socrates himself wrote nothing, he is depicted in conversation in compositions by a small circle of his admirers—Plato and Xenophon first among them. Plato’s Apology of Socrates purports to be the speech Socrates gave at his trial in response to the accusations made against him (Greek apologia means “defense”). Its powerful advocacy of the examined life and its condemnation of Athenian democracy have made it one of the central documents of Western thought and culture.
Plato – The Republic
Plato was a classical Greek philosopher born 428-7 B.C.E and died in 348-7 B.C.E. Plato along with Socrates (his teacher) and Aristotle (his student) laid the fundamentals of Western philosophy. Along with being a mathematician he was a also a philosopher and a founder of an Academy in Athens, which was first institute which imparted higher end education to students. Socrates has a large influence of his thinking and teachings.
Plato’s Republic is a Socratic dialogue, written by Plato around 380 BC, concerning the definition of justice, the order and character of the just city-state and the just man, reason by which ancient readers used the name On Justice as an alternative title.
It is Plato’s best-known work and has proven to be one of the most intellectually and historically influential works of philosophy and political theory. The Republic is unparalleled in its coverage of all areas of life. While Plato addresses metaphysical issues, he does so with language and analogies that most people can grasp with studious reading. But Plato talks about much more than metaphysics. Marriage, music, war, kings, procreation and more are all topics of discussion for Plato’s dialog.
Aristotle – The Nicomachean Ethics
Aristotle was born at Stagira in northern Greece in 384 B.C. His father, Nicomachus, was a physician at the court of Philip of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great. In 367, Aristotle moved to Athens, which was the intellectual and cultural center of ancient Greece. He joined Plato’s Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven. His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great between 356 and 323 BCE.
The Nicomachean Ethics is Aristotle’s best-known work on ethics. The work, which plays a pre-eminent role in defining Aristotelian ethics, consists of ten books, originally separate scrolls, and is understood to be based on notes from his lectures at the Lyceum, which were either edited by or dedicated to Aristotle’s son, Nicomachus.
The theme of the work is the Socratic question which had previously been explored in Plato’s works, of how men should best live. In his Metaphysics, Aristotle described how Socrates turned philosophy to human questions, whereas Pre-Socratic philosophy had only been theoretical. Ethics, as now separated out for discussion by Aristotle, is practical rather than theoretical, in the original Aristotelian senses of these terms.
Epicurus – The Essential Epicurus
Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher as well as the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters of Epicurus’s 300 written works remain. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy derives from later followers and commentators.
For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life, characterized by ataraxia—peace and freedom from fear—and aponia—the absence of pain—and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends.
The Essential Epicurus is a collection of Epicurus’ writings. His philosophy rests on an atomistic (material, not metaphysical) foundation. One is born, one dies. That’s it. So the focus is on how we live and how we ought to live. We live he says by pursuing pleasure and avoiding pain.
Epicureanism is commonly regarded as the refined satisfaction of physical desires. As a philosophy, however, it also denoted the striving after an independent state of mind and body, imperturbability, and reliance on sensory data as the true basis of knowledge.
Confucius – The Analects
Confucius (551–479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with many other schools during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of the Legalists during the Qin Dynasty. Following the victory of Han over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius’s thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism.
Confucius’s principles had a basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong family loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children and of husbands by their wives. He also recommended family as a basis for ideal government. He espoused the well-known principle “Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself”, an early version of the Golden Rule.
The Analects, also known as the Analects of Confucius, is a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been written by Confucius’ followers. It is believed to have been written during the Warring States period (475 BC–221 BC), and it achieved its final form during the mid-Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD).
René Descartes – Meditations on First Philosophy
Descartes lived from 1596 to 1650, and today he is referred to as “the Father of Modern Philosophy.” He created analytical geometry, based on his now immortal Cartesian coordinate system, immortal in the sense that we are all taught it in school, and that it is still perfectly up-to-date in almost all branches of mathematics.
Analytical geometry is the study of geometry using algebra and the Cartesian coordinate system. He discovered the laws of refraction and reflection. He also invented the superscript notation still used today to indicate the powers of exponents.He advocated dualism, which is very basically defined as the power of the mind over the body: strength is derived by ignoring the weaknesses of the human physique and relying on the infinite power of the human mind.
Descartes’s most famous statement, now practically the motto of existentialism: “Je pense donc je suis;” “Cogito, ergo sum;” “I think, therefore I am.” This is not meant to prove the existence of one’s body. Quite the opposite, it is meant to prove the existence of one’s mind. He rejected perception as unreliable, and considered deduction the only reliable method for examining, proving and disproving anything.
Meditations on First Philosophy is a philosophical treatise by René Descartes first published in 1641. The book is made up of six meditations, in which Descartes first discards all belief in things which are not absolutely certain, and then tries to establish what can be known for sure. The meditations were written as if he was meditating for 6 days: each meditation refers to the last one as “yesterday”.
Voltaire – Candide
François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known as Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.
Voltaire was a versatile writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma, and the French institutions of his day.
Candide is the story of a gentle man who, though pummeled and slapped in every direction by fate, clings desperately to the belief that he lives in “the best of all possible worlds.” On the surface a witty, bantering tale, this eighteenth-century classic is actually a savage, satiric thrust at the philosophical optimism that proclaims that all disaster and human suffering is part of a benevolent cosmic plan. Fast, funny, often outrageous, the French philosopher’s immortal narrative takes Candide around the world to discover that — contrary to the teachings of his distringuished tutor Dr. Pangloss — all is not always for the best. Alive with wit, brilliance, and graceful storytelling, Candide has become Voltaire’s most celebrated work.
Jean Jacques Rousseau – The Social Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe. His first major philosophical work, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted by the Academy of Dijon in 1750. In this work, Rousseau argues that the progression of the sciences and arts has caused the corruption of virtue and morality.
Rousseau remains an important figure in the history of philosophy, both because of his contributions to political philosophy and moral psychology and because of his influence on later thinkers.
The Social Contract is about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society, which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality (1754). The Social Contract helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe, especially in France. The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate; as Rousseau asserts, only the people, who are sovereign, have that all-powerful right.
Immanuel Kant – The Critique of Pure Reason
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is the central figure in modern philosophy. He synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy, and continues to exercise a significant influence today in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields. He argues that the human understanding is the source of the general laws of nature that structure all our experience; and that human reason gives itself the moral law, which is our basis for belief in God, freedom, and immortality.
The Critique of Pure Reason was published in 1781. Kant’s primary aim is to determine the limits and scope of pure reason. That is, he wants to know what reason alone can determine without the help of the senses or any other faculties. Metaphysicians make grand claims about the nature of reality based on pure reason alone, but these claims often conflict with one another. Furthermore, Kant is prompted by Hume’s skepticism to doubt the very possibility of metaphysics.
Arthur Schopenhauer – The World as Will and Representation
Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher best known for his book, The World as Will and Representation, in which he claimed that our world is driven by a continually dissatisfied will, continually seeking satisfaction. He was influenced by Eastern philosophy and he was also an atheist.
At age 25, he published his doctoral dissertation, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which examined the four distinct aspects of experience in the phenomenal world; consequently, he has been influential in the history of phenomenology. He has influenced many thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Otto Weininger, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Otto Rank, Carl Jung, Joseph Campbell, Leo Tolstoy, Thomas Mann, and Jorge Luis Borges, among others.
The World as Will and Representation (Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung) is the central work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. Volume 1 of the definitive English translation of one of the most important philosophical works of the 19th century, the basic statement in one important stream of post-Kantian thought.
Nietzsche – Beyond Good and Evil
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer. He wrote several critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
Nietzsche began his career as a classical philologist—a scholar of Greek and Roman textual criticism—before turning to philosophy. In 1869, at age twenty-four, he was appointed to the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel, the youngest individual to have held this position. He resigned in the summer of 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life.
In 1889, at age forty-four, he suffered a collapse and a complete loss of his mental faculties. The breakdown was later ascribed to atypical general paresis due to tertiary syphilis, but this diagnosis has come into question. Re-examination of Nietzsche’s medical evaluation papers show that he almost certainly died of brain cancer.
Nietzsche lived his remaining years in the care of his mother until her death in 1897, after which he fell under the care of his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche until his death in 1900.
In Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche’s philosophical and literary powers are at their height: with devastating irony and flashing wit he gleefully dynamites centuries of accumulated conventional wisdom in metaphysics, morals, and psychology, clearing a path for such twentieth-century innovators as Thomas Mann, André Gide, Sigmund Freud, George Bernard Shaw, André Malraux, and Jean-Paul Sartre, all of whom openly acknowledged their debt to him.
Jean Paul Sartre – Being and Nothingness
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism.
His work has also influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines. Sartre has also been noted for his open relationship with the prominent feminist theorist Simone de Beauvoir.
He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused it, saying that he always declined official honors and that “a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution”.
Being and Nothingness is one of the most significant philosophical books of the 20th century. The central work by one of the century’s most influential thinkers, it altered the course of western philosophy. Its revolutionary approach challenged all previous assumptions about the individual’s relationship with the world. Known as ‘the Bible of existentialism’, its impact on culture & literature was immediate & was felt worldwide, from the absurdist drama of Samuel Beckett to the soul-searching cries of the Beat poets.
This is a truncated, edited version of an article found on Thinking Humanity CC 3.0 Licence
|
<urn:uuid:3b146376-2758-475f-84a2-ee0bf867e95e>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
|
http://historyhustle.com/12-philosophy-books-that-changed-the-world/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00211.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966265
| 3,502
| 3.25
| 3
|
Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: Fact & FictionGeorge B. Batten, M.D.
It is estimated that over 20 million Americans suffer from osteoarthritis (OA), an often painful condition in which the articular cartilage, which serves as a cushion and gliding surface between the bones, deteriorates and wears away. With the aging of our population, it is anticipated that this number will double over the next two decades.
In 2004 the estimated medical costs associated with the treatment of arthritis exceeded $86 billion. The traditional treatment of osteoarthritis has included activity modification, lifestyle changes, both over-the-counter and prescription medications, injection therapy and surgery. Over the past several decades additional interest has also been shown in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Foremost among these has been the widely publicized and marketed use of the dietary supplements glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. In a large national survey which evaluated American’s use of CAM, arthritis was among the top reasons given. Glucosamine with or without chondroitin were among the most frequent “non-vitamin, non-mineral, natural products” used. This has occurred despite the fact that until recently there has been no well-designed study proving their effectiveness or safety.
Both glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are naturally occurring substances found within the human body. They are one of the major components of connective tissue substrate and are an important component of articular cartilage. Glucosamine is involved in stimulating the formation and repair of cartilage. Chondroitin sulfate is responsible for preventing other enzymes from degrading the substructure of cartilage. Glucosamine is usually obtained from the shells of shrimp, lobster and crabs while chondroitin sulfate is harvested from the cartilage of sharks and cattle. Both substances are also capable of being laboratory-produced. They are usually sold individually or in combination and recently are appearing with other supplements, combinations touted by their manufacturers to treat and even cure a growing number of joint and soft tissue conditions and injuries. Being dietary supplements, they are not regulated by the United States’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the same manner of prescription drugs. Therefore, their efficacy and safety are more often than not unscientific claims made by their manufacturers and distributors. Nor does the FDA take an active role in insuring the quality control of these manufactured supplements. Numerous studies have in fact shown that the quality and quantity of these within individual products varies considerably and, more often than not, is not accurately reflected on their packaging. They are widely available through pharmacies, grocery stores, bulk food distributors, “health food” outlets and even online.
A fairly large number of early studies used to promote these supplements to the lay population, on closer scrutiny, involved small groups of patients in poorly designed retrospective studies. Standardization of testing protocols was often times not utilized. Also of concern is that many of these studies were supported by the manufacturers and distributors of the products themselves opening the door to a very real possibility of biasing results and under-reporting potential side effects.
In an attempt to clarify the value and safety of the use of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis, the National Institute of Health (NIH) through its National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) and the National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, instituted a study known as the Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Interventional Trial (GAIT). It was initiated in the year 2000 and its results were subsequently published in the New England Journal of Medicine in February 2006. The study was multicenter, prospective, double-blind, placebo and celecoxib controlled. A prospective study involves enrolling patients utilizing strict criteria and then assigning them randomly to various treatment groups. Having a double-blind set-up, neither the prescribing physicians nor the patients themselves knew what drug they were receiving. This prevents bias in the patients’ perspective of subjective responses to treatment and physicians’ evaluation of outcomes. The mean age of the patients was 59 years and 64% of the patients were women. They were randomly assigned to treatment groups which received either 1500 mg of glucosamine daily, 1200 mg of chondroitin sulfate daily, the glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in combination, 200 mg of celecoxib (Celebrex) daily or a placebo for 24 weeks. A placebo is a sham drug of inert material utilized in controlled studies. It is essentially a “sugar” pill. The patients were monitored on a regular basis and pre-enrollment and post-study pain and function assessments were accomplished using several well-established and standardized forms. The results were then evaluated using strict statistical analysis.
According to the author of the study, “Overall glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate were not significantly better than placebo in reducing knee pain by 20%.” The supplements taken alone or in combination did not reduce pain effectively particularly in those patients with mild to moderate subjective pain symptoms. The subgroup of patients with moderate to severe pain seemed to have a greater response that was significantly higher with combined supplement therapy than placebo. They felt, however, that this group was perhaps too small to warrant calling these results conclusive and that an additional study was necessary and is currently ongoing.
The incident of adverse reactions in all treatment groups was small. Of additional interest, however, was a very high response rate in the subgroup of patients administered the placebo. They did note this high rate of response to placebo has been seen in other studies evaluating various treatment modalities in patients with osteoarthritis. They felt in part this may be partly due to the patients’ biases and expectations as well as the enrollment of patients with relatively mild symptoms.
It must be remembered that this large study was designed primarily for the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness in glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in alleviating pain symptoms in patients with osteoarthritis. An additional potential benefit of these dietary supplements as touted by their manufacturers, distributors and the lay media has been that of delaying and potentially reversing the effects of established osteoarthritis. To date, no well-designed study is available or has been performed to substantiate these claims; therefore, one should not assume that these supplements are capable of living up to these claims. Evidently the NIH, as a follow-up study to the GAIT, plans on evaluating these claims. There does not appear to be any justification for individuals taking these dietary supplements for these reasons at the present time. In particular, there is no evidence to show that these substances taken prophylactically by individuals who do not currently have osteoarthritis will prevent or delay its onset in the future.
- In a large, well-designed study undertaken by the National Institute of Health and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, the use of the dietary supplements glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate have not been shown to be any more effective in significantly reducing pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee as compared to a placebo. The use of these dietary supplements considering their lack of FDA monitoring, the expense incurred in their use and still long-term questions regarding their safety, should be viewed with skepticism.
- While the GAIT study did seem to show that there may be some benefit in patients with moderately severe pain symptoms, the authors of the study felt that the study group was too small to draw accurate conclusions and that further evaluation of its use in these particular patients is warranted.
- Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate have not been scientifically proven to delay the progression or alter the natural history of osteoarthritis. Taking these supplements for this reason or in the belief their prophylactic use may prevent or delay the development of osteoarthritis should probably be discouraged.
- Patients need to be aware of the fact that dietary supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are not regulated by the FDA in the same manner as prescription drugs and product quality, quantity and safety are of concern.
- Traditional treatment regimes utilized in osteoarthritis including over-the-counter analgesics such as acetaminophen as well as prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, activity modification, supervised exercise programs, weight loss and patient education remain the keystones in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis. They should certainly not be abandoned in the belief that dietary supplements based on our current understanding are an essential part of these regimes nor should they be used to supplement all or portions of them.
Clegg, D.O., et al, New England Journal of Medicine, 2006, Volume 354 – 8, pages 795-808
New England Journal of Medicine:www.nejm.org
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine:www.nccam.nih.gov
National Institute of Health: www.nih.gov
Tri-Valley Orthopedic Specialists, Inc.: www.trivalleyorthopedics.com
|
<urn:uuid:06cbe64b-bc2d-418c-8403-c5afa2bef06f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://www.trivalleyorthopedics.com/glucosamine-chondroitin-sulfate-in-the-treatment-of-osteoarthritis-fact-fiction/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201826.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921143722-20200921173722-00184.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955861
| 1,903
| 2.765625
| 3
|
Chimpanzees often share and share alike when cooperating in pairs, suggesting that these apes come close to a human sense of fairness, a controversial new study finds.
Like people, chimps tend to fork over half of a valuable windfall to a comrade in situations where the recipient can choose to accept the deal or turn it down and leave both players with nothing, say psychologist Darby Proctor of Yerkes National Primate Research Center in Lawrenceville, Ga., and her colleagues. And just as people do, chimps turn stingy when supplied with goodies that they can share however they like, the researchers report online January 14 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“Humans and chimpanzees show similar preferences in dividing rewards, suggesting a long evolutionary history to the human sense of fairness,” Proctor says.
But psychologist Josep Call of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, considers the new results “far from convincing.” In Proctor’s experiments, pairs of chimps interacted little with each other and showed no signs of understanding that some offers were unfair and could be rejected, Call says.
Read more at ScienceNews.
|
<urn:uuid:a6815a49-8c7b-4845-9bfa-007f9e78d68e>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
|
https://evolution-institute.org/claims-of-fairness-in-apes-have-critics-crying-foul/?source=tvol
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676599291.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723164955-20180723184955-00379.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931046
| 248
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Transfer designs and illustrations from a carved block, plate, or screen and onto a variety of surfaces with a printing press. Find presses for a variety of printing techniques, including block printing, etching, and screen printing.
Screen printing presses push inked designs through a screen. Artists press ink or paint through the screen using a squeegee. Find a printing press for T-shirts and other clothes and accessories.
Block printing presses are used with carved wood and linoleum blocks. Apply ink or paint to your block and place it on top of your paper or other surface inside the press. Then, press down or roll it through the press, and your design will transfer onto the surface.
Similarly, etching presses shift paint from an etched plate onto a surface. They use rollers and a hand crank or motor to pull the plate and surface through.
|
<urn:uuid:52358c00-7b92-4ac8-88e7-b5da1d4bccd4>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
https://www.dickblick.com/categories/printmaking/presses/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335469.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930113830-20220930143830-00031.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903118
| 179
| 2.796875
| 3
|
One of the parts that you must replace in a car with lots of use is the brake rotors. The rotors are the part that the actual brake pad compresses onto in order to stop the vehicle. When the brake rotors are pitted or have grooves in them, you will need to replace them for consistent braking. Finding what proper size rotors to use is something you should need to know when you replace them.
Sizes Stamped on Rotor
If the rotor has not been worn down too much, you will be able to see the size stamped right on the rotor itself. It will be in millimeters and usually on the wheel side of the rotor.
Measure Diameter of Used Rotor
Another way to get a good idea of the size of rotor you will need for your vehicle is to measure the diameter of the used rotor. This will give you a fairly accurate reading.
|
<urn:uuid:c80c04df-8487-4b8b-9d59-2cf2e838caf3>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://assets.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-decide-what-size-brake-rotors-to-use-in-your-car
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657176116.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715230447-20200716020447-00062.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930377
| 183
| 2.59375
| 3
|
Kepler put into sleep mode as telescope's pointing performance degrades
NASA's Kepler team has received data showing that the spacecraft's ability to point precisely has degraded. In order to preserve high-value science data collected during its latest observation campaign, the Kepler team has placed the spacecraft in a stable, no-fuel-use sleep mode.
During Kepler's allotted Deep Space Network time, scheduled to begin October 10, the Kepler team will "wake up" the spacecraft and direct it to point its large antenna back to Earth and transmit the science data home. Due to uncertainties about the remaining available fuel, there is no guarantee that NASA will be able to download the science data. If successful the Kepler team will attempt to start the next observing campaign with the remaining fuel.
NASA anticipates that the spacecraft will soon run out of fuel, but it remains unclear how much remains. NASA's goal is to collect and downlink as much science data as possible while the spacecraft remains viable.
Kepler's latest observing campaign, Campaign 19, started on August 29 after the spacecraft's configuration had been modified in order to adapt to a change in thruster performance. Over the following 27 days, Kepler observed more than 30,000 stars and galaxies in the constellation of Aquarius. The stars included dozens of known and suspected exoplanet systems—including the well-known TRAPPIST-1 system with its seven Earth-sized planets.
As engineers work to preserve the data stored onboard the spacecraft, scientists are continuing to mine existing data already on the ground. A recent notable find is Wolf 503b, a nearby super-Earth-size planet orbiting a bright star. At approximately twice the size of Earth, Wolf 503b is representative of the most common size of planet Kepler found in the galaxy. However, since there are no planets this size in our own solar system, we have a lot left to learn about planets this size. Since Wolf 503b is nearby and orbits a bright star, it is particularly well suited for subsequent observations with other telescopes that promise to help unravel the mysteries of what planets this size are like.
Launched in March 2009, NASA's first planet-hunter has confirmed more than 2,600 planets beyond the solar system.
|
<urn:uuid:676d7435-e5cc-49d3-af3f-0c64974f74d9>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
https://phys.org/news/2018-10-kepler-mode-telescope-degrades.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057091.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920191528-20210920221528-00062.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947109
| 451
| 2.96875
| 3
|
How Is Diverticular Disease Treated?Wednesday, March 21, 2012 - 18:51
Many people with diverticular disease have no symptoms and require no treatment. Treatment is required if symptoms develop.
Usually symptoms can be treated successfully, and most people who have an episode of inflamed diverticular disease do not suffer a recurrence.
If serious complications do develop, surgery may be required to remove the affected parts of the colon. But few people with the disease require surgery.
Treatment of diverticular disease may include:
Hospitalization may be necessary if an infection is severe or if a person feels intense pain. In the hospital, the patient receives antibiotics and fluids through a vein. Antibiotics can usually cure an infection in a few days if there are no further complications.
Usually, all that is prescribed once the initial inflammation passes is a high-fiber diet. A doctor may also suggest the use of stool softeners and mild pain medications
Serious complications require immediate surgery. Complications that are slightly less severe can usually be treated with planned surgery or other interventions.
- Bleeding from the
rectum- Often, bleeding from the rectum stops soon after it starts. But if it does not, a colonoscopymay help avoid surgery. A long, flexible device with a light on the end is maneuvered through the colon to find the bleeding diverticula. At the same time, drugs or cautery devices (which burn wounds shut) can be introduced into the colon to stop the bleeding. Abscess- Antibiotics will usually clear up most small abscesses. Larger ones may need to be drained. A doctor will insert a thin tube (a catheter) through the skin and into the abscess to drain it. If the abscess cannot be drained successfully, surgery may be necessary to clean away the abscess or, in severe cases, remove part of the colon.
- Perforations and
peritonitis- Peritonitis, an infection of the lining of the abdomen caused by a perforation (tear) in the colon, can be fatal. Immediate surgery is required to clean the infected parts of the abdomen and remove the perforated part of the colon.
- Intestinal obstruction - When scarred tissue blocks the intestine, surgery is required to clear the blockage.
- Fistula - The most common kind of fistula (an abnormal connection between two organs) is between the colon and bladder in men. This is corrected with surgery. The connection is freed and the damaged part of the colon is removed.
When doctors perform surgery on patients with diverticular disease, they typically remove the diseased part of the colon and reattach the remaining sections back together. This procedure is called resection.
Sometimes, resection will involve two operations:
- In the first, surgeons remove the diseased part of the colon and perform a
colostomy, a procedure in which part of the colon is attached to the skin through a temporary opening made in the abdominal wall. A bag is attached to the skin to drain the stool.
- After the infection clears up, the cut ends of the colon are reattached together in a second operation, and normal bowel function is restored. The hole in the skin is surgically closed and will heal.
Need To Know:
After two severe episodes of
Nice To Know:
What is a colon and rectal surgeon?
Colon and rectal surgeons are experts in the surgical and nonsurgical treatment of problems involving the colon and rectum. Also called colorectal surgeons, they have advanced training in treating colon and rectal problems as well as full training in general surgery.
|
<urn:uuid:de706c9e-7dc6-4456-81e7-6589cb118cb8>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
|
http://yourmedicalsource.com/content/how-diverticular-disease-treated
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891705.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123012644-20180123032644-00282.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930609
| 759
| 2.828125
| 3
|
In a major recognition towards Government of India’s effort towards conservation, restoration and rejuvenation of its wetlands, Ramsar has declared 10 more wetland sites from India as sites of international importance. The Ramsar Convention signed on February 2, 1971, is one of the oldest inter-governmental accord signed by members countries to preserve the ecological character of their wetlands of international importance.
The aim of the Ramsar list is to develop and maintain an international network of wetlands which are important for the conservation of global biological diversity and for sustaining human life through the maintenance of their ecosystem components, processes and benefits. Wetlands declared as Ramsar sites are protected under strict guidelines of the convention.
Expressing happiness over the announcement, the Union Environment Minister, Prakash Javadekar in a tweet message said that the Ramsar declaration is an acknowledgement of Government of India’s commitment in achieving the conservation and sustainable use of the important wetlands of the country.
The Union Minister also said that conservation of wetlands would also go a long way in achieving our Prime Minister’s dream of ‘Nal se Jal’ in each household. The government has recently in July launched the new 'Nal se Jal' scheme, which aims to provide piped water connection to every household by 2024.
With this, the numbers of Ramsar sites in India are now 37 and the surface area covered by these sites is now 1,067,939 hectares. Maharashtra gets its first Ramsar site (Nandur Madhameshwar) , Punjab which already had 3 Ramsar sites adds 3 more (Keshopur-Miani, Beas Conservation Reserve, Nangal) and UP with 1 Ramsar site has added 6 more (Nawabganj, Parvati Agra, Saman, Samaspur, Sandi and SarsaiNawar).
Wetlands provide a wide range of important resources and ecosystem services such as food, water, fibre, groundwater recharge, water purification, flood moderation, erosion control and climate regulation. They are, in fact, are a major source of water and our main supply of freshwater comes from an array of wetlands which help soak rainfall and recharge groundwater.
In the past six months, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change has prepared a four pronged strategy for the restoration of wetlands which includes preparing a baseline data, wetland health cards, enlisting wetland mitras and preparing targeted Integrated Management Plans. Conservation of wetlands would also go a long way in achieving our PM’s dream of ‘Nal se Jal’ in each household. The Ministry would be working closely with the State Wetland Authorities to ensure wise use of these sites.
|
<urn:uuid:52ab698d-7f87-463a-8f13-44b09d15348d>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
http://bharatmahan.in/positive-news/10-more-wetlands-india-get-ramsar-site-tag
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655919952.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711001811-20200711031811-00431.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937836
| 554
| 3.546875
| 4
|
Endometriosis affects over 1 in 10 people globally, but still not many people are fully aware of this life-altering disease (1).
Endometriosis happens when tissue similar to the tissue lining the uterus starts to grow outside of the uterus (1,14). These abnormal growths have been found on many organs including some that are not located in the pelvic region. They can cause painful inflammation and ultimately result in scarring and even infertility (1,14).
People living with endometriosis can experience severe pain during (1):
- Their periods
- Bowel movements
Pain is often so intense that some people are unable to work or attend school. This amount of menstrual pain is not normal (1)!
While its impact on people’s lives is important, endometriosis is still misunderstood, misdiagnosed, incurable, and with limited treatment options.
Share this with your circle to help raise awareness of endometriosis. Contact your MP today and ask their support for a Canadian action plan on endometriosis
|
<urn:uuid:22af7f3d-7132-452e-845e-acd0f55f9315>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.scienceupfirst.com/project/lets-debunk-myths-about-endometriosis/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100769.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208180539-20231208210539-00781.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953286
| 218
| 3.25
| 3
|
Going to Michigan tomorrow to pedal a bike. Tour DaVita to be sure. Will have a dumptruck worth of photographs when I return with a full rundown on the mosquito state or the inferior car state…Whatever the motto is.
Michigan ( /?m?????n/ (help·info)) is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. It was named after Lake Michigan, whose name is a French adaptation of the Ojibwe term mishigama, meaning “large water” or “large lake”.
Michigan is the eighth most populous state in the United States. It has the longest freshwater shoreline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. In 2005, Michigan ranked third for the number of registered recreational boats, behind California and Florida. Michigan has 64,980 inland lakes. A person in the state is never more than six miles (10 km) from a natural water source, or more than 87.2 miles (140.3 km) from the Great Lakes coastline.
Michigan is the only state to consist entirely of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often dubbed “the mitten” by residents, owing to its shape. When asked where in Michigan one comes from, a resident of the Lower Peninsula may often point to the corresponding part of his or her hand. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as The U.P.) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km)-wide channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The Upper Peninsula is economically important for tourism and natural resources.
|
<urn:uuid:dab4b150-a91a-4f33-84dd-15b84e8c1dc7>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
http://xvelo.com/2009/09/19/heading-to-the-midwest
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303779.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122073422-20220122103422-00602.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94479
| 375
| 2.546875
| 3
|
As a rule, the main processes of friction surface destruction are contact fatigue damage, micro-contact grabbing wearing, abrasive, and oxide wearing. The considered mechanism of the mentioned processes proves that to reduce their intensity and harden friction surfaces it is effective to form surfaces of composite materials; containing Ni, Cr, Si, and Mn; hard structural inclusions (for example, a carbide phase); and a hard lubricant (for example, as molybdenum disulfide, calcium fluoride, and graphite). This paper presents studies on powders for thermal spraying of wear protection layers. The focus is on studies of the influence of the shape, size, and structure of mixed powders made of nickel and iron with dry lubricants, such as molybdenum disulfide and calcium fluoride, which are analyzed using SEM and metallographic methods. The examinations are supplemented by X-ray diffractometry. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
|
<urn:uuid:6a9e3798-2d32-41f7-a07a-89d95d0990b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://dl.asminternational.org/itsc/proceedings-abstract/ITSC%202002/83621/1029/18221
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304345.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123232910-20220124022910-00024.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927739
| 198
| 2.75
| 3
|
Yellow Traffic Light Means Don’t Enter
Posted on behalf of RizkLaw on Feb 22, 2014 in Auto Accident
Approaching an intersection, as the light changes to yellow, do you stop or proceed through the intersection, hoping that cross traffic will wait for you to cross before proceeding?
The Oregon Drivers Manual says, when approaching an intersection:
A steady yellow signal warns you that the signal is about to turn red. Stop before entering the intersection. If you cannot stop safely, you may then drive cautiously through the intersection. Cautiously means slowly and carefully. Pedestrians facing a yellow light must not start across the street unless a pedestrian signal directs otherwise.
Cars Vulnerable to Side Impact Crashes
Side impact collisions, when one vehicle crashes into the side of another, are particularly dangerous and kill between 8,500 and 10,000 Americans a year. When a vehicle hits the front or back of your car, there are several feet of steel, bumper, engine, trunk, and seats protecting you. However, when your car is t-boned (broadsided), there is only a door and a window between you and the other vehicle.
Enter at Your Own Risk
States vary in the amount of time between yellow light and cross traffic green light. In Oregon, if you are already in an intersection when the light turns yellow, you will have only 1 to 3 seconds to safely clear the intersection before the cross traffic light turns green. For that reason, you should not begin to enter an intersection after the light turns yellow unless you cannot stop safely before the intersection.
|
<urn:uuid:f7e83f7d-7f3e-41d0-8c22-85d390b0b91e>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
https://www.rizklaw.com/blog/yellow-light-means-dont-enter/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317113.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822110215-20190822132215-00408.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931906
| 328
| 2.546875
| 3
|
Ideas for Conversations between coaches or principals and teachers:
--Mid Year Review - What should we talk about?
--Principals and Teachers Talk about Instruction
--A Coaching Conversation video from PD360: http://www.pd360.com/index.cfm?ContentId=4060
What does the Professional Learning for Peer Observers course look like?
This self-paced course includes a pre-assessment and three modules.
New! Professional Learning for Peer Observers
Collegiality and Trust (2:44)
Documenting Evidence (5:53)
Peer Observation pre-assessment
Keeping on Target with PGES from Abbie Combs
Component with Look fors from Marion Co.
Peer Observers CIITS quick card
PD360 CIITS quick card
Self Reflection CIITS quick card
Self-Paced Course components:
Pre-Assessment -- Before beginning the course, you are required to pass a pre-assessment to demonstrate your knowledge of the purpose of the TPGES and the multiple measures it includes. You also need to be familiar with the structure of the Kentucky Adapted Framework for Teaching. The videos and activities within the modules require you to have a working knowledge of the Framework and its domains.
Module 1: Overview and Expectations -- The first module focuses on the purpose and importance of peer observation and what is expected of peer observers. The module also describes the peer observation process and how it differs from supervisor observations.
Module 2: Identifying Effective Teaching Through Observation -- The second module focuses on the observation process, including examples of scripting evidence and identifying bias. You will have multiple opportunities to practice determining and scripting evidence, so you will want to have a copy of the Kentucky Framework for Teaching on hand to refer to. You will only need Domains 2 and 3 of the Framework.
Module 3: Feedback -- In Module 1 you learned about the roles and responsibilities of a peer observer. Module 2 allowed you to develop the skills needed to complete an observation and script evidence free from bias and interpretation. Module 3 focuses on the characteristics of effective feedback and how to determine the next steps after feedback is given.
Instructional Coaching Resources: Articles Coaching Conference Materials Coaching Forms Partnership Learning Presentations Program Coaching Video Archive
Partnership Learning Fieldbook
The Big Four Jim Knight website for Instructional Coaches
--Content Planning Content Planning
--Formative Assessment Assessment for Learning
--Instruction Thinking Prompts Effective Questions Stories Cooperative Learning
--Community Building Authentic Classroom Learning Opportunities
What is Cognitive Coaching?
Reflections on Cognitive Coaching
Norms of Collaboration Toolkit - Seven Norms Inventories
•“Seven Norms of Collaboration: A Supporting Toolkit”
•“Norms of Collaboration” poster
•“Norms of Collaboration, Annotated” poster
•“Norms Inventory: Rating the Consistency of My Personal Behavior”
•“Norms Personal Inventory: Summarizing Personal Ratings”
•“Norms Group Inventory: Rating the Consistency of Group Member Behavior”
•“Norm Group Summary: Summarizing Member Ratings”
The Leading Teacher
School-based staff developers have many different titles--coaches, mentors, instructional specialists, lead teachers, master teachers. Whatever your title, if your job is coaching teachers in any way, this newsletter is for you.
Tools for Learning Schools brings you the latest information from the field in easy-to-read articles and resources that are helpful in your work.
|
<urn:uuid:d20faf90-08da-4445-969c-0963b04068c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
http://www.debbiewaggoner.com/coaching-peer-observations.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671239.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122042047-20191122070047-00491.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.861193
| 755
| 2.671875
| 3
|
Safety and Health for Immigrant WorkersPosted on by
The United States workforce, like the population in general, is becoming more ethnically diverse. “We are and always will be a nation of immigrants,” President Obama stated recently in announcing his initiative on immigration reform. The Pew Research Center’s Hispanic Trends Project estimates that immigrants will make up roughly 23% of adults of working age in 2050, up from 15% in 2005 (Passel & Cohn, 2008). It is also predicted that immigrants and their children will make up 83% of the growth in the working age population of the U.S. during this same time period (Congressional Budget Office, 2005). Immigration from Latin America to the U.S. has grown dramatically over the past 2 decades and will figure prominently in these numbers. Currently, about 18 million Latino immigrants live in the U.S. (Batalova & Terrazas, 2010).
Latino workers suffer significantly higher rates of workplace fatalities (5.0 per 100,000 workers) than all workers combined (4.0), non-Latino white workers (4.0) or non-Latino black workers (3.7) (Cierpich, Styles, Harrison, et al., 2008). Considered alone, Latino immigrants to the U.S. have a workplace fatality rate of 5.9 per 100,000 which is almost 50% higher than the rate for all workers (4.0). In 2013, two-thirds of work-related deaths among Latinos were among foreign-born individuals, up from slightly more than half in 1992. These data suggest that fatalities among immigrant workers may be the driving force behind the elevated rates of workplace injuries and illnesses among Latinos in the U.S.
According to the BLS 2013 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Hispanic or Latino workers were the only racial/ethnic group with an increase in workplace fatalities in 2013. The 797 Hispanic or Latino worker deaths constituted the highest total since 2008 and a 7 percent increase over 2012.
What can we do to improve safety and health among immigrant populations? To remain safe, effective, and competitive, companies must understand the diversity that currently exists in the workforce and how workers of different backgrounds approach on-the-job safety.
We have summarized key factors for improving safety and health of immigrant workers below. More details can be found in the article “Safety & the Diverse Workforce Lessons from NIOSH’s Work with Latino Immigrants” published earlier in the year in Professional Safety.
Knowledge as a Barrier to Safety
Many immigrants take jobs in industries unfamiliar to them when they come to the US. As such workplace safety training is critical. However, immigrant workers frequently report not receiving any safety training on the job and the training that they do receive can be of poor quality.
Therefore, determining effective ways to provide safety training to immigrant workers is an essential step in reducing occupational health disparities (O’Connor, Flynn, Weinstock, et al., 2011). Such efforts must go beyond simple translations of existing English-language materials; the format, content and messages should be customized for the target audience (Brunette, 2005).
Language as a Barrier to Safety
Language differences between immigrant workers and their supervisors and coworkers are one of the most frequently cited challenges companies face in promoting safety among immigrant workers (Gany, et al., 2011). This is particularly common in areas of the U.S. that have little to no bilingual infrastructure (Gouveia & Saenz, 2000; Pew Hispanic Center, 2005). Developing a bilingual capacity within an organization, either through training or hiring, will become increasingly important in economic sectors with high immigrant participation such as the construction and service sectors.
Cultural Differences as Barriers to Safety
Cultural factors that may affect safety at work include: how immigrants understand work and their relationship to their coworkers and employers; how these understandings compare to their native-country experiences; how they perceive the dangers at work relative to other risks they face each day (for example unemployment or deportation); how they adapt to workplace dangers; and how these understandings are similar and different from other groups of workers. For example, a study of Latino immigrant workers in Chicago, IL showed that workers’ behaviors reflected a culture that placed a high value on hard work and being perceived as such by their employer (Gomberg-Munoz, 2010). These workers were observed making overt demonstrations of their productivity to curry favor with employers and cultivate a reputation as better employees, which led to a competitive edge in the labor market relative to U.S.-born workers. While this strategy may prove effective in securing employment, it can lead to an increased risk of injury over time. Employers seeking to create a safe work environment must recognize these evolving value systems and adaptations so they can be addressed during training or in one-on-one interactions.
Another common mistake is for managers and institutions to focus on the immigrant’s culture without examining or accounting for the culture of the organization or that of workers from the dominant cultural group. It is important for organizations to develop an understanding of their own internal culture and the degree to which relying on “the way we do things here” may inadvertently exclude workers from different backgrounds. Understanding and overcoming cultural barriers to safety requires sensitivity to the different cultural backgrounds of the employees in any given company, knowledge of the organizational culture, and an appreciation of where these may hinder or facilitate a common understanding and practice.
Social Structures as a Barrier to Safety
Effective communication and training and improved cultural understanding are not the only factors involved in improving safety for a diverse workforce. Structural realities contribute to occupational health inequities for immigrant workers as well. Structural realities are shaped by laws, policies and practices, such as large macroeconomic trends like globalization (Siqueira, Gaydos, Monforton, et al., 2013); systemic discrimination such as racism (Okechukwu, Souza, Davis, de Castro, 2014; Krieger, 2010; Krieger, Waterman, Hartman, et al., 2006); and industry practices, such as a growing reliance on temporary workers (Landsbergis, Grzywacz & LaMontagne, 2014). Eliminating structural barriers often requires changes in policies and practices at levels beyond that of the individual worker or organization (e.g., industry, federal government, international regulatory body). While individual workers or organizations can advocate over time for structural change to eliminate barriers to safety, they often can take short-term actions to mitigate the effects of structural barriers on safety.
One example is the structural barrier to obtaining proper-fitting safety equipment for diverse workers. Many PPE specifications in the U.S. are based on measurements taken from military male recruits in the U.S. during the 1950s to 1970s (Spahr, Kau, Hsiao, et al., 2003). These data do not account for the range of body shapes and sizes of the modern civilian workforce and, consequently, structurally exclude women, nonwhites and individuals with unique body sizes or shapes (Hsiao, Friess, Bradtmiller, et al., 2009). Current initiatives are focused on developing better methods to collect anthropometric data and ensure that datasets used to design PPE are more inclusive (see http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/headforms/).
Formative research by NIOSH suggests that alternative-sized PPE (PPE designed for women and unisex PPE) may be more widely available than previously thought; Poor advertising and restrictive (e.g. bulk) purchasing policies within organizations, however, often prevent the alternative-sized PPE from reaching workers who might benefit from it (DeLaney, 2012). Updating the anthropometric databases and creating better fitting PPE will take time. In the short-term individual companies can take action to investigate what alternative-sized PPE is currently available and how they can adapt their purchasing procedures to make it more accessible to their workforce.
To remain effective, competitive and safe organizations must ensure that they have the internal capacity to successfully manage employees from an increasingly diverse workforce. Safety professionals are called on to develop and implement safety programs that account for this diversity. To keep all its workers safe and healthy, a company must understand the diversity that currently exists in the workforce, how workers approach on-the-job safety, and develop a plan to overcome barriers that exist. Efforts to create institutional capacity to effectively work with a diverse workforce require both short and long term planning in key areas such as personnel, program, and partnerships. Some key questions to ask as you evaluate your company’s institutional capacity include:
- How has your company evaluated its capacity to respond to the demographic changes in the workforce and how can it systematically fill the gaps it identifies (e.g. bilingual infrastructure, PPE fit)?
- Are the current practices and policies at the company inclusive of the current workforce? What can be done to ensure that the policies can adapt to the changing workforce?
- How does your organization identify possible barriers to safety that workers from different backgrounds face at work? What internal and external resources or organizations exist to help your organization address these barriers?
Share with us what has worked in your company.
Michael Flynn, MA
Social Scientist, Training Research and Evaluation Branch
Assistant Coordinator, Priority Populations and Health Disparities Program
For more information
AJIM Special Issue: Achieving Health Equity in the Workplace (May 2014 vol 57(5) AJIM)
New Solutions– New Solut. 2014;24(1):83-106. Occupational safety and health education and training for underserved populations. O’Connor T, Flynn M, Weinstock D, Zanoni J.
Batalova, J. & Terrazas, A. (2010). Frequently requested statistics on immigrants and immigration in the U.S. Migration Information Source. Retrieved from www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=818#2
Brunette, M. (2005). Development of educational and training materials on safety and health: Targeting Hispanic workers in the construction industry. Family & Community Health, 28(3), 253-266.
Cierpich, H., Styles, L., Harrison, R., et al. (2008). Work-related injury deaths among Hispanics-United States, 1992-2006. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(21), 2479-2480.
Congretional Budget Office. (2005). The role of immigrants in the U.S. labor market. Washington, DC: Author.
DeLaney, S. (2012, March). Web-based marketing of alternative-sized PPE for a diverse workforce. Poster presented at the NIOSH-PPT program stakeholder meeting. Pittsburgh, PA.
Flynn, M. “Safety & the Diverse Workforce: Lessons From NIOSH’s Work With Latino Immigrants” Professional Safety, June 2014.
Gany, F., Dobslaw, R., Ramirez, J., et al. (2011). Mexican urban occupational health in the U.S.: A population at risk. Journal of Community Health, 36(2), 175-179. doi:10.1007/s10900-010-9295-9
Gomberg-Muñoz, R. (2010). Willing to work: Agency and vulnerability in an undocumented immigrant network. American Anthropologist, 112(2), 295-307. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2010.01227.x
Gouveia, L. & Saenz, R. (2000). Global forces and Latino population growth in the Midwest: A regional and subregional analysis. Great Plains Research, 10, 305-328.
Krieger, N., Waterman, P.D., Hartman, C., et al. (2006). Social hazards on the job: Workplace abuse, sexual harassment, and racial discrimination—A study of black, Latino and white low-income women and men workers in the U.S. International Journal of Health Services, 36(1), 51-85.
Landsbergis, P.A., Grzywacz, J.G. & LaMontagne, A.D. (2014). Work organization, job insecurity and occupational health disparities. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57(5), 495-515.
O’Connor, T., Flynn, M.A., Weinstock, D., et al. (2011). Education and training for underserved populations. Paper presented at the Eliminating Health and Safety Disparities at Work Conference, Chicago, IL.
Passel, J.S. & Cohn, D.V. (2008). U.S. population projections: 2005-2050. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
Pew Research Center.(2005). The new Latino south: The context and consequences of rapid population growth (pp.1-45). Washington, DC: Author, Hispanic Center.
Siqueira, C.E., Gaydos, M., Monforton, C., et al. (2014). Effects of social, economic and labor policies on occupational health disparities. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57(5), 557-572.
Spahr, J., Kau, T., Hsiao, H., et al. (2003, Oct.). Anthropometric differences among Hispanic occupational groups. Paper presented at the National Occupational Injury Research Symposium. Pittsburgh, PA.
|
<urn:uuid:60850151-1362-4b01-a682-0af991e18183>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2014/12/04/immigrant-osh/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153739.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728154442-20210728184442-00641.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917022
| 2,822
| 2.75
| 3
|
Scientific Name: Symphytum tuberosum
Other name: Knitbone
This perennial is a native of mainland Britain, but is a garden escapee in Ireland. It prefers damp, woodland shade or riverbanks, but will grow in most situations. It can be quite invasive, but looks well in a larger, woodland setting.
The broad, pointed basal leaves are covered in soft hairs. The stem which usually are not branched, also have hairs and the mid-stem leaves are larger than the lower ones.
As the name suggests, the perenniating underground parts are fleshy rhizomes.
The pale yellow, tubular flowers appear in small clusters in May and June, held above the foliage on 20-25mm long stems.
The tuberous rhizomes make it very difficult to eradicate completely by digging it up as any small fragments left behind soon regrow.
Weedkillers to use:-
Glyphosate is systemic so is taken down to the roots.
|
<urn:uuid:d1101a22-d7e4-4cce-b898-877f914c5e21>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
http://downgardenservices.org.uk/comfrey_tuberous.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00039.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944492
| 208
| 2.875
| 3
|
More Info on Wild Quail in Texas
Statewide surveys were initiated in 1978 to monitor wild quail populations. This index uses randomly selected, 20-mile roadside survey lines to determine annual wild quail population trends by ecological region. Comparisons can be made between the mean (average) number of wild quail observed per route this year and the long term mean (LTM) for wild quail seen within each ecological region. The wild quail survey was not designed to predict relative abundance for any area smaller than the ecological region.
Bobwhite wild quail hunting can be hit or miss in Texas considering our population strongholds occur on the very western edge of their distribution in the U.S. Weather plays a key role in the annual boom-bust cycle in these semi-arid regions where two to three consecutive years of favorable conditions usually results in a boom year. There are still vast expanses of suitable bobwhite habitat in the rangelands of South Texas and in the Rolling Plains, where in some years over a hundred thousand hunters pursue these wary game birds.
The 2015 season was great one in most areas of both south Texas and the Rolling Plains where wild quail populations definitely could be described as having a “boom” year. Excellent hunts were reported across both regions along with good to excellent hunt reports from native prairie sites on the central Gulf Coast. Heading into 2016, late winter and spring rainfall produced exceptional nesting cover, ample winter forage and lots of insects. Most of the state experienced below average summer temperatures and above average summer rainfall. A combination that equates to high wild quail production and survival. Hens had ample time to pull off a successful clutch during a wide window of nesting opportunity.
Populations remained high through the end of last season resulting in good carryover into the breeding season. Spring to summer conditions in the Rolling Plains provided quality habitat that appears to have resulted in an increase over last year’s numbers. Field reports of large broods and multiple age classes suggest high chick survival and re-nesting activity. Bobwhite quail hunting prospects look exceptional.
The average number of bobwhites observed per route was 50.2 compared to 38 last year. This sets a new record high for the survey in this region. The second highest year on record is now 1987 when 49.5 bobs per route were observed. Hunters should make an extra effort to spend time afield this season and take advantage of this phenomenon. Public hunting opportunities can be found at the Gene Howe and the Matador Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) where staff surveys have documented high numbers of quail relative to past years.
South Texas Plains
Much of south Texas had an exceptional season last year with great hunts reported to the end of the season. Spring-summer nesting was reported across the region but field observations of broods were mixed. Weather conditions were variable across counties and many areas may have been too dry to support nesting and brooding activity in the later summer months. Despite differences in production, the sheer number of quail surviving from last year coupled with even minimal reproduction will likely make for an another good quail year.
The average number of bobwhites observed per route was 14 compared to 21 last year. This is below the LTM of 17.4 and suggests a slightly below average hunting season for the region as a whole. The Chaparral and the Daughtrey Wildlife Management Areas provide public quail hunting opportunities. Staff surveys on the Chaparral WMA recorded above average numbers of bobwhite on the area again this year.
Last season there was a significant boom in Scaled quail populations in response to excellent weather conditions. Carryover was good going into the breeding season and spring-summer nesting habitat was great for the second year in a row. Overall, field reports indicate vigorous scaled quail production similar to last year. Large broods and multiple age classes have been observed suggesting a wide window of nesting opportunity and high chick survival. The last time the survey recorder higher that 30 birds per route was 1981.
The average number of scaled quail observed per route was 30.5 compared to 28 last year. This well above the LTM of 16.2 and is predictive of an excellent year in the Trans Pecos. Public hunter opportunities can be found at Elephant Mountain and Black Gap Wildlife Management Areas where staff have observed robust scale quail populations.
Our surveys indicate that bobwhite numbers have fallen below average in the Gulf Prairies where only 3.8 bobwhites were observed per route compared to 14.9 last year. Although there was good carryover on the coast, quail production was likely adversely affected by too much rainfall in this region. However, field reports suggest there are huntable populations on well-drained sites. Hunters should focus on the central and lower coast in native prairie habitats.
The High Plains and Edwards Plateau reported a continued increase quail numbers. It has been over ten years since these levels have been recorded. Although there are certainly areas within each region of Texas where some quail hunting opportunity remains, this survey is not designed to detect changes in localized populations, especially in fragmented landscapes.
All info obtained from: http://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/hunt/planning/quail_forecast/forecast/
|
<urn:uuid:574b246d-cb82-4d08-821f-36b776df2185>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.blackwaterguideservice.com/hunting-species/texas-quail-hunts
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145654.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222054424-20200222084424-00298.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955256
| 1,090
| 2.734375
| 3
|
Hacking has become a major concern for companies across the U.S., which is why all businesses must be aware of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the federal anti-hacking law in the U.S. Companies must inform employees of the ways that illegal access of a computer or network can lead to charges or civil penalties under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and all companies must be aware of possible recourse through this law. If you are concerned about Computer Fraud and Abuse Act compliance or possible violations affecting your company, it may be worth speaking with an attorney from the Priori network.
Understanding the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) is the federal anti-hacking law makes it illegal to intentionally access a computer without authorization or in excess of authorization. This law includes a wide range of behaviors, but was created to target illegally obtaining and using information contained on computers that they are not supposed to have access to.
The 7 Prohibitions
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act prohibits seven specific acts of fraud and abuse:
- obtaining national security information,
- compromising confidentiality,
- trespassing in a government computer,
- accessing to defraud and obtain value,
- damaging a computer or information,
- trafficking in passwords, and
- threatening to damage a computer.
Technically, these acts can only be prohibited if performed on a “protected computer,” that is, a computer used by or for a financial institution or the United States Government or any computer used in interstate or foreign commerce or communications. In practice, however, this definition includes all computers and other internet-connected devices such as cell phones and tablets, due to the inherent nature of the internet.
Access Without Authorization
The CFAA does not define what “access without authorization” means in the Act, which has caused some problems in implementation and case law. Some courts have held that violations widely include any conduct that is not “in line with the reasonable expectations” of the website owner and its users, while others have determined that this definition is too wide and inherently at odds with the purpose of the Internet as a place for open exchange of ideas. This conflict, as well as the vague definition of what actions can be “in excess of authorization,” has led to the CFAA having implications beyond government and financial hacking crimes. It has also extended it into making violating a private agreement or corporate policy CFAA violations, which means that companies need to be aware of and encourage compliance with the CFAA.
Under the CFAA, there are both criminal and civil penalties for violations, although it is at its core a criminal law.
If you are found guilty of violating the CFAA, you can face harsh criminal penalties. Even first-time offenses for accessing a protected computer without sufficient authorization are punishable by up to five years in federal prison. Each access is punishable by an additional sentence, repeat offenses can lead to longer sentences of up to 10 years each, as well as fines. Violations of other parts of the CFAA are punishable by even longer sentences of up to 20 years or even life in prison.
If violations of the CFAA lead to damages or losses, companies and individuals can sue to recover compensatory damages. Losses in the CFAA are defined by “any reasonable cost to any victim, including the cost of responding to an offense, conducting a damage assessment, and restoring the data, program, system or information to its condition prior to the offense, and any revenue lost, cost incurred, or other consequential damages incurred because of interruption of service.” As it is currently interpreted, this only recognizes measurable damages, not lost potential earnings through unfair competition or lost business opportunities attributable to actions like stealing trade secrets.
If your company may have a claim under the CFAA, it is important to speak with a qualified attorney.
In order to ensure that employees do not fall afoul of the CFAA and to protect your company from hacks, computer access and use policies must be incredibly specific within any company. This includes defining what each class of employee can and cannot access and protecting prohibited data correctly so no employee can access unauthorized data by accident. In general, a large part of compliance should include informing employees of the risks and penalties of tapping into restricted data or networks beyond simply at work.
What are some criticisms of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and how do they affect compliance?
Many Internet activists and some law professors claim that the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is too vague and widely applied, which makes compliance impossible, as almost any act not explicitly permitted on a computer could be considered a CFAA violation. In the wake of activist Aaron Swartz’s suicide when facing multiple CFAA charges, such criticisms have gained traction and many groups are actively campaigning for the law to be amended. If the CFAA is changed, compliance obligations would also change, but until that time, it should not directly affect the compliance requirements for any company.
|
<urn:uuid:d39330cc-0144-4d6d-89e9-aa697125bcae>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
|
https://www.priorilegal.com/technology-privacy/computer-fraud-and-abuse-act
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676588972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715203335-20180715223335-00409.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955009
| 1,017
| 2.59375
| 3
|
Agencies Release Fuel Economy Lists for 2008 Models
On Oct. 12, EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) released the 2008 Fuel Economy Guide, and hybrid vehicles continue to lead the government's fuel economy ratings.
Fuel economy estimates, which appear on the window stickers of all new cars and light trucks prior to sale, are determined by tests that manufacturers and EPA conduct according to EPA specifications. This year's label values are based on new test methods EPA finalized in December 2006. The new methods are designed to better account for actual driving conditions that can lower fuel economy, such as higher speed driving, use of air conditioning and cold weather operation. Because of the new methods, fuel economy estimates for all vehicles will generally be lower than those of last year.
Data show that hybrid technology can be effectively used to improve fuel economy, officials said. The Toyota Prius tops the list at 48 miles per gallon (mpg) city and 45 mpg highway. The Honda Civic Hybrid came in second with 40 mpg city 45 mpg highway. Third is Nissan Altima Hybrid with 35 mpg city and 33 mpg highway. More hybrid models are available than ever, including SUVs as well as cars.
"Today's consumers expect the biggest bang for their buck. By fueling them with information on this year's fleet of vehicles, we are putting Americans in the driver's seat to save money at the pump and protect our environment," said EPA Administrator Stephen L. Johnson. "As we see in the wide range of fuel efficient leaders, 'going green' can fit the needs of any lifestyle."
To view the 2008 Fuel economy guide and for tips on increasing vehicle efficiency, visit http://www.fueleconomy.gov.
Also search the Web site's archives for additional articles related to fuel economy, including: "DOE Laboratory Releases Fuel-saving Estimates for U.S. Hybrid Electric Vehicles."
This article originally appeared in the 10/01/2007 issue of Environmental Protection.
|
<urn:uuid:377d0cd3-7435-48d0-84ac-c479c82d9ac3>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-30
|
https://eponline.com/articles/2007/10/01/agencies-release-fuel-economy-lists-for-2008-models.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526931.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721061720-20190721083720-00221.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93196
| 409
| 2.6875
| 3
|
Both indoor pets and outdoor pets can be affected by the chill of winter weather, but there are steps pet owners can take to ensure their pets’ health and well-being.
Avoid Space Heaters
Indoor pet owners need to turn off space heaters or purchase one that shuts off automatically when tipped over. Numerous house fires have started from space heaters knocked over by pets.
The Humane Society recommends that outdoor pets be brought in during inclement weather for their safety and protection. Outdoor pets are susceptible to hypothermia and frostbite.
Winter Needs For Outdoor Pets
Pets spending time outdoors during winter need more food and also need to have their outdoor houses insulated against the cold. The opening should face away from the wind and a burlap or plastic flap can be added. Water bowls can freeze, especially overnight, so be sure ice is broken or removed so thirsty pets can have a drink. Plastic or ceramic bowls are recommended because pets’ tongues can stick to frozen metal bowls.
Warming Up Car Engines
Be careful when warming up your car in the mornings. Warm cars attract cats and small wildlife seeking respite from the cold. To avoid drawing any unwelcome guests, bang on your car hood to scare away animals before starting your engine.
Avoid antifreeze pet poisonings by wiping up any spills and keeping it secure and out of reach. Pets, wildlife and small children are attracted by the sweet taste of antifreeze, but it is deadly when ingested.
Pets’ paws can become frostbitten in below zero temperatures. Remove ice and snow from pets’ paws immediately. Chemicals and salts used to melt ice on roads and sidewalks can also be toxic to pets. Always rinse dogs’ paws after walks in areas where these substances might be used.
Fur May Not Be Enough
Fur, while it may look warm, may not be enough to keep pets from getting chilly, especially if they have short hair or their fur becomes wet. Cats usually will not tolerate wearing coats or sweaters, but dogs can fare well in winter attire. Doggy boots, jackets and sweaters should fit well, but not be too tight that circulation could be cut off. Puppies and kittens should never be left outdoors. Younger, older and sick pets must be kept indoors.
Symptoms of pet hypothermia include violent shivering, followed by listlessness, weak pulse, lethargy, muscle stiffness, problems breathing, lack of appetite, rectal temperature below 98 degrees, coma and cardiac arrest.
Treatment for hypothermia includes bringing your pet indoors to a warm room, wrapping it in blankets, giving pet four teaspoons of honey or sugar dissolved in warm water to drink or rubbing 1-2 teaspoons of corn syrup on its gums to provide an immediate boost of energy.
Do not use hair dryers, heating pads or electric blankets to warm pets because this could burn your pet or cause surface blood vessels to dilate, compromising circulation to vital organs.
Instead, use hot water bottles wrapped in towels and place against the animals abdomen, armpits and chest. Then, call your veterinarian immediately.
By taking the proper precautions, you can safeguard your pets against inclement weather.
|
<urn:uuid:03a39567-f274-4ee6-9302-03414e69cee0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-22
|
https://thedcapage.wordpress.com/2015/11/18/winterizing-pets-can-take-the-chill-away/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607786.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524035700-20170524055700-00161.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930437
| 660
| 2.515625
| 3
|
A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to set (i.e. bind) dyes on fabrics by forming a coordination complex with the dye, which then attaches to the fabric (or tissue). It may be used for dyeing fabrics or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue preparations. Although mordants are still used, especially by small batch dyers, it has been largely displaced in industry by directs.
The term mordant comes from the Latin mordere, "to bite". In the past, it was thought that a mordant helped the dye bite onto the fiber so that it would hold fast during washing. A mordant is often a polyvalent metal ion, often chromium(III). The resulting coordination complex of dye and ion is colloidal and can be either acidic or alkaline.
Common dye mordants
The three methods used for mordanting are:
- Pre-mordanting (onchrome): The substrate is treated with the mordant and then the dye. The complex between the mordant and dye is formed on the fibre.
- Meta-mordanting (metachrome): The mordant is added in the dye bath itself. The process is simpler than pre- or post-mordanting, but is applicable to only a few dyes. Mordant red 19 shown above is applied in this manner
- Post-mordanting (afterchrome): The dyed material is treated with a mordant. The complex between the mordant and dye is formed on the fibre.
The type of mordant used affects the shade obtained after dyeing and also affects the fastness property of the dye. The application of mordant, either pre-mordant, meta-mordant or post-mordant methods, is influenced by:
- The action of the mordant on the substrate: if the mordant and dye methods are harsh (for example, an acidic mordant with an acidic dye), pre-mordanting or post-mordanting limits the potential for damage to the substrate.
- The stability of the mordant or dye lake or both: the formation of a stable dye lake means that the mordant can be added in the dye without risk of losing the dye properties (meta-mordanting).
Dye results can also rely on the mordant chosen as the introduction of the mordant into the dye will have a marked effect on the final color. Each dye can have different reactions to each mordant. For example, cochineal scarlet, or Dutch scarlet as it came to be known, used cochineal along with a tin mordant to create a brilliant orange-hued red.
Residual iron mordant can damage or fade fabric, producing "dye rot".
The dye lake is an insoluble complex formed upon combining the dye and mordant, which then attaches to the substrate. Mordants increase the fastness of the dye since the higher molecular weight dye is now bonded to the fibre.
The type of mordant used can change the colour of both the dye-plus-mordant solution and influence the shade of the final product.
Unlike cotton, wool is highly receptive toward mordants. Due to its amphoteric nature wool can absorb acids and bases with equal efficiency. When wool is treated with a metallic salt it hydrolyses the salt into an acidic and basic component. The basic component is absorbed at –COOH group and the acidic component is removed during washing. Wool also has a tendency to absorb fine precipitates from solutions; these cling to the surface of fibres and dye particles attached to these contaminants result in poor rubbing fastness.
Like wool, silk is also amphoteric and can absorb both acids and bases. However, wool has thio groups (-SH) from the cystine amino acid, which act as reducing agent and can reduce hexavalent chromium of potassium dichromate to trivalent form. The trivalent chromium forms the complex with the fibre and dye. Therefore, potassium dichromate cannot be used effectively as mordant.
Animal and plant tissues
Methods for mordant application depend on the desired stain and tissues under study; pre-, meta- and post-mordanting techniques are used as required.
- IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "mordant". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M04029
- Klaus Hunger, Peter Mischke, Wolfgang Rieper, Roderich Raue, Klaus Kunde, Aloys Engel: "Azo Dyes" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_245.
- Llewellyn, Bryan D. (May 2005). "Stain Theory – How mordants work". Archived from the original on August 14, 2007.
- Phipps, Elena (2010). Cochineal Red The Art History of a Color, p34. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. ISBN 978-0-300-15513-6.
- Buchanan, Rita (1999). A Weaver's Garden: Growing Plants for Natural Dyes and Fibers. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486407128.
- Barber, E. J. W. (1991). Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton University Press. ISBN 069100224X.
|
<urn:uuid:908023ca-b890-4d48-90b3-d9142d62ceea>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordant
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056120.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918002951-20210918032951-00203.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.864315
| 1,199
| 3.65625
| 4
|
Helping Alaskans adjust to climate change
On the northern edge of Alaska, Barrow-area whalers have narrowly escaped drowning or drifting out to sea twice in recent years when the sea ice has broken up suddenly in the midst of a hunt. Despite the risks, hunting continues because people are desperate to get their nutritional needs met, says Arnold Brower Jr., who coordinates volunteer search-and-rescue efforts and also serves as president of the Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, the regional tribal government.
Few places on Earth are more affected by climate change than the Arctic, where the delicate balance among ocean, sea ice, land, and air is shifting dramatically. The resulting uncertainty presents challenges to local communities as residents plan for everything from when to begin the spring or fall hunt for bowhead whales to where to locate new utility lines and expand the airport in Barrow.
Researchers at NCAR, CU, and the Georgia Institute of Technology are working with the Barrow community on the $2.5-million, NSF-funded Integrated Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Variability on the Alaskan North Slope Coastal Region. They hope to better understand and suggest enhancements to local decision-making in response to climate uncertaintieswhether natural or human-caused.
One year into the five-year project, members of the multidisciplinary team returned for a second visit this past August to work with Barrow co-investigators, gather data from local experience, and listen to the concerns of a community on the front lines of climate change.
For ESIG investigator Linda Mearns, the interactions with local stakeholders were invaluable. And, she says, seeing the environment was very important because it made clear to me how very delicate it is. With RAPs Matt Pocernich, Lindas applying extreme value theory to see if we can come up with more robust estimates of trends in extreme winds, using data from the last 50-70 years. She and ESIGs Claudia Tebaldi are also tackling results for the next 2030 years from climate model runs relevant to the region using mutiple scenarios developed for the last report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
|
<urn:uuid:dc6bf349-2e9e-4573-a703-3b0a4f42042c>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://www.ucar.edu/communications/staffnotes/0211/barrow.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298387.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00285-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924909
| 446
| 2.953125
| 3
|
- The game of football is any of several similar team sports, of similar origins which involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot in an attempt to score a goal. The most popular of these sports worldwide is association football, more commonly known as just "football" or "soccer".
- the inflated oblong ball used in playing American football
- A form of team game played in North America with an oval ball on a field marked out as a gridiron
- Play in such a game, esp. when stylish and entertaining
- A ball used in football, either oval (as in American football) or round (as in soccer), typically made of leather or plastic and filled with compressed air
- any of various games played with a ball (round or oval) in which two teams try to kick or carry or propel the ball into each other's goal
- (channel) a path over which electrical signals can pass; "a channel is typically what you rent from a telephone company"
- (channel) impart: transmit or serve as the medium for transmission; "Sound carries well over water"; "The airwaves carry the sound"; "Many metals conduct heat"
- The navigable part of a waterway
- official routes of communication; "you have to go through channels"
- A length of water wider than a strait, joining two larger areas of water, esp. two seas
- A hollow bed for a natural or artificial waterway
sopcast football channels - Aluminum 6063-T52
Aluminum 6063-T52 U-Channel, Square Corner Style, AMS QQ-A-200/9, ASTM B221, 1/8" Thick, 2" Base Width, 1" Leg Length, 72" Length
Alloy 6063, one of the most popular alloys in the 6000 series, provides good extrudability and a high quality surface finish. In the heat-treated condition, alloy 6063 provides good resistance to general corrosion, including resistance to stress corrosion cracking. It is easily welded or brazed by various commercial methods (caution: direct contact by dissimilar metals can cause galvanic corrosion). Since 6063 is a heat-treatable alloy, strength in its -T6 condition can be reduced in the weld region. Selection of an appropriate filler alloy will depend on the desired weld characteristics. Consult the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for proper safety and handling precautions when using alloy 6063. Alloy 6063 offers excellent response for anodizing in its -T5, -T52 , -T53 (“matte finish”), -T54, -T6 (“lustrous” finish) tempers. The most common methods are clear, clear and color dying, and bright dipping and hard coat. Bright dipping provides an economical alternative to mechanical polished finishes while offering improved surface durability.
a chinese medium channelling the spirits or ghost during the hungry ghost festival
Channel Islands 2007017
Channel Islands, Santa Cruz, Painted Cave
sopcast football channels
DMZ and The Massive creator Brian Wood launched an all-out assault on the comics medium in 1997 with Channel Zero, an influential, forward-thinking series that combined art, politics, and graphic design in a unique way. Hitting on themes of freedom of expression, hacking, cutting-edge media manipulation, and police surveillance, it remains as relevant today as it did back then. The Channel Zero collection contains the original series, the prequel graphic novel Jennie One (illustrated by Becky Cloonan), the best of the two Public Domain design books, and almost fifteen years of extras, rarities, short stories, and unused art. This is the must-have edition. See where it all began!
|
<urn:uuid:79185d33-5d30-41fa-b4cb-db4dbdf6e069>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
https://sites.google.com/site/sopcastfootballchannelsgmt/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542009.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00154-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924901
| 783
| 2.75
| 3
|
According to the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 3 out of the 5 Great Lakes (Michigan, Huron, and Erie) are frozen over and appear to be straight from a Superman movie. The photo above was taken by photographer Chad Whaley at the Marblehead Lighthouse State Park. Like the other Great Lakes, Erie produces lake effect snow when the first cold winds of winter pass over the warm waters. When the difference in temperature between the relatively warm surface water and the colder air reaches a threshold value of 18 °F to 23 °F (10 °C to 13 °C), then "lake-effect snow becomes possible". Continue reading for more.
As cold air flows over the warm water, the lake warms and moistens the air. Since warm, moist air is less dense than cold air, the heated air rises. Rising air cools and water vapor condenses into cloud droplets ... the efficiency of snow production increases when the wind pushes the clouds over land. Friction with the ground causes air to pile up. This frictional convergence creates lift and enhances snowfall.
|
<urn:uuid:18b545d9-db2a-4ef2-b251-8f93799012ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-18
|
http://www.techeblog.com/index.php/tech-gadget/this-is-not-superman-s-fortress-of-solitude-just-lake-erie
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121090.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00145-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.885733
| 219
| 3.609375
| 4
|
National Water Week was observed from 17th March to 23rd March. World Water Day is an annual event celebrated on 22nd March. It is meant to inspire people around the world to learn more about water-related issues, furthermore informing and motivating them to take action to make a difference in work areas, schools, communities and at home.
Monica Naidoo from Ensight sharing tips on saving water at home.
As part of Ensight’s corporate social initiatives we visited a local school to help create awareness of water pollution and water conservation. Monica Naidoo (Communications Officer: Ensight Energy Solutions) and Londi Mchunu (Environmental Graduate Trainee: Richards Bay Minerals) visited Nhlanzini Primary School which is part of the KwaMbonambi community in Richards Bay.
Kids showing off their water bottles sponsored by Ensight.
The interactive session included water saving tips at home, school and within the entire local community. The learners who are members of the Environmental Committee also recited poems on water conservation as part of their awareness campaign. All learners participated in a Q&A session and were excited to receive prizes for answering correctly. Water conservation is everybody’s responsibility, you can make a difference. SAVE WATER TODAY!
Londi Mchunu (Environmental Graduate Trainee: Richards Bay Minerals) talking to the school kids about dangers of water pollution.
|
<urn:uuid:acf99a48-bc4b-4225-aa23-23d592ab47f5>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-34
|
http://www.ensight.solutions/blog-marketing/world-water-day/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218899.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821191026-20180821211026-00401.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958472
| 294
| 3.1875
| 3
|
Wetter in the west and tropical north
National map of probability of exceeding median rainfall
The next three months are likely to be wetter than usual in western parts of Australia and the tropical north, according to the Bureau's national rainfall outlook for February to April 2012.
The chances of receiving above median rainfall during this period are between 60% and 70% over most of Western Australia and the northern parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory.
In contrast, slightly drier than usual conditions are expected in areas of South Australia where the chance of above normal rainfall is 40% or, in other words, the chance of below normal rainfall is 60%.
The Bureau's latest seasonal temperature outlook indicates that warmer days are more likely over southeastern Australia while cooler days and nights are expected over northwestern Australia.
The rainfall and temperature outlooks are based on the current state of the Pacific and Indian oceans. The main driver for these outlooks is the ongoing La Niña conditions, with warmer than usual water in the Indian Ocean and cooler than usual water in the central Pacific.
|
<urn:uuid:edb309da-47cb-4c89-af97-daafb73256b4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
http://www.bom.gov.au/water/news/article.php?id=51
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542588.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00128-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941327
| 213
| 2.75
| 3
|
Democratic Republic of the CongoOngoing
Appeals & Response Plans
- DR Congo: Ebola Outbreak - May 2018
- DR Congo: Polio Outbreak - Feb 2018
- DR Congo: Floods - Jan 2018
- DR Congo: Landslide - Aug 2017
- DR Congo: Ebola Outbreak - May 2017
- West Africa: Armyworm Infestation - Mar 2017
- DR Congo: Floods - Nov 2016
- Angola/DR Congo: Yellow Fever Outbreak - Jan 2016
- DR Congo: Floods - Nov 2015
- DR Congo: Ebola Outbreak - Aug 2014
Most read (last 30 days)
- ALIMA opens an Ebola treatment center in DRC equipped with biosecure emergency care units (CUB)
- Ebola Outbreak in Democratic Republic Congo is ‘largely contained’: WHO
- Au Kasaï, les enfants continuent de souffrir de malnutrition
- Enhanced interactive dialogue on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3 July 2018: Statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein
- Returning Congolese find homes in ruins, livelihoods destroyed
As humanitarian actors increasingly operate in situations of internal armed conflict, the importance of negotiating with ANSAs to ensure access has come to the forefront. Yet humanitarians on the ground and the broader international humanitarian community often fail to understand ANSAs’ perspectives and motives and, as a result, struggle to engage with them effectively.
Following the establishment of first contacts last February, Geneva Call recently conducted a field visit to two major national and foreign armed movements operating in the Masisi and Walikale territories of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Both armed movements can muster several hundred combatants, and they conduct regular military operations in the area.
2014 was marked by an increase in the number and intensity of non-international armed conflicts in different contexts and countries. These conflicts are taking a dramatic toll on civilian populations, forcing families to leave their homes or children to enrol as fighters. More than ever, dialogue with armed non-State actors (ANSAs) is necessary for the protection of civilian populations from the effects of armed conflict.
The recent War Report describes 27 on-going non-international armed conflicts in 24 States or territories, all involving armed non-State actors (ANSAs), most of them unequivocally subject to International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Violations of international humanitarian norms are widespread in all of these conflicts, with civilians consistently suffering the most. Many IHL violations – though not all – are committed by ANSAs.
This report was stimulated by a conference on armed non-State actors (ANSAs) and the protection of internally displaced people organized in 2011 jointly by Geneva Call and the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. The conference itself followed on from a special edition of Forced Migration Review magazine on ‘Armed non-state actors and displacement’.
|
<urn:uuid:2ed6fe0f-c08c-491e-9379-e8ebfa89330f>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
|
https://reliefweb.int/country/cod?qt-most_read_and_emailed=0&%3Bdate=20000901-20001001&%3Bdisaster_type=4618&source=2351
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589251.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716095945-20180716115945-00317.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.888429
| 598
| 2.53125
| 3
|
Microbiological contamination of bathing water can cause a range of sickness symptoms, the most extreme of which can result in hospitalisation. This can result from raw ingredients, poor sanitation or hygiene practices, or inappropriate storage conditions. Our Water and Environmental Microbiology proficiency test samples combine the test organisms into real water matrices or swabs, together with background flora to fully represent real-world samples.
E. coli is a well-known pathogen from which food poisoning symptoms result. Enjoying a large amount of consumer interest, effective testing is required to highlight areas of potentially unsafe levels of E. coli contamination across a range of foodstuffs.
Water quality changes over time, even in the course of the day. It is therefore fundamental to utilise our proficiency test to classify the quality of water. This ensures the safety of bathers’ health, as we are able to identify when bacteria are present in the water.
Fapas proficiency tests can challenge your testing laboratories to ensure only high-quality testing standards are achieved. This can therefore ensure your customers, and regulators, receive highly accurate test results without significant bias.
|
<urn:uuid:291ed1c4-8d94-4ba3-8f45-6775dcbd8266>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://fapas.com/shop/product/escherichia-coli-o157h7-detection-in-bathing-water/1596
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402131412.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001112433-20201001142433-00070.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.894184
| 228
| 2.796875
| 3
|
Received Date: 22 June 2017 | Accepted Date: 05 July 2017 | Published Date: 30 August 2017
Keywords: Agricultural education, liming, practices, practicing teachers, soil pH, teaching practice.
This study focussed on practices required by practicing teachers of agricultural education for effective teaching of soil pH management to students in junior secondary schools in North-Central Nigeria. Three objectives were developed to guide the study and questionnaire survey research design was used. The study was carried out in North-Central Nigeria. The population of the study was Fifty-five (55). Soil pH Practices Questionnaire (SPPQ) was used for data collection. The SPPQ was face validated by Three (3) experts. Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.89 was obtained as the internal consistency of the SPPQ items. The data collected was analysed using mean and t-test statistics. It was found, among others, that the practicing teachers of agricultural education from Colleges of Education required Twelve (12) practices in determination of soil pH. Recommendation was that lecturers of Agricultural Education in Colleges of Education should utilize the identified practices in soil pH to train students in Colleges of Education.
|Anderson, N. P, Hart, J. M, Sullivan, D. M, Christensen, N. W, Horneck, D. A., & Pirelli,G.J. (2013). Applying Lime to Raise Soil pH for Crop Production (Western Oregon). Fertilizer and Lime Materials Fertilizer Guide: OSU Extension publication FG 52, Pp. 34-35.|
|Asogwa, V. C. (2014). Educational practices needed by practicing teachers of agriculture for demonstrating fertilizer application in a school farm to students in junior secondary schools in Enugu State, Nigeria. Review of Education, Institute of Education Journal, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 25(1), 118-136.|
|Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (2010). Elements of the nature and properties of soils. New York, Person Education International, Pp. 341 - 244.|
|Das, D. K. (2012). Introduction to soil science. West Bengal, India: Kalyani Publishers, Pp. 234 – 256.|
|Farlex, M. (2009). The free Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 1379.|
|Gale, J, Koenig, R., & Barnhill, J. (2001). Managing Soil PH In Utah: An electronic publication of Utah State University Extension.
|Gliessman, S. R. (1998). Agroecology: Researching the Ecological Processes in Sustainable Agriculture. In: Chou, C.H. and K.T. Shan (eds). Frontiers in Biology: The Challenge of Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Sustainable Agriculture. Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Pp 70-72.|
|Grover, J. W. (2013). Best Practices in Education. US: Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, p. 361.|
|Huber, C., Baier, R., Göttlein, A., & Weis, W. (2006). Changes in soil, seepage water and needle chemistry between 1984 and 2004 after liming an N-saturated Norway spruce stand at the Höglwald, Germany. Forest Ecology and Management, 233(1), 11-20.
|Reid, C., & Watmough, S. A. (2014). Evaluating the effects of liming and wood-ash treatment on forest ecosystems through systematic meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 44(8), 867-885.
|Kasanda, C. D. (1995). Teaching practice at the University of Namibia: Views from student teachers. Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 7, 57-68.|
|Mamo, M., Wortmann, C. S., & Shapiro, C. A. (2003). Lime use for soil acidity management. Cooperative Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.|
|Martin, R. A. (1991). The Essence of Agricultural Education. Agricultural Education, 63(8), 21-22.|
|Menter, I. (1989). Teaching Stasis: Racism, sexism and school experience in initial teacher education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 10, 459-473.
|Miriam, M. (2012). Meaning of Practice. Miriam Dictionary. Retrieved webster.com/dictionary/dictionary on 25th March, 2012.|
|National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) (2009). Minimum Standard for Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) Teachers, Vocational and Technical Education, (4th Edition). Abuja NCCE, Pp 23.|
|National Policy on Education (NPE) (2004). Federal Government of Nigeria.Yaba: NERDC press.|
|Ngidi, D. P., & Sibaya, P. T. (2003). Student teacher anxieties related to practice teaching. South African Journal of Education, 23, 18-22.|
|Olaitan, S. O. Nwachukwu, C. E, Onyemachi, G. A., Igbo C. A., & Ekong, E. O. (1999). Curriculum Development and Management in Vocational Technical Education. Onitsha: Cape Publishers International Limited, Pp. 53-61.|
|Osborne, P., Ball, D., Edward, L., & Anna, J. (2008). Handbook on Agricultural Education in Public Schools Sixth Edition. NY: Delmar Learning. p. 129.|
|Salawu, O., & Adeoye, A. (2002). Unit 1 the co1pt of student teaching practice.
|Williams, D. L. (1991). Focusing Agricultural Education Research, Strategies for the Discipline.Journal of Agricultural Education, 32(1), 7-12.
|Yost, R. S., & Uchida, R. (2000). Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaii's Soils, Approaches for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture, Pp. 133-143.|
|Zemelman, S, Daniels, H., & Hyde, A. (2005). Best Practice: Today's Standards for Teaching and Learning in America's Schools. USA: Heinemann, a division of Reed Elsevier, Inc., Portsmouth, NH.
|
<urn:uuid:c98320de-c0e6-4ab7-99d3-45c5ec1594e7>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://integrityresjournals.org/journal/IJET/article-abstract/FF0591511
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511220.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003192425-20231003222425-00395.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.820782
| 1,442
| 3.046875
| 3
|
A peptic ulcer is an open sore or lesion on the lining of the digestive tract. The ulcers can develop on the stomach lining or upper part of the small intestines. Even though widely believed to be triggered by stress or spicy foods, most cases occur due to an infection by the H. pylori bacteria.
The indications of a peptic ulcer range from mild to life-threatening. The remedies for the ulcers which includes medications or therapies are aimed on reducing the pain. It includes over-the-counter medications or even surgical intervention.
Common remedies for peptic ulcer
Coating the stomach
For mild cases of peptic ulcer, they trigger 1-2 periods of symptoms yearly. This can be managed using medications that coat the stomach lining for relief.
Over-the-counter medications such as bismuth subsalicylate coats the stomach and prevents the acid from irritating the ulcer. Sucralfate is a prescription medication that binds to stomach acid and forms a paste-like material that functions as a buffer between the acid and the lining of the stomach where the peptic ulcer is present.
Antacids are over-the-counter medications that work by neutralizing the stomach acid. It is often taken as a remedy for heartburn and indigestion, antacids increase the pH level of the stomach acid to make it less irritating to the peptic ulcer. The commonly used antacids include:
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Magnesium hydroxide
- Magnesium oxide
- Aluminum carbonate
- Aluminum hydroxide
Acid-reducing medications work by reducing the amount of stomach acid. There are 2 forms of these medications available – proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 blockers.
- Proton pump inhibitors turns off the creation of acid by averting the proton pumps that alter potassium to hydrogen from functioning.
- Histamine-2 blockers work by preventing histamine from adhering to the parietal cells which reduces the amount of acid released. Take note that a chemical released by the body called as histamine-2 attaches to the receptors and instigates the generation of stomach acid.
Since a peptic ulcer is usually brought about by a bacterial infection, using prescription antibiotics such as metronidazole or tetracycline are used to heal a peptic ulcer as well as prevent recurrence.
Due to the effectiveness of the medications for peptic ulcers, surgery is seldom required in managing a peptic ulcer. There are exceptions in case of complications such as obstructions or perforations.
|
<urn:uuid:a14b0f60-a979-4284-a18a-23afd17559c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.stmarkjamestraining.ca/peptic-ulcer-what-are-the-remedies/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655143.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608204017-20230608234017-00021.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915339
| 561
| 3.546875
| 4
|
Carbon Capture and Biomethane: The greenwash re-branding of fossil gas at COP25 Chile in Madrid?
[A report from Ian Lumley, An Taisce Head of Advocacy, from COP-25.]
Even more visible this year than at COP24 in Poland is the presence of the fossil fuel industry in rebranding itself as the agent of climate action. COP25 saw a wide range of events promoting carbon capture and storage (CCS) and/or biomethane. These were held mainly in the national pavilions, therefore having support of the relevant governments. The promise of bringing in CCS is the new front for continuing to burn coal, oil and gas, with a bit of bioenergy to greensugar the pill.
A coherent global strategy has emerged from the fossil energy industry in promoting CCS or the further process of carbon capture utilization & storage (CCUS). An example of CCUS would be production of carbon fiber based products from planes to bicycles, or carbon sequestration in cement. Parallel to this was the active promotion of agriculture or crop sourced biomethane, branded “green gas” or “renewable gas." The Paris Agreement does provide for CCS, which will have to be part of viable climate action. The difficulty is that the capacity for potential ratcheting up of CCS capacity in any immediate timeframe or scale is not in place. In the meantime, there is simply no carbon budget space for adding new carbon polluting energy infrastructure at a time when existing energy emissions have to make an immediate rapid descent. On top of this, the large-scale biomethane availability being projected in current gas industry mitigation modeling also faces multiple sustainability and capacity constraints.
With divestment in new coal and fossil gas plants as a rising global demand, the industry response is the rebranding of new investment as combined electricity generation and carbon capture (CCS) plants. However, the actual project will be for the fossil fuel power plant to be built under Phase 1 leaving the space for a merely "promissory", "Phase 2", CCS facility beside it when the cost and technology become “viable.” As long as there is no pricing regime pressure to reflect the real impact of continuing carbon emissions, CCS will remain a time-uncertain aspiration to justify continuing and developing new fossil fuel power generation.
The International Gas Union (IGU), which has as a lead statement on its web homepage that "natural gas is a clean and versatile energy source," hosted a presentation “Delivering Clean Transport“ in the South Korean pavilion. This was one of a number of events with promoters of fossil gas for transport making the case for compressed natural gas (CNG), which delivers an air pollution benefit. However, presenters were less forthright in admitting that CNG only reduces CO2 by around 20% compared to a diesel bus or truck. The emission impact would be worse if fracked gas is used since fugitive methane emissions from the extraction process are not properly calculated.
The case was widely made that CNG transport emissions can be reduced by progressive sourcing and injection of biomethane. However, the potential for the production of a sustainable source of biomaterial for biogas is limited, and there are many other sectors competing for a piece of the bioenergy action. I kept making myself unpopular with CNG promoters in stating this, and warning of a lock-in to investing in rolling out a CNG servicing and infrastructure system, which would have to become a stranded asset because of its inability to deliver the level of emissions reductions needed. This is what Ireland is currently doing in the Gas Networks Ireland supported "Causeway" project to create a national CNG network to fuel heavy vehicles.
Toshiba Energy Systems and the Global CCS institute presented a good overview of international research in the Japanese pavilion. There was a real and genuine concern by the researchers to find viable solutions of scale. However, the only proposed Bioenergy CCS example cited was for the DRAX power station in England which is unsustainably importing forest timber from the USA and only achieving a first small first phase of CCS capacity to date.
The US group, Renewable Thermal Alternative (renewablethermal.org) made a presentation in the WWF pavilion on the serious challenge of major industrial or factory manufacturing plants, which are large thermal users of fossil gas and therefore emitters. The focus was very much on the dilution of gas combustion with either hydrogen produced from wind or solar, or crop or animal agriculture byproduct biomethane. Information on the real emission reduction impacts projected was disappointing. As was the case in so many events at COP, the potential availability of any scale of sustainable bioenergy was not demonstrated. With hydrogen dilution capacity constrained by pipe and valve pressure designed for methane transmission, I raised the question: Would it not be better to use renewables and renewably sourced hydrogen in tandem and just phase out fossil gas altogether, particularity since so much of the US supply was coming from fracking? This was not greeted with any enthusiasm from the presenters.
Yet this technological leap is exactly what Sweden is initiating in the "HYBRIT - Fossil Free Steel" initiative to end the use of fossil fuel inputs in steel production and utilise renewably produced hydrogen as discussed at a presentation in the EU Pavilion.
The Saudi Arabian state oil company, Aramco, participated in a Gulf Cooperation Council Pavilion-hosted forum “Can a Circular Carbon Economy be the Solution to the Climate Challenge." Aramco has just floated 1.5% of its shareholding on the international investment market showing that divestment has long way to go. Supported by a number of Saudi based academics from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), the overarching message was learning from nature based solutions and the plant photosynthesis cycle in developing a “Circular Carbon Economy.” The Powerpoint slides showed fossil fuel extraction and combustion as part of a closed cycle storing carbon in cement or other materials. Absent was consideration of carbon leakage. There was no credible evidence as to how the beguiling conceptual diagrams presented could be tuned into large-scale operating systems to capture and reduce the massive emission impact of Saudi and the Gulf States’ oil and gas production and its combustion and emissions impact across the world.
In the audience interaction at the end of the formal presentations I was able to raise critical questions at most of the events on both capacity and timeframe for CCS or biomethane mitigation on any scale. In relation to CCS and CCUS specifically, I raised the ethical question of creating the unrealisable expectation of an immediate technological solution to justify continued and increased fossil energy extraction and development of infrastructure. In the case of Saudi Aramco, this was the second year in which I had asked the same question to a Saudi presenter, and got the same inadequate response.
With the exception of the presenters at the Japanese hosted event, technical, sustainability and ethical questions were fobbed off, and attempts to engage with speakers in the networking and drinks receptions after were also unwelcome. Indeed, at many of the smaller events I seemed to be the only NGO representative. What was really going on was networking for fossil energy insiders, and any external engagement on the climate science or the ethics was simply unwelcome.
The problem is that creating the hope of a large scale technological solution of future CCS and bioenergy is used to justify a business-as-usual strategy of maintaining and continuing to develop fossil fuel power generation and infrastructure. This is now defining Irish energy policy, which is being driven by the expansion of the gas pipeline network by the Sate owned Gas Networks Ireland with the greenwash that a progressive bit of biomethane be injected on an annual basis and the promise that eventual CCS will make the system zero carbon by 2050. This seems like the very definition of national-scale moral hazard...
|
<urn:uuid:fd649418-f268-4853-8a88-e139fe79db7d>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.antaisce.org/COP25-Gas-Greenwash
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371810807.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408072713-20200408103213-00556.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956724
| 1,623
| 2.5625
| 3
|
Essentials of Citizenship: Critical Thinking and Ethical Values
When children lack reason-based thinking and ethics in school, they become ill-prepared for our complex, interdependent world. Paula Fraser makes a case for teaching ethics in public schools.
The Christian Right folks of the Mike Huckabee variety often look at our society in the aftermath of tragedies such as the Sandy Hook shooting, or the many challenges that young people face such as drug abuse, unwed parenthood, high school dropout rates, and see an absence of values—Christian values. Their solution to addressing these challenges is simply to place school-sponsored prayer back in classrooms, or to hang the Ten Commandments in public school hallways, or to encourage young people to accept Jesus as their Lord and Savior. They believe if only we implemented these Christian values we would have a more ethical society.
Of course, we humanists understand that there are far too many complicated societal issues and problems facing young people today that the Religious Right has recognized as highlighted above. In fact, one facet of these multi-faceted problems may be related to what I call the values vacuum; however, the Religious Right’s exclusively Christian approach to addressing this values vacuum is not appropriate in a pluralistic constitutional democracy. I argue that we humanists should stand up for those inclusive democratic core values that are appropriate whether one is a believer or nonbeliever. The American Humanist Association’s Ten Commitments: Guiding Principles for Teaching Values in America’s Public Schools are the type of values that need to be fostered within young human beings so that they might lead full and flourishing lives within our own country as well as in the greater complex, interdependent global community. My current purpose is not to explicate each of the Ten Commitments, but to explain why they could be helpful in a greater context. However, there are tensions inherent in implementing these inclusive values in our public schools of which we need to become aware.
One challenging tension is time constraints and its accompanying focus. Although an emphasis on academic competence in our public schools today is imperative given the challenges of the world that we live in, I am concerned that a sole focus on academic, “high-stakes tested” subjects such as math and literacy leads to a narrowing of the curriculum as an unintended consequence. Too often the social studies, arts, and humanities are excluded and yet, these are the very subjects in which students might learn to become critical thinkers and ethical human beings and citizens. In recent years there has been an increased focus on STEM subjects--Science, Technology, and Math—all necessary for our country’s economic growth and development, but this focus has resulted in a further eroding and narrowing of the curriculum in many, if not most of our public schools to the exclusion of the social studies, arts and humanities.
In addition to time constraints, teaching critical thinking and ethical values is often considered too controversial to find a place in the public school curriculum. Ethical values are thought by some to be entirely contingent on religious belief. It is thought that without religious belief there is no absolute foundation and moral relativism is the result. Furthermore, critical thinking is thought by some to be a negative challenge to authority and morally absolute worldviews. Conversely, others of a more secular persuasion are wary of religious indoctrination related to values in the public school classroom. In order to avoid controversy, public school students are often left without the tools to critically reason or to reflect upon the role that ethical values should and could play in their lives—the very attributes that are essential for thoughtful and ethical citizenship.
We have a long history of individual freedom of conscience and separation of church and state in the United States. Our First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution seeks to neither establish nor inhibit the free exercise of religion; in other words, citizens in our country are free to believe in religious tenets or not. Because of this freedom and diversity, there are conflicts and tensions within the public schools. However, I believe that teaching critical thinking and ethical values can help individual young people to navigate these conflicts for the common good, while still maintaining a high degree of respect for pluralism in matters of individual conscience in the true spirit of e pluribus unum. Students might learn that they have the right to make choices and must exercise those choices with responsibility to self and others.
While ethical values do not necessarily rely on specific religious principles, they do not necessarily exclude religious values when these religious values are of a more universally accepted and inclusive nature. For instance, empathy inherent in the idea that we should treat others as we would be treated is present in many religions including Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, as well as secular philosophical systems; most agree that the ethical principles within the “Golden Rule” are foundational in matters relating to conscience. In fact, Immanuel Kant, the great moral philosopher, calls this idea a “universal categorical imperative.” Empathy is just one ethical value among many that diverse citizens may agree upon, given the wide range of religious, philosophical and ideological perspectives.
The American Humanist Association’s Ten Commitments could help fill this values vacuum by encouraging the citizenship dispositions of critical thinking about the core democratic values that are needed to perpetuate a functioning democracy that should be inclusive of all—believers and nonbelievers alike. Honesty, the common good, equality of opportunity, justice and fairness respect for individual liberties and dignity, etc. are values and principles that we should all be able to agree upon.
When students have the opportunity to learn how to internalize and apply critical thinking skills and ethical values in their lives and in interactions with others, they are able to intelligently and courageously work to balance individual rights and the common good. Rather than avoiding controversy, this approach teaches students to embrace controversy with critical thinking, fair-mindedness, reasoning, civility and courage with the intent of arriving at reasoned and ethical judgments in the public space. This inclusive approach combats the charge of moral relativism that is often leveled against humanists, while respecting the common values contributions by citizens from the faith community.
The American Humanist Association’s Ten Commitments with its emphasis on critical thinking and ethical values could be a very helpful and inclusive educational guide in leading young people to more thoughtfully and ethically reflect upon their rights and responsibilities in this complex interdependent world in order to assume the highest office of the land—citizen!
Paula Fraser is on the advisory committee of the American Humanist Association’s Kochhar Humanist Education Center. She is a former elementary school teacher in Bellevue, Washington.
|
<urn:uuid:ef38bd2c-b12d-4d95-9068-153f6b06d2a0>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-42
|
http://americanhumanist.org/HNN/details/2013-09-essentials-of-citizenship-critical-thinking-and-ethi
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637904760.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025824-00062-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944934
| 1,357
| 2.984375
| 3
|
NORD gratefully acknowledges Zachary Weber, NORD Editorial Intern from the University of Notre Dame, and Helga V. Toriello, PhD, Director, Clinical Genetics, Michigan State University, for assistance in the preparation of this report.
TAR syndrome can potentially affect multiple systems of the body, but it is especially associated with blood (hematological) and bone (skeletal) abnormalities. The two main findings are thrombocytopenia and radial aplasia. A variety of additional symptoms also occur. The specific symptoms vary from patient to patient. Affected individuals will not have all of the symptoms listed below. Some symptoms improve over time and may cause little or no problems in adulthood. Most affected individuals have normal intelligence, are able live independently, and many have married and have had their own children.
Approximately 90 percent of affected individuals develop symptoms related to low levels of the platelets in the blood during the first year of life. Platelets are specialized blood cells that clump together to form clots to stop bleeding. In TAR syndrome certain specialized cells in the bone marrow known as megakaryocytes are defective or improperly developed (hypoplastic). Megakaryocytes normally develop into platelets. The normal maturation of megakaryocytes into platelets does not occur in individuals with TAR syndrome, causing the low levels of platelets, which may be referred to as (hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia). The exact reason why megakaryocytes fail to develop into platelets is unknown.
In individuals with TAR syndrome, the level of platelets in the blood goes up and down. Episodes of thrombocytopenia are most frequent during the first two years of life. Episodes may be preceded or triggered by certain infections, such as viral illnesses (particularly digestive [gastrointestinal] illnesses), surgery, stress, or other factors, such as intolerance to cow’s milk (see below).
Low platelet levels can result in severe bleeding episodes (hemorrhaging). Specific symptoms of thrombocytopenia include frequent nosebleeds or gastrointestinal bleeding, which can result in the vomiting of blood (hematemesis) or bloody stools. In addition, affected individuals may develop bleeding (hemorrhages) within skin (dermal) layers or layers below the mucous membranes (submucosal), resulting in easy bruising (ecchymoses) and/or the appearance of pinpoint-sized, purplish or reddish spots on the skin (petechiae). In severe cases, bleeding episodes, particularly in the brain (intracranial hemorrhaging), may lead to potentially life-threatening complications during infancy. In addition, intellectual disability has been reported in some individuals who had a history of intracranial hemorrhaging. Otherwise, intelligence in individuals with TAR syndrome is usually unaffected.
As mentioned above, thrombocytopenia typically is most severe during the first year of life. By adulthood, platelet levels may improve to almost normal ranges. Therefore, adults may have few associated symptoms; however, affected women may have unusually heavy or prolonged menstrual periods (menorrhagia).
In addition to platelets, the two other main blood cell lines (red and white cells) may also be affected. Red blood cells deliver oxygen to the body and white blood cells help in fighting off infections. Low levels of circulating red cells (anemia) may occur. Anemia is associated with fatigue, pale skin, and weakness. In some cases, affected children may have an excessive amount of white blood cells called a “leukemoid reaction”. This occurs in infants with extremely low platelet levels. There may also be enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). In some cases, increased levels of a specific type of white blood cell called an eosinophil (eosinophilia) may also occur. The cause of eosinophilia is not known. It is often associated with allergy or asthma and may occur in children with TAR syndrome who have cow’s milk intolerance.
A variety of skeletal abnormalities occur in individuals with TAR syndrome. The characteristic finding is absence (aplasia) of one of the bones of the forearm (radius). The radii of both arms are affected (bilateral). The radius is a long thin bone that extends from the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. The thumbs are present in individuals with TAR syndrome, a finding that distinguishes it from other disorders involving radii. The hands, fingers and thumbs are almost always unaffected, although the fingers may be abnormally short.
Additional skeletal abnormalities may also occur including underdevelopment or absence of the other bone of the forearm, the ulna. Sometimes the long bone of the upper arm (humerus), which extends from the shoulder to the elbow, may be underdeveloped. In some cases, the shoulder girdle may also be underdeveloped and affected individuals may have reduced upper body strength. In severe cases, the arms may be missing and the hands may be joined to the trunk by small, irregularly-shaped bone (phocomelia).
In some cases, the lower limbs may be involved. The severity may range from barely noticeable changes to significant malformations. Affected individuals may exhibit abnormalities of the knees including a loose kneecap that does not slide properly within its groove (patellar subluxation) and can potentially slide completely out of the socket (dislocate), absence of the knee cap (patella) or, in rare cases, the bones of the knees may be fused together. Dislocation of the hip, in which the head of the long bone of the upper leg (femur) does not fit properly into its socket in the hip, may also occur. Additional lower limb abnormalities often occur including improper inward rotation of the long bones of the legs (femoral and tibial torsion), bowing of the legs, and abnormalities affecting the feet and toes. Lower limb abnormalities can potentially affect the ability to walk (mobility). In most cases, individuals with severe involvement of the upper limbs are more likely to have abnormalities of the lower limbs.
In addition, cow’s milk intolerance or allergy has frequently been reported in association with TAR syndrome. In such cases, introduction of cow’s milk to the diet may precipitate thrombocytopenic, eosinophilic, and/or “leukemoid” episodes (see above). Cow’s milk intolerance can also cause a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive).
Approximately one third of affected infants also have structural malformations of the heart (congenital heart defects). Such cardiac defects may include an abnormal opening in the fibrous partition (septum) that divides the upper chambers of the heart (atrial septal defect) or a malformation known as tetralogy of Fallot. The latter describes a combination of heart defects, including abnormal narrowing (stenosis) of the opening between the pulmonary artery (which carries blood to the lungs) and the lower right chamber (ventricle) of the heart, an abnormal opening in the partition between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricular septal defect); displacement of the major artery that transports oxygen-rich blood to most of the body (i.e., aorta); and enlargement of the right ventricle (hypertrophy).
Some individuals with TAR syndrome may exhibit short stature. A variety of additional physical abnormalities have been reported to be associated with TAR syndrome including an abnormally small jaw (micrognathia), incomplete closure of the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), one or more pink or dark red irregularly shaped patches of skin (hemangiomas) on the face caused by dense collections of small blood vessels (capillaries), or minor abnormalities affecting the spine and ribs. Kidney (renal) defects may also be present, such as a malformation in which the two kidneys are abnormally joined at the base (horseshoe kidney) as well as underdevelopment (hypoplasia) and improper function of the kidneys. Some of these findings have only occurred in a few reported cases and researchers do not know whether these are coincidental occurrences or whether individuals with TAR syndrome have a greater risk of developing these manifestations.
TAR syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic disorder and caused by two different types of mutations in the RBM8A gene. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother.
Recessive genetic disorders occur when an individual inherits two copies of an abnormal gene for the same trait, one from each parent. If an individual receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disorder but usually will not show symptoms. However, reports have been published that describe an affected child born to an affected parent. The risk for two carrier parents to both pass the defective gene and have an affected child is theoretically 25% with each pregnancy, but because the RBM8A gene deletion associated with TAR syndrome is often not inherited, but occurs as a new mutation in about 25% of those affected, the risk for affected sibs is lower. The risk to have a child who is a carrier like the parents is 50% with each pregnancy. The chance for a child to receive normal genes from both parents and be genetically normal for that particular trait is 25%. The risk is the same for males and females.
Some researchers suggest that TAR syndrome may result from mutations of different disease genes (genetic heterogeneity). Further research is required to determine the underlying genetic cause or causes of the disorder.
The prevalence of TAR syndrome is estimated at 1:200,000-1:100,000.
The disorder was originally described in siblings in the 1950s. Over 100 cases have since been recorded in the medical literature.
In most cases, the diagnosis of TAR syndrome is made at birth based upon a thorough clinical examination, identification of characteristic physical findings, and a variety of specialized tests. Such testing may include blood studies to confirm the presence of thrombocytopenia, anemia, and/or other hematologic abnormalities as well as a radiograph (X-ray) of the forearm and renal ultrasonography of the kidneys.
The first step in molecular genetic testing is deletion/duplication analysis for the region of chromosome band1q21 that contains the RBM8A gene. Diagnosis of TAR syndrome is confirmed if a deletion is present in an individual with bilateral absence of the radius and presence of thumbs. However, lack of identification of this deletion is not sufficient to rule out the diagnosis. Sequence analysis of the RBM8A gene should be done if no deletion is identified, or to identify the second RBM8A gene mutation for confirmation of the diagnosis.
Clinical Testing and Work-Up
Cardiac evaluation may also be recommended to detect any heart abnormalities that may be associated with the disorder. Such evaluation may include a thorough clinical examination, during which heart and lung sounds are assessed through use of a stethoscope, and specialized tests that enable physicians to evaluate the structure and function of the heart (e.g., x-ray studies, electrocardiography [EKG], echocardiography, cardiac catheterization).
The treatment of TAR syndrome is directed toward the specific symptoms that are apparent in each individual. Such treatment may require the coordinated efforts of a team of medical professionals, such as pediatricians, surgeons, physicians who diagnose and treat disorders of the skeleton, joints, muscles, and related tissues (orthopedists), specialists in the study of the blood and blood-forming tissues (hematologists), physicians who specialize in heart disease (cardiologists), and/or other health care professionals.
Physicians may recommend preventive measures to help affected infants and children avoid infection, stress, or other factors that may precipitate thrombocytopenia. In addition, experts indicate that cow’s milk should be avoided, since its introduction may precipitate thrombocytopenic, eosinophilic, or “leukemoid” episodes. (For further information, please see the “Symptoms” section of this report above.)
Management of the disorder may include ongoing monitoring and supportive hematologic measures as required, such as platelet transfusions or transfusions with whole blood products. In some cases, the use of certain medications or other measures may be recommended to help prevent or treat hematologic complications. As noted above, thrombocytopenia typically improves with age.
In individuals with TAR syndrome, various orthopedic techniques may also be recommended, such as splints, corrective braces, and/or certain surgical measures. In some cases, the use of adaptive and/or artificial devices (prosthetics) and mobility aids, such as wheelchairs or motorized carts, may also be beneficial.
For affected individuals with congenital heart defects, treatment with certain medications, surgical intervention, and/or other measures may be necessary. The surgical procedures performed will depend upon the severity and location of the anatomical abnormalities, their associated symptoms, and other factors.
Early intervention may be important to ensure that children with TAR syndrome reach their potential. Special services that may be beneficial include special education, physical therapy, and/or other medical, social, or vocational services.
Genetic counseling is recommended for affected individuals and their families. Other treatment for this disorder is symptomatic and supportive.
Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government website.
For information about clinical trials being conducted at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:
Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
For information about clinical trials conducted in Europe, contact:
Adults and children with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, including thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome, are being recruited for a research study at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD, aimed at increasing understanding of the causes of cancer susceptibility in these disorders. For information, contact http://www.marrowfailure.cancer.gov/
Contact for additional information about Thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome:
Helga V. Toriello, PhD
Director, Clinical Genetics
25 Michigan St., Suite 2000
Grand Rapids, MI 49503
Jones KL. Smith’s Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1997:298-299, 316-317, 320-323, 430-431.
Behrman RE, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 15th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1996:1359-1361, 1432.
Buyse ML. Birth Defects Encyclopedia. Dover, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc.; 1990:1665-1666.
Christensen CP, et al. Lower extremity deformities associated with thrombocytopenia and absent radius syndrome. Clin Orthop. 2000;375:202-206.
Letestu R, et al. Existence of a differentiation blockage at the stage of a megakaryocyte precursor in the thrombocytopenia and absent radii (TAR) syndrome. Blood. 2000;95:1633-1641.
Tongsong T, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of thrombocytopenia-absent-radius (TAR) syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;15:256-258.
Bradshaw A, et al. Thrombocytopenia and absent radii (TAR) syndrome associated with horseshoe kidney. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14:29-31.
McLaurin TM, et al. Management of thrombocytopenia-absent radius (TAR) syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19:289-296.
Shelton SD, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome and vaginal delivery. Prenat Diagn. 1999;19:54-57.
Martinez-Frias ML, et al. An epidemiological study of the thrombocytopenia with radial aplasia syndrome (TAR) in Spain. An Esp Pediatr. 1998;49:619-623.
Sekine I, et al. Thrombocytopenia with absent radii syndrome: studies on serum thrombopoietin levels and megakaryopoiesis in vitro. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1998;20:74-78.
Urban M, et al. Bilaterally cleft lip, limb defects, and haematological manifestations: Roberts syndrome versus TAR syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1998;79:155-160.
Ballmaier M, et al. Thrombopoietin in patients with congenital thrombocytopenia and absent radii: elevated serum levels, normal receptor expression, but defective reactivity to thrombopoietin. Blood. 1997;90:612-619.
Strauss G, et al. Significance of thrombopoietin and its receptor c-Mpl in regulation of thrombocytopoiesis in thrombocytopenia. Klin Padiatr. 1996;208:168-171.
Donnenfeld AE, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome by ultrasound and cordocentesis. Prenatal Diag. 1990;10:29-35.
Ward RE, et al. Parent to child transmission of the thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome. Am J Med Genet Suppl. 1986;2:207-214.
Anyane-Yeboa K, et al. Tetraphocomelia in the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radii (TAR syndrome). Am J Med Genet. 1985;20:571-576.
Schoenecker PL, et al. Dysplasia of the knee associated with the syndrome of thrombocytopenia and absent radius. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66:421-427.
Ray R, et al. Lower limb anomalies in the thrombocytopenia absent-radius (TAR) syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1980;7:523-528.
Whitfield MF, et al. Cow’s milk allergy in the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radius. Arch Dis Child. 1976;51:337-343.
Pfeiffer RA, et al. The phocomelia-thrombocytopenia syndrome: a follow-up report. Humangenetik. 1975;26:157-158.
Shaw S, et al. Congenital hypoplastic thrombocytopenia with skeletal deformities in siblings. Blood. 1959;14:374-377.
Toriello HV. Thrombocytopenia Absent Radius Syndrome. 2009 Dec 8 [Updated 2014 May 29]. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23758/ Accessed March 28, 2016.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). The Johns Hopkins University. Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius Syndrome; TAR. Entry No: 274000. Last Edited October 4, 2012. Available at: http://omim.org/entry/274000 Accessed March 28, 2016.
Wu JK, Wong MP, Williams S. Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius Syndrome. Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/959262-overview Updated August 01, 2014. Accessed March 28, 2016.
The information in NORD’s Rare Disease Database is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of a physician or other qualified medical professional.
The content of the website and databases of the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is copyrighted and may not be reproduced, copied, downloaded or disseminated, in any way, for any commercial or public purpose, without prior written authorization and approval from NORD. Individuals may print one hard copy of an individual disease for personal use, provided that content is unmodified and includes NORD’s copyright.
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
55 Kenosia Ave., Danbury CT 06810 • (203)744-0100
|
<urn:uuid:6839e8cc-1b69-4a1e-b0f8-2556e6adba87>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/thrombocytopenia-absent-radius-syndrome/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00276-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903912
| 4,514
| 2.90625
| 3
|
Learn about the 1950's & 1960's when the stories we will read in class were written so you can better understand the historical context of the short pieces. We will be working on characters actions and motives proficiency for this particular unit. You will need to be able to pull quotes from the story that show the characters in action, and describe the motives behind those actions for proficient. To get a "B" or mastery on this proficiency you need to be able to show how the characters actions develop the plot of the story through a fictional summary. You have practiced the use of summary already so use what you already know! To get an "A," or expert, you will need to do all of the above and describe the theme of the short story and how the character's motives help promote that theme.
|
<urn:uuid:6cb0a91f-bc73-4d1b-a164-fc3becfe1447>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-09
|
https://www.sophia.org/playlists/science-fiction-short-stories
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813109.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220204917-20180220224917-00108.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946568
| 160
| 4.0625
| 4
|
A new inventory of proteins reveals their abundance in seven brain regions from infancy through adulthood1. The resource could help scientists accurately determine how protein levels in the brain are altered in conditions such as autism.
Scientists can estimate protein levels in tissue by sequencing messenger RNA (mRNA), the molecular template for proteins. But mRNA levels do not always correspond closely to protein amounts.
For the new inventory, researchers used mass spectrometry, a technique that identifies molecules by their mass and charge, to measure protein levels directly. They then compared the results with an analysis of mRNA in the same brain tissue samples.
The frozen tissue came from several collections that contributed to the BrainSpan atlas, an effort to map gene expression in the brain. The samples include tissue from the amygdala, the hippocampus, the striatum, the cerebellum, the thalamus and two parts of the cerebral cortex: a visual region and a planning region. All of these regions have been implicated in autism.
The brains are from seven adults, seven children aged 1 to 12 years and two infants. Altogether, the 16 samples span an age range from birth to about 40 years and include an equal mix of males and females.
Adding enzymes to the samples breaks the proteins into smaller peptides, which produce unique signatures in a mass spectrometer. The signatures of peptides from a particular protein together form the fingerprint for that protein.
The researchers found signatures for more than 111,000 peptides from 8,980 proteins — from which they determined protein levels in the brain regions.
About 35 percent of the proteins vary in abundance between regions of the adult brain, the researchers found. The cerebellum showed the greatest differences relative to other regions, perhaps reflecting the higher density of cells there.
Controlling for regional differences, the levels of only 123 proteins changed between infancy and adulthood.
The researchers compared the protein profiles with mRNA profiles from BrainSpan in each region. They found that some regional differences are only apparent from the mass spectrometry results.
|
<urn:uuid:b83db934-2c10-41af-a270-a789212b7c7c>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-22
|
https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/toolbox/tool-tracks-brain-proteins-infancy-adulthood/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863410.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520112233-20180520132233-00238.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92551
| 412
| 3.796875
| 4
|
50 To 90 Percent Of Native Americans Were Killed By Smallpox, After first contacts with Europeans and Africans, some believe that the death of 90-95% of the native population of the New World was caused by Old World diseases.
In 1519 Hernán Cortés landed on the shores of what is now Mexico and was then the Aztec empire. In 1520 another group of Spanish arrived in Mexico from Hispaniola, bringing with them the smallpox which had already been ravaging that island for two years. When Cortés heard about the other group, he went and defeated them. In this contact, one of Cortés’s men contracted the disease. When Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan, he brought the disease with him.
Soon, the Aztecs rose up in rebellion against Cortés and his men. Outnumbered, the Spanish were forced to flee. In the fighting, the Spanish soldier carrying smallpox died. After the battle, the Aztecs contracted the virus from the invaders’ bodies. Cortes would not return to the capital until August 1521. In the meantime smallpox devastated the Aztec population. It killed most of the Aztec army and 25% of the overall population. The Spanish Franciscan Motolinia left this description: “As the Indians did not know the remedy of the disease they died in heaps, like bedbugs. In many places it happened that everyone in a house died and, as it was impossible to bury the great number of dead, they pulled down the houses over them so that their homes become their tombs.” On Cortés’s return, he found the Aztec army’s chain of command in ruins. The soldiers who still lived were weak from the disease. Cortés then easily defeated the Aztecs and entered Tenochtitlán. The Spaniards said that they could not walk through the streets without stepping on the bodies of smallpox victims.
|
<urn:uuid:8742bdf4-2f2a-4385-888f-2530cc1e42e4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-22
|
http://todaynewsgazette.com/50-to-90-percent-of-native-americans-were-killed-by-smallpox/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275645.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00106-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980755
| 403
| 3.609375
| 4
|
The Nature publishing group has taken a welcome step toward making the details of scientific research more widely accessible. The flagship cross-disciplinary journal Nature now provides full PDF text views for published articles linked from major media sites. Thus, the article on ancient genetically admixed Neandertal and modern human DNA recovered from the Oase I mandible–work authored by Qiaomei Fu and colleagues–has now been published, and everyone can read the full-text on nature.com. It’s available to everyone via media outlets such as the BBC here. You can click through the hyperlinked text in the BBC story. Now, you can’t download the PDF, but you can view it (apparently only once, as I discovered in trying to verify the BBC link just now) in its entirety in your web browser. It’s not open access, but it’s “opener.”
So what about the full, published version?
It’s been much anticipated, since Fu reported on her work at a recent genomics conference in Cold Springs Harbor (Callaway, 2015; Gibbons, 2015).
And, well, there are no major surprises to add to the main take-home from the Cold Springs Harbor conference presentation. The quite anatomically modern mandible, labelled Oase I, from the Peştera cu Oase in Romania, dates to ca. 42-39 thousand years ago, and the extraction and analysis of DNA fragments preserved in the mandible’s subfossil bone tissues indicate that this male individual had a very recent, very Neandertal ancestor, four to six generations back. I wrote in detail about the implications of this finding in the post Why None of Us Are Very Neandertal–But Most of Us Are a Little.
Still, in the full article (Fu et al., 2015), there are some additional points worth highlighting:
1) The biochemical techniques for capturing huge libraries of fragmented bits of DNA just continue improve. For us non-genomics-specialists who work on related methods and sources of information—that is, for archaeologists like me—this is huge. OK. The details are that Fu et al. (2015) successfully aligned really small extracted DNA fragments with known sequences in each human nuclear chromosome and the mitochondrial DNA. And this only amounted to a fraction of one percent of the entire three-billion-base-pair genome. Still, it included around two million fragments long enough to be aligned with loci encompassing single-nucleotide positions that are known to vary in living human populations. Screening for chemical markers of post mortem contamination or alteration reduced this number to around 200,000 single nucleotide polymorphism sites. Further cautious screening identified close to 80,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci (SNPs) whose locations are known on the autosomal chromosomes (our 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes) in the human genome map, exhibiting different alleles among ancient and modern human genomes. That gives us a respectable, although quite low-resolution scan of the entire genome. Additional SNPs from the sex chromosomes are what confirm that Oase I has both an X and a Y chromosome. All of this recovery of very fragmentary genomic data is important, because Oase I simply isn’t as well-preserved as many other roughly contemporaneous hominin specimens–including those representing archaic Asians (a.k.a. Denisovans), archaic western Eurasians (a.k.a. Neandertals), and early anatomically modern human Eurasians. Along with the recent publication of work aiming to push the limits of extracting uncontaminated bits of DNA from poorly chemically and histologically preserved bone (Pinhasi et al., 2015), the new report by Fu and colleagues (2015) will encourage serious work on extracting DNA from fossils in warmer, wetter environments–where we thought ancient bones simply couldn’t preserve intact genomic material from the original biological tissues.
2) Oase I probably didn’t just have one very recent invidivual Neandertal ancestor, which was likely a great-great or great-great-great grandparent. This very recent ancestry is inferred by observing the linked proximity of many of the SNP loci that have Neandertal alleles. The DNA fragmentation notwithstanding, Fu et al. (2015) recovered enough non-damaged DNA to align with the complete human genome map, and a surprisingly large number of the Oase SNPs with Neandertal alleles are from loci close to one another on virtually every chromosome. The authors write that “the Neanderthal contribution to the Oase 1 individual occurred so recently in his family tree that chromosomal segments of Neanderthal origin had little time to break up due to recombination.”
However, they continue:
When we remove the seven longest segments, the estimate of Neanderthal ancestry in Oase 1 drops from 7.3% to 4.8%, which is still around twice the 2.0–2.9% estimated for the French, Han, Kostenki and Ust’-Ishim individuals in this remaining part of the genome. This additional Neanderthal ancestry could reflect an older Neanderthal admixture into the ancestors of Oase 1, or that we failed to find all segments of recent Neanderthal ancestry.
The substantially older Ust-‘Ishim anatomically modern human (from ca. 45,000 years ago) inherited numerous Neandertal alleles from a range of earlier ancestors who had admixed with African populations expanding into western Eurasia, perhaps 60-50 thousand years ago (Fu et al., 2014). So, it’s likely that Oase I also had some of these older Neandertal ancestors, too. The Oase I data support investigating the hypothesis that there were multiple episodes of admixture, and that later ones had only geographically patchy effects.
3) But still, we have to remember that the Oase I aligned, non-damaged DNA fragments are mainly non-Neandertal. Let’s compare Oase I with the handfull of other, roughly contemporary or slightly later Eurasian anatomically modern human bones from whom researchers have recovered largely intact genomic information. Among these individuals, Oase I is clearly the most closely related to other roughly contemporary or slightly older Neandertals for whom genomic data is also available. In other words, Oase I has the most recent Neandertal ancestors. But at the same time, my point is that Oase I still has mainly anatomically modern, recent African ancestry … just like the rest of us living today. This is evidence that the scale of biological turnover–in which Neandertal anatomical patterns were nearly fully replaced by anatomically modern ones–was thoroughly extensive in Eurasia. In fact, Fu and colleagues (2015) confirm what the same team had recently shown in analyzing better-preserved, later western Eurasian anatomically modern humans–dating from roughly 35,000 to 5,000 years ago. The process of turnover in western Eurasia, in particular, progressively continued through the timeframe ca. 40-35,000 years ago, as anatomically modern human metapopulations–that is, sets of neighboring regional populations interconnected by regular but restricted migration and interbreeding–became well-established across Eurasia and evolved a degree of isolation by distance, with distinctive alleles at polymorphic sites subtly but reliably differentiating western and eastern Eurasian Upper Paleolithic genomes (Lazaridis et al., 2014). Interestingly, the whole process of complex, recurrent admixture seems to have happened all over again with population expansion at the beginning of the modern warm period, the Holocene, especially in connection with agricultural expansion in western Eurasia (Lazaridis et al., 2014). This complex history of population range expansion and admixture seems to have occurred repeatedly in human evolution. As I have emphasized in my earlier post, Alan Templeton drew this conclusion from more limited genetic data already many years ago (Templeton, 2002). But we can now trace the details much more thoroughly and accurately, thanks to the recovery of ancient genomic-scale information from very old human bones.
Anatomically Modern Human-Neandertal Turnover: Selection within Homo sapiens or Competition between Species?
One hope I have for near-future genomics work is this. There should now be enough genomic detail, perhaps even from Oase I, to look at whether there are different patterns of linkage disequilibrium in Neandertals and anatomically modern humans from this time frame, ca. 50,000-35,000 years ago. It is within this period that most of the really well-preserved Neandertal genome sequences, along with the Ust-‘Ishim, Kostenki XIV, and Oase I western Eurasian anatomically modern humans, are all known to date (Fu et al., 2015).
Remember that linkage disequilibrium occurs when you get long stretches of DNA inherited from a given parent or grandparental ancestor intact, not randomly mixed with alleles from other, older recent ancestors during crossing over in meiosis. And in the current article (Fu et al., 2015), linkage disequilibrium patterns constitute strong evidence for a very recent Neandertal having a place in a particular anatomically modern guy’s family tree.
But as Hawks et al. (2007) have shown, linkage disequilibrium patterns in living human genomes can provide evidence for something else!!! Rapid natural selection can keep unusually long lengths of DNA together in people across an entire metapopulation. At least after a number of generations.
This is how it works. Those individuals with a fitness-enhancing functional allele–whether it has to do with coding for proteins or regulating RNA function in the immune system, digestion, growth, brain activity, aging, or whatever–will be marginally more likely to survive and send more offspring with that allele into the next generation. In each literal instance of reproductive success, the fitness-enhancing DNA locus in that environment would carry with it linked bits of non-functional DNA, which we definitely have lots of. The more rapid the natural selection–and as Hawks et al., (2007) emphasize, a rapid intergenerational increase in the population frequency of a given allele may not have to do with strong fitness differentials among extant alleles, but rather simply a larger biocultural context of population expansion, which carries with it larger absolute numbers of mutations and greater intrinsic population variation in reproductive success, heightening the potential impact of natural selection–the more individuals inherit long chunks of linked non-coding bits around the favored allele. And thus, the stronger the population-level trace of linkage disequilibrium, generations later.
Now, if natural selection extensively shaped the process of anatomically modern human-Neandertal turnover, we should see sets of linked SNPs in early anatomically modern human Eurasians that are loci within or next to known genes or important regulatory regions… and we shouldn’t see these linked SNP markers in Neandertals. Researchers have been interested in Neandertal alleles introgressing into anatomically modern human populations–and then becoming favored by natural selection (Abi-Rached et al., 2011; Hawks & Cochran, 2006; Racimo et al., 2015). Already, Sankararaman and colleagues (2014) have compared well-preserved ancient Neandertal genomes to those of over 1000 living humans, and they discovered that in the modern genomes, several regions rich in protein-coding loci in the autosomal chromosomes and the X chromosome were nearly devoid of Neandertal ancestry … whereas the rest of the Asian and European sample genomes had a background of 1-3% Neandertal ancestry. This is very strong evidence that in admixed Neandertal-anatomically modern human populations, there was a whole range of functional Neandertal alleles that caused some degree of “hybrid disadvantage.” Sankararaman et al. (2015) present a plausible argument for investigating the hypothesis that X-linked male sterility–or at least, lower fertility–played a role in selection against Neandertal genes. I emphasize that this is plausible, precisely because Neandertal metapopulations were substantially smaller over their evolutionary history than were the anatomically modern African ones that sent out the demographic growth-and-dispersal waves into Eurasia. With low initial diversity at around 400-200 thousand years ago and possible initial period of geographic isolation between Neandertals and other populations, the nature of genetic inheritance is such that mutations affecting changes in gamete compatibility could really snowball over a period of generations (see Städler et al., 2012 for an important recent study of how hybrid sterility evolves in plants). Thus, we really need to see if–in the recently reconstructed genomes from Early Upper Paleolithic anatomically modern humans–there’s a linkage disequilibrium signal of this kind of selection going on during the period of biological turnover.
We expect many anatomically modern human alleles to have been favored in the face of recurrent admixture with Neandertals in Eurasia. Although male sperm function or gamete compatibility may be one factor, some other predicted loci under selection should be haplotypes that influenced fitness favoring observable or inferred anatomically modern phenotypes. As I discussed in my previous post on Oase I, such phenotypes have been variously proposed to include life-history (maturation and aging-rate) traits, body-size and body-proportion traits, craniofacial traits related to chewing and mechanical dental loading, craniofacial traits related to oral and facial expression visibility, and frontal morphology and its possible relationship to neocortical neural organization.
And the reason that we should be interested in tracing the role of natural selection in anatomically modern human-Neandertal turnover is that, while Early Upper Paleolithic populations in Eurasia experienced a slight bump in population size, this was so small that anatomically modern humans definitely did not demographically swamp Neandertal populations. There was likely something about the Early Upper Paleolithic Eurasian biocultural environment—perhaps involving a marginal decline in residential move distances and daily foraging rounds, along with a marginal increase in length of stay at some residential camps and the size of co-residential and task groups—that favored anatomically modern phenotypes that had been evolving in Africa for tens of thousands of years already.
This brings me back to the question of whether anatomically modern humans and Neandertals constituted distinct biological species. The evidence from Oase I suggests on its face, no. There are many stable population systems in which closely related metapopulations are separated by what seems to be a resilient hybrid zone. Yet, Oase I is clearly not an instance of such hybridization. Oase I’s ancestry was shaped by a context in which anatomically modern humans underwent population-geographic range expansion out of Africa, and this conspicuously involved recurrent admixture with Neandertal groups in Eurasia.
But … as Sankararaman and colleagues (2014) argue, this doesn’t mean a speciation model doesn’t fit here.
Indeed, earlier episodes of random genetic drift, geographic isolation, and millennia of adaptation to distinct biocultural niches arguably shaped an incipient process of speciation—one that hadn’t resulted in a well-defined reproductive barrier.
As niche construction and adaptation resulted in the emergence of a (slightly) lower-mobility, higher-density, higher-social-connectivity human niche in Africa, anatomically modern human populations would have sent recurrent (albeit quite low-level) waves of geographic dispersal into Eurasia. Such a multiple-dispersal scenario has recently been put forward by Boivin and colleagues (2013). It is possible that the more socially intense niche—which is well-attested to in parts of Africa, at various times and places, during the Middle Stone Age period (McBrearty & Brooks, 2000)—shaped independent adaptations among admixed Neandertal-anatomically modern human groups just outside of Africa. All that is necessary for Eurasian Upper Paleolithic biocultural adaptations is a niche with higher population density and greater social network connectivity. Whether this was also sufficient … well, that’s not so clear. It may alternatively be that biocultural adaptations constituting Early Upper Paleolithic populations, technologies, and societies were modifications resulting from socially-structured dispersal from Africa. In other words, African groups may have carried with them a cultural inheritance that was then modified in the Levant or south Asia and then modified in various ways across Eurasia after 50,000 years ago. And all of this may have led to a selective process of reinforcement—but in an unusual context of one emerging species having evolved an altered social niche that favored anatomically modern traits over Neandertal ones.
I have to be honest here. I can’t see this particular debate getting resolved any time soon. We’re talking about whether there’s a speciation process marked by more rapid social niche construction emerging in the geographic center of the genus’s range … or whether the metapopulations within a single species’s geographic center are involved in niche construction that then shapes expansion and replacement with admixture and selection at the edges. The two scenarios aren’t so different. It’s a matter of where you draw the boundary between population divergence and reinforcement versus metapopulation dynamics with lots of natural selection.
I’m for the latter, but only on the balance. It’s interesting to think about how recent evolution in the genus Homo may have followed many of the same population geographic dynamics involved in allopatric speciation in non-human cases. But an important part of human uniqueness lies in the recurrent emergence of more complex, organized, extensive social niches. And that makes Neandertal extinction difficult to compare to clearer examples of reinforcement and competitive exclusion between closely related species in the same genus.
Abi-Rached, L., Jobin, M. J., Kulkarni, S., McWhinnie, A., Dalva, K., Gragert, L., … Parham, P. (2011). The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans. Science, 334(6052), 89–94. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1209202
Boivin, N., Fuller, D. Q., Dennell, R., Allaby, R., & Petraglia, M. D. (2013). Human dispersal across diverse environments of Asia during the Upper Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 300, 32–47. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.01.008
Callaway, E. (2015). Early European may have had Neanderthal great-great-grandparent. Nature. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.17534
Fu, Q., Hajdinjak, M., Moldovan, O. T., Constantin, S., Mallick, S., Skoglund, P., … Pääbo, S. (2015). An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature, advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature14558
Fu, Q., Li, H., Moorjani, P., Jay, F., Slepchenko, S. M., Bondarev, A. A., … Pääbo, S. (2014). Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature, 514(7523), 445–449. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature13810
Gibbons, A. (2015). Ancient DNA pinpoints Paleolithic liaison in Europe. Science, 348(6237), 847–847. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.348.6237.847
Hawks, J., & Cochran, G. (2006). Dynamics of Adaptive Introgression from Archaic to Modern Humans. PaleoAnthropology, 2006, 101–115. http://www.paleoanthro.org/media/journal/content/PA20060101.pdf
Hawks, J., Wang, E. T., Cochran, G. M., Harpending, H. C., & Moyzis, R. K. (2007). Recent acceleration of human adaptive evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(52), 20753–20758. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707650104
Hvala, J. A., & Wood, T. E. (2001). Speciation: Introduction. In eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0001709.pub3/abstract
Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Mittnik, A., Renaud, G., Mallick, S., Kirsanow, K., … Krause, J. (2014). Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature, 513(7518), 409–413. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature13673
Mcbrearty, S., & Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution, 39(5), 453–563. http://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2000.0435
Pinhasi, R., Fernandes, D., Sirak, K., Novak, M., Connell, S., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., … Hofreiter, M. (2015). Optimal Ancient DNA Yields from the Inner Ear Part of the Human Petrous Bone. PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0129102. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129102
Racimo, F., Sankararaman, S., Nielsen, R., & Huerta-Sánchez, E. (2015). Evidence for archaic adaptive introgression in humans. Nature Reviews Genetics, 16(6), 359–371. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3936
Sankararaman, S., Mallick, S., Dannemann, M., Prüfer, K., Kelso, J., Pääbo, S., … Reich, D. (2014). The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans. Nature, 507(7492), 354–357. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature12961
Städler, T., Florez-Rueda, A. M., & Paris, M. (2012). Testing for “Snowballing” Hybrid Incompatibilities in Solanum: Impact of Ancestral Polymorphism and Divergence Estimates. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 29(1), 31–34. http://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr218
Templeton, A. (2002). Out of Africa again and again. Nature, 416(6876), 45–51. http://doi.org/10.1038/416045a
|
<urn:uuid:a5511b09-534a-4558-851f-eb39a7708e77>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-22
|
https://bioculturalevolution.net/2015/06/27/read-all-about-it-oase-i-neandertal-admixture-article-published/?shared=email&msg=fail
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258147.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525164959-20190525190959-00225.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.896696
| 4,990
| 2.734375
| 3
|
HUNTER, MARY EVELYN V. EDWARDS
HUNTER, MARY EVELYN V. EDWARDS (1885–1967). Mary Edwards Hunter, black teacher and extension agent, was born in Finchburg, Alabama, on August 11, 1885, the fifteenth of seventeen children of Elijah E. and Frances (Moore) Edwards. While still a girl, she became the bookkeeper for her father's store, sawmill, and gin. She also taught reading and writing and African history to adults. As a teenager, she married J. A. Hunter, principal of the local black high school. They immediately moved to La Porte, Texas, where they purchased a ranch. The couple had two sons, but J. A. Hunter died before they were grown. Mary Hunter remained in La Porte after his death and became the teacher for black children there. She attended Prairie View Normal Collegeqv during the summers to obtain teaching credentials. In 1915 she became one of the first two black agents for the Texas Agricultural Extension Service, when the agency established a separate service for Texas blacks, headquartered at Prairie View. As a home demonstration agent, Hunter traveled the state teaching health, nutrition, and home economics to community groups and low-income families.
Later, she trained other agents and wrote a county agents' guide. Under her supervision, the black home-demonstration program grew to twenty-three agents and nearly 30,000 female club members. Hunter's public speaking and domestic education projects kept her in demand for presentations to women of all races. She accepted invitations to speak to white women on the condition that the audiences be racially integrated. The director of the Texas extension service asked her to petition numerous county commissioners' courts for funds to place extension agents in counties that had none. The service rarely received less than the amount of funding she requested.
Mary Hunter was noted for her efforts to promote home improvement and home ownership among blacks in Texas. She also coordinated a campaign for them to purchase land cooperatively for campgrounds. As an advocate of adult education, she fostered the Rural and Town Pastors' Short Courses, annual conferences where regional black leaders presented lectures. She became the first black person appointed to the board of directors of St. Philip's Junior College (now St. Philip's College) in San Antonio. Meanwhile, she completed her B.S. at Prairie View State College in 1926 and her M.S. at Iowa State College in 1931. Her master's thesis was a study of the effects of home economics training on the practices of black families in Texas.
Mary Hunter was secretary of the Texas branch of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation. She was active in the Texas Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (later the Texas Association of Women's Clubs). While a federation member, she wrote the 1927 legislation authorizing establishment of the state training school for delinquent black girls, which became the Crockett State School.
In 1931 she moved to Virginia State College in Petersburg to direct the home economics program. There she increased the emphasis on academic research and helped establish a graduate division in home economics. She completed additional graduate training at Ohio State University in 1937–39. She also developed a community-based adult-education program for Virginians of all races. She retired from Virginia State College in 1954. She died in Petersburg on March 4, 1967, and was buried in Blandford Cemetery there.
Kate Adele Hill, Home Demonstration Work in Texas (San Antonio: Naylor, 1958). L. A. Potts, Biography of Mrs. M. E. V. Hunter (MS, Special Collections, Johnston Memorial Library, Virginia State University, 1958).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Sherilyn Brandenstein, "HUNTER, MARY EVELYN V. EDWARDS," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fhu69), accessed July 10, 2014. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
|
<urn:uuid:50ecaf99-789a-478d-b8bf-5c0e9534a79c>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fhu69
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776420526.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234020-00096-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968531
| 845
| 2.78125
| 3
|
Climate change has been a long-standing issue not just in the Philippines or Southeast Asia but all over the world. Heat waves during summer, worst possible flooding during the rainy season and for some countries, destructive hurricanes and several feet of snow during winter. Encroaching sea threatening low lying coastal areas including great cities like New York, Venice and Bangkok. As citizens, we must work hand-in-hand with the government in implementing these adaptive measures. Everyone should be well informed about the possible and further effects of climate change. Precautions must be undertaken to prevent massive lost of lives and other risks whenever a natural disaster strikes. Proper information is the key not just for adapting to these changes but also to educate the people on how to minimize the effects of climate change. Also, citizens should keep a watchful eye on the government's usage of funds for programs relating to climate change. This will ensure that the budget for these programs will be used properly and effectively. And since calamities are to be anticipated every year, proper distribution of disaster funds should be overseen.
|
<urn:uuid:ac1ae855-73df-447e-a7fe-355d7dafa89e>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-04
|
http://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/comment/reply/3072/1422
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583662124.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119034320-20190119060320-00159.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947479
| 212
| 3.21875
| 3
|
What Is the Golden Mean?
The Golden Mean is simply a manner of behaving where your life is balanced and virtuous. You find this balance by acting in a virtuous manner given certain situations. Many thinkers have sought to define it and share how to attain it. Read on to find out why you should seek the Golden Mean.
Aristotle defines the mean as the proper way of being between two extremes in great detail in his Nicomachean Ethics. Confucius defines this idea of the mean in terms of balance in his work Doctrine of the Mean. And, Lao Tzu discusses it as a path, calling it “the Way” or “the Tao.” Even C. S. Lewis in Abolition of Man, talks about it and what it is, describing it as a way of being that is discoverable through reason. Here’s what Aristotle has to say about how this Golden Mean leads you to excellence:
"Excellence, then, is a state concerned with choice, lying in a mean, relative to us, this being determined by reason and in the way in which the man of practical wisdom would determine it."-Aristotle
The Golden Mean is a middle road between the extremes that is proper to the situation. What Aristotle said here is pretty tough to beat. I think what is important is that he points out it is a choice. The mean is about ethics, which is morality in action.
It not enough to know what is best, but you have to actually do what is best. And, that is hard when you have to use wisdom and prudence to assess the particular situation and make the choice. There is no instruction manual, just guiding principles. So, you have to be able to evaluate your situation and know what is proper.
What Would Jesus Say?
We don’t have to wonder what he would say, because he said a lot. In the Gospel, Jesus says “I am the way, and the truth, and the life; no one comes to the Father, but by me.” What he's saying there is, he’s the way forward. His example is the proper path. In this passage, Jesus shows that he knows we need guidance down the right path. He calls us to action, to have faith in him and follow him. Through that initial step, he offers the fullness of truth that laid out of reach of other thinkers. And living in that truth gives us an abundance of life and joy.
He offers us real Truth, the right Way, and the fullness of Life. He is God who knows everything, who is altogether wise. The life Jesus lived was perfect, always choosing the highest good available to him. That is what we strive for, and what the thinkers like Aristotle, Confucius and Lao Tzu were lacking. They were incredibly wise, and able to show us a virtuous path forward. But, they couldn’t compare to God incarnate - and I’m sure they’d agree.
Lao Tzu, Confucius and the Tao
I've talked a little bit about Lao Tzu and Confucius so far, but not everyone is as familiar with their work. They have a tremendous philosophy on ethics, and I think it's correct in many ways. The Tao Te Ching is a beautiful work of literature that feels very much like what a lot of Eastern Orthodox or Eastern Catholics would love. It has this mystery to it, and a humility about how much can actually be known.
This reminds me of how the Eastern Church Fathers would discuss some of the mysteries. Rather than categorizing, defining, and describing ideas with these complex definitions, the Eastern Fathers would often submit to the mystery. They would relfect and meditate on it, rather than parse it out and debate it. That is how Lao Tzu approaches the Tao. It is clear that he thinks we can't fully understand the reality that's behind this ethical way of living.
And then, if you like the literary form of the Gospels or the works of Plato, where he has Socrates and dialogue with people, you’ll enjoy Confucius. If you like that style of philosophy and teaching, where the teacher is being questioned by his student, then read Confucius’s Analects and the Doctrine of the Mean. It reminds me of when the scribes and Pharisees would question Jesus. Or, when different philosophers and politicians would question Socrates. While the format is different on this work, Confucius’s ideas on the Golden Mean are consonant with Aristotle’s and Lao Tzu’s.
The Mean is a Balance and a Path
Confucius and Aristotle have this idea, that you find the mean when you’re able to balance things. They show the mean as choosing the middle option between the two extremes. They call for prudence and weighing your options. You have to stay in between two extremes, and I like that aspect as well because I think we are at a culture of extremes. Instead of being united as a society on the proper path, we often have a choice between one extreme and the other. We have sexual libertinism and total puritanism, Bible Fundamentalism and Evolutionary Materialism. There is a lot of unoccupied space in the middle for us to find and discuss.
Another great way of explaining the mean is to describe it as a journey. It's a path for you in life, and it's something that you have to do, a journey you must undergo. Lao Tzu seems to take this approach. He sees the moral principles as a road map leading you to the destination, and the path under your feet as a guide. This taps into our sense of adventure, and our yearning for that Hero’s Journey. Each of us can decide to take up our burden and go on this journey toward a better way of living and a life of virtue.
Know What’s Proper for You - How to Seek the Golden Mean
What is proper for you will depend on your talents and abilities. If you’re an intelligent person, but you’re 5’ 9” and not super athletic, the NBA may not be what’s proper. Maybe using your intelligence and leaning into that talent is what is best. What is proper for LeBron James or Tom Brady? As two incredibly talented athletes, they should seek to share those talents. It is proper for those guys to achieve as highly as they can in their sport, using their gifts to do that. Could they have done other things? Sure. But is that a great way for them to use their talents?
So, you have to understand your limitations and your abilities, your talents and your weaknesses, to find the path that is proper for you. That's what it's all about. Know who you are and what you have to offer. Know where you fall short and should seek help from people who’s skills complement yours. Now that you know what the Golden Mean is and why the Golden Mean is important, it’s your time to choose what to do. Will you take up the task and seek the Golden Mean?
Now, Go Seek the Golden Mean
Finding the Golden Mean for yourself is not easy, but with Practical Wisdom, you can learn to do that. And, because I’ve written on that idea, I’ll let you check out my article on Practical Wisdom which will pick up where I leave off here. This post was also published on the Vital Masculinity Journal, where you can learn a lot more about how to seek the Golden Mean in your life.
|
<urn:uuid:f5621452-d15b-42f0-9265-df96d48666ef>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://conversationofourgeneration.com/2021/02/22/why-you-should-seek-the-golden-mean/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543797.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522032543-20220522062543-00162.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969986
| 1,595
| 2.65625
| 3
|
This preview shows pages 1–2. Sign up to view the full content.
This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version.View Full Document
Unformatted text preview: homework 09 RAHMAN, TARIQUE Due: Feb 25 2008, 3:00 am 1 Question 1, chap 6, sect 1. part 1 of 1 10 points In order to slide a heavy desk across the floor at constant speed in a straight line, you have to exert a horizontal force of 500 New- tons. Compare the 500-Newton horizontal push- ing force F to the frictional force f between the desk and the ground. 1. F > f ; the frictional force is always less than any other force acting on the object. 2. It depends on which direction the desk is moving. 3. F = f from Newtons first law. 4. F = f from Newtons third law. 5. F < f ; the frictional force is greater than the pushing force since it is such a heavy desk. Question 2, chap 6, sect 1. part 1 of 1 10 points When an object is moving in the air, the air drag force is in the opposite direction to the velocity. Consider a light foam ball that is thrown up into the air. When is the net force on the ball greatest? 1. When the ball moves down 2. When the ball is at the top of its trajec- tory 3. When the ball moves up 4. The net force is constant. Question 3, chap 6, sect 1. part 1 of 1 10 points The force F exerted on the block pushes the block against the ceiling and at the same time accelerates the block to the right. m F a Find the kinetic friction between the block and the ceiling. 1. f k = ( F sin - mg ) 2. f k = ( F sin + mg ) 3. f k = F sin 4. f k = mg Question 4, chap 6, sect 1. part 1 of 3 10 points Consider a force pulling 3 blocks along a rough horizontal surface, where the masses are a multiple of a given mass m , as shown in the figure below. The coefficient of the kinetic friction is...
View Full Document
|
<urn:uuid:f0b0d2fd-c845-42a9-ac89-fc4a1b4e9327>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
https://www.coursehero.com/file/5776465/HW9/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542520.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00085-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.884627
| 461
| 3.625
| 4
|
ASTM International ASTM D Tearing Strength of Fabric by . ASTM International. D Breaking Strength/Elongation Grab Method. ASTM D is a testing standard for determining the breaking strength and elongation of woven, non-woven, and felted fabrics and textiles. ASTM D is a popular testing standard for those needing to determine the breaking strength and elongation of fabrics and textiles.
|Published (Last):||27 July 2010|
|PDF File Size:||13.82 Mb|
|ePub File Size:||2.66 Mb|
|Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]|
Glossary of Materials Testing Terms. Active view current version of standard. They are designed with standard and optional features that increase testing efficiency and improve the testing experience for the operator.
The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’s t -test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. This standard mainly applies to most woven textile fabrics, but can be applicable to fabrics produced by other techniques. Work Item s – proposed revisions of this standard. Link to Active This link will always route to the current Active version of the standard. Pneumatic side action grips with rubber coated jaw faces are well suited for clamping of the grab specimens.
The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining in any way.
ASTM D Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics Grab Test – Instron
The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining in any way. Referenced Documents purchase separately The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results aztm light of the known bias.
Grab test specimens require much less time to prepare although they require more fabric per specimen. Onsite Training At Your Facility. Discover simpler and smarter testing with features such as pre-loaded test methods, QuickTest in seconds, enhanced data exporting: The breaking force determined by the grab procedure is not a reflection of the strength of the yarns actually gripped between clamps and cannot be used for direct comparison with yarn strength determinations.
This test method is particularly applicable to high-strength fabrics. There ashm no simple relationship between grab tests and strip tests since the awtm of fabric assistance depends on the type of fabric and construction variables. Historical Version s – view previous versions of standard. Even then the data may differ significantly. Inch-pound units is the technically correct asgm for the customary units used in the United States.
Check this box to receive pertinent commercial email from Instron focusing on products, upcoming events, and more! Referenced Documents purchase separately The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. Zstm LE for Basic Testing. Email addresses must contain the symbol. For this test, it is important to have an increased test data rate to ensure the capture a high number of data points.
How can we help you?
ASTM D5034 Textile Strength and Elongation Grab Test
This is because when individual fibers within the fabric fail, the data rate must be fast enough to catch these peaks. For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of textile fabrics using the raveled strip test procedure and the cut strip test procedure, refer to Test Method D SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units.
Rapid data capture rate Specimen gripping Instron’s Solution: Bluehill Universal Brochure Bluehill Universal Software is built from the ground-up for touch interaction and an intuitive user experience.
Bluehill Universal Software is built from the ground-up for touch interaction and an intuitive user experience. Provisions are made for wet testing. Note 1—For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of textile fabrics using the raveled strip test procedure and the cut strip test procedure, refer to Test Method D Concrete, Asphalt and Rock.
Please confirm that you agree with our privacy and cookies policy to submit this form. Adjustable grip pressure also allows users to fine-tune the gripping pressure to avoid jaw breaks or slippage.
It is important to review ASTM D in order to fully understand the test setup, procedure, and results requirements. The test specimens should d5304 be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing.
Rapid data capture rate with Instron’s controller allows data peaks and valleys to be captured accurately at up to 2, points per aastm Instron pneumatic side action grips with rubber faces are well-suited to gripping nearly all types of fabric specimens for this test while maintaining high throughput It is important to review ASTM D in order to fully understand the test setup, procedure, and results requirements.
|
<urn:uuid:f9d65d90-a421-4710-bfa6-9313deb1f0d4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://crip-power.com/astm-d5034-87/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00383.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.891234
| 1,202
| 2.640625
| 3
|
[Update: The Hopper in Paris exhibition will take place at the Phillips Collection in Washington D.C. from October 8, 2020, through January 3, 2021.]
The painter was an innocent, serious young man when he arrived in the French capital. He had just graduated from the New York School of Art, admired Courbet, Manet, and Daumier, and looked down on bohemian artists. Through his parents, members of a Baptist church in the Hudson Valley, he found a room in a widow’s apartment at 48 Rue de Lille in the seventh arrondissement.
Hopper was in heaven. He visited the Salon d’Automne less than a week after he arrived. He described Cézanne’s work as “very thin,” but fell in love with Félix Vallotton and Albert Marquet, two painters who had a major influence on his art. During the same period, an American friend introduced him to paintings by Sisley, Renoir, and Pissarro.
Hopper worked outdoors just like the Impressionists. He wandered along the riverbanks, lost himself in the Latin Quarter, and sketched women wearing crinoline dresses, men in top hats, prostitutes and their pimps in the cafés around Belleville, soldiers standing to attention, caped police officers, laborers playing cards, and boatmen on the Seine.
The Geometry of Paris
Hopper “spent the [first] month working with his eyes,” writes art historian Gail Levin in her biography of the painter. In a letter to his mother, he described the geometry of Paris, the slate and zinc rooftops, the chimneys, and the greyish blue color that seemed to envelop the city on rainy days. “What Hopper saw usually became more important for him than whom he met or what he did.”
The artist reserved charcoal, ink, and watercolor for his studies and street scenes, while using oil to refine his style. He began by painting familiar subjects – the stairwell at his landlady’s apartment and the building’s interior courtyard – before turning his hand, in spring 1907, to Parisian monuments such as Notre-Dame, the Louvre, the Pont des Arts, and the floating wash-houses below the Pont Royal.
Hopper’s vision of Paris is one of a city abandoned, stripped of its identity, fragmented, and inspired by Cubism. The few characters melt into the shadows or the architecture of a metal bridge. The American painter adopted the deserted landscapes and asymmetrical framing of French photographer Eugène Atget, whose work he discovered in France.
Le Parc de Saint-Cloud (1907) and L’Ile Saint-Louis (1909) “planted the seeds for his better-known mature works,” says Elsa Smithgall, senior curator of the Phillips Collection. “There is the same dramatic contrast between light and dark, the same fascination for geometric shapes and symbolist themes.”
Paintings Vilified by U.S. Critics
The painter visited France three times between 1906 and 1910. However, his Parisian works – some forty oil paintings, around thirty watercolors, and a wealth of sketches – were denigrated by American critics. National art was the flavor of the day, and Hopper was shouted down for his foreign influences. It was in this context that he claimed, “Paris had no great or immediate impact on me.”
The painter publicly rejected his years in the City of Light and turned to totems of Americanness such as New England landscapes, big cities, and gas stations. But Hopper was proud of his French Huguenot roots and remained a Francophile for the rest of his life. He even charmed his wife by reciting a poem by Verlaine and used his last painting, Two Comedians (1966), to pay homage to Marcel Carné’s renowned movie Children of Paradise.
“I do not believe there is another city on earth so beautiful as Paris,” he wrote to his mother in 1906. “Nor another people with such an appreciation for the beautiful as the French.”
|
<urn:uuid:e465f750-d2bb-4a54-9149-19cdb1f71a0f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://france-amerique.com/edward-hopper-in-paris-the-birth-of-a-master/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00043.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977552
| 885
| 2.734375
| 3
|
The Diocesan Museum is located in front of the Cathedral, inside the architectural complex named “Del Gesù”. The museum is composed of 9 salons and hosts masterpieces dating from the II century a.C. to today modern art mainly coming from the local churches and here protected for security reasons. Here you can find important paintings by Luca Signorelli, Pietro Lorenzetti and Beato Angelico.
The most important painting is the annunciation “L' Annunciazione” by Beato Angelico; also a must see are the paintings by Luca Signorelli, born in Cortona around the year 1455 who died in 1523, one of the most important Italian renaissance painters.
The Etruscan Museum also known as Maec was funded in the XVIII century. The original core was given, as a gift to the town, by the monk Onofrio Baldelli in 1727 who gave his collection and library of the Etuscan Academy. From the studies of the Academy derived the movement of the “etruscheria” and from the evolution of this was born archaeology.
The museum is particularly rich thank to the findings discovered in the Cortona territory, or donated by the associates. Today the museum has some of the most important archaeological findings of the world.
|
<urn:uuid:6c8d94c8-18a1-42e6-9703-f0ac12e51277>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-40
|
http://www.hotelsanmichele.net/en/hotel-cortona-tuscany/museums/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736675218.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215755-00207-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969794
| 278
| 2.71875
| 3
|
Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls in fishes leading to toxicity in fish consuming population
The pollution of rivers and streams with chemical contaminants has become one of the most critical environmental problems. Similar to humans and other species of animals, fish have also been found to be polluted with a large number of pollutants/contaminants. Unintentionally added chemicals causing fish toxicity include organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other persistent chemicals in feed, chemicals in construction materials, and metabolites and degradation products of intentionally added chemicals. High levels of PCBs have been reported in farmed fishes. The fishes caught in highly polluted water could cause cells of some kinds of cancers to multiply rapidly. The PCBs are persistent environmental contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment due to intensive industrial use. Many PCB congeners persist in ambient air, water, marine sediments and soil at low levels throughout the world. Humans may be exposed to detectable quantities of PCBs when they eat fish, use fish oils in cooking, or consume meat, milk or cheese. The general population is exposed to PCBs by inhaling contaminated air and ingesting contaminated water and food. The toxic responses to PCBs are dermal toxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and adverse effects on reproduction, development and endocrine functions. Epidemiological studies indicate that consumption of background levels of PCBs may cause slight but measurable impairments in physical growth and learning behaviour in children.
|
<urn:uuid:c004fa21-d91f-4d55-9327-9496a034f752>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://bulletin.chemwatch.net/technical/contamination-of-polychlorinated-biphenyls-in-fishes-leading-to-toxicity-in-fish-consuming-population
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949573.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331051439-20230331081439-00313.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945702
| 298
| 3.140625
| 3
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|National origin||Soviet Union|
|Manufacturer||Soloviev Design Bureau|
|Major applications||Mikoyan MiG-31|
The Soloviev D-30 (PS-30) is a Soviet two-shaft low-bypass turbofan engine, officially referred to as a "bypass turbojet." A supersonic afterburner version, the D-30F6, is used in the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31 interceptor, while the non-afterburning civilian versions, the D-30Kp and D-30KU are used in the Ilyushin Il-62M and Tupolev Tu-154M airliners, and in the Ilyushin Il-76MD, TD heavy cargo aircraft.
Design and development
In the mid-1970s, the Soviet Union began the search for a high-speed interceptor to supplement and replace its MiG-25. The Mig-25 had two enormously powerful Tumansky R-15 turbojets, allowing Mach 3 speed at high altitudes, but the problem was their weak performance at low altitudes, not even sufficient to cross Mach 1 boundary. More acute problems stemmed from the tendency of the Foxbat's engines to break down at maximum throttle in high-speed situations. A new engine, this time a low-bypass turbofan, was needed to power the new interceptor. The Mikoyan-Gurevich (MiG) design bureau contracted OKB-19 design bureau (now part of Aviadvigatel) to build such an engine, for the aircraft that would become known as the MiG-31.
Aviadvigatel came up with the D30-F6 turbofan. Capable of generating 9,500 kgf (20,900 lbf or 93 kN) dry thrust and 15,500 kgf (34,200 lbf or 152 kN) afterburning thrust, the engine gave MiG's new fighter a top speed exceeding 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph), and a maximum takeoff weight of 45,800 kg (101,000 lb). These powerful engines also allowed the large and complex fighter to attain supersonic speeds at low altitudes under 1,500 m (4,900 ft).
The D-30 is used on a variety of Russian, Chinese, and other Eastern European airliner and military transport designs, such as the Xian Y-20, added to China's military fleet in July 2016. The massive Aviadvigatels have only been used in two fighter aircraft designs: the MiG-31 Foxhound, and the experimental Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut (formerly S-37).
Data from
- Type: Twin-spool non-afterburning turbofan
- Length: 4.836 m
- Diameter: 1.455 m
- Dry weight: 2305 kg
- Compressor: Axial, 3 stage fan/low pressure compressor, 11 stage high pressure compressor
- Combustors: Can-type
- Turbine: 2 stage high pressure turbine, 4 stage low pressure turbine
- Maximum thrust: 103 kN (23,150 lbf)
- Overall pressure ratio: 17:1
- Specific fuel consumption: 0.790 kg/kN/h
- Thrust-to-weight ratio: 3.8:1
- Barron 1980, pp. 169–171.
- Gas Turbine Engines. Aviation Week & Space Technology Source Book. pg. 122.
- Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1995
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soloviev D-30.|
- D-30F6 description at manufacturer's site
- D-30KP description at manufacturer's site (for Il-76)
- D-30KU description at manufacturer's site (for Il-62M)
- D-30KU-154 description at manufacturer's site (for Tu-154M)
|This aircraft engine article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them.|
|
<urn:uuid:afa6d668-9eec-4396-bced-67ebb4aa40b5>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soloviev_D-30
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156554.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920175529-20180920195929-00266.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.871628
| 897
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Trained pianists have higher levels of brain wave synchronization when improvising pieces of music, a new study reveals.
A new study in SLEEP, published by Oxford University Press, indicates that delaying school start times results in students getting more sleep, and feeling better, even within societies where trading sleep for academic success is common.
Researchers have created a silicon mesh that can be crafted to help stimulate neurons, limbs and tissue.
Using a new advanced imaging technology, scientists have captured new patterns of molecular organization as connections between neurons strengthen during learning tasks.
A new study reports a strong hand grip is correlated with better visual memory and reaction times in people with psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.
Children and adults diagnosed with brain conditions such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis and dementia may be one step closer to obtaining new treatments that could help to restore normal function. Researchers have identified a molecule in white matter that prevents the brain from repairing itself following injury. By blocking the production of the molecule, researchers say it may allow an effective pathway for neuroregeneration.
A new study reveals both genetics and environment play a role in shaping brain connectivity.
A new mechanism regulating the early development of connections between the two sides of the nervous system has been identified in a paper published in eNeuro. The work demonstrates that neuronal activity is required for this process, a finding that may provide new insight into brain connectivity disorders such as autism.
Finally this week, a new Nature Communications study reveals 80 newly identified genes that may be linked to an increased risk of developing major depressive disorder.
|
<urn:uuid:f2a20853-42f8-4182-b598-df666f4cb377>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://inside-the-brain.com/2018/08/17/weekly-neuroscience-update-228/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499541.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128090359-20230128120359-00282.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937267
| 318
| 2.609375
| 3
|
Find the latest in professional publications, learn new techniques and strategies, and find out how you can connect with other literacy professionals.
by Wayne Martino and Bronwyn Mellor
|Grades||9 – 12|
Gendered Fictions helps students explore how fiction and nonfiction texts construct gender by encouraging readers to take up "gendered" reading positions that support or challenge particular versions of masculinity and femininity.
Martino, Wayne and Bronwyn Mellor. 2000. Gendered Fictions. Urbana, IL: NCTE.
Grades 6 – 8 | Lesson Plan | Standard Lesson
Students analyze dialogue tags used with male and female characters in a book they have read. They then evaluate the message the dialogue tags convey about gender roles.
|
<urn:uuid:ebebf642-bcea-44d0-9dad-cff815901127>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.readwritethink.org/professional-development/professional-library/gendered-fictions-30401.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922763.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909043953-00138-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.782738
| 156
| 3.40625
| 3
|
More than any other public figure, Richard Nixon represents the popular conception of the politician. He has participated in and been at the center stage of every single Presidential election in this country since 1952 with the exception of the 1964 election. He has been pronounced politically dead and politically unbeatable: his political positions have shifted from being the leading anti-communist politician of the 1950’s to the first President since the advent of the Cold War, to change the policy towards Communist China.
When Richard Nixon ran for President in 1960 he had the advantage of having been in the public eye for 8 years as vice-president and having the support of Dwight Eisenhower a very popular President. However, Nixon had weathered a number of major storms in order to get into the position he was in a 1960. In 1952, immediately after the Republican nomination in which Nixon was selected as Vice-President, a scandalous slush fund for Nixon became a widely spread political rumor. Many people, including leading Republicans called for Nixon to step down. However, defying political odds, Nixon went on television to explain his position. Appealing directly to homespun American values, Nixon made his famous Checkers speech. It not only saved his position also made him something of a celebrity.
In 1956, when Eisenhower was up for re-election, talk again began of dumping Nixon. This sentiment was strengthened by the fact that in 1955 Eisenhower had a heart attack and the serious possibility that the President might die while in office was raised. Certain Republican leaders felt that Nixon was not prepared to assume Presidential responsibilities. However, partly with the support of Eisenhower, and partly by the toning down of Nixon’s previous anti-communism, Nixon once again became respectable enough to keep the Vice-Presidency.
The fact that nixon was able to keep the Vice-Presidency accomplished both his successful capturing of the Republican nomination in 1960 and his status as frontrunner in the initial months of the contest with John Kennedy.
Early in the 1960 campaign the two candidates agreed to a series of debates. These debates were a first in the annals of American politics and threatened to be the single most important factor in deciding the outcome.
The first debate caused the tremendous controversy over the question of Nixon’s make-up. Due to a series of circumstances, Nixon’s facial make-up was so minimally and poorly applied that Nixon appeared to many as having somewhat of a grisly, unshaven look. Unfortunately for Nixon, this image directly corresponded to the type of image so prominent in cartoons by Herblock portraying Nixon the anti-communist demagogue. By 1960, this harsh style of politics was very much out of favor, and much of the campaign Nixon tried to project an entirely different public image. However, that simple facial presence in the first debate went a long way towards keeping the old Nixon on everyone’s mind.
What is striking about the 1960 campaign was the relative similarities between the two candidates. On most issues, the two candidates saw eye to eye. In all the debates hardly an issue seemed to emerge that seriously divided the two candidates.
However, one issue did pop up during one of the debates. At one point, Kennedy made a reference to the situation in Cuba. He expressed direct support for a possible invasion of Cuba. Nixon immediately condemned Kennedy’s position as reckless and provocative. What is ironic is that many saw the perspective positions on Cuba a certain reversal of roles with Kennedy and Nixon. What turned out to be even more ironic is that while Nixon was condemning Kennedy’s position he was perfectly aware of the preparations his own administration was making with regard to Cuba: namely support for a refugee invasion. This fact is also ironic in terms of what later happened at the Bay of Pigs.
In what turned out to be an exceedingly close race, Nixon lost out in his first bid to become President. Still very much desirous of achieving the Presidency, Nixon ran for Governor of California in 1962 against the then Governor Pat Brown. In a bitterly contested election, Nixon was badly defeated. On election night when the returns came in, he made his famous remarks about how the press would no longer have Nixon around to attack. It seemed as if his Presidential quest was at an end.
The year of the Republican right wing was 1964. With careful preparation and organization, reminiscent of the Kennedy strategy in the 1960 Democratic nomination, Barry Goldwater became the Republican nominee. At that Convention, liberal and conservative forces seemed fully and irrevocably split. Nixon, however, came out of the situation with a vastly strengthened hand. Nixon for the first time politically found himself in the middle ground, flanked on the right by Goldwater and on the left by Rockefeller. Playing a shrewd and calculated political game, he carefully steered between the two positions. In terms of the Goldwater right, Nixon maintained his ties and popularity both by supporting Goldwater after he received the nomination and because the fond memories of Nixon leading the attack against Alger Hiss still persisted.
However, Nixon still kept ties with the Rockefeller left wing of his party. He was capable of doing this by acting the part of middle man, so essential to those who wished to see the re-establishment of Republic unity. Further, Nixon would no longer be considered the most extreme and right wing figure in his party, an image he had been trying to live down in 1960 and since.
In 1966, Nixon was once again prominent during the election period. This time, he barnstormed the country campaigning for local Republican candidates. The 1966 elections were crucial because 1964 had been such a disaster for the Republican Party not only because of Johnson’s landslide win against Goldwater, but because many Democrats had been elected in the wake. Although the Republicans did not score the gains they wanted in 19656, the Republican Party was getting in better shape for 1968. Foremost in the minds of local Republicans was Richard Nixon both because he somehow stood outside of the 1964 fiasco (or acted more statesmanlike) and because of the help he offered in 1966. By the winter of 1967, Richard Nixon was the frontrunner of his party for its Presidential nomination.
Through a series of impressive victories in primary elections which knocked a number of other candidates including George Romney, Richard Nixon was by far the front-runner by Convention time. The Republican Convention, after Nixon reestablished his primacy against the Rockefeller/Scranton left and the right now led by Governor Reagan of California, now faced the task of unifying for the election. Nixon chose Spiro Agnew of Maryland as his running mate, apparently as a peace offer to the Rockefeller camp. He had John Lindsay give Agnew’s nominating speech to demonstrate Republican unity. In this low-keyed unified Republican Convention, Nixon emerged in sharp contrast to the bitterly split Democratic Party.
In 1968, the key issue was the War in Vietnam, and underlying that the civil conflict that was tearing apart the country. The War issue was so deep that it forced President Johnson to step down. Violence in this country claimed both Martin Luther King and Bobby Kennedy amongst its victims. The Democratic Convention both inside and outside the Convention hall was a wild melee demonstrating the country’s disunity. Further the Democratic nominee, Vice-President Humphrey was in a terribly weak position. Without much of any position of his own, he still inherited the unpopularity of the Johnson administration. Nixon once again was the frontrunner.
Nixon’s campaign strategy evolved around two main aspects: he had a secret strategy to end the War in Vietnam, and he “would bring us together.” Both strategies showed Nixon in a low-key role and as a statesmanlike figure. He could claim interest with regards his Vietnam policy both because he said nothing concrete and because he had nothing to do with the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. The country which was so incredibly tired of the War was ready to at least give credence to the Nixon message.
In terms of bringing the country together, Nixon offered no concrete proposals. However, once again he came across as the underplayed non-controversial candidate in this conflict prone year, which was quite a switch from his previous political images. He was now the new Nixon, softspoken, moderate, a unifier, as opposed to the old Nixon who was extreme, vitriolic and antagonistic.
What probably was most advantageous to Nixon in the 1968 campaign was that he was not Hubert Humphrey. Humphrey not only inherited the war policy of Johnson, but in order not to discredit his own position as Vice-President, tried to steer clear of the key issues of 1968. He wound up in the strange position of advocating a “politics of joy” in a year in which practically no one was very joyful.
Another aspect of the 1968 campaign was Nixon’s effective use of the media. After years of practice in the many campaigns he had run, by 1968 Nixon had wielded together a most effective and sophisticated media campaign. Use of advertising slots, sponsored programs, and, in general, a most impressive use of television projected the new Nixon image.
When the votes were all counted Nixon had finally achieved his long sought wish: the Presidency. His margin was a lot slimmer than most people had expected. Everyone waited to see what Nixon the President would be like.
Nixon’s secret plan to end the War in Vietnam turned out to be the program of Vietnamization: namely replacing American troops with those of South Vietnamese troops, continuing the air war, and, as in the case of Cambodia and Laos, expanding the war as well. Though the issue of the year in 1971 seemed to be subsiding, with the offensive of the North Vietnamese and Nixon’s strategy to mine North Vietnamese harbors and reinitiate the air war over the North, the war in Vietnam once again threatens to be a major issue during the 1972 elections, though this time with Nixon trying to defend his policy.
One of the most remarkable developments in the Nixon Presidency has been the summit diplomacy enacted during the past year. Summit diplomacy had been in the making all during the Nixon Presidency and was likely timed to coincide with the approach of the 1972 elections.
The trip to China not only took a long time in planning but held the headlines for nearly a year. Nixon was no longer simply a statesman; he was now engaged in nothing less than spectacular politics. He undertook the trip assured that his right wing in the Republican Party would not desert him when push came to shove, an assumption that seems accurate in spite of the Ashbrook candidacy.
Further, the trip to China reinvoked the image of big power global politics that seemed to have been suspended during the Vietnam War. What it would accomplish in material terms remained to be seen.
The trip to Russia and the various agreements that were signed in Moscow also signify a return to the traditions of big power diplomacy that had been so prevalent in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. However, these meetings had never taken place in such a spectacular manner and one which assured Nixon a maximum amount of media coverage.
The new Nixon of 1968 – the statesman and non-extremist – had added some entirely new qualities that would clearly mark the Nixon of the 1972 Presidential election. Nixon was now spectacular and unpredictable, having such men as Henry Kissinger and John Connally in his retinue; both dashing public figures. He had more than ever before become a media personality.
Since 1960, Richard Nixon has undergone a number of changes both in his image and political presence. He is basically a political opportunist – that is, someone who will shift according to the way certain thing are going. However, that opportunism is always modified by his desire to come off as the striking and winning figure he sometimes has been, though not always. Whether the voters will return him to office is hard to say at this point. Very few incumbent presidents have ever been defeated in an election. However, a lot also depends on Nixon’s opponent. Finally, in spite of all the images and television personalities, a lot still depends on the issues, and what might be happening this coming November in that far off place in Asia called Vietnam.
|
<urn:uuid:07fa3785-63df-4c84-9241-7ba23636c260>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
https://www.thewritinghelper.com/new-post-2600/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057882.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926144658-20210926174658-00215.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983469
| 2,491
| 2.75
| 3
|
by Richard Whitt, Senior Fellow
Digital assistants such as Alexa and Siri and Google Assistant can be quite helpful — but their actual allegiance is to Amazon and Apple and Google, not to the ordinary people who use them. By introducing AI-based digital agents that truly represent and advocate for us as individuals, rather than corporate or government institutions, we can make the Web a more trustworthy and accountable place.
In the 2004 film “I Robot,” Will Smith’s character, the enigmatic Detective Del Spooner, harbors an animosity toward the humanoid-like robots operating in his society. Over the course of the film we learn why. While Spooner once was driving his car on a rainy street, a crash sent his vehicle and another careening into a torrential river. A rescue robot was deployed to pull Spooner and his car to safety, but Spooner implored it to instead retrieve a young girl still alive in the other car.
The rescue robot doesn’t listen. It turns out this artificial intelligence was programmed to rescue humans with the best chances of survival — and since Spooner’s odds were deemed better (45 percent to 11 percent), he was the one chosen to be saved. The 12-year-old girl perishes. As Spooner bitterly put it later, “Eleven percent is more than enough. Human being would have known that.”
Parts of “I, Robot” remain sci-fi lore, like AI first responders with physical bodies. But the ubiquity of AI is no longer fiction. Today, artificial intelligence powers search engines, social media platforms, smart speakers, drones, and much more. The ethical conundra presented in “I, Robot” no longer are fiction, either: AI algorithms now do everything from curating journalism, to diagnosing our health, to determining who gets a loan, or a job, or parole. Think of these AIs as incredibly advanced, and hugely impactful, selection engines.
Ceding any kind of human decision-making to machines is ethically complex territory. This is especially the case when the machines are proverbial “black boxes,” allowing little transparency into the ways they are programmed. Who gets to decide who designs and builds the algorithms, and what data they’re trained with, are deep questions without easy answers. And today, there’s a complication making this complex realm even more problematic: The AIs embedded in and shaping our everyday lives typically are beholden to the priorities and control of large institutions — not to the “end user.”
Device-embedded AIs like Alexa and Siri can be useful, and even delightful. They’re impressive feats of engineering, too. But it’s important to recognize that their real allegiance is to Amazon and Google, not the individual person. As a result, the tech giants of Silicon Valley and elsewhere have their virtual agents perched in our living rooms, and embedded within our phones and laptops, constantly vying for our attention, our data, and our money.
We already can see the consequences of this dynamic, from privacy breaches to technology addiction to the spread of misinformation. As AIs become more advanced, and make more decisions for us and about us, what will these problems look like on a larger scale? And is there a way to prevent them?
|
<urn:uuid:0f72ed8a-2b23-48f6-9511-562a24894476>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-26
|
https://www.georgetowntech.org/blogfulltext/2019/6/4/democratizing-ai-part-i-how-to-ensure-human-autonomy-over-our-computational-screens-scenes-and-unseens
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999620.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624171058-20190624193058-00120.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948685
| 688
| 2.640625
| 3
|
Information System (shortly known as IS) is the study of network software and hardware, which is used by the companies and people to create, collect, process, filter, and distribute data.
Information System is also defined as the collection of software, hardware, database, procedures and people to provide quality information. Some IS researchers said information system can be found in many disciplines like engineering, management science, computer science, mathematics, cybernetics, and more.
Some of the key components of information system are:
Areas of work:
Information system has a number of different work areas such as:
- IS Management
- IS Strategy
- IS Iteration
- IS Development
- IS Organization
The below four different types are categorized with different hierarchy levels in an organization.
- Transaction Processing Systems
- Management Information Systems
- Decision Support Systems
- Executive Information Systems
Some of the examples that match the above systems are enterprise systems, search engines, office automation, data warehouse, global information system, expert system, enterprise resource planning, and geographic information system.
Many organizations have a CIO (Chief Information Officer) position to produce quality information. He sits along with CEO (Chief Executive Officer), CFO (Chief Financial Officer), COO (Chief Operating Officer), and CTO (Chief Technical Officer). There is also a position named CISO (Chief Information Security Officer) to focus on information security management.
The below video briefly describes what is an information system:
|
<urn:uuid:811a321e-a14f-46c9-aea8-dfda29360c1e>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
http://infosystem1.com/information-system/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585203.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018124412-20211018154412-00486.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.892048
| 302
| 3.234375
| 3
|
The original Domesday Book of 1086 was an attempt to measure England’s economic state and its physical resources following the Norman Conquest.
This “Domesday Book” is an attempt to measure states of mind, how England thinks of itself (self-understanding) and how others think of England (”as others see us”).
Contributions to this project do not require literary brilliance- though we hope some contributions will be brilliant. What we are looking for is considered reflection. By that we mean not just a comment but a thoughtful combination of the personal, the political and the cultural.
That is why we want contributions of between 300 and 800 words. This length has been chosen to provoke reflection but also to concentrate the mind. Limits not only provide a mental discipline but also can be imaginatively liberating.
Think of 300 words as a 3 minute, and 800 words as a 5 minute, public broadcast.
- E-mail submissions to gareth [at] whatenglandmeanstome.co.uk
- Essays should have the author’s name as the title
- Attach a very brief biography at the end of the submission. If contributors wish to refer readers to other thoughts they may have they can also provide the appropriate weblink here.
- Contributors may choose whether to allow comments on their essay
|
<urn:uuid:e40dd7ec-d2f6-4fb8-af4a-1b652920fdbd>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://whatenglandmeanstome.co.uk/participate/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703550617.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124173052-20210124203052-00682.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935645
| 280
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Try supplementing your diet with the following foods. Not only do they offer you nutritional benefits, but they also help keep your teeth white.
#1: Sugar-free chewing gum37
It’s one of those things that requires a lot of chewing – and that’s a good thing for your teeth. The more you chew the gum, the more saliva you produce. And saliva is a natural cleanser for your teeth by helping to neutralise acids in the mouth.
Your mother told you to drink your milk for strong bones and strong teeth. And she was correct. Dairy products, such as cheese, yogurt and milk, contain the enamel-fortifying mineral calcium, which strengthens teeth to protect enamel from erosion. Chewing on cheese also prompts production of saliva, which washes away staining food particles.
The best thirst quencher is also the smartest choice for your teeth. Water helps wash acid-producing foods from the mouth, which may, therefore, help reduce cavity risk.
Good news - substances found in cocoa appear to dampen inflammation and may help protect against erosion and decay. Despite chocolate containing sugar, it doesn’t seem to increase the risk of cavities compared to other snacks like cookies, crisps, and sweets. Dark chocolate is the best choice, since it contains less sugar than milk chocolate.
|
<urn:uuid:7da94c8b-f35d-4ffc-9f46-64ec62bf8b0e>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-30
|
https://www.listerine.co.za/teeth-whitening/food-drink-white-teeth
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526517.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720132039-20190720154039-00221.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942385
| 276
| 2.671875
| 3
|
Infection Prevention and Behavioral Interventions
- October 2, 2014
As is the case with patient care treatment regimens, infection prevention processes in healthcare institutions are often reliant on healthcare personnels' compliance with behavioral recommendations. This chapter reviews the application of behavioral science theories as a guide for planning new or improving existing strategies to prevent the spread of healthcare-associated infection. It also suggests some general principles including environmental strategies to apply when developing educational programs and campaigns purposed to change behavior.
|
<urn:uuid:5747e8a3-8cd3-49b6-82d8-441fe91e1fe4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://text.apic.org/toc/overview-of-infection-prevention-programs/infection-prevention-and-behavioral-interventions
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649348.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603233121-20230604023121-00704.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925041
| 103
| 2.671875
| 3
|
How Many Degrees in a Triangle
Three are three angles in a triangle which all add up to exactly 180 degrees.
A triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry: a polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which are line segments. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is denoted ABC. If all the three sides of a triangle are equal, than all 3 angles will be equal (each will be of 60 degrees). If two sides are equal, the two angles will be equal. If all sides are different, than all angles will be different.
Degrees in a Triangle Example
A + B + C = 180°
60°+60°+60° = 180°
|
<urn:uuid:d67162e3-e5d8-4bb2-9f51-6358639f409c>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
http://www.howmanyarethere.us/how-many-degrees-in-a-triangle/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145981.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224193815-20200224223815-00288.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915453
| 152
| 3.8125
| 4
|
Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance which may be used with licensed merchandise that belong to a category of wireless native space community (WLAN) units based mostly on the IEEE 802.11 requirements and is used for web.
The time period Wi-Fi is usually used as a synonym for IEEE 802.11 expertise due to the shut relationship with its underlying customary. This Alliance is a world non-profit affiliation of firms that promotes WLAN expertise and certifies merchandise in the event that they conform to sure requirements of interoperability and never each IEEE 802.11-compliant gadget is submitted for certification to the Wi-Fi Alliance. That is due to prices related to the certification course of and the dearth of the Wi-Fi brand doesn’t indicate a tool which is incompatible with it. An IEEE 802.11 gadget is put in in lots of private computer systems, online game consoles, good telephones, printers, and different peripherals, and just about all laptop computer or palm-sized computer systems these days https://19216811ips.com/10-0-0-1-admin-login
WI FI router is essentially the most generally used for web connections and offers fabulous sign with out fluctuation. So the community should be password protected different anyone outdoors your home may even use your web connection. Doorways and partitions have an effect on the sign power of the connection so there’s a drawback if the WI FI router is utilized in separate rooms. WI FI router offers the identical velocity because the wiring community. This WIFI router is available in completely different firms like Netgear, Linksysm and Buffalo. WIFI routers aren’t a lot costly additionally. It’s the most handy approach to make use of web anyplace all over the world with the WI FI router.
|
<urn:uuid:2a077c24-bd4f-43d8-8d76-0d08f0805d2d>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-13
|
http://www.bonmarcheadidasnmdr1.com/wi-fi-router-is-used-for-web-providers/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202688.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322180106-20190322202106-00377.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918706
| 376
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Rembrandt’s ‘Night Watch’ Discloses Rare Compound That May Impact Art Repairs
By Nicole Rodrigues, 26 Jan 2023
A project launched in 2019 called Operation Night Watch started as an effort to study Rembrandt van Rijn’s famous artwork The Night Watch and find new ways to conserve the deteriorating work.
As scientists and conservationists set about doing their work, the team stumbled upon an incredibly rare substance found within the layers of the historical art piece. The chemical found is known as lead formate, which has never been found in a historic piece before.
Lead formate was only seen once in paints in 2020, but the pictures it was found in were relatively freshly-done, and not historical artworks that have endured over the last few centuries.
The finding opens the door to how Rembrandt used to create his paint, and it also sheds light on how he would have conserved his work.
Scientists first found it after scanning five square feet of the image’s surface with X-ray powder to analyze tiny fragments from the picture. This heralded the discovery of the lead formate.
The substance was discovered in areas where there was no lead pigment. This has researchers believing that the chemical disappears fast, which is why it has not been previously detected in other works.
They are now questioning why it didn’t disappear from The Night Watch. In order to figure this out, the team used a mixture of heated linseed oil and lead oxide with hot water. Afterward, they used synchrotron radiation to analyze areas of the painting with the newly discovered substance. The researchers found that these areas might have used an alkaline lead drier.
What makes matters worse is that the painting had been revarnished in oil-based varnish in the 18th century.
According to Hyperallergic, Katrien Keune, the head of science at Rijksmuseum, where the painting resides, and a professor at the University of Amsterdam, posits that the discovery could impact future work on the Dutch master in attempts to restore it.
With this, the findings have cast a new light on art conservation. Whether lead formate will play a role in deteriorating art or saving it is yet to be seen.
More related news
|
<urn:uuid:f6203a38-994d-42af-bc1b-75e719c36e4a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://designtaxi.com/news/422002/Rembrandt-s-Night-Watch-Discloses-Rare-Compound-That-May-Impact-Art-Repairs/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511361.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004052258-20231004082258-00003.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971221
| 476
| 3.21875
| 3
|
Wellworks For You is committed to staying up to date and involved in current research on significant health topics. One such topic is the issue of health hazards associated with cell phones. In fact, many studies have now been conducted to examine the correlation between cell phones and health concerns or risks.
Do they cause brain tumors?
Are cell phone users experiencing radiation?
Is any cell phone really safe?
Since millions of people around the world use cell phones on a daily, if not hourly basis, this is a real issue that needs to be examined. The presence and use of cell phones has led to concerns about their effect on emotions, individual’s stress levels, possible risks of illness, chronic pain, immune system health, and even vision problems. Though the body of research is not complete and definitive conclusions have yet to be drawn, many studies are beginning to lean towards the answer that there really may be some serious and consequential links between cell phone use and certain health concerns.
We understand that this issue is an important aspect of overall wellness. To protect yourself from any potential health hazards, follow our 5 tips for using your phone wisely.
Cell Phones and Health: 5 Tips for Using Your Phone Wisely
1. Don’t Drive & Talk or Text
Regardless of whether your cell phone is emitting radiation or not, talking or texting on your phone while driving is a serious hazard to your health as well as to the wellbeing of drivers around you. Studies have shown that texting while driving is actually worse than driving while drunk. You cannot possibly focus on the road and your cell phone screen at the same time. If you can’t handle the temptation, put your phone in the backseat or the trunk until you get to your destination. You can also use programs like DriveSmart, which essentially block texting ability until you arrive safely where you want to go.
2. Keep Your Phone Away From Your Body
Use a headset while driving. Many states won’t allow you to use a handheld device while driving anyway, so this is a win-win situation. Follow the law and guard against any possible side effects at the same time. Bluetooth emitters help reduce the amount of radiation the brain is exposed to. You can also put your phone on speaker so that you don’t have to hold it against your ear to talk. Try to make it a habit to, whenever possible, move the phone away from your head. Your phone’s speakers will pick up on your voice, so you can even put the phone on a surface near you when in use. Researchers especially emphasize keeping cell phones away from children. This includes pregnant women holding the phone near their torso or teenagers who want to sleep with their phones under their pillow.
3. Choose a Phone with a Low SAR
In order to minimize the potential risk associated with cell phone radiation, you can purchase a device with a low SAR rating. SAR stands for Specific Absorption Rate. This is a measure of the strength of the magnetic field that is absorbed by the body. Low SAR cell phones will reduce your exposure to radiation.
4. Use Your Landline When Possible
If you’re sitting around at home or settling in for a long conversation, use your landline instead of your cell phone. Researchers recommend using your cell phone for brief conversations, texting whenever possible, and using your landline for conversations longer than a few minutes. Cordless phones also emit radiation like cell phones, so try to use a phone that is plugged into the wall. It may seem old school, but it can help prevent future health concerns. Having a landline can also serve as an emergency backup should a cell tower nearby or electricity in the house ever go down due to technical issues or storms.
5. Only Use When the Signal is Strong
If you see the signal on your phone is weak, try to avoid using it until you are in an area where it is strong. When the phone is either moving (like in a car) or searching for a signal, the power is increased to maximum in order to find a new relay antenna. The weaker the signal is, the more your phone has to boost the radio frequency in order to get or stay connected. This increases your radiation exposure.
Though studies are still being done, cell phones and health hazards are quickly becoming linked in a variety of ways. Follow our 5 tips to use your cell phone wisely and reduce the potential for future health issues associated with phone use.
|
<urn:uuid:96f5b22e-b397-4313-84bb-225f43761f72>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-26
|
https://www.wellworksforyou.com/blog/bid336285cell-phones-and-health-5-tips-for-using-your-phone-wisely/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998475.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617123027-20190617145027-00259.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94795
| 911
| 3.046875
| 3
|
WHAT'S THE STORY? READING HERITAGE TEXTS FOR INFORMATION.
Designed to support a school trip to Red Funnel Ferries
ENGLISH Key Stage 4
Variants: High Ability students
Add Resource 107461 to Planner
|Once you have booked through Education Destination you will get full access to print-ready versions of our documents, including Parent Notes and Lesson Plans|
This resource has been viewed 2985 times
Want to use this resource without booking a trip?
Click Here to request permission
Get FREE Sample Resources
Students read the 'stories and anecdotes' text from Red Funnel's history microsite - they are reading for meaning and for information within the text.
This is a pre- or post-visit English resource that engages students with their visit to Red Funnel ferries. The resource task enables them to practice their reading and summarising skills, whilst learning about the historical events in the past that relate to Red Funnel’s various vessel types.
Students are asked to answer a serious of questions that relate to Red Funnel’s historical anecdotes and stories featured on their history microsite. They have to select and retrieve information from the text. The resource content is designed for students in key stage 4.
This is a pre-visit or follow-up resource to be completed in the classroom or possibly at the visit accommodation. Although designed to be used immediately before or prior to the school trip to the Isle of Wight via Red Funnel, the tasks could also be integrated into lessons at any stage throughout the academic year as a revision tool or English reading practice, if desired.
Key Skills Practised
Reading for meaning
Identifying and retrieving information from a text
Showing and understanding of purpose and audience
Summarising information and presenting it in one’s own words
Students could complete this resource pre-visit to gain a clearer understanding of some of the historical events in Red Funnel’s transport history.
Students could complete this resource post-visit to enrich their visit and gain a further understanding of Red Funnel as a transport company, its heritage, and some of the historical events in its history.
Students will demonstrate various reading skills: e.g. reading of texts for meaning and for specific information. They will summarise and present information from the text in their own words, and respond to specific questions. They will gain a greater understanding of the history relating to Red Funnel’s fleet.
Not quite right?
Other English - Reading Resources
This page was last updated on: 01/06/2016
|
<urn:uuid:0c14567b-11f5-43cb-9675-4710fca7f162>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-51
|
http://www.educationdestination.co.uk/resource-finder.php?r=107461
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824119.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212203335-20181212224835-00137.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913813
| 538
| 3.578125
| 4
|
Make Selections with Layers
Let's pop over to our Organizer one more time. Let's go back to the grid view so we can see our, I just want our practice files, here we go. Our practice files, and we are going to do some work on this tulip image. So we'll double click, and we see we've just got these, a few tulips here, we'll bring this into the editor. And this is gonna be another practice in making selections. So you already saw how we used the quick brush selection tool to select those shells. Now we're gonna use it to select something a little more complicated, which are these tulips and these variations of these tulips. So we'll start with this one here. I'm gonna zoom in so I can see better, so I'm gonna do this by pressing and holding command, or control, and space bar. And I'm holding that down, which temporarily gives me this zoom tool, and then I can click and draw a box around the area I want to zoom to. And when I let go, it takes me there. It's kind of a nice thing. So, I've got my brush here. We'll make...
it a little bit bigger. And I'm gonna click and drag to put some ants around the top of this tulip. So that's pretty good so far. I'll space bar drag to readjust my image in the frame here. And now I need to select this stem, and my brush is clearly too big. So I'm gonna press the left bracket key to make it smaller. And we're gonna start going down the stem. And this is tricky, because it's tiny, and we're selecting a green stem on a green background. So, we gotta tread lightly. But look at that. Photoshop did any incredible job getting that selected. Let's add this leaf as well. When you notice it, Photoshop already knows what I'm trying to do. So it put Add for me down here, so I don't have to do anything differently. I can just keep painting. Now here is where we can run into some problems. The way this tool works is as you click and drag with it, it's reading, and analyzing all the image information. And it decides, based on what, where you're clicking, and what your image has, it's deciding what to include or not. And here, it. It decided that I wanted all this green stuff. And I don't. So I'm gonna hold down the alter option key. And then I'm just going to tuck in through here, and trim that out. And I went a little too far. So it can be a bit of a game sometimes. I found that if you're in an area where you're having trouble, it can help to make your brush smaller. And I think that allows elements to process less information at a time, and then sometimes I think it makes better decisions. So, I think this looks good. I'm totally okay with this selection. So, in our previous example, we made these selections of these seashells. And then we used remove tool, and we took them out of their original image, and we moved them somewhere else. In this example, I'm gonna take this tulip, and I'm gonna keep it right here in this image. But I'm gonna make a copy of it, okay? So if I just tried to move it without making a copy, we would get this hole in our photo paper that we saw earlier. So that's not what we want. So I'm gonna press undo down here to undo that. And, what I want to do before I move it is I want to make a copy. And one way to do that is to come into the layers panel, and choose the Layer menu up here, Layer New. Layer Via Copy. That means we're going to copy the contents of our selection into a whole new layer. So I'll click there. And, it's done. Now we don't see anything happen here, but we can see in our Layers panel that we do have a new layer. We have another layer which has this tulip on it. Another way to do that. I'm gonna undo. So we are back here. Another way to do that is of course with your keyboard. And I'm just going to press command, or control, J. And it accomplishes the same thing. So, that makes the copy of the tulip right up here. The keyboard is nice because then you don't have to come up and choose Layer, New, Layer Via. What was I thinking? Oh yeah, Layer Via Copy. It's just messy and clumsy and time consuming. And if it helps to help you remember this keyboard shortcut, I like to think of it as when you jack up your car, you raise it up above. And that's what we're doing when we have this selection. We're making a copy of it up above. So the keyboard shortcut is command, or control, J, to jack up a copy in the Layers panel. So now that we have this, we don't see it here, and that's because it's directly on top of itself. But the minute that I use my Move tool to click and drag, ahh, look at that. Now we have two tulips. So, let's drag this over here. And maybe we'll position this something like this. One thing I should show you actually before we do this. Let me just undo the Move really quickly. Let's talk about how we can save selections. So, I'm gonna go backwards til I have this selection back here. And I want to save this maybe for later. I'm going to go to the Select menu. And choose Save Selection. And we'll call it tulip one, I guess. Alright, and then we hit okay, and that's it. And we'll come back to that in a minute. So we'll command, or control, J. Make that tulip. And I'm gonna drag this over and tuck it. Tuck it in down here. So we're going to make it look like we have even more tulips. Now, now that we have this separated, we can do some interesting things to it. We can change the colors of this tulip. So let's, let's explore that. Up here under the Enhance menu, we saw before that we have all these options for different enhancements we can do to our image. Up here, we have a lot of automated enhancements. And down here, we can control things ourselves. So I'm going to go into the Adjust Color, and I'm going to go to Adjust Hues/Saturation. And we saw this before in the Quick Edit view where we had sliders for hue and saturation. These are the same sliders. They're just packaged in a different box. So if I take this hue slider, and I start dragging it around, it's gonna change the hue of my tulip. So the original one is here with a hue shift set to zero. But if I just want to push this ever so slightly, I can make that tulip turn orange. And I think I like how that looks. Now, of course, this is effecting the, not only the blossom of the tulip, it is effecting the stem, too. But it's just not showing up. It's not as noticeable down here. So we're gonna change the colors of all these different tulips, and we'll learn a few new things with each one. But, in some cases, we may have to alter our selection to not include the stem. So we'll see how that plays out. So now we have this yellow tulip, or orangey I guess. We'll go ahead and click okay. Then let's go back and load the selection that we made here, and let's edit this original tulip that we started with. So to call that selection back, I'm going to come up to the Select menu, and this time instead of Save Selection, I'm gonna say Load Selection. And here is where, from the drop down menu, I'm gonna choose the selection I made. We called tulip one. I'll go ahead and hit okay, and now the selection just popped right back. So that's one thing we can do, a selection. Now to keep the selection even later, so maybe you know, even tomorrow if I want to come back, and work on the same document, and I still want that selection to be there, that's an example of where I'd need to save this as a psd, or photoshop document, not jpeg. Cause a jpeg doesn't have room, doesn't have place to put extra information like selections. So, if you go to save a file that has selections, photoshop's gonna suggest a photoshop document for you, and that is the reason why. Alright, so we have this selected. Now let's see what happens if we go up to Enhance, and we go back to Adjust Color, and we go to Adjust Hue/Saturation. We are going to get this warning that says it can't. I can't complete our request because no pixels are selected. Well how can that be? We have marching ants right here. Let's take a look in our Layers panel, and I can see the problem. For those of you watching at home, you may be on to this, too. But what is happening is that our active layer is this layer one with that tulip that you, this orangey yellow tulip down here. And we've got these, this selection here that's in the shape of this tulip, but the layer that we're on is actually just empty right here. So if we hide this background, that's what we're really working with. We selected nothing. And the selection happens to be in the shape of a tulip, and that's great, but there's not actually information, or content here that we can adjust. So what we need to do if we want to adjust this, is we need to go back to our background layer. Because that's where the tulip lives. That's where it resides. It's actually on this background. And now if we come up to Enhance, Adjust Color, Adjust Hue/Saturation. And I move this over here. Now, I can go in. And you see, it is effecting the stem. So I'm gonna show you how we're gonna fix that, too. But now we can go in and change it. And now it's gonna cooperate.
|
<urn:uuid:8277fba2-0e2b-4bb8-8d07-fb9fbc109519>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.creativelive.com/class/learn-how-to-use-photoshop-elements-khara-plicanic/lessons/make-selections-with-layers
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00166.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965999
| 2,203
| 2.71875
| 3
|
- Why are Afrinos not shown?
|Last update: March 29, 2012 10:46:33 AM|
Why are Afrinos not shown?
The Afrino is South Africa's youngest sheep breed and therefore has the advantage that it can learn from the experience of older breeds. Problems can be avoided and aspects providing favourable results can be applied.
The majority of sheep breeds participate in shows and regard it as very good opportunities for breed promotion. Undoubtedly, the Afrino will derive much benefit from showing in that greater awareness of the breed will be created, resulting in an increase in numbers. It has also been experienced at shows, however, that only the good-looking, well-treated animals catch the eye and not necessarily outstanding breeding material. Breeders also utilise shows to advertise their studs and the breeding animals are cared for very well. In order to produce visually attractive animals, they are reared under artificial conditions, which frequently differ significantly from the natural environment. This practice has had the effect that the breeding ideals of the stud breeder and the commercial breeder are not the same. The stud breeder wants to breed show animals to become well known, thus achieving better prices for commercial rams. The commercial farmer is interested in a ram that, for instance, will produce fast-growing, marketable lambs. Commercial rams that are to serve ewes under natural conditions are being reared under artificial conditions, giving rise to problems with adaptability. One can hardly expect to breed a hardy, extensive sheep in artificial surroundings where walking distance is limited, concentrates are freely available and wind and sun have no influence.
The external appearance of an animal (its phenotype) is the sum of its genotype (inherent genetic traits), the environment and the inter-action between the latter two aspects. According to Hammond (1947), an animal requires optimum conditions in order to develop its full genetic potential.
Animals that develop best in an optimum environment should be selected as breeding animals, according to Hammond (1947). A number of research workers have questioned Hammond's recommendation and Wilson (1974) has summarised various researchers' results on the best environment in which breeding animals should be selected. His recommendation was that breeding, animals should be selected in the same environment in which they are to produce and reproduce. In other words, the best ram in a very good environment will not necessarily be the best in a less favourable environment. According to Dunlop & Young (1966), who have worked with Merino's in Australia, the environment where selection takes place becomes more important as environmental differences increase.
In Australia, Hereford and Shorthorn cattle have been selected for post-weaning growth at 24 months since 1966. A control group has also been maintained and here no selection has taken place (Frisch, 1981). In 1976, bulls of the selection and control groups were compared. The average corrected weaning mass of the bulls in the selection group was 10% higher than that of the bulls in the control group. The average fasting mass of the bulls selected for the environmental study was 119,3 kg for the selection group bulls and 99,3 kg for the control group bulls. The selection group bulls were, therefore approximately 20% heavier than the control group bulls in a tropical (natural) environment.
After dipping and dosing, the same group of bulls were placed in feeding pens and their growth rates were compared. At the completion of the growth test, the control group bulls showed a 7% faster growth rate than the selection group bulls and they weighed significantly more. According to Frisch (1981) the differences were the result of a larger feed-intake by the control bulls while no difference in feed conversion efficiency occurred between the two lines. Prior to commencement of the experiment, however, the selection group bulls were heavier and their growth rates faster than those of the control group bulls. According to Frisch (1981) this inconstituency can be ascribed to the fact that pre-weaning mass gain was a reflection of the animal's resistance to stress factors rather than its inherent growth potential.
The same bulls have further been tested in varying temperatures, in the absence or presence of external parasites and other environmental inhibiting factors. For example, the growth rate of the two groups of bulls has been tested after they had been dosed against internal parasites. In this case, the control group bulls grew 7% faster than the selection group bulls. The growth rates of the bulls were subsequently measured without having been dosed against internal parasites. In this trial, however, the selection group bulls grew 27% faster than the control group.
On the strength of this trial, Frisch arrived at the following conclusions:
(i) Sustained selection in an unfavourable environment resulted in the elimination of genes that are sensitive to unfavourable conditions. However, should selection have taken place in a favourable environment, these genes would have been preserved.
(ii) The probable result of selection for growth in different environments was that different 'types' were being selected. For example, in a favourable environment the animals with the poorer adaptability, but higher growth potential, were superior, while in an unfavourable environment the more adaptable animals with genetically inferior growth potential flourished.
(iii) Selection in fluctuating environments will, therefore, alternatively be for growth rate or resistance against environmental inhibiting factors.
These results once again support Wilson's (1974) recommendations that breeding animals must be selected in the environment in which they are to produce and reproduce. However, be careful not to view the environment too literally. According to Dunlop & Young (1966), the environmental differences among various regions, such as the South Western Districts and the Karoo, are too negligible to be of any real significance. The most important differences occur where the environmental influences are being eliminated, for instance ram stables, blankets, ad lib concentrate rations, etc.
Shows are and will remain the venue that can afford a breed the best opportunity to advertise itself - and the Afrino will have to advertise itself. The main reason why competition among members at shows is not permitted is to avoid the problems of breeding 'artificial animals'. The Afrino must remain a well-adapted, hardy breed for extensive conditions and not a fancy breed.
Dunlop, A.A. & Young, 5.5. Y., 1966. Interaction between heredity and environment in the Australian Merino. Ast. J. Agric. Res. 17, 227.
Frisch, J.E., 1981. Changes occurring in cattle as a consequence of selection for growth rate in a stressful environment. J. Agric. Sci., Comb. 96, 23-38.
Hammond, J., 1947. Animal breeding in relation to nutrition and environmental conditions Bioi. Rev. 22, 195.
Wilson, S.P., 1974. Genotype by environmental interaction in the context of Animal Breeding. 1st World Congress on Genetics applied to livestock production, 7-11 Oct. 1974. Vol. 1, 393. Editorial Garsi, Spain.
Afrino Manual 2
|
<urn:uuid:bddf0c82-5fd3-41c8-845d-5149612f2045>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-04
|
http://gadi.agric.za/articles/Agric/show.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583831770.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122074945-20190122100945-00576.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956504
| 1,468
| 2.59375
| 3
|
Old graveyards unlock the secrets of forgotten communities.
Washtenaw County is dotted with small rural nineteenth-century graveyards, often of startling beauty. Their stone markers, sometimes in rows but often clustered around trees or bushes, record the passage from birth to death; the more elaborate stones are also decorated with symbolic images such as weeping willows or open Bibles.
Some cemeteries are well maintained by townships, churches, or private groups, and are easy to find. Others, abandoned and overgrown, are harder to locate but worth the effort. Broken gravestones, tilted or lying on the ground with bushes and grass growing around and over them, contrast with thriving remnants of flowers planted more than a century ago. The decrepitude gives even more credence to the “life is fleeting” message of cemeteries and adds to their eerie beauty.
But local cemeteries are more than places for admiration and contemplation. Just as individual graves contain the mortal remains of people who once lived, these cemeteries are the remains of dead communities--villages, churches, or clusters of farm families—that long ago were centers of local life.
In the nineteenth century, mill towns dotted the Huron and Raisin rivers. Most of them died out after steam power replaced waterpower. In 1874 the town of River Raisin, at Clinton and Braun roads in Bridgewater Township, had a post office, railroad station, sawmill, gristmill, and cider mill. All that remains today is the Bridgewater Town Hall Cemetery, bounded on the south by a cornfield and on the north by the 1882 township hall. The hall replaced one built in 1856, which the township board mandated be made available for “moral and scientific lectures, and for funerals.”
Like all the old cemeteries, the Bridgewater Town Hall Cemetery stands on high ground, and many of the graves are grouped around trees. A patch of irises is planted in the back. Nineteenth-century mourners put a lot of work into making gravesites pretty, since family members frequently visited. Families usually bought cemetery plots in a large group; the family name is often marked on a pillar or stele, surrounded by lower markers for individual graves.
At the Bridgewater Town Hall Cemetery, local veterans groups have marked the grave of Ebenezer Annabil, who died in 1842 at age eighty-six. Annabil served as a sergeant and seaman in the Revolutionary War. Veterans groups also mark Civil War vets’ graves, which are numerous in these nineteenth-century graveyards.
The settlement of Hudson Mills, on the Huron River north of Dexter, also had a cluster of mills--flour, saw, pulp, plaster, and cider--as well as a general store and a hotel big enough to host dances. Nothing remains of this town but a few remnants of the millrace and crumbling foundations on the west side of Hudson Mills Metropark, and the Hudson Cemetery on Dexter-Pinckney Road just south of North Territorial. The graves of David and Betsy Dudley are placed prominently in the front of the burial ground, facing the road. The Dudleys, farmers who came to Michigan from New York in 1829, sold the land to Dexter Township in 1841 for use as a cemetery.
Hudson Mills and other early cemeteries are filled with sandstone markers, which were inexpensive and easy to engrave. The full dates of birth and death are usually inscribed, along with the age at death. If there is a symbolic picture on top, it is often balanced with a Bible verse on the bottom, such as “She has done what she could—Mark 14:8” or “It is a holy and wholesome thought to pray for the dead—2 Maccabees 12:45.” On most old stones these quotations, small and often in script, are almost impossible to read, because the material eroded so easily.
In the early nineteenth century granite had to be imported from Scotland and was too expensive for general use. By the 1880s, however, it was being quarried in Vermont, and ordinary families could afford it. People wanted granite headstones for their durability, but they were harder to engrave, especially with the tools then available, so the inscriptions usually were limited to the name and the years of birth and death. If there are no granite markers in a cemetery, it probably was not used after the 1870s.
Hudson has the usual array of nineteenth-century decorations on its sandstone markers. The weeping willow is the most common motif, followed by various religious themes--Bibles, fingers pointing to heaven, hands clasped in prayer. None of these small country graveyards, however, features the kind of grand sculptural markers--such as angels, lambs (for children who died), or tree stumps (for people cut down in midlife)--that are sometimes found in larger nineteenth-century cemeteries. Perhaps the people in these rural areas couldn’t afford the larger carvings or thought them too ostentatious.
At the back of Hudson Cemetery is the grave of Benjamin Chamberlain, a local farmer and son of David Chamberlain, a millwright and mill owner. Although the Chamberlain family is still in the area, Benjamin is the only one buried there. Welton Chamberlain, his grandson, explains, “My grandmother bought ten grave lots at Forest Lawn in Dexter when it was the moxie thing to do--be buried in a well-kept cemetery. She died in 1909. She always planned to move her husband there but didn’t.”
Chamberlain’s grandmother’s concern about the upkeep of the Hudson cemetery was well founded. “The Howards, who lived on the corner, used to mow and go in and trim,” Chamberlain explains. “They had family there.” The Chamberlains also kept up the place, but after World War II other families died out or moved away, and the cemetery fell into disrepair. About four years ago, at the prompting of the Pinckney Historical Society, the township began mowing the site again, and the county historical society also helps keep it trimmed.
Unfortunately, the cemetery at Scio Village gets no such attention, even though the village, between Ann Arbor and Dexter on the Huron River at Zeeb Road, was much bigger than Hudson or River Raisin. Laid out in 1835 by Samuel Foster, at its peak it had mills, a post office, grocery and hardware stores, a copper shop, a blacksmith, a saloon, a brewery, and a wagon repair shop. It was also a stop on the Michigan Central Railroad. Foster’s brother, Ted, coedited the Signal of Liberty, an abolitionist newspaper published in Ann Arbor, and ran a station of the Underground Railroad in Scio Village, helping escaped slaves reach Canada. But after Scio’s main mill burned in 1896, the community died out, with the post office closing in 1901.
Scio’s cemetery is on Huron River Drive at the western edge of the area where the town once stood. When members of the Genealogical Society of Washtenaw County first surveyed it in 1971, the graveyard was still easy to locate from the road, and they found thirty-one stones, although there were probably more than that originally.
Today the cemetery is so overgrown that it took me three tries to find it. Finally, following a small, unpromising path, I came to a circle of daylilies, a plant often used at cemeteries because of its easy maintenance and longevity. Continuing on the path, I finally found one stele lying on its side and a stone pedestal that must have been the foundation of another tombstone.
If an early community included a church, its cemetery stood a much better chance of being preserved. Rogers Corner, at Fletcher and Waters roads, and Rowes Corner, at M-52 and Pleasant Lake Road, today consist of nothing more than a few farmhouses. Yet graves are still well maintained in the church cemeteries there. That’s because the settlements’ respective churches--Zion Lutheran in Rogers Corner and Sharon United Methodist in Rowes Corner--both have active congregations today.
Of course, not all nineteenth-century churches in the area made it to the next century--much less this one. Roman Catholics in Manchester, Dexter, and Chelsea all trace their places of worship to country churches that no longer exist, although the cemeteries attached to these churches are still there.
In 1839 Germans in Freedom Township founded St. Francis, the first Catholic congregation in western Washtenaw County. They built a log church at Schneider and Hieber roads, and Catholics from the area, including Manchester, came to services in buggies. In 1858 the congregation built a brick church about a mile south on Bethel Church Road near Koebbe; it was used until 1911, when the congregation merged with St. Mary’s in Manchester.
The cemetery for the first St. Francis is overgrown and unused, with scattered tombstones, many fallen on the ground. Crosses are the only decorations on these stones. The site is reverting to forest, but the ground cover of myrtle, another common cemetery plant, still thrives.
The second St. Francis Cemetery, maintained and sometimes used by St. Mary’s, is in better shape. A wrought iron fence, with grapevines climbing it (see cover photo), surrounds the site. Inside are plantings of hosta, rose of Sharon, and lilac. The German ancestry of the founders is obvious from the names on the mostly granite tombstones, such as Dettling, Friedel, Schneider, and Fritz. The church was razed in 1933, but the Italianate rectory next to the cemetery is still there, now a private home.
Dexter’s Catholic church, St. Joseph, originally stood at Quigley and Dexter Townhall roads, five miles northwest of the village. The first burial at its churchyard was in 1839, a year before the church itself was built. The tombstones bear mainly Irish names, such as Haggerty, McEntee, Reilly, and O’Connor. James Gallagher’s stone says he was born in Sligo, Ireland.
When the original church burned down in 1856, the congregation moved its services to Dexter and after 1870 stopped using the old cemetery. A marker at the site explains: “Time, neglect, and vandalism took its toll until 1980, when parishioners reclaimed and restored this sacred place. Unable to locate the original gravesites, the monuments were gathered into the present arrangement to preserve them and honor the memory of our ancestors.” The stones were laid flat and embedded into two cross-shaped concrete slabs, one at each end of the cemetery, with groups of steles planted in the middle of each.
Another former churchyard survives as a municipal graveyard. Two miles west of Sharon United Methodist Church, another Methodist church once stood at the corner of Pleasant Lake and Sylvan roads. After a tornado destroyed its building in 1917, the congregation decided to join the Methodist congregation in Manchester. The Sharon Township Hall across the street was also destroyed, so the township bought the church property, including its cemetery, and built a new hall there.
Both the township hall and the cemetery are still in use. Near the cemetery entrance is a Civil War monument honoring Abraham Lincoln and twenty-four Washtenaw County men who died in that war.
Many farmers saw no need to use anyone else’s cemetery, preferring to bury family members on plots at the backs of their farms. Sometimes neighbors used the space, too. One example is the Popkins Cemetery in Scio Township, on the old Popkins farm on Pratt Road near Honey Creek. One of the earliest cemeteries in the township, it is now almost entirely overgrown.
The Phelps family had a plot at the corner of Baker and Marshall roads south of Dexter. Alexander and Margaret Phelps came from Connecticut in 1831 with their two grown sons, Norman and Amos, and all bought farms near each other. The cemetery in the back of Norman’s farm was the burial spot not just for the family but for other early Dexter residents as well. Dexter historian Norma McAllister recalls, “Dexter people used to be buried there. Then people with families there were told to move them to Forest Lawn, that it was no longer going to be kept up.” Most of the site is filled with trees and forest undergrowth, but a few graves remain in derelict condition, along with some myrtle and lilies of the valley.
The Scadin family of Webster Township had better luck with its cemetery at Webster Church and Farrell roads. It stayed in the family until 1967, when the last Scadin, named Will, died and left the farm to Webster United Church of Christ. Today the church maintains the Scadin Cemetery on the northeast corner of the intersection, along with its own cemetery on the southeast corner.
“Cemeteries are a peaceful place to visit,” says McAllister. Anyone who has spent time poking around old graveyards will agree with that. One warning: if you go cemetery prowling, wear long pants and a long-sleeved shirt to protect yourself from poison ivy and burrs. A very useful guide is the Genealogical Society of Washtenaw County’s Directory of Cemeteries of Washtenaw County, Michigan, a booklet listing more than 100 cemeteries, complete with maps. It’s available through the society’s website, www.hvcn.org/info/gswc/.
|
<urn:uuid:9400d769-5d31-4657-b434-706b2793ae96>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://aadl.org/aaobserver/18621
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347458095.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604192256-20200604222256-00246.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972191
| 2,880
| 3.203125
| 3
|
As we read the stories of the Hebrew scriptures we may wonder if are reading historical reportage of events or if we are reading stories of creative imagination. We may decide that somewhere between these poles the truth is found. Most of us would see the story of Adam and Eve in the garden as a myth rather than an event of history. What about the stories of Abraham, Moses, and David?
There is much debate on this theory among biblical scholars today for both the Hebrew scriptures and the Christian New Testament. The debate is called, somewhat inaccurately, the maximalist-minimalist debate. Maximalists generally affirm that the Bible is accurate historically and minimalists affirm that it is not and that it never intended to be read as such. Most scholars fall somewhere between these poles.
Archaeology and literary and rhetorical criticism have come of age in the past couple of decades to show that the Bible is a work of theology more than history. Archaeology has shown that there is very little evidence for the "events" recounted in the Bible. Literary and rhetorical criticism has helped us see these stories as works of art.
This may lead to the next question of realism. Is there something real and true about the theological claims in the Bible if we view them as imaginative creations? That is an important question. Do these stories in some way, tell us the truth about the human condition and about the nature of reality itself?
For example, is the character YHWH, more than a literary character, a projection of artistic imagination on one hand, and more than an actual being who acted this way in history on the other? Is their a reality to YHWH even if the stories about him are not real in the historical sense? This question will require of us who find the Bible as the normative text for the church to enter into these stories and let the Bible confront us even as we confront it.
Old Testament scholar, Walter Brueggemann, has spent a great deal of time thinking about these kinds of questions.
A helpful book is his Introduction to the Old Testament: The Canon and Christian Imagination. He goes through the Hebrew Scriptures, book by book, with a fresh look at these texts.
For more discussion on the maximalist/minimalist debate, you might find these Essays on Minimalism helpful from the on-line magazine, The Bible and Interpretation.
|
<urn:uuid:d06e28b8-1e69-4e70-9fd3-f0ac6136f419>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
|
http://bibleandjive.blogspot.com/2008/01/is-bible-history-or-fiction-quick-guide.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948572676.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215133912-20171215155912-00636.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962327
| 487
| 2.53125
| 3
|
Researchers at New York University’s Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences have outlined a method for storing programs inside DNA that simplifies nanocomputing—computation at the molecular level. Co-authored by Jessie Chang and Dennis Shasha, Stored Clocked Programs Inside DNA: A Simplifying Framework for Nanocomputing (Morgan and Claypool) describes how to build millions of DNA programs from which instructions can be peeled away one at a time from each program in synchrony
Stored Clocked Programs Inside DNA offers a pathway for doing the same for DNA computing. While computers rely on data stored in strings of 0s and 1s, DNA—the building blocks of life—stores information in the molecules (“bases”) represented by A, T, C, and G. Two single strands of DNA will bind if every A in one strand is aligned with every T in the other and similarly for the Cs and Gs. If only some of the bases of strand s1 are aligned with their favorite partners in s2, then another strand s3 with better alignment will push s1 out of the way. This phenomenon of “displacement” allows researchers to create DNA sculptures and nanorobots. However, like hand-held calculators, DNA computing currently relies on pouring test tubes of DNA into a larger test tube of DNA, hindering its speed and rendering its use delicate.
In their book, Shasha and Chang offer a method to store DNA instructions inside a chemical solution in a way that allows the computation process to run according to a global clock consisting of special strands of DNA called “tick” and “tock.” Each time a “tick” and “tock” enter a DNA tube an instruction strand is released from an instruction stack. This is similar to the way a clock cycle in an electronic computer causes a new instruction to enter a processing unit. As long as there remain strands on the stack, the next cycle will release a new instruction strand. Regardless of the actual strand or component to be released at any particular clock step, the “tick” and “tock” strands remain the same—in effect, serving as an automated input device and doing away with manual data entry.
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks
Brian Wang is a Futurist Thought Leader and a popular Science blogger with 1 million readers per month. His blog Nextbigfuture.com is ranked #1 Science News Blog. It covers many disruptive technology and trends including Space, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Medicine, Anti-aging Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology.
Known for identifying cutting edge technologies, he is currently a Co-Founder of a startup and fundraiser for high potential early-stage companies. He is the Head of Research for Allocations for deep technology investments and an Angel Investor at Space Angels.
A frequent speaker at corporations, he has been a TEDx speaker, a Singularity University speaker and guest at numerous interviews for radio and podcasts. He is open to public speaking and advising engagements.
|
<urn:uuid:fcbda9e0-ccde-4168-b6f9-010e197034b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2011/05/dna-computation.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948858.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328104523-20230328134523-00756.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923009
| 646
| 3.625
| 4
|
ACTION POTENTIAL – An abrupt, transient change in the electrical charge along a heart muscle cell membrane; the first of several steps leading to the cell's contraction.
ADVENTITIA – The outermost layer of arterial wall; it is composed of connective tissue.
AFTERLOAD – The mechanical load encountered by the heart following the onset of contraction; the forces that resist the flow of blood from the heart. The afterload may increase with age due to increasingly stiff arteries and an increased tone of the smaller arteries.
ANGIOTENSIN – A chemical that constricts blood vessels, which raises blood pressure.
AORTA – The largest artery in the body. It conducts blood away from the heart, then branches into many smaller arteries that take blood to the rest of the body. The diameter of the aorta enlarges with age and its walls become stiffer.
ARTERIES – Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Some enlarge with age and become thicker and stiffer. Arterial walls consist of three layers: the intima, media, and adventitia.
ARTERIOLES – The very small arteries that take blood from the arteries to the capillaries.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS – A condition of the arteries in which the interior of the artery wall is made thick and irregular by deposits of fatty substances and invasive cells from the blood and arterial wall and matrix substances synthesized by the cells.
ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE – A group of special conduction fibers at the base of the wall between the right atrium and ventricle. They relay the electrical impulses to the ventricle to initiate contraction. These electrical impulses originate in the heart's pacemaker, the sinoatrial node within the right atrium.
ATRIUM – One of the two upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives blood depleted of oxygen from the veins; the left atrium receives blood with fresh oxygen from the lungs. The left atrial cavity enlarges with age.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – That part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscles, such as the heart. It uses chemicals, such as catecholamines, to send messages from the brain to the heart. With age, the body's response to cathecholamines withers.
BARORECEPTOR RESPONSE – The body's response to pressure sensitive nerves in the carotid artery that help regulate heart rate and arterial pressure; the response grows weaker with age.
BLOOD PRESSURE –The force that flowing blood exerts against artery walls. Systolic blood pressure occurs when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the aorta. Diastolic blood pressure occurs when the aortic valve closes and the heart relaxes and refills with blood.
CALCIUM PUMP PROTEINS – Proteins on the sarcoplasmic reticulum that remove calcium from the cell cytosol after a contraction. The number of these pump proteins declines with age.
CALCIUM TRANSIENT – The transient increase in calcium in the cytosol following excitation, which causes a contraction. It grows longer with age.
CAPILLARIES – The smallest blood vessels that take blood from the arterioles to cells in the body.
CARDIAC CYCLE – The cycle of synchronized activities that occurs during one heart beat.
CARDIAC OUTPUT – The amount of blood a heart pumps each minute. It is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.
CARDIOVASCULAR – Of or pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
CHEMOKINES – A type of cytokine that carries messages between cells. In a sense, they tell cells where to go. If chemokines are increased in a particular tissue, such as an artery, the cell with the receptor, or partner, for that particular molecule is attracted to move into that tissue.
CHOLESTEROL – A waxy, fat-like substance present in cell walls or membranes everywhere in the body, including the heart. Excess cholesterol is deposited in arteries, including the coronary arteries, where it contributes to the narrowing and blockages that cause the signs and symptoms of heart disease. Cholesterol is carried in small packages called low density (LDL) and high density (HDL) lipoproteins.
CONTRACTILE (MYOFILAMENT) PROTEINS – Proteins in myocytes that change their configuration in order to bring about a shortening or contraction of the cell. This may change with age.
CONTRACTILE STATE – The ability of the heart muscle cells to contract, also referred to as contractility.
CORONARY HEART DISEASE – Also called coronary artery disease ischemic heart disease. A narrowing of the coronary arteries due mostly to atherosclerosis resulting in a decreased flow of blood to the heart muscle and thus lower levels of oxygen reaching the heart.
CORONARY FLOW – The flow of blood through the coronary arteries that nourish the heart muscle.
CYTOKINE – Proteins that are secreted by cells and regulate the behavior of other cells by binding to receptors on their surfaces. This binding triggers a variety of responses depending on the nature of the cytokine and the target cell.
CYTOSOL – The fluid inside heart and blood vessel cells.
DIASTOLE – The period during a heart beat when the chambers are filling with blood and the heart muscle is relaxed.
DNA – Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that contains the genetic code for all life forms except for a few viruses. It consists of two long, twisted chains of molecules in the nucleus of each cell that carries the genetic information necessary for all cellular functions, including the building of proteins.
ECHOCARDIOGRAM (ECG OR EKG) – A visual record of the heart's electrical activity.
EJECTION FRACTION – The fraction of end diastolic volume pumped out with each beat.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY – A method of graphically recording the structure and movement of the heart by the echo caused by beams of ultrasonic waves.
END DIASTOLIC VOLUME – The volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, just before the next beat.
ENDOTHELIUM – The smooth inner lining of many body structures, including the heart and blood vessels. Endothelial cells are a primary component of the intima.
END SYSTOLIC VOLUME – The volume of blood left in the heart at the end of the heartbeat.
ENZYME – A protein that promotes a specific biochemical reaction in the body without itself being permanently changed or destroyed. Enzymes may have an important role in the ageassociated changes in structure and function that occur in the heart and arteries.
FRANK-STARLING LAW OF THE HEART – A phenomenon in which the more the heart muscle is stretched the more vigorously it contracts.
FREE RADICALS – Molecules with unpaired electrons that react readily with other molecules. Free radicals can damage myocytes as well as the membranes and DNA of endothelial cells in the intima and smooth muscle cells in the media. This damage can promote stiffening and thickening of arterial walls. Free radicals also can contribute to atherosclerotic plaque build up.
GENE – A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or other molecule. Each gene contains a specific sequence of chemicals. The sequence is referred to as a "code" because it specifies the order of amino acids (chemical building blocks of proteins) in the end product.
GENE EXPRESSION – The process by which the information contained in genes is transcribed and translated into proteins. Age-related changes in gene expression may account for some changes in heart and artery function.
HEART ATTACK – The death of a portion of heart muscle, resulting when an obstruction in one of the coronary arteries prevents an adequate oxygen supply to that muscle. Heart attacks may be referred to in terms of obstruction (coronary thrombosis) or in terms of the damage done (myocardial infarction).
HEART FAILURE – A condition in which the heart is unable to pump the amount of blood needed by the body. Heart failure can develop from many heart and circulatory disorders, such as high blood pressure heart attack. It often leads to congestion in the body tissues, with fluid accumulating in the abdomen and legs and/or in the lungs. This condition is often called congestive heart failure.
HEART RATE – The number of beats per minute.
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE – An unstable or persistent elevation of blood pressure above the normal range. Blood pressure often increases with age. High blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease and stroke; also known as hypertension.
HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL) – The "good" cholesterol. HDL carries cholesterol in the blood from other parts of the body back to the liver, which leads to its removal from the body. HDL helps keep cholesterol from building up in the walls of the arteries.
HYPERTROPHY – Enlarge or enlargement. The myocytes that make up the walls of the heart hypertrophy with age.
ISCHEMIA – Decreased blood supply to the heart muscle.
INTIMA – The innermost layer of arterial wall closest to the blood. It is composed of a single layer of specialized cells, called endothelial cells, which sit atop the sub-endothelial space and a wall called the basement membrane.
LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) – The "bad" cholesterol.High LDL cholesterol leads to a build up of cholesterol in arteries. The higher the LDL level in your blood, the greater chance you have for getting coronary heart disease.
LUMEN – The tube-like opening in arteries and other vessels that blood flows through on its journey throughout the body.
MAXIMUM HEART RATE – The number of beats per minute during rigorous exercise. It declines by about 25 to 30 percent between the ages 20 and 80, regardless of physical fitness status. Scientists estimate maximum heart rate by subtracting your age from 220.
MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION – The amount of oxygen used by the body at peak exercise capacity. Also known as VO2 max, it is considered the best measure of cardiorespiratory physical fitness. Women tend to have less lean muscle mass than men, and it is lean muscle mass that needs the most oxygen. When studies compare oxygen consumption based on the amount of lean muscle rather than overall body size, the gender differences disappear.Women, in other words, use the same amount of oxygen as men.
MEDIA – The middle layer of the arterial wall. It is composed of smooth muscle cells surrounded by a network of fibers primarily made of two proteins, collagen, and elastin. The elastin forms concentric rings within the vessel wall.
MITRAL VALVE – The valve between the left atrium and ventricle. It closes more slowly with age because the rate of blood flow into the left ventricle that pushes it closed decreases with age.
MYOCARDIUM – The heart muscle.
MYOCYTE – A heart muscle cell Myocytes decline in number but grow larger with age.
NONINVASIVE TECHNIQUES – Medical procedures that do not require needle puncture, surgery, or entering the artery.
ORGANELLE – A structure inside a cell, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION – The amount of oxygen the entire body uses in a certain time period. It is calculated by taking the amount of oxygen in the arteries and subtracting the amount left in the veins after the body's cells have taken out oxygen. The result is then multiplied by cardiac output.
PRELOAD – The amount of blood in the left ventricle before contraction.
PROTEINS – Molecules composed of amino acids arranged in a specific order. Certain proteins, such as the calcium pump protein and the contractile protein myosin, appear to change with age which may account for some alterations in the function of the aging heart.
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM – A structure or organelle inside a myocyte. Its function is to store and release calcium for use during a contraction and to remove calcium after calcium transient causes a contraction. It removes calcium more slowly with age.
SINOATRIAL NODE – The heart's pacemaker. A group of specialized cells in the right atrium wall that give rise to the electrical impulses that initiate contractions.
STROKE VOLUME – The amount of blood pumped with each heart beat.
SYSTOLE – The period during a heart beat when the heart muscle contracts and blood is pumped out.
VEINS – The blood vessels that return blood to the heart after the body's cells have extracted oxygen.
VENTRICLE – A chamber of the heart that pumps blood out. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen; the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, which distributes it to the rest of the body.
Reviewed July 2014
|
<urn:uuid:e3960b00-b8ac-47ca-9aea-52ab378e00a4>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://www.nia.nih.gov/print/health/publication/aging-hearts-and-arteries/glossary
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657116650.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011156-00099-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.905136
| 2,792
| 3.78125
| 4
|
The Abatement of Lead Paint Hazards*
Under Maryland law, lead paint abatement is "a set of measures designed to eliminate or reduce lead-based paint hazards." Anyone who provides a lead paint abatement service be accredited by the Maryland Department of the Environment. An accredited contractor must follow procedures covered in State regulations. Anyone who removes lead paint, or who conducts any other maintenance or home improvement activity which creates a hazard by disturbing lead paint, should follow the safe practices which are included in these regulations.
CAUTION: Work which spreads lead dust, fumes, or debris can be highly dangerous for adults as well as children.
There is no established safe level of lead in the human body. No exposure to lead can be regarded as free from potential harm. It has long been known that high levels of lead exposure can cause serious disability or death. Recent research has focused on the toxic effects of low level exposure.
The brain and nerves are particularly susceptible to lead poisoning. Lead poisoning interferes with the formation of blood cells, which may cause anemia. It can also damage the kidneys, digestive system, reproductive system (for both men and women) and other organs. Low level exposure can damage hearing, learning ability, and coordination.
Lead has been used in making paint, solder, plumbing, ammunition, gasoline and many other products. When lead is burned or heated, anyone who breathes the fumes will take lead into his/her body. People can also swallow lead; for example, lead dust can get onto food or cigarettes. Lead may also be found in drinking water.
Following exposure, lead accumulates in the body. Lead poisoning usually results from many small exposures over a period of weeks or years. Lead is stored throughout the body. Lead stays in the blood for weeks, it remains in the brain and other soft tissues for several months, and it can be stored in bones for many decades. Lead released from storage in bone can also cause lead poisoning years after the original exposure.
Lead Poisoning in Children
Young children, less than six years of age, are of special concern because their developing brains and other organs can easily be damaged by lead. It is normal for young children to put everything, including hands, pacifiers and toys, into their mouths. Anything that contains lead, from small dust particles to large paint chips, can cause harm if swallowed. Lead poisoning causes learning and behavior problems that may be permanent in young children.
Lead poisoning often goes unnoticed. A child with lead poisoning may seem to be well, and symptoms usually do not develop until the condition becomes quite serious. When symptoms occur, they are easy to confuse with symptoms of other illnesses such as the "flu."
Blood lead tests are the only way to detect lead poisoning early and are part of the routine health care recommended for all young children.
Lead Poisoning In Adults
The most important sources of lead exposure for adults are found in the work place. People who breathe lead fumes from activities such as the removal of old paint or the manufacture of lead products are at high risk for lead poisoning. Workers with lead dust on their hands can also contaminate the food that they eat and the cigarettes that they smoke.
An adult who has lead poisoning may notice fatigue, irritability, headache, weight loss, stomachache, or constipation. But lead can cause damage without any symptoms. Blood tests are important for anyone who works with lead on the job, in a hobby, or in any other activity.
Lead Poisoning in Pregnancy
Research now shows that lead at very low levels can have toxic effects on the developing fetus. Lead carried in the mother's blood is passed to her unborn child. Lead toxicity may cause miscarriage or premature birth. Infants born with only slightly elevated blood lead levels have been found to have developmental problems.
A mother's exposure to lead early in her life can also affect her unborn baby. During pregnancy, lead stored in a mother's bones is released, along with calcium needed by the fetus, into the mother's blood stream.
1. Read and Follow the Regulations
Regulations have been designed to protect the occupants of a building to be abated, the abatement workers, and the environment. The Lead Paint Hazard Fact Sheets in this series provide guidance which is consistent with Maryland's regulations. Be sure to follow those regulations which apply to your project. Failure to follow regulations may result in the creation of hazardous conditions, the assessment of fines or other penalties, and costly delays or revisions to your project. For more information, contact:
- Environmental Lead Division, Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) at 410-537-3825 regarding State requirements for lead hazard abatement.
- Maryland Occupational Safety and Health (MOSH) at 410-880-4970 regarding worker safety.
- Child Poisoning Prevention Program, Baltimore City Health Department at 443-984-2460 regarding Baltimore City lead hazard abatement requirements.
2. Take Required Training and Become Accredited
Maryland regulations require that any worker, supervisor, project designer, inspector or risk assessor involved in a lead abatement project be trained in safe and appropriate abatement procedures. Contact the MDE Lead Poisoning Prevention Program at 410-537-3825, for a list of approved training providers.
Contracting businesses (including self-employed individuals), supervisors, project designers, inspectors, and risk assessors must be accredited by MDE.
3. Restrict Entry To Work Area
All residents, including pets, must be relocated if work will take longer then 24 hours. Residents must stay out of the building until cleanup and any required inspections have been completed. Exceptions may be made if the abatement is limited to an isolated work area.
Post warning signs immediately outside all entrances and exits to the work area.
Only workers or individuals directly involved in the project may enter the work area.
Pregnant women and young children are not to be involved in any paint removal activity and must stay out of the work area until cleanup has been completed.
4. Pick the Safest Method
Select the most appropriate methods for your project.
5. Wear Appropriate Clothing
Disposable coveralls minimize contamination of clothing by lead dust and to help prevent the spread of lead dust outside of the work area. Gloves and other special clothing may be required for protection from other work site hazards. Non-disposable coveralls may be used; however they must be cleaned at a commercial laundry which accepts lead-contaminated clothing.
6. Use Appropriate Safety Equipment
A respirator with HEPA cartridges is required when using an electric heat gun, HEPA sander, or other methods which produce high levels of lead fumes or dust. A respirator is also recommended during the demolition phase of abatement or at other times when airborne lead levels can be expected to be higher. Check with Maryland Occupational Safety and Health (MOSH) to be sure that you select the right respirator and filters. The respirator must be tested to assure proper fit. A paper dust mask will not protect you from lead dust. You may also need further safety equipment, special clothing, or additional respiratory protection to protect yourself from caustic strippers, organic vapors, or other hazards that are identified at a particular job site.
7. Do Not Smoke or Eat In the Work Area
Lead dust can easily get on your food or cigarettes. Store any eating or smoking materials away from the work area. Leave the work area and wash your hands and face before eating or smoking.
8. Contain Lead Dust and Debris within the Work Area
Keep lead dust and debris in the work area. Wear disposable shoe covers, and remove them when you leave the work area.
9. Change Clothes and Wash Hands and Face
Change your clothes and wash your hands and face when you leave the work area. Dust from work clothes and shoes which are brought home from the work site can expose family members to toxic levels of lead.
10. Do Not Use Unsafe Methods
Burning, dry sanding and dry scraping of lead paint are prohibited by Maryland lead paint abatement regulations.
- NEVER BURN LEAD PAINT WITH AN OPEN FLAME TORCH. Burning produces very high levels of lead dust and fumes.
- DO NOT SAND OR SCRAPE DRY LEAD PAINT. Sanding or scraping a dry surface produces very high levels of lead dust.
11. Work Safely with Chemicals
When using any chemical stripper, follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Any product which is strong enough to remove paint will probably be harmful to humans if not used properly. Use strippers which contain methylene chloride only for touch-up work in well-ventilated areas.
Maryland's "Right To Know" law requires that workers receive essential information for working with all hazardous chemicals encountered at their work place. Contact Maryland Occupational Safety and Health at 410-333-4135 for requirements under this law.
12. Check with Your Doctor
Ask about a blood lead test if your work involves contact with lead. People who work in construction, painting, repair, maintenance or demolition in old buildings are likely to be exposed to lead.
A medical evaluation is needed in order to wear a respirator. During the medical exam, the physician can also evaluate problems which you may have working with lead or other hazardous materials.
*This guidance is consistent with Maryland Lead Paint Abatement Regulations (COMAR 26.02.07) and Departmental policies.
|
<urn:uuid:2ed5ffc6-7220-40e2-b8ec-8c38bf6964ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/Land/LeadPoisoningPrevention/Parents/Pages/programs/landprograms/leadcoordination/parents/parents_abatement.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394020561126/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305115601-00019-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943367
| 1,958
| 3.03125
| 3
|
Demystifying Misconception About The Tech Space
Technology has been one of the most misunderstood concepts in the world, especially in Africa. Most people find it very intimidating and challenging, especially because they do not know the space. They see the term “tech bro” and “tech sis” as intriguing as they are considered more knowledgeable and experienced in tech. However, this is not false, but it is not also the truth. We at Techuncode decided to clear these misconceptions about the tech space by bringing to your knowledge the truth about technology, especially the industry.
One of the major highlights of the tech space was when the pandemic occurred in 2020. Everyone was forced to stay home and look for other alternatives to keep their lives busy. During that period, the world had the highest record of internet penetration compared to years before. Many people opted for social and digital platforms to carry out their businesses. If your business doesn’t have an online presence, you will surely miss out on a lot of profit. This forced many businesses to build an online presence, and many people started looking for online jobs.
Many skills began to grow and come into the limelight during this period, especially tech skills. Some people wanted to start in tech but were too scared because of their misconceptions. However, they aren’t true.
Here are some misconceptions about technology.
Tech is difficult
The truth is that tech is anything that makes life easy, which makes the term far from complicated. Technology is far from the big things or innovations. It goes as low as switching on and off the TV set, plugging your phone into a charger or controlling the TV with a remote.
Technology is around us and has been intertwined with our way of life. Many things that were normal centuries ago might seem abnormal to us in recent times. The world has evolved around technology.
Although this misconception is often related to tech skills or jobs, because you do not know a field doesn’t make it difficult. Once you learn a skill and practice, you will discover your conception was wrong.
It is for people with a certain degree.
Entering the tech space does not require a certain degree from you. Employers in the tech space are looking for people with relevant skills, not certification or skills. Yes, there are advantages to being educated.
However, it is not a yard for a person to be qualified for a tech role. To enter the get space, or land your dream tech job, learn a skill, build a good resume around it and begin to sell your skill.
Many people in the tech space today left fields entirely unrelated to technology. And now they are doing great after learning a skill.
Also Read: Verify Your Age On Instagram Via Video Selfie, Social Vouching
The tech involves coding and programming.
Technology goes beyond programming and coding; the space is broad. It is included in every aspect of life, so various jobs and skills are required in the space. Here are some tech skills asides from coding and programming; content writing, UI/UX, product development, project management, video editing, digital marketing, technical writing, etc. There are even non-tech jobs that are needed in the tech space. So this conception is utterly false about the tech space.
Tech is boring
This conception of technology is hilarious. Social platforms and the media we share online are a result of technology. And if there were nothing like technology, these platforms would not exist.
Technology is not limited to one spectrum; it goes beyond a role, skill or job. Technology has become our lifestyle.
For me to be in the space, I need years of experience
You can enter the tech industry within days, weeks or months. All you need to decide is what you want or where you can fit in. The industry is broad and can take as many people as it keeps advancing.
Interestingly, more skills and roles are developing from the space, which gives more room for people to enter the industry easily. Examples of some skills are social media influencers and tech influencers. They maximise social platforms to help businesses generate income for themself.
Tech is for male
Grateful that the world has revolved around this, but there are still few people who think a particular gender needs to be in the tech space. They have closed their eyes to learning a tech skill due to their beliefs. The male gender populates skills like programming, graphic designing, and coding, resulting from this false ideology.
This brings me to the next misconception.
It is demanding
Due to this concept, many women prefer to opt for other skills that are not tech. As it is assumed, the women are the caretakers of their home. They will need to sacrifice their time and themself more than the men. And so many women run from tech roles. But this is not true. No job role doesn’t have its demands, but tech roles are no different. You can choose the system of work you want for your skillset that will work for you.
They are not sustainable.
This is not true about technology. Infact, it offers several work options to you as they are in-demand skills and not bound to a place. A person can decide to work remotely by freelancing; a person can choose to work in-house in a proper organisation. Tech roles are flexible, and they don’t require your physical attention in a place. This has even allowed for international jobs. A person can work in a country where they are not living.
It is expensive to learn.
Some platforms offer free tech courses that enable you to learn for free. And there are the paid ones which vary in price depending on what you can afford. Tech skills are like every other skill you must learn and sometimes pay for. There are now even platforms people generate content for the skill you want to learn. You can find some content on YouTube for free, Hubspot. And even some startups offer free courses for people to learn tech skills.
Implication for you reading
If you are reading this, we hope we have been able to clear some misconceptions you have about technology. And we have been able to give light to what technology is all about and who can enter space. Should you have further questions or suggestions to offer, please share them with us in the comment section.
You must be logged in to post a comment Login
|
<urn:uuid:3c675d0c-428b-4c16-8562-b95670dd16d6>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://techuncode.com/demystifying-misconception-about-the-tech-space/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655244.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609000217-20230609030217-00549.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970583
| 1,324
| 2.59375
| 3
|
This page describes 8 cool Excel tips and tricks (including some of the most useful Excel keyboard shortcuts), that will help you to work more effectively and efficiently in Excel.
If you spend just a few minutes learning these tips and tricks, you can, in the long-term, save hours of time when developing your spreadsheets. In just a short time, you will look back and wonder how you ever managed without them!
|Excel Tips & Tricks Index:|
|Insert a New Line in a Cell|
|Freeze Rows and Columns in a Worksheet|
|View Two Worksheets at Once|
|Zoom to View Named Ranges|
|Use F4 to Cycle Through Relative & Absolute References|
|Keyboard Shortcuts to Cycle Through Worksheets|
|Copy a Function Down to Other Rows|
|Fast Ways to Select a Range of Cells|
To insert a new line while editing an Excel cell, simply press ALT-ENTER (or ALT-RETURN).
To freeze one or more rows of data at the top of your spreadsheet, select the row below the row(s) that you want to freeze. Then, from the Excel menu at the top of your workbook:
If you want to view more than one page of a workbook, you can use the "New Window" option, from the View tab of the ribbon (see below):
(In Excel 2003, the "New Window" option is found in the 'Window' drop-down menu).
This opens up a second window for the current workbook, so that you can view different worksheets of the same workbook in one Excel viewer.
The best way to arrange the two windows is to use Excel's automatic 'Arrange' command (again, located in the View tab of the Excel ribbon, or the 'Window' drop-down menu of Excel 2003). Alternatively, you could size the windows manually in the Excel viewer.
If you use the Excel Zoom to view your worksheet at a zoom level of less than 40%, Excel automatically displays all the named ranges in the worksheet.
If you type a simple reference in your cell (e.g. A1) and then decide you want to change this to be a relative reference, while your cell is still in edit mode, simply press F4.
To quickly move to the next worksheet in your workbook, use CTRL-PageDown (i.e. press the CTRL key and while this is held down, press the PageDown button).
If you want to copy a function down to further rows, there are a number of ways to do this:
The fill handle is the tiny square on the bottom right of a selected cell or selected cell range. Use this to copy a function to other rows by either:
Pressing CTRL-D copies data, depending upon the current selection:
Therefore, in order to copy a function down to other rows in a spreadsheet, select the range that you want to copy the cell down to including the original cell to be copied and then press CTRL-D.
The copy and paste commands can be performed by the following shortcuts:
There are several ways to select a large range of cells. The most obvious is to simply highlight one cell and press the left mouse key, while dragging the mouse across the range you want to select. However, if you want to select hundreds of rows at a time, this can take forever!
The name box is situated on the top left of your Excel spreadsheet, and typically shows the address of the currently selected cell or cell range.
One quick way to select a range is to simply type the range into the Name Box and press the Enter (or Return) key.
A combination of the CTRL key, the SHIFT key and the Arrow keys can be used to select ranges on your spreadsheet. The key combinations work as follows
|SHIFT ↓||-||Moves the current selected range down a row|
|SHIFT →||-||Moves the current selected range right by one column|
|CTRL-SHIFT ↓||-||Selects all cells below the current selection up to the end of the current data range (or up to the next cell containing a value if you are starting from the end of the current data range)|
|CTRL-SHIFT →||-||Selects all cells to the right of the current selection up to the end of the current data range (or up to the next cell containing a value if you are starting from the end of the current data range)|
The best way to familiarise yourself with these commands is to experiment with them.
For more Excel tips and tricks, visit the exceltips.com website
|
<urn:uuid:db6de3db-5abb-4a21-bfb6-2dffd7988346>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-18
|
http://www.excelfunctions.net/Excel-Tips.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461863352151.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428170912-00171-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.871668
| 985
| 2.53125
| 3
|
The life and leadership of Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi, who helped lead India to independence, has been the inspiration for non-violent movements for civil rights and social change across the world. Throughout his life, Gandhi remained committed to his belief in non-violence even under oppressive conditions and in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges.
The theory behind his actions, which included encouraging massive civil disobedience to British law as with the historic Salt March of 1930, was that "just means lead to just ends"; that is, it is irrational to try to use violence to achieve a peaceful society. He believed that Indians must not use violence or hatred in their fight for freedom from colonialism.
Definition of Non-Violence
The principle of non-violence — also known as non-violent resistance — rejects the use of physical violence in order to achieve social or political change. Often described as "the politics of ordinary people", this form of social struggle has been adopted by mass populations all over the world in campaigns for social justice.
Professor Gene Sharp, a leading scholar on non-violent resistance, uses the following definition in his publication, The Politics of Nonviolent Action:
"Nonviolent action is a technique by which people who reject passivity and submission, and who see struggle as essential, can wage their conflict without violence. Nonviolent action is not an attempt to avoid or ignore conflict. It is one response to the problem of how to act effectively in politics, especially how to wield powers effectively."
Professor Gene Sharp
While non-violence is frequently used as a synonym for pacifism, since the mid-twentieth century the term non-violence has been adopted by many movements for social change which do not focus on opposition to war.
One key tenet of the theory of non-violence is that the power of rulers depends on the consent of the population, and non-violence therefore seeks to undermine such power through withdrawal of the consent and cooperation of the populace.
There are three main categories of non-violence action:
- protest and persuasion, including marches and vigils;
- non-cooperation; and
- non-violent intervention, such as blockades and occupations.
|
<urn:uuid:af34cd2a-a8be-4ee8-aedf-d0036b7e1ea9>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-27
|
http://www.un.org/events/nonviolence/2007/background.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098196.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00141-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967074
| 448
| 3.65625
| 4
|
The Republic of Slovenia lies at the heart of Europe, where the Alps and the Mediterranean meet the Pannonian plains and the mysterious Karst.
In Slovenia, the sun shines approximately 2,000 hours per year. And there is plenty of snow in winter. The average temperatures are -2°C in January and 21°C in July. Green is the dominant colour. There are many woods and forests in Slovenia – covering more than half of the country – and numerous preserved and protected plant and animal species.
Slovenia makes a great tourist destination. You can ski in the morning and surrender yourself to the luxury of the Adriatic Sea in the afternoon.
The highest mountain is called Triglav - the name meaning "three-heads" - and it is 2864m high. The mountain is a true national symbol, featured on the national coat of arms and the flag.
The country is also known for its great wines and delicious traditional food.
In 2011, Slovenia is celebrating 20 years of independence. The final event within the series of celebrations will be the central state commemoration of the Statehood Day and the 20th anniversary of independence held at the...
The linden tree continues to have most symbolic importance in terms of the establishment of Slovenian statehood. Twenty years ago, on the day the Republic of Slovenia proclaimed its independence and sovereignty, a linden tree was...
From 15 to 17 April 2011, the Ecologists Without Borders Association organized the Let's Clean the Balkans In One Day! regional conference that took place in Rimske toplice and was attended by 61 representatives from 11 countries...
While pharaohs commissioned the building of huge pyramids for their afterlife and ruthlessly exploited their people to this end, some European tribes were much wiser. They are called pile-dwellers or lake-dwellers and in Slovene...
Slovenia - Profile of an adventure (brochure)
A quick overview of the most important information on Slovenia on 15 pages. The brochure contains a map of the most important tourist points in Slovenia. Read more »
Documentary “Glamorous Slovenia” on Chinese National Television CCTV
A three-episode documentary Glamorous Slovenia presents Slovenia through a Chinese perspective and offers insights into Slovenian civilization, premiered on Chinese national television documentary channel CCTV-9 on 27 February 2012.
A CCTV crew carried out interviews and filmed the documentary on various locations in Slovenia from mid-September 2011 to early November 2011. The documentary also pays tribute to the 20th anniversary of Slovenian-Chinese diplomatic relations.
Glamorous Slovenia can be seen at the CCTV’s website: http://jishi.cntv.cn/program/meilisiluowenniya/shouye/index.shtml
|
<urn:uuid:4a6a0845-01ac-47e0-b8c0-a29ba0d3daf1>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-42
|
http://www.slovenia.si/slovenia/browse/7/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900397.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00003-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932789
| 578
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Just as the information technology revolution heralded the proliferation of PCs and the mobility revolution the growth of the smartphone, it is expected that the IOT (Internet of Things) revolution will herald the proliferation of smart connected devices.
Estimates vary as to the exact number, but most experts agree that over the next 10 years there will be billions of additional smart devices connected to the network. Consider the fact that each device will be generating data at regular intervals; this would result in data being generated at volumes unimaginable in previous eras.
The Need for Scale
As a central player in the processing of customer life cycle and usage data, the billing system needs to be able to handle and process large volumes of data in real time. This requires an architecture that is distributed in nature and designed for scale.
The amount of data throughput into an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) or billing system, does not stay constant over time. There are periods of high activity and periods when the system is essentially inactive. Usage from IoT sensors may be sporadic in nature.
Connectivity service providers might just upload an entire periods' worth of usage data in one shot, resulting in a spike in processing requirements to handle that burst. Once the data is processed, the system returns to steady state. This requires the system to scale elastically up and down to handle these times of high and low throughput.
Without elastic scaling, customers would be paying significantly extra on their cloud hosting costs.
Horizontally Distribute the Load via Microservices and Queues
Besides vertical scaling, Enterprise systems also need to scale horizontally to distribute and parallelize their load over multiple queues.
Partitioning ERP systems into microservices is extremely scalable as each micro service can replicate itself to handle larger throughputs.
Aggregate Data to Minimize Usage Volumes
Sometimes significant data is generated where vertical and horizontal scaling may not be enough and more needs to be done.
Congestion over the network also needs to be considered in scenarios where large amounts of data are being sent from external devices into the system. In these scenarios it is important to aggregate the data so as to minimize the amount of usage records being processed. Aggregation is a complex topic and care needs to be taken during the aggregation process to ensure granular attributes specific to each individual record is not lost during aggregation.
Leverage Enterprise Grade Database Technology
Solution evaluators rarely consider database technology when considering the impact of throughput. However, databases can very quickly become a bottleneck in the system and act as a throughput constraint.
Attributes such as fill factor and memory needs to be constantly optimized and fragmentation minimized through efficient indexing. Online indexing in particular can provide significant performance improvements on large scale deployments.
How We Can Help
The EngageIP platform is designed in a modular fashion for deployment, cost and functional scalability.
Customers have a choice of multiple deployment options. The application is partitioned into a set of micro services and load is distributed evenly across multiple billing and rating threads.
Small database table sizes lead to less fragmentation and fast access times while the underlying databases are constantly monitored and optimized for performance.
Want to Continue Learning?
|
<urn:uuid:9b9153f2-4312-4c17-acbd-6f27ca90125b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://blog.logisense.com/scaling-system-iot
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00053.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926623
| 642
| 2.625
| 3
|
Wisconsin Ag in the Classroom's 2020 Training Tuesdays focus on educational resources and programs available.
Wisconsin Ag in the Classroom offers an annual essay contest for fourth and fifth-grade students. This year's topic is “How have Wisconsin soybean farmers fueled Wisconsin’s economy?” based off of the Book of the Year "Full of Beans- Henry Ford Grows a Car," written by Peggy Thomas.
Wisconsin Ag in the Classroom in conjunction with the Wisconsin Farm Bureau Foundation offers matching grants of up to $500 to groups sponsoring programs or projects that promote agricultural literacy. Grants will be awarded in amounts up to $500 to applicants that secure or provide equal matching funds for the proposed project. Grants may be awarded for less than the full amount requested, based upon the discretion of the judges and the funds available.
Wisconsin Ag in the Classroom offers a number of events throughout the year. From the summer Bus Tour to back-to-school meetings, there is something for everyone.
Check out the lesson plans available for students of all ages. Wisconsin Ag in the Classroom seeks to incorporate agricultural concepts into existing curriculum.
Funding is available for teachers and other educational groups to help students learn about the importance of agriculture in our daily lives.
About Wisconsin Ag in the Classroom
Wisconsin Ag in the Classroom program provides teaching resources and lesson plans to teachers and classroom volunteers to help K-12 students develop an understanding of how their food is grown and raised. The program seeks to work within existing curricula to provide basic information on the nation’s largest industry: agriculture.
|
<urn:uuid:f0c886d4-07dc-4dab-ab81-58ac8fe3759c>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://www.wisagclassroom.org/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362133.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301060310-20210301090310-00486.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939127
| 325
| 2.65625
| 3
|
It is known that Siberia is a rich storehouse of natural resources, filled with oil, gas, and rare earth metals. However, in addition to the undoubted benefits, the Siberian subsoil is fraught with a real threat, both for the region and for the planet as a whole.
The planetary role of Siberia can hardly be overestimated. This land area, still poorly developed by man, provides not only the most valuable raw materials, but also contributes to the maintenance of the climatic and ecological balance on the planet. It depends on Siberia what kind of air will breathe in Europe, what crops will be harvested in China and how the climate on Earth will change.
Not everyone probably knows that Siberia on the scale of Eurasia performs the function of a giant filter. Western winds not only bring here the moisture of the Atlantic, but also the polluted air produced in European countries. Siberian forests, swamps and glaciers, accumulating harmful substances, do not allow them to go with streams into the waters of the oceans.
Another important task of Siberia is the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The world media has repeatedly published the figure – 180 million tons per year. Siberian forests and swamps, along with the Amazon selva, are the largest ecosystems that slow down the global warming process, so any negative impact on this region threatens the planet with the most serious cataclysms.
Fires and uncontrolled deforestation reduce the ability of Siberia to act as an atmospheric filter. However, human activity will only exacerbate the negative processes that have been ripening in the Siberian bowels for more than a decade. Back in the second half of the 20th century, Japanese scientists recorded large emissions of gas hydrates in the West Siberian Lowland. At first they thought that this was the result of human economic activity, but it turned out that the swamps were to blame, releasing the product of decay – methane – into the air.
With the onset of the 21st century, methane emissions have only increased. The main role in this is played by the active melting of glaciers, which every year releases more and more volumes of poisonous gases that have rested underground for millennia. Scientists are sure: this is how global warming makes itself felt, which in turn is accelerating due to the accumulation of methane hydrate in the air – the most dangerous of all gases in the bowels of the earth. It turns out a vicious circle.
Until 2007, the influence of methane on the development of the greenhouse effect was not so obvious until the international commission dealing with the problems of climate change published its report. According to experts, the thawing Siberian swamps alone emit over 50 billion tons of harmful gases a year. Climatologists warn that a methane leak will inevitably lead to an increase in the average annual temperatures on the planet.
The latest research by Russian scientists showed that in Siberia there are up to 7 thousand underground methane bubbles that can burst at any moment. In their opinion, methane located under the water layer is much more sensitive to temperature increases than methane hidden under the permafrost layer. After all, some parts of the Siberian tundra do not thaw even in summer. However, in the coming decades, the situation may radically change. According to research, over the past 5 years, the temperature in Eastern Siberia has already increased by two degrees Celsius.
Not only methane bubbles are a time bomb, but also empty wells, through which gas and oil have been pumped out of the Siberian bowels for decades. According to Nikolai Lashchinsky, Chief Researcher of the Laboratory of Geosystem Research of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, thoughtless drilling led to the formation of huge voids underground. If these cavities once “collapse”, they will cause a seismic wave of unpredictable power. This, according to Lashchinsky, can happen both in 10 years and tomorrow.
Drilling wells, deforestation, melting glaciers – all this is gradually leading to the desertification of Siberia. Scientists estimate that over the past 200 years, the carbon dioxide content in the air has increased by about 40%. If we disrupt the ecosystem of Siberia, then we are in danger of a catastrophe on a planetary scale. In some places, abnormal droughts will begin, in others, unprecedented frosts will come.
Not only poisonous gases and vast cavities that hide the Siberian subsoil can conceal a threat to the region. Geochemists from Russia, Germany and France discovered the ocean of the Archean period (about 2.7 billion years old) at a depth of 400-600 meters. The results of this work were published in the journal Nature. This primeval ocean, whose temperature in places reaches 150 degrees Celsius, hides an inexhaustible source of energy.
According to the Russian geologist Vladimir Larin, all the earth’s interior is filled with geothermal water. Moreover, the volume of the underground ocean is comparable to that of the world – about 1.3 billion cubic kilometers. If the terrestrial ocean receives heat from the sun, then the underground is fed by the energy of the earth’s core. This is still a completely unexplored world,
|
<urn:uuid:7da9aae4-8c06-4f89-a7d1-490cca37ed7c>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://earth-chronicles.com/science/scientists-sound-the-alarm-methane-from-siberian-subsoil-can-bury-all-of-humanity.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104495692.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707154329-20220707184329-00096.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939358
| 1,075
| 3.6875
| 4
|
Why does Russia seem to get so many bright meteors? Well at 6.6 million square miles it’s by far the largest country in the world plus, with dashboard-mounted cameras being so commonplace (partly to help combat insurance fraud) statistically it just makes sense that Russians would end up seeing more meteors, and then be able to share the experience with the rest of the world!
This is exactly what happened early this morning, April 19 (local time), when a bright fireball flashed in the skies over Murmansk, located on the Kola Peninsula in northwest Russia near the border of Finland. Luckily not nearly as large or powerful as the Chelyabinsk meteor event from February 2013, no sound or air blast from this fireball has been reported and nobody was injured. Details on the object aren’t yet known… it could be a meteor (most likely) or it could be re-entering space debris. The video above, some of which was captured by Alexandr Nesterov from his dashcam, shows the object dramatically lighting up the early morning sky.
|
<urn:uuid:133dc44a-a45e-487f-893e-2d4d11a175e1>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
|
https://www.universetoday.com/111390/echoes-of-chelyabinsk-another-fireball-explodes-over-russia/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591150.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719164439-20180719184439-00117.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965813
| 222
| 2.640625
| 3
|
This is one of a series of posts examining apparent chapter divisions within the original Book of Mormon manuscript as they apply to Nephi’s writing — here is the introduction and here is the previous post. (The entire list can be found here.)
Longer Book of Mormon quotes here, as for the entire series, are taken from The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text (Royal Skousen, ed.), though links will be to the modern version.
As mentioned previously, Nephi makes a couple of references about these (small) plates discussing his “reign and ministry”. Last week, we saw what appeared to be the start of Nephi’s ministry; this week, we’ll see the start of Nephi’s reign, though perhaps a more modest “reign” than we might imagine. I’ll note here that while Nephi says he is writing about his “reign”, he seem very uncomfortable with the title of “king” (cf. 2 Nephi 5:18), probably because of his readings in the brass plates (cf. 1 Samuel 8:4-9).
Chapter V: The 2nd Exodus, with Nephi As Moses
First Nephi IV was a relatively short chapter, both in length and in chronology, most of which was about Nephi acting as a prophet and spiritual leader to his brothers, largely in the space of two conversations. By contrast, First Nephi V is quite a long chapter. It covers nearly eight years of time and most of their journey, from the time that Lehi’s party leaves their first camp in the valley of Lemuel until they arrive in the Americas. It comprises a series of set pieces underscoring Nephi’s growing leadership of this group, as his brothers rebel and even his father falters, both spiritually and physically.
More than anything else, Chapter V is about Nephi setting forth parallels with the story of Moses leading Israel across water and through wilderness to the promised land, with Nephi largely in the role of Moses. This is, of course, a long-established observation about Nephi’s writings, and one that has been covered repeatedly by better and more knowledgeable scholars than I. What is interesting, though, is to see how much of this is packed into a single chapter, namely this one.
One of the earliest and best articles on the parallels between Nephi’s account and the Exodus led by Moses out of Egypt is “Nephi and the Exodus” by Terrence L. Szink, printed in Rediscovering the Book of Mormon (Sorenson & Thorne (eds.), Deseret Book/FARMS, 1991, pp. 38-51). After noting Nephi’s frequent overt references to Moses and the Exodus, Szink draws the following parallels in Nephi’s own account — all of which, by the way, appear in Chapter V (the titles are Szink’s):
- “The Voice of Murmuring in the Wildnerness”: not just the act of murmuring itself, but also that a specific instance was tied to lack of food, which was subsequently provided with divine help.
- “Reasonable Fears and Foolish Desires”: the respective wandering groups fearing death in the wilderness and wishing to return to their prior lives — even though it meant slavery in Egypt and death or captivity back in Jerusalem.
- “The Liahona and the Serpent”: in both cases, a bronze object that yielded miraculous results, yet that at times was ignored “because of the simpleness of the way” of using it.
- “Lead, Kindly Light”: the stricture that the Lord would lead them through the wilderness; in Nephi’s case, with the Lord explicitly saying, “I will also be your light in the wilderness and will prepare the way before you.”
- “High on a Mountaintop”: Moses ascending Sinai, and Nephi ascending the mountain at Bountiful, both times to receive divine instructions on leading their respective parties, and in particular detailed instructions on constructing a physical object (the ship and the Tabernacle) that would be essential to the group’s on-going progress.
- “Nephi’s Powerful Sermon”: both Nephi and Moses coming down from the mountaintop encounter with God with great power, such that the members of their respective parties feared to approach them.
- “Two Parties, Too Wild”: the celebrations and orgies surrounding the golden calf, and the dancing and singing “with much rudeness” on board the ship, with the threat of divine destruction and death following each.
Finally, here are a few additional thoughts of my own.
Appearance of a Divine Artifact Containing Commandments from God
The brass ball, or compass, is the third of three tangible objects (the others being Laban’s sword and the brass plates) that will be a source of contention between the Nephites and Lamanites and that likely will lead to the Lamanite traditions of the Nephites being robbers (cf. Alma 20:13). Unlike the first two, however, it was not taken from Jerusalem but miraculously appears outside Lehi’s tent and marks the start of the rest of the journey. Indeed, it appears that it was essential for that journey and may well have come in answer to Lehi’s prayer as to where to go next.
While Tzink rightly compares the brass ball to the brazen serpent, I think there is also a valid comparison to be made between the ball and the stone tablets containing the Decalogue. Both have miraculous writing direct from God, though that on the ball changes “from time to time” (1 Nephi 16:29). And in both cases, the artifact travels with the party and remains as a memorial of the time in the wilderness.
Over the course of Chapter V, three usages of the ball document an apparent transfer of authority from Lehi to Nephi:
- At first, Lehi (by implication) is using it to find “whither we should go in the wilderness.”
- When the food crisis hits, and even Lehi murmurs, Nephi asks his father to seek guidance from the Lord; part of that comes via the ball, and Nephi follows those directions to find food.
- On the ocean voyage, when Nephi is bound, the compass “did cease to work”; Lehi, by implication, is unable to make it work, though it sounds as though Lehi may have been incapacitated by a combination of old age and seasickness. It is only after Nephi is freed that the compass once again works.
The big difference, of course, is that the ball — unlike the stone tablets containing the Decalogue — is not gained by ascent to a mountain where God’s presence resides; instead, it appears outside Lehi’s tent one morning. However, that in itself is still miraculous, since the ball was “of curious workmanship” and “of fine brass”, and yet there were no facilities for making such a device there in the wilderness; note that when Nephi breaks his steel bow, he is forced to craft a new one from wood. It is not until Lehi’s party reaches Bountiful several years later that Nephi is able to find and refine some iron ore for tools.
Prolonged Wandering in the Wilderness
One of the most pointed asides in all of scripture is found at the start of Deuteronomy (emphasis mine):
(There are eleven days’ journey from Horeb by the way of mount Seir unto Kadesh-barnea.)
And it came to pass in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses spake unto the children of Israel, according unto all that the Lord had given him in commandment unto them
The point being, of course, that it took the Israelites 40 years to cover a distance that could be traveled in a few weeks. In much the same way, Nephi follows the story of rebellion and threatened patricide — even though followed by divine intervention and repentance — with a terse account of long and difficult wanderings in the wilderness:
And it came to pass that we did again take our journey [from Nahom] in the wilderness.
And we did travel nearly eastward from that time forth.
And we did travel and wade through much affliction in the wilderness,
and our women bare children in the wilderness.
And so great was the blessing of the Lord upon us
that while we did live upon raw meat in the wilderness,
our women did give plenty of suck for the children and were strong,
yea, even like unto the men.
And they began to bear their journeyings without murmuring.
And we did sojourn for the space of many years,
yea, even eight years in the wilderness.
Just as Deuteronomy notes that it’s only an eleven-day journey from Horeb to Kadesh-Barnea, an examination of a map shows that the distance from the apparent location of Nahom to any of the proposed locations for Bountiful is on the order of 700 miles (with the total trip from Jerusalem to Bountiful being on the order of 2000 miles). Even at a modest 8 to 10 miles/day, that’s only about three months’ worth of travel to cover 700 miles, yet it took Lehi and his party something approaching eight (8) years to make it to Bountiful (Nephi’s comment above leaves it unclear as to whether the “eight years” is the time from leaving Jerusalem, from leaving the valley of Lemuel, or from leaving Nahom).
Nephi documents one case in this chapter when, while crossing the “great waters”, the ball stops working due to Laman and Lemuel’s rebellion. But there were apparently other times during the entire journey when the ball stopped working; as Alma2 says to his son Helaman1:
Nevertheless, because those miracles were worked by small means
— nevertheless it did shew unto them marvelous works —
they were slothful and forgat to exercise their faith and diligence.
And then those marvelous works ceased,
and they did not progress in their journey.
Therefore they tarried in the wilderness,
or did not travel a direct course,
and were afflicted with hunger and thirst because of their transgression.
It could be that Alma2 is referring to the “broken bow” incident that Nephi chronicles in this chapter, but he seems to be describing something more significant than that. My suspicion is that the (lost) book of Lehi contained a lot more details about the journey to Bountiful, particularly from Nahom to Bountiful. As noted above, Nephi covers that part of the trip in just a few lines.
S. Kent Brown makes a credible argument that Lehi and his party may have passed much of that time in servitude to a local tribe somewhere in that wilderness in exchange for food and/or protection. If that is the case, then Nephi may have avoided discussing that directly, since it would undermine the Exodus parallels to have Lehi’s party going into slavery (as it were) rather than escaping from it.
Arrival in the Promised Land After Crossing Water, with Promised Blessings and Cursings
While Tzink notes the parallels between Moses parting the Red/Reed Sea and Nephi leading his family over the intervening ocean via ship, I believe there is another parallel as well, namely that of the children of Israel crossing the Jordan River into the promised land. In both cases, the Lord promises blessings to those who keep His commandments and cursings to the point of destruction for those who do not.
Nephi concludes this chapter by recounting the making of the ‘large’ plates, as well as a foreshadowing of the coming of the Messiah — the same future “prophet” that Moses spoke of. He ends with his own testimony of the scriptures, including those which he himself has now written:
And I Nephi have written these things unto my people
that perhaps I might persuade them
that they would remember the Lord their Redeemer.
Wherefore I speak unto all the house of Israel,
if it so be that they should obtain these things.
For behold, I have workings in the spirit which doth weary me,
even that all my joints are weak,
for they which are at Jerusalem.
For had not the Lord been merciful
to shew unto me concerning them
even as he had prophets of old —
for he surely did shew unto prophets of old all things concerning them.
And also he did shew unto many concerning us;
wherefore it must needs bet hat we know concerning them,
for they are written upon the plates of brass.
Next post: Nephi starts quoting Isaiah.
“Sojourn, Dwell, and Stay: Terms of Servitude”, Chapter 4 in From Jerusalem to Zarahemla, S. Kent Brown (Religious Studies Center, BYU, 1998).
|
<urn:uuid:688d70ad-a313-4106-89fc-a79013091abb>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://adventures-in-mormonism.com/category/book-of-mormon/page/2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00594.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966898
| 2,815
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Parkinson's Disease and Tremors
The tremor of Parkinson's disease is not always severe, but it may affect many of your daily activities.
To help control tremor in your hand or arm when you are trying to use the hand, press the affected elbow against your body to stabilize your upper arm and then perform the movement. Wearing a rigid brace across a joint or putting a little weight on the hand may help to reduce tremor and restore control. Caffeine can make tremor worse, so reducing the amount of tea, coffee, or cola you drink may make tremor less obvious.
If your tremor is severe or it affects your day-to-day functioning, medicine or, eventually, deep brain stimulation may be needed.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
|
<urn:uuid:07803acd-4ab3-480c-9ce1-d2182349a275>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-06
|
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/parkinsons_disease_and_tremors-health/article_em.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122071449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175431-00237-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.895184
| 208
| 2.953125
| 3
|
Another El Niño May Be On the Way [AUDIO]
If you’ve had it with this winter, take heart: Next winter may be milder, according to the latest from federal forecasters.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicts an El Niño warming of the central Pacific Ocean that will impact global weather. State climatologist Dave Robinson of Rutgers said a winter temperature change could be the result in New Jersey.
“Not necessarily on the mild side,” Robinson said, “but most often not on the cold side.”
An El Niño could mean less Atlantic hurricanes, but more coastal storms next fall and winter.
“For New Jersey, it’s not as strong a signal as say, the southern tier of states.” Robinson said.
He said it could be wetter than usual, but we probably will not see this winter’s crushing snowfall.
Beyond New Jersey, an El Niño might shake up the climate around the world. Following a prolonged dry spell and a drought in the West, an El Niño could bring welcome wet weather.
The opposite of an El Niño is a La Niña, which is a general cooling effect. Neither an El Niño or a La Niña have appeared since mid-2012. An El Niño exerts its strongest effect between December and April.
Forecasters caution there are no guarantees, but early El Niño signs are appearing a few hundred feet below the surface of the Pacific.
|
<urn:uuid:661a3ab0-11fc-4f31-b962-b3427e60b226>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://wobm.com/another-el-nino-may-be-on-the-way-audio/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124236.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00154-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9266
| 305
| 2.75
| 3
|
Differentiated maths resources for Summer Block 3 (Properties of Shapes) in small steps for KS2 children in Year 3. Each small step contains a pack of resources which includes a teaching PowerPoint, a varied fluency worksheet pack (in three differentiated levels) and a reasoning and problem solving worksheet pack (in 3 differentiated levels). Coverage of the Summer Block 3 (Properties of Shapes) small steps includes turns and angles, right angles in shapes, compare angles, draw accurately, horizontal and vertical, parallel and perpendicular, recognise and describe 2D shapes, recognise and describe 3d shapes and construct 3D shapes. These resources have been created with the relevant Year 3 objectives in mind.
National Curriculum Level
Filter by Keyword
|
<urn:uuid:fd4282f5-d72b-43b1-b463-e6fc7639deac>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://classroomsecrets.co.uk/category/maths/year-3/summer-block-3-properties-of-shapes/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00453.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.891999
| 151
| 4.25
| 4
|
For better pediatric care, back guidelines with more evidence
In the 2000s, Dr. Beth McGlynn showed that rates of getting recommended care are low. In a new JAMA editorial, Dr. David Grossman has ideas to improve them.
by David Grossman, MD, MPH, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (KPWHRI) senior investigator and pediatrician with Washington Permanente Medical Group
In 2003, a study by my colleague Dr. Beth McGlynn, vice president of Kaiser Permanente Research, set off discussions among physicians, health care system executives, and health policy experts across the country. At the time, Beth was director of the RAND Center for Research on Quality in Health Care. In the New England Journal of Medicine, she and her coauthors reported on an analysis of survey and medical record data from thousands of adults in 12 U.S. states, finding that adults received only 55 percent of recommended care.
In 2007, Dr. Rita Mangione-Smith, chief of the division of general pediatrics and hospital medicine at the University of Washington, with Beth and their colleagues, found even worse numbers for U.S. children: They received, on average, less than 46 percent of recommended care. In the two studies, the researchers found that for both adults and children, results varied by condition. However, the main lesson 10 years ago was clear: When it came to providing consistent care according to national guidelines, U.S. health care had a lot of room to improve.
Adherence to guidelines is still low
A new study in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that rates of following clinical guidelines for pediatric care are still low and the problem is not limited to the United States. The report is from researchers in Australia and I was asked to write a companion editorial, “Quality of Health Care for Children: The Need for a Firm Foundation of Trustworthy Evidence” to their article.
Seventeen years have passed since the US National Academy of Medicine (NAM) (then the Institute of Medicine) published…jamanetwork.com
Consistent with the previous studies from the RAND group, the researchers found that in their country, only an estimated 60 percent of children receive treatments that adhere to clinical guideline recommendations. As a health care researcher, health system leader, and pediatrician, I understand that getting better at providing care according to guidelines means overcoming many challenges in multiple areas. But one that my colleagues and I at KPWHRI and other Kaiser Permanente research centers can address is generating evidence that may give physicians more confidence in the guidelines.
Clinicians want to provide the highest-quality care, but we’re not always certain about national recommendations and guidelines and how they apply to our patients. One detail I noticed in the Australian study was how little was known about the evidence behind the clinical practice guidelines that they used to assess adherence to recommended care; more than 74 percent lacked formal evidence grading. I believe that doctors treating both adults and children will have more confidence in guidelines when we know they are all supported by solid research findings.
An example is screening children for high blood lipids such as cholesterol. A recent study in Journal of Pediatrics found that less than half of U.S. pediatricians follow childhood lipid screening guidelines from, for example, the American Academy of Pediatrics. A companion commentary to the study notes that one reason for the low adherence to guidelines might be that the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), of which I’m the chair, found insufficient evidence for a USPSTF recommendation about this practice.
A path to better guidelines
Pediatricians may be more likely to follow guidelines when rigorous research results indicate that they are the best way to have a positive effect on our patients’ health. We already have a compass pointing toward the research we need: The USPSTF published the key evidence gaps in children’s preventive services in its 2014 report to Congress.
Fourth Annual Report to Congress on High-Priority Evidence Gaps for Clinical Preventive Serviceswww.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
Almost 15 years ago, Beth McGlynn and colleagues began calling attention to the fact that many people are not receiving recommended care. There are many reasons for this shortfall. But health care researchers can help solve the problem of variable, low-quality, non-guideline-based care. We need to redouble our efforts to provide high-quality evidence for children’s health from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, pragmatic research conducted in close cooperation with health care systems, and other innovative projects. We can support our clinical colleagues who are trying to deliver the best care to each patient by providing them with quality evidence that makes health care guidelines stronger.
Learn more about Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute. Sign up for our free monthly newsletter.
|
<urn:uuid:006445cf-10a0-44bb-af51-5dd110aad5bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-13
|
https://medium.com/@KPWaResearch/for-better-pediatric-care-back-guidelines-with-more-evidence-64209dbfe432
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202199.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320024206-20190320050206-00041.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947955
| 1,002
| 2.609375
| 3
|
Calectasia Conservation Park is a protected natural attraction in South Australia. It’s just 14 hectares large, with its northern and southern sections forming part of the dune system which features sandy soils that are characteristic of this landscape at 49 metres above sea level.
Calectasia Conservation Park, Blue Tinsel Lilly, Fauna & Wildlife, SA
The protected area is home to a diverse range of flora including the brown stringybark and many banksias. The brown stringybark, whose scientific name is Eucalyptus baxteri, has fruit in the shape of a teacup alongside lovely cream-coloured flowers that blossom in the summer. The towering trees form a canopy at the top and provide shaded spots where nature lovers can relax if the sun gets too hot. These stringybark trees are easily identified by their pale brown colour and even texture.
The banksias on the other hand, are a popular genus of Australian wildflowers that are easy to spot, thanks to their distinct spikey flowers and cone-like fruits. This type of flora varies in size, from woody shrubs to tall trees that grow up to 30 metres high. Nature enthusiasts will enjoy discovering these native species. You may want to carry a camera with you to capture these lovely plants.
The Calectasia Conservation Park’s unique name is said to be derived from the Calectasia cyanea, one of the endangered plant species in the area. Many of these plant species fell victim to a bushfire that ravaged the park in 1983. Naming the park after the plant served as a reminder to conserve the environment.
For first time visitors to Calectasia Conservation Park, note that there are no towns or shops nearby. When planning a trip here, be sure to pack supplies and food for your journey.
Calectasia Conservation Park is located 27 kilometres from Penola in South Australia.
|
<urn:uuid:d5625348-e6f3-401a-8656-71bb629d4ffd>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://www.mountgambierpoint.com.au/attractions/calectasia-conservation-park/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103922377.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701064920-20220701094920-00690.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939267
| 394
| 2.96875
| 3
|
Mushrooms and fungus can be found growing anywhere - but making one species grow where you want it is a little more tricky. You have to make sure that the mushroom is the only thing that can grow, so the substrate - base for mycelial growth - needs to be completely sterile. This is most often done with an autoclave or pressure cooker.
What We Want To Use
Using waste jute sacks from the booming cacao trade that runs through Amsterdam, combined with waste husks and chaff from the local agricultural industry, we can make thick, spongey and sustainable insulating panels to transform a charming old barn into a thriving event and exhibition space.
The jute will be cut and will be used as the base on which a mixture of husks, vermiculite and water will be placed and inoculated with mycelium.
Testing the Process
To test this process, we made samples using jute, husks and vermiculite.
Firstly, circles of jute are soaked thoroughly, before being placed in the bottom of the testing jars, then the husks & vermiculite are mixed with water. The recipe is below.
-Husks - 4 Parts
-Water - 0.5 - 1 Part
-Vermiculite - 0.5 - 1 Part
The substrate is sterilised seperately to the jute, and then mixed with grain spawn to produce even growth.
Unfortunately these pieces were not airtight - so they dried out quickly in our warm incubator! Note to self! Make sure the panels are airtight!
Larger panel tests are being grown in steel trays. These trays are easy to clean with a strong arm, a good sponge and alcohol! Once innoculated the panels are wrapped in cellophane, using a polyester filter to enable a small amount of air exchange. Still, these panels need daily top ups with sterilised water to enable growth. One thing we can do to prevent this is to wrap the panels tighter. The more air around the panel, the more water it will need to stay hydrated. When we have the designed the perfect growing system, it should not need topping up with water.
The panels are stored in an incubator room with windows. With the summer coming, more and more sunlight entered the room, which caused a few small mushrooms to fruit from the substrate - we want to avoid this, for an uncluttered aesthetic, and to speed up growth.
Now the panels are growing in near complete darkness, at a temperature of around 28-32°C. We are currently testing two species - Schizophyllum commune, and Pleurotus ostreatus, which you might find in the supermarket as the Oyster Mushroom! These panels are growing, but far slower than you might find at a professional mycelium facility such as ecovative. We aim to vastly improve on our techniques for the exhibition.
What We Are Aiming For
The panels when fully grown can be sterilised to stop growth. The panels are not only heat resistant, but also fire-resistant. Tests can be performed with a blow torch. The panel burns on the exterior, but never catches fire. The interior is protected from the heat.
We have grown panels successfully before at mediamatic, but insulating panels for the barn have a few more requirements. The jute needs to be stretched to prevent wrinkling and breakages when placing the panel in the roof. The insulating panels also are much larger. The average panel should be a size of 70cm x 120cm, which brings many issues with contamination, spawn requirements and length of incubation. These are all issues which are being solved as we speak.
|
<urn:uuid:9663f067-9e12-4bc1-befd-2132309e3b74>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/87476/growing-the-first-panels
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663012542.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528031224-20220528061224-00414.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946599
| 775
| 2.625
| 3
|
Cancer researchers discover new type of retinoblastoma in babiesINDIANAPOLIS -- (March 15, 2013) -- Not all forms of retinoblastoma, a pediatric cancer of the eye, may be inherited, a discovery that would spare children years of medical evaluations and offer the potential of drug therapy for an aggressive malignancy.
Timothy Corson, Ph.D., a researcher at the Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute and the Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, is a member of an international team that has discovered this childhood eye cancer is not always caused by a mutation of the “retinoblastoma gene.” That’s good news for some children who get this disease because it means they won’t have to undergo invasive exams over the course of their lifetime to determine whether the cancer has spread.
Dr. Corson, who researches pediatric ocular cancers, is one of 25 scientists who have worked on this for several years. Their paper, based on a study of more than 1,000 retinoblastoma patients, was published March 13 in Lancet Oncology. The international team was led by senior author Brenda L. Gallie, M.D., of the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto, Canada, and included researchers from the Netherlands, France, New Zealand and Germany.
“Traditionally, an aggressive retinoblastoma seen in a very young infant in the clinic would be suspected to be caused by an inheritable mutation, leading the patient to a childhood full of invasive clinical exams, and the fear of risk to their offspring,” said Dr. Corson, assistant professor of ophthalmology, biochemistry and molecular biology at the Indiana University School of Medicine.
This previously unnoticed class of tumors challenges the long-standing belief that all retinoblastoma are caused by a mutation of the tumor suppressor gene named after this cancer, RB1. Dr. Corson said this new group of retinal tumors has a normal RB1 gene and appears to be “driven” by extra copies of a cancer-causing gene called MYCN, a gene most commonly associated with another childhood cancer, neuroblastoma.
“Our study suggests that one in five patients with an early-onset tumor in a single eye may have MYCN retinoblastoma, and thus lack future risks. This kind of retinoblastoma can only be definitively diagnosed by molecular testing showing lack of mutations in the RB1 gene and amplification of the MYCN gene in the child’s tumor,” Dr. Corson said.
The MYCN retinoblastoma have fewer other mutations in their genome than classic retinoblastoma and have a distinctive cellular appearance to a pathologist, Dr. Corson said. Most importantly, they have features that render them immediately important clinically: They occur at a very young age and are extremely aggressive. In the future, they may be treatable with drugs that block the activity of MYCN.
“This is a landmark discovery in retinoblastoma genetics,” said David A. Plager, M.D., professor of ophthalmology at the Glick Eye Institute and director of the Pediatric and Adult Strabismus Service. “We are currently investigating a patient who fits the clinical description of MYCN retinoblastoma and, if confirmed, it will save the baby and his family the trouble and the expense of numerous future exams to monitor development of a tumor in the other eye.”
Dr. Corson, who immediately began consulting with Dr. Plager on the case, said the child’s definitive diagnosis based on molecular testing could come within weeks.
“This research completely challenges conventional thinking and clinical practice,” senior author Dr. Gallie said. “The common type of retinoblastoma is initiated by loss of a normal gene that can be inherited, so the other eye of the child and infant relatives are at risk to develop tumors. When we remove the eye with a large tumor in very young babies and show it is the new oncogene-driven type of retinoblastoma, there is zero risk for retinoblastoma developing in the other eye or in other infants in the family. This is a major advance in personalized cancer medicine for these children and families.”
About 300 new cases of retinoblastoma arise in the United States annually. Although survival rates are high with treatment, patients are often left with vision loss or blindness.
|
<urn:uuid:34649fa4-d2f7-4444-bfc9-f7a2ecb7ae15>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-51
|
https://cancer.iu.edu/news-publications/article.shtml?id=5654
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823710.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212000955-20181212022455-00190.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945034
| 945
| 2.78125
| 3
|
New research being funded by Diabetes UK is investigating whether regular doses of medication derived from fish oil could be used to improve nerve damage and prevent diabetes complications such as amputation, blindness or heart disease.
Researchers at the University of Southampton will study 100 people at risk of developing Type 2 diabetes to determine whether a medication called OMACOR can improve the function of nerves and small blood vessels in the feet. OMACOR is a medication derived from fish oil found in Norwegian sardines.
Improving the lives of people with diabetes
Researcher Keith McCormick said: “OMACOR has already proved to be extremely successful in the treatment of high triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood, but if this trial is successful it will provide evidence that treatment with these purified long chain fatty acids can also serve to improve small nerve and blood vessel function that is very relevant to people at risk of Type 2 diabetes. It is hoped this knowledge could then help to improve the lives of people with diabetes who are at risk of nerve and blood vessel damage.”
Preventing complications in those at risk
“We know that neuropathy and blood vessel damage are behind many of the complications of diabetes,” said Dr Iain Frame, Director of Research at Diabetes UK.
“Type 2 diabetes can go undetected for up to ten years, meaning 50 per cent of people already have complications, such as neuropathy, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and stroke, by the time they’re diagnosed. The research being funded at the University of Southampton therefore has the potential to identify a readily available treatment to prevent some of the serious complications of diabetes and protect those at risk.”
|
<urn:uuid:5095d012-bbb3-4230-adbc-94299c1124bc>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about_us/news_landing_page/new-research-looks-to-prevent-diabetes-complications
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648207.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323102828-20180323122828-00660.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951662
| 344
| 2.828125
| 3
|
I am the mother of a four-year-old girl attending a pre-kindergarten class. Even though spring has already begun, eight of her classmates fell sick with pneumonia in the last couple of weeks. How could that happen? Is there any way to avoid spreading it among the children? R.T., Hadera Dr. Adi Klein, head of the pediatrics department at Hillel Yaffe Medical Center in Hadera, replies: Spring officially began on March 20, so one would expect pneumonia to fade away by now, but it seems that lung infections do not necessarily have a preference for one season or another. Almost half of our pediatric inpatients are now suffering from viral or bacterial pneumonia.
Pneumonia is not necessarily connected to the weather, even though there are many cases during the colder months. There is plenty of pneumonia during the spring, and even in warmer weather.
While the majority of children have been vaccinated with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (commercially known as Prevnar or Synflorix) against disease caused by Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria, which was added to the basket of health services in 2009, there are still plenty of pediatric lung infections. Most kids with viral pneumonia are under the age of two. In such cases, it passes by itself (“self-limiting”) within a few days to a week; antibiotics should never been given for a viral infection.
Older children, especially those of school age, get bacterial pneumonia. Last week, we even had a girl who needed a surgical procedure to drain fluid from her lungs after she contracted pneumonia.
Nevertheless, parents must take their children to be immunized. Even though most of the children in my department who contracted pneumonia were vaccinated, their situation would have been much worse if they had not received the shot.
The vaccine approved for the basket five years ago has since been expanded to cover additional pneumococcus strains; it has reduced by more than 90 percent the life-threatening complications of pneumonia infections in children, which include meningitis and sepsis. The reason why we still encounter so many lung infections is that new strains have developed.
According to strict medical terminology, we usually call the bacterial kind of lung infection pneumonia, while the viral type is known as bronchiolitis. The difference is clinical, and the diagnosis is made with blood tests and cultures taken from the child.
The bacterium called pneumococcus that results in pneumonia is the most common cause of disease in children. It brings about not only lung infections, but also ear infections with symptoms such as fever and breathing difficulties, followed by stomach or chest pains. At a later stage, it can appear with a cough.
Another disease this bacterium causes is meningitis, which can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated in time.
Viral lung infections result from human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. It begins as a fever and cough, often accompanied by a runny nose. But it may develop into shortness of breath so severe that the child needs an oxygen mask. The illness lasts for about a week, and the fourth day is usually the worst.
Sometimes, the viral infection can be accompanied by a secondary bacterial ear infection and perhaps even a lung infection. This is usually worse in premature babies and children who suffer from respiratory problems or other chronic illnesses.
Parents must be on the alert in such cases and take them to the doctor in time. During this illness, the child must receive plenty to drink and produce urine regularly.
If the child doesn’t urinate for more than six hours, he is apparently dehydrated; in such cases, quickly take him or her to a doctor, an urgent care center or a hospital emergency room. The cough is not so worrisome; the shortness of breath is. If the diagnosis is bacterial pneumonia (but not viral pneumonia), the treatment is antibiotics and sometimes oxygen support. If the condition is serious, antibiotics will be given by infusion.
When your child is ill with either a viral or bacterial infection, take care to wash their hands regularly with soap and water, and air out the home to reduce the risk of infecting others. ■ Rx for Readers welcomes queries from readers about medical problems. Experts will answer those we find most interesting.
Write Rx for Readers, The Jerusalem Post, POB 81, Jerusalem 91000, fax your question to Judy Siegel-Itzkovich at (02) 538-9527, or e-mail it to [email protected], giving your initials, age and place of residence.
|
<urn:uuid:a272a954-a32e-4bcc-9279-60fc4e8dd8e2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-07
|
http://www.jpost.com/Health-and-Science/Proper-prior-prevention-347435
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701160582.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193920-00021-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966671
| 965
| 3.140625
| 3
|
Skin Cancer (Non Melanoma): Major Risk Factors and Prevention
Skin cancers or Non Melanoma Cancer is mostly caused by UV rays. Read here the risk factors and some preventing steps.
Ultraviolet Rays or UV rays are responsible for the skin cancer as it break down DNA in skin cells. UV light has three types which cause skin cancers such as ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B and ultraviolet C, among them UBV is believed to be the main cause of the non-melanoma skin cancer.
In addition to UV rays, artificial sources of light, such as sunlamps, and tanning beds make your skin prone to the skin cancer. Being overexposure to sun again and again means you have developed a high risk of non-melanoma skin cancer. Below these risk factors are explained in detailed.
Note: These factors can only increase the risk for you though they can’t be the direct causes of the skin cancer.
Over exposure to UV radiation makes you prone to the skin cancer. It commonly affects the people living at high altitudes or in the places where bright sunlight is available throughout the year. Besides, people spending their much of time outside during day hours have the chances to develop the skin cancer.
The skin cancer can take those into its grip who are into the recreational sun tanning. You must avoid the tanning beds, sun lamps and tanning parlors for that.
It is found that fair skin has the burning tendency than other skin completion, thereby causing the skin cancer. People with blond or red hair, fair complexion and freckles are prone to the skin cancer.
A History of Sunburns or Fragile Skin.
A sunburned skin can be the reason behind skin cancer. Squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma are likely to affect the people who have been overexposed to the sun and other sources of Ultra violet radiation.
Previous Skin Cancer and Diagnosis:
Having skin cancer in the past can increase your chances to develop other skin cancer. Study shows that 35-50% of people treated with one basal cell carcinoma are at the high risk to develop a new skin cancer in few years. Thus, if you have had one skin cancer, you must follow the clinical guidelines to prevent the new one. Likewise, people who have received radiation therapy to treat cancer can be vulnerable to the basal cell carcinoma. Children who are treated with radiation therapy can develop a basal cell carcinoma six times higher.
Study shows that if anyone in your family members or “kith and kin” are having non melanoma skin cancer, chances are you can have the same.
- Minimize the direct exposure to sun during mid day.
- Cover yourself properly on ear, face, neck and ears with the clothes labeled as UV protection while stepping into the sun.
- Apply sunscreen for a better protection against UVA and UVB radiation and has SPF 30, at least.
- Check your skin regularly to see the sunburn and rashes.
I want to share my experience with using Dr.numb. I tried nearly every other product when I got my tattoo work done and nothing, I mean absolutely nothing worked like Dr. Numbs cream. it honestly is the best on the market and I want to thank Dr.numb for having a solution to the pain. Thanks Dr. Numb!
I love this cream it works wonders. I was able to lay of the table while he worked on my tattoo for about 2 hours before I needed a break for a smoke. Great product!!
Wonderful for tattoos! Really helps with longer sessions. Applied thick and can't feel a thing. Would definitely recommend!
This is the 3rd time I have purchased this cream I like it a lot it does work just wrap the are for 30 minutes and done you won't feel a thing I have 3 big tattoos and I felt no pain using it
This stuff really does work and is well worth the $$. FYI, the longer you leave it on before a tattoo, the longer it lasts!!
|
<urn:uuid:f72d29ec-eafe-4f95-b779-968fab6b3be7>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
http://www.drnumb.com/blog/skin-cancer-non-melanoma-major-risk-factors-prevention/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120001.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00405-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954922
| 835
| 3.359375
| 3
|
SearchSelected range: all news
It has already been 23 months since the Solar Orbiter spacecraft left the Earth. Now, it enters its main scientific phase and soon, it will observe the Sun and its characteristics from a close distance. This very complex scientific space laboratory carries four Czech instruments on board. Moreover, Solar Orbiter is not the only recent space project with the Czech trace: the JUICE spacecraft will launch to Jupiter soon and Czech scientists and engineers are a part of the mission team.
World War II also had its heroines. In the British Army Auxiliary Corps, Czechoslovakian women served not only as cooks or office workers, but also as drivers, meteorologists, interpreters, armorers and convoy commanders. Karolína Stegurová from the Institute of Contemporary History of the CAS follows the trace of their courage and fate.
How did the ancient people obtain, combine and preserve the scents of plants? What perfumes did they make of them? Although only little remains of the ancient knowledge, a scientist wants to experimentally reconstruct the process of preparing several ancient Greco-Egyptian perfumes. Together with a team of historians, Egyptologists, philologists and organic chemists, they are going to revive some of the scents used in the antiquity.
Czech scientists succeeded in confirming the presence of sigma-holes in atoms of halogen elements, which until now existed only in theory. They used their own improved method of scanning electron microscopy. That, for the first time, provided us some insight into the world of this subatomic phenomenon. The ground-breaking research, likened to the first direct observation of a black hole, was published in the Science journal.
The recent release of 52 lynx into the Polish wild does not meet international criteria, according to Czech scientists and conservationists who point that out. Polish zoologists released the endangered beasts without international cooperation and without sufficient information about their genetic origins. The new inhabitants of the forests may therefore bring more harm than good.
A plant does not always grow as it should, and sometimes, the problem is right at the start - in the seed. After years of research, scientists have found a new mechanism that influences seed production and quality in plants. Surprisingly, removing the function from a specific gene led to a poor seed development caused specifically by the paternal side. The research helps to understand an intricate process of plant sexual reproduction and thus may contribute to better breeding.
Seven days full of the best of what the Czech Academy of Sciences does. The first year of the science festival called The Week of the Czech Academy of Sciences ended on Sunday, 7th November. All over the country, people could explore institutes, listen to lectures, watch films or experience science for themselves. The Academy also awarded the best scientists of 2021.
A decades-old enigma is now answered: people domesticated modern horses about 4000 years ago in the Pontic-Caspian steppes. Scientists also discovered that these ancient horses of one genetic lineage expanded rapidly and ultimately replaced all others in Eurasia. Why? Their body was better adapted for heavy loads and their behaviour was more docile. And that was all revealed thanks to archaeogenetics.
Chemists, microbiologists and engineers from different institutions have joined forces to produce a completely new type of nanomaterial dressing with antibiotic effect. It could find its use in the treatment of burns and skin wounds with bacterial infections. The material, called NANO LPPO, has proved its worth in the first experimental phase, but clinical trials have yet to verify it. The results of the study were published in the Scientific Reports journal.
Scientists, politicians, family, and friends of Prof. Rudolf Zahradník gathered in the main building of the Czech Academy of Sciences to pay tribute and remember his great personality. The Chairman Emeritus Rudolf Zahradník deceased in October last year. He was one of the most noticeable Czech scientists, and was also well-known in the world.
The Czech Academy of Sciences (the CAS)
The mission of the CAS
The primary mission of the CAS is to conduct research in a broad spectrum of natural, technical and social sciences as well as humanities. This research aims to advance progress of scientific knowledge at the international level, considering, however, the specific needs of the Czech society and the national culture.
President of the CAS
Prof. Eva Zažímalová has started her second term of office in May 2021. She is a respected scientist, and a Professor of Plant Anatomy and Physiology.
She is also a part of GCSA of the EU.
|
<urn:uuid:087531b6-54c2-42f5-b523-c6a97e6efe9f>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://ssc.avcr.cz/en/news-archive/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304515.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124054039-20220124084039-00570.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961024
| 955
| 3.234375
| 3
|
See how others use our toys here.
Apatosaurus was a sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Jurassic Period (about 152 million years ago) in what is now western North America. It was a large animal, being at least 70 feet in length, ad weighted about 20 tons, but some old adults were probably a lot bigger.
- Scientific Name: Apatosaurus
- Characteristics: Apatosaurus was a large quadrupedal dinosaur with a long neck and whip-like tail. Like most sauropods, it had a stout body, and its front legs were slightly shorter than its back legs. It was once thought that large sauropods like Apatosaurus would have been too heavy to have supported themselves on land, so were forced to float themselves in water. We now have fossil footprints that show that this is incorrect – they walked on land, although not very quickly, with top speeds of less than 20 miles per hour.
- Size and Color: This model is 13 inches long and 5 inches high. It is medium gray on top and a light cream underneath. Such coloring would not have camouflaged the Apatosaurus very well, but this isn’t that important for such a large animal.
- The Apatosaurus is part of the Wild Safari® Prehistoric World collection
- All of our products are Non-toxic and BPA free
|
<urn:uuid:24c67b8f-258a-40d3-922c-de03588fa236>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://store.safariltd.com/products/wild-safari-dinosaurs-apatosaurus-figurines-300429-html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371665328.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407022841-20200407053341-00269.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97617
| 285
| 3.859375
| 4
|
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation
- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article
Do you really want to delete this prezi?
Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again.
Make your likes visible on Facebook?
Connect your Facebook account to Prezi and let your likes appear on your timeline.
You can change this under Settings & Account at any time.
What causes leaves to fall in autumn (light,temp,or both?)
Transcript of What causes leaves to fall in autumn (light,temp,or both?)
Green house control group: Tree 1 is placed in a green house and exposed to average heat and light, similar to average autumn whether Experimental Group:
Tree 2: Will have 80 temp. and 14 hrs. of light.
Tree 3: Will have 60 temp and the average amount of light
Tree 4: Will have 50 temp and 0 hrs. of light exposure. (tarp hovering tree) You should observe the amount of leaves that come off each tree. to see what causes leaves to fall in autumn. either the (temperature, light, or both) I think that the outcome of this experiment ill show that it's a combination of the temperature and light. BY: Darius Watson
|
<urn:uuid:6a63a4dc-a15f-4e47-9101-a6a95e668477>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-50
|
https://prezi.com/7rzlzzswydbo/what-causes-leaves-to-fall-in-autumn-lighttempor-both/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541839.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00148-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913456
| 326
| 2.5625
| 3
|
A popular topic, especially on church doors depicting Judgment Day, is St Michael weighing souls. In eternity he ensures divine justice to the frightened believer. Looking attentively at the balance one notices that in the right, the righteous scale pan a pious soul is sitting both hands raised in praying gesture. On the left, the bad, the devil’s side lies the millstone of sins. The more bad action in lifetime, the heavier the millstone will be, which is used at the judgment of the dead. But to make things even worse a small devil tries to further weight down the scale pan dragging it down. However, he stands no chance because Michael is keeping watch that no soul is wrongfully ‘weighed in the balances, and art found wanting’.
ZUG. So-called “schneckentaler” (28.36 g) 1565 by Jakob Stampfer. MONETA NO CANTONIS TVGIENSIS 65 Two lions hold the crowned imperial shield over the two shields of Zug. Rv. CVM HIS QVI ODERT PACE ERAM PACIFICVS (= I remained peaceful to those who hated the peace.). St Michael in front view holding sword and balance, between his legs a snail. (Wiel. 2; Cor. pl. XX, 8; Divo 67; Dav. 8769). Copyright Sturzenegger Stiftung / Museum zu Allerheiligen Schaffhausen.
The name of this taler from Zug derives from the odd small snail between the archangel’s legs. It might be a sign of the mediaeval engraver’s horror vacui, the fear to leave any area blank. But at the same time it is a code that any illiterate person could understand in the 16th century; however, today we have to deduce it again painstakingly with the help of iconographical dictionaries. Here the snail means resurrection of the flesh. Due to the form of its shell resembling to the spiral uterus of many animals the snail was not only a symbol of love but also of birth and rebirth. From time to time we find it still as burial object in the Carolingian period. The withered tree in the background may hint at death itself.
This taler’s dies were made by the then very famous engraver Jakob Stampfer for the town of Zug. That fact and the face value which is very uncommon for Zug indicate the intention of a representative issue. At this time the Swiss cantons were at the climax of the confessional conflicts. In this very year 1565 Zug and the other four catholic towns formed an alliance with Pope Pius IV guaranteeing each other reciprocal support in case of attack by the Reformed cities. Hence what could be more appropriate than recalling that after death every man must answer for his actions.
|
<urn:uuid:962ea70b-2111-4e78-9a7c-60d7816209a0>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
https://coinsweekly.com/the-schneckentaler-from-zug/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057598.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925052020-20210925082020-00554.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936159
| 591
| 2.546875
| 3
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.