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Blackbirds, cormorants and crows ruled the roost when it came to counting the bird population last month during the Sun City 2011 Audubon Christmas Bird Count. With all but one community counted, the totals spotted were 922, 679 and 970, respectively, and comprised the largest groups out of the 123 species and 8,948 birds reported.
The annual feathered census took place in Sun City’s circle — an area monitored by the Sun City Bird Club in coordination with several other area open and gated communities.
Olvis Spencer, the club’s compiler, said the annual count is how the American Audubon Society follows the birds. From Dec. 14 to Jan. 5, bird watchers across the United States and around the world conducted “Citizen Science in Action” — the society’s efforts to count bird populations.
“For years Audubon has used the count to check out flight paths, habitats. As the weather changes, patterns for migration can change. It’s kind of both health of the planet and health of the bird population,” Spencer said. “As the food sources change, patterns in migration change and Audubon’s tried to keep up with it. It’s not scientific because you don’t count every bird and you get generalizations, but Audubon will track a 30-year pattern.”
At one of the club’s meetings a few years ago, he said, a guest speaker gave a presentation on several different birds and showed how their habitat range had moved further north in the United States.
“Part of that was climate, part of it was our population move. And as insect habitat changes, the birds follow the insects, too. It goes beyond just birds,” said Spencer. “When we moved here in 2002 there were no wood storks in this area. Their normal habitat is Florida. Now they’re nesting in this area and that’s just in 10 years.”
The same goes for the roseate spoonbills, he said, which have now been spotted locally. The annual count also shows the result of efforts to return the American bald eagle to a healthy status and the area’s count registered 23 eagles — an “excellent” report, Spencer said.
Other notable birds spotted within circle were 316 hooded mergansers, a not-very-common group of 13 red-breasted mergansers and 21 wood ducks, very popular for their coloring.
According to historical data on the Audubon Web site at www.birds.audubon.org, the 111th CBC totals for North America were 2,215counts completed for a total of 61,359,451 birds reported. The Sun City circle contributed a count of 12,558 out of 138 species tallied by 91 volunteers.
To learn more about the birds of the Lowcountry or to join in the 113th Christmas Bird Count in December, contact club president Mary Helen Rosenstein at 707-7122. The next meeting is 4 p.m. Feb. 1 at Hidden Cypress. Go to the club’s webpage at www.schhca.com for details.
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An important function of Lake Sidney Lanier is to store water when there is a surplus, to use during drought conditions or periods of reduced inflow. In the southeast rain falls nearly every month, however the need for water in the summer and fall can often exceed the natural supply.
Lake Lanier was built to serve many purposes including hydropower production, flood control, navigation, water quality and supply, recreation and fish & wildlife management. To meet these purposes and the water needs of downstream users the lakes water level will periodically fluctuate. Sometimes meeting these purposes may require one or more purposes being given a higher priority than the others.
The Mobile District Water Management Section meets every Wednesday with representatives from the various project waterways to exchange information concerning the operation of the district’s river systems and lakes. Water management decisions for the upcoming week are determined using the information obtained at the weekly meeting and a report is prepared that summarizes the conditions in each of the river basins. Operation of the lakes are also guided by use of action zones. The action zones provide guidelines on meeting the project purposes for each lake.
To learn more about how the Corps of Engineers manages water on the Mobile District's waterways visit our Water Management page.
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Tinnitus & Hearing Loss: Are They Related? [The Definitive Guide]
Hearing impairment — whether it’s the absence or addition of sound — can be challenging to live with. However, having a better understanding of hearing conditions like tinnitus and hearing loss can help. With more knowledge on the subject, you’ll be able to find and take advantage of quality-of-life-improving solutions.
What is Hearing?
Before elaborating on hearing impairment, it’s critical to know what hearing is.
Hearing is the auditory perception of sound. Sound moves as waves through a medium like air, water, or walls.
When they reach you, these soundwaves are picked up by your ears. From there they travel through the auditory canal as vibrations to the brain. Your brain then converts and interprets these impulses.
The result? Those vibrations become what you recognize as speech, singing, notifications from your various devices, mystery noises emanating from your car, the patter of raindrops on the pavement, and so on.
Hearing Impairment: Tinnitus & Hearing Loss
Hearing impairment occurs when you aren’t able to perceive or process sound properly or adequately. There are several forms of hearing impairment — including tinnitus and hearing loss — and many different causes for them.
Tinnitus & Hearing Loss by the Numbers
This is possibly why issues with hearing are so widespread. To give you an idea, here are some statistics related to Americans and hearing impairment to consider:
- 51% of adults report that they have “less than excellent” hearing.
- About 15% of adults — that’s over 37 million people — go so far as to say they have trouble hearing.
- Only about a third of adults with hearing impairment have discussed the issue with a healthcare professional.
- A significant portion of people with hearing difficulties, who could benefit from intervention, go untreated. The most common reasons for this are mildness of condition, cost, and hassle.
- Hearing impairment levies a major financial toll in the US, tallying up to far more than $100 billion in healthcare, loss of productivity, opportunity costs, etc. each year.
What Is Tinnitus?
Tinnitus (pronounced tin-NIGHT-us or TIN-it-us) is a condition in which a person hears a sound that doesn’t actually exist. Because of these “phantom noises,” tinnitus is sometimes called an auditory hallucination. However — and this can’t be stressed enough — tinnitus is a real condition that has huge effects on a person’s life.
While it’s often described as a “ringing in the ears,” tinnitus can also manifest itself as buzzing, hissing, clicking, or some similar noise. In reality, though, there are no soundwaves (which also means others can’t hear the noise).
The sound may seem like it’s coming from inside your head or originating externally. It may be constant or intermittent, and fluctuate in severity. You can have tinnitus in one or both ears.
Given all this, it doesn’t take a lot of imagination to see how tinnitus could severely disrupt your quality of life. Although there’s no cure for tinnitus, you do have options when it comes to addressing tinnitus, which we’ll get to momentarily.
You can learn more about tinnitus including the different types, causes, impacts on your hearing pathways, and more on our What Is Tinnitus? page.
In the last year, about 10% of American adults (25 million people) have had at least one episode of tinnitus that lasted at least five minutes.
What Is Hearing Loss?
Hearing loss is the reduced ability to properly perceive sound. It exists on a spectrum from mild to profound, with total loss of hearing resulting in deafness.
There are different kinds and causes of hearing loss. For instance, some types of hearing loss occur due to damage to the ear itself, while others stem from nerve damage. You can have hearing loss in either or both ears and each ear can have a different amount of impairment.
Hearing loss can develop at any stage of life, though it generally progresses with age.
The anatomy and processes involved in hearing may appear simple enough — but the auditory system is really quite complex. Thankfully, there are many treatment alternatives that may help ease or reverse the impact of hearing loss.
Roughly 48 million people in the U.S. have some level of hearing loss.
We’ve touched on the basics of hearing and hearing impairment, tinnitus and hearing loss. That’s a good foundation. However, there are a few more advanced questions that get asked time and again.
Like these three….
Does Tinnitus Cause Hearing Loss?
While having potentially similar impacts on your life and frequently being associated with one another, tinnitus does not cause hearing loss. Correlation does not equal causation.
An estimated 45 million Americans have some degree of hearing loss and have also experienced tinnitus at some point in their lives.
Can You Have Tinnitus Without Hearing Loss?
Yes, it’s possible to have tinnitus sans hearing loss. Because tinnitus and hearing loss increase with age — and there’s a big overlap in these two populations — it’s common for people to have tinnitus and hearing loss.
It’s worth discussing the opposite scenario, too. Can you have hearing loss without tinnitus? The answer is: Yes. The notable difference is that sometimes hearing loss can actually trigger tinnitus.
Are There Hearing Aids for Tinnitus?
There are hearing aids for tinnitus. The technology can help those with tinnitus — especially if hearing loss is an accompanying issue — in multiple ways. Hearing aids can:
- Improve the quality of external sounds so they’re crisper and easier to focus on
- Help keep your sense sharp, which may also facilitate language processing
- Disguise the sounds of your tinnitus through a technique called tinnitus masking
- Teach your brain how to ignore the tinnitus with a method known as habituation
Treatment Options for Tinnitus & Tinnitus Hearing Loss
That last FAQ is a perfect segue to introducing solutions designed to deal with tinnitus. You don’t have to just accept living with your tinnitus as-is — there’s plenty you can do about it!
Talk to Your Care Provider
We recommend consulting your doctor to accurately diagnose your condition and determine the care plan that’s best suited to your needs. You may find that it takes a bit of time and experimentation — and maybe a combination of treatment strategies — to sufficiently manage your tinnitus. (This is not uncommon.)
Since there’s no cure for tinnitus (or, for the most part, hearing loss), the goal of treatment is usually to minimize the symptoms of tinnitus so that it’s less intrusive in your life. By reducing the burden and irritation of tinnitus, the hope is that you’ll be more comfortable and your life will be more enjoyable.
How to Treat Tinnitus
We live in an amazing age of medical advancements and therapies for tinnitus and tinnitus with hearing loss. Here are some widely used treatment modalities:
- Trigger elimination — If you can determine and avoid the things that set off or aggravate your tinnitus, you’re in a good place. Prevention is the ideal remedy!
- Earwax removal — Excess wax can cause blockage, which may worsen tinnitus symptoms.
- Medication change — If your medications are stoking your tinnitus, switching to another drug may do the trick.
- Resolving underlying health conditions — Taking care of other, triggering, medical issues may clear up your tinnitus.
- Healthy lifestyle — Habits and practices that support general wellness (such as breathing exercises, massage, and yoga) can reduce tinnitus by helping to relieve stress and tightness in your body.
- Behavioral therapy — Tending to the mental and emotional strain tinnitus can cause is incredibly important. Therapy can equip you with tools for resilience.
- Hearing aids — These devices can counteract or compensate for tinnitus and hearing loss.
- Sound therapy — Habituation (a way to desensitize your brain to the tinnitus sounds) and asking (using carefully-calibrated white-noise-like sounds to “hide” tinnitus sounds) can be extremely effective.
The Levo System, Superior Sound Therapy While You Sleep
The Levo System is an advanced and integrated tool for habituation. It’s an FDA-cleared medical device consisting of comfortable purpose-built earbuds and an iPod-based controller. This scientifically-proven system provides personalized sound therapy to give you long-term relief of your tinnitus symptoms.
Working with an audiologist, the Levo System is tuned to produce sounds that exactly match your tinnitus sounds. You then use the device while you sleep, when your brain is particularly responsive to habituation therapy. Over time, your brain learns to ignore the sounds of your tinnitus. The net effect is reduced tinnitus symptoms and improved quality of life — all achieved during your nightly slumber.
“After three months my tinnitus receded into the background. I go back to the system periodically to stay habituated. It really helps.” — Nick Stein, tinnitus patient finding success with the Levo System
Levo Medical is Here to Help You
We understand that living with tinnitus can be frustrating, even debilitating. We also know that there’s help and hope for you. Reach out today to learn more about how the Levo Medical can set you on a path for improved health and happiness — with less tinnitus.
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Earth is entering a “mass extinction event”, according to a new study by three top US universities.
Lead author Gerardo Ceballos said: "We are now entering the sixth great mass extinction event.
"If it is allowed to continue, life would take many millions of years to recover and our species itself would likely disappear early on.”
According to the BBC, the last such event was when the dinosaurs were wiped out 65 million years ago.
This extinction period would be the six the Earth has ever experienced.
The study revealed that some species are vanishing as much as 100 times faster than normal.
Researcher Professor Paul Ehrlich, at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, said: “Species are disappearing up to about 100 times faster than the normal rate between mass extinctions, known as the background rate.
“Our calculations very likely underestimate the severity of the extinction crisis. There are examples of species all over the world that are essentially the walking dead.”
According to the Telegraph, one in four mammals is currently at risk of dying out, as well as 41% of amphibians.
And the reason for all of this? Us, according to the study by Stanford, Princeton and Berkeley universities.
The research, published in the Science Advances journal, cited climate change, pollution and deforestation for the destruction of thousands of species.
But there is a way to prevent such a disaster, Ehrlich added.
He said: “Avoiding a true sixth mass extinction will require rapid, greatly intensified efforts to conserve already threatened species, and to alleviate pressures on their populations – notably habitat loss, over-exploitation for economic gain and climate change.”
The Telegraph quoted Dr Mike Barrett, WWF-UK’s Director of Science and Policy, who said: “These findings echo those of WWF’s Living Planet Report which highlighted a 52 per cent decline in vertebrate populations over the last 40 years.
"If this trend is not reversed it is easy to see how more extinctions could take place and it is further evidence that we clearly need to do more to protect wildlife and their habitats."
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Marfan syndrome can affect many parts of the body, including the skeleton, eyes, and heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system).
The severity of the symptoms varies widely. Some people experience a few mild symptoms, whereas others experience more severe symptoms.
The symptoms of Marfan syndrome tend to get more severe as a person gets older.
Someone with Marfan syndrome may have several distinct physical characteristics.
They may be:
- tall and slim with long, thin arms and legs
- have loose and very flexible joints
If your child is particularly slim or tall for their age, it does not necessarily mean they have Marfan syndrome.
It's a rare syndrome, and your child will usually have a number of other symptoms if they have it.
Other physical characteristics of Marfan syndrome can include:
- a small lower jaw
- a high, arched palate (roof of the mouth)
- deep-set eyes
- flat feet
- a breastbone (sternum) that either protrudes outwards or indents inwards
- crowded teeth
Marfan syndrome can cause the spine to become abnormally curved to the sides. This is known as scoliosis.
Curvature of the spine can cause long-term backache. In severe cases, it can also make breathing difficult as the spine may press against the heart and lungs.
Spondylolisthesis is where one of the bones in your spine (a vertebra) slips forward over another vertebra.
This usually occurs in the lower spine, and can cause back pain and stiffness.
Anyone can develop spondylolisthesis, but it more commonly affects people with Marfan syndrome.
The dura is the membrane that lines your brain and spinal cord.
Dural ectasia is a condition where the dura becomes weakened and expands outwards.
People with Marfan syndrome are at particular risk of developing dural ectasia.
As the membrane expands, it can press on the vertebrae in your lower back, which can cause:
- numbness or pain in your legs
Many people with Marfan syndrome have some type of vision problem.
Lens dislocation affects half of all people with the syndrome.
This is where the eye's lens, the transparent structure that sits behind the pupil and focuses light, falls into an abnormal position.
Other possible eye-related symptoms of Marfan syndrome include:
- myopia – short-sightedness
- glaucoma – increased pressure in the eyeball which, left untreated, can cause permanent vision loss
- cataracts – where cloudy patches develop in the eye's lens, causing blurred or misty vision
- retinal detachment – where the light-sensitive layer of cells at the back of your eye (retina) begins to pull away from the blood vessels that supply it with oxygen and nutrients
Marfan syndrome can affect the cardiovascular system, which is made up of your heart and blood vessels.
It's particularly serious if your aorta and heart valves are affected.
The aorta is the main artery in the body. It runs from your heart, down the centre of your chest and through your abdomen.
In people with Marfan syndrome, the walls of the aorta are weak.
This can sometimes cause the aorta to enlarge and balloon, which is known as an aortic aneurysm.
In severe cases, the aorta can split (rupture), causing potentially fatal internal bleeding.
Your heart has 4 chambers that pump blood to and from the rest of the body.
To control the flow of blood through your heart's chambers, your heart has 4 valves:
- mitral valve
- aortic valve
- tricuspid valve
- pulmonary valve
These valves act as one-way gates, allowing blood to flow through in one direction.
In some people with Marfan syndrome, the mitral or tricuspid valves do not close properly and blood leaks back through the valve.
The aortic valve may also leak, leading to the main pumping chamber (left ventricle) gradually becoming enlarged.
If your GP thinks you may have Marfan syndrome, you'll be referred to a specialist for testing.
Your heart and blood vessels will be examined for the symptoms of the syndrome.
Stretch marks are pink, red or white streaks in the skin.
They can appear when you gain or lose weight quickly, when you have a growth spurt during childhood, or during pregnancy.
People with Marfan syndrome often develop stretch marks because the tissue in their skin is weakened and the skin is not as elastic as it should be.
If you have Marfan syndrome, stretch marks are most likely to appear on your:
- lower back
Over time, they'll gradually fade to a silvery colour and will be difficult to see.
Vision problems can affect your driving ability.
You're legally obliged to inform the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) about a medical condition that could affect your ability to drive.
See the GOV.UK website for more information and advice about driving with a disability or health condition.
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Residential indoor air quality guideline: acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde is a colourless, flammable liquid with a pungent and irritating odour, volatile at ambient temperature and pressure, and is found in both indoor and outdoor air. In Environment Canada and Health Canada’s 2000 Priority Substances List Assessment Report: Acetaldehyde, it was concluded that acetaldehyde is toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA) because it may be a genotoxic carcinogen; however, there was considerable uncertainty as to the actual cancer risk. Since the publication of the report, a number of key studies have been published, including those related to the mode of action for acetaldehyde carcinogenesis. Therefore, in order to address the uncertainty in regards to the mode of action of acetaldehyde carcinogenesis, and to more accurately determine the risk to health from levels commonly found in Canadian homes taking into account recently published scientific data, this substance was given high priority for a full health risk assessment and development of a Residential Indoor Air Quality Guideline (RIAQG).
The present document reviews the epidemiological, toxicological, and exposure research on acetaldehyde, as well as the conclusions from a number of comprehensive reviews from internationally recognized health and environmental organizations. The document places an emphasis on research published since the most recent comprehensive review, and proposes new short- and long-term indoor air exposure limits. This RIAQG for acetaldehyde is intended to provide recommended exposure limits which would minimize risks to human health and support the development of actions to limit acetaldehyde emissions. This document also shows that, when compared to the newly proposed guidelines, levels in Canadian houses do not present a health risk.
Sources and Exposure
Acetaldehyde is found ubiquitously throughout the ambient environment. Natural outdoor sources include higher plant respiration processes and emissions from forest fires. Combustion represents a major anthropogenic source of acetaldehyde, through incomplete combustion of organic material and fuels in motor vehicles. Emissions from industrial production, storage, transport or disposal of products with residual acetaldehyde can also contribute to ambient concentrations. Secondary formation of acetaldehyde can occur through the oxidation of natural and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the atmosphere.
There are numerous sources of acetaldehyde emissions in the indoor environment, often resulting in higher levels compared to outdoors. Incomplete combustion in fireplaces, wood-burning stoves and environmental tobacco smoke, along with certain cooking processes (notably those which use cooking oil), can emit significant quantities of acetaldehyde indoors. Emissions from products for interior finishes (e.g., vinyl flooring and carpets) and wood-based building materials (e.g., fiberboard and particleboard) as well as paints, stains, adhesives, caulking and foam sealants, may also contribute to indoor levels of acetaldehyde. An additional source of acetaldehyde indoors is from the infiltration of vehicle exhaust fumes into the home from an attached garage.
Some consumer products may directly contribute to indoor acetaldehyde levels, such as fragranced consumer products (e.g., air fresheners, liquid fabric softeners, dryer sheets, which may contain acetaldehyde), as well as indirectly via secondary formation of acetaldehyde from indoor reactions of ozone with other organic aerosols. Elevated indoor acetaldehyde levels have been shown to be associated with higher occupant density, likely due to “occupant activities” including, but not limited to, respiration releasing endogenously produced acetaldehyde.
Median acetaldehyde levels from Health Canada exposure studies measured in four cities (Edmonton, Halifax, Regina and Windsor) during winter and summer from 2005 to 2010 ranged from 10.5 to 48.7 µg/m3 (indoors) and from 2.4 to 7.2 µg/m3 (outdoors) (Health Canada 2010a, 2010b, 2012, 2013). In one study (Windsor), personal exposure measurements were also collected, with a median range of 18.6 to 39.3 µg/m3. In these studies, the ratio of indoor to outdoor acetaldehyde concentrations was in general consistently above 2.5, which is indicative of a predominance of indoor sources of acetaldehyde.
Health effects of exposure to acetaldehyde have been examined in toxicological and controlled human exposure studies, with very little epidemiological evidence related to indoor acetaldehyde exposure. In this assessment, the short-term exposure limit is derived from the results of a controlled human exposure study, whereas the long-term exposure limit is based on toxicological data from a study in a rodent model. Supporting evidence is provided by the results of other toxicological and controlled human exposure studies.
Based on the evidence from human and toxicological studies, the effects of short-term and long-term acetaldehyde inhalation are observed at the site of entry. Key health effects include tissue damage and cancer development, mainly in the upper respiratory tract.
From the studies with human participants, acute exposure induced eye irritation and potentiated the bronchoconstriction response to methacholine challenge at acetaldehyde concentrations as low as 22 mg/m3, with nose and throat irritation reported at 50–200 ppm (89–357 mg/m3) (Myou et al. 1994b; Silverman, Schulte and First 1946). At higher concentrations (350–1,000 mg/m3), aerosolized acetaldehyde was shown to directly cause bronchoconstriction in people with asthma (Myou et al. 1993,1994b, 1994c, 1995; Fujimura et al. 1997; Prieto et al. 2000; 2002a, 2002b), and a bronchoconstrictive effect was induced in people with allergic rhinitis (2,240 mg/m3) (Prieto, et al. 2002b). Epidemiological data on the long-term effects in humans are limited to a single cross-sectional study of school children (Flamant-Hulin et al. 2010), demonstrating a significant association between acetaldehyde exposure (measured in classrooms) and increased pulmonary inflammation for non-asthmatic children, but not for asthmatic children.
In laboratory animals, acute acetaldehyde exposure induced irritation and bronchoconstriction responses. For sensory irritation, the lowest concentration that elicited a 50% decrease in respiratory rate was 2,845 ppm (5,080 mg/m3) for a 10–minute exposure in mice (Steinhagen and Barrow 1984), while exposure at ≥ 25 ppm (45 mg/m3) acetaldehyde in rats increased vasodilation in the upper respiratory tract (Stanek et al. 2001).
In animal studies, long-term inhalation exposure to acetaldehyde caused a number of non-neoplastic effects primarily in the upper respiratory tract, specifically inflammation and tissue injury (degeneration, hyperplasia, and metaplasia). In rat studies, long-term acetaldehyde exposure caused adverse effects in the olfactory and respiratory epithelia of the nasal cavity, with lesions noted at exposure concentrations as low as 268 mg/m3, and tissue injury sometimes reported in the larynx, pharynx, and trachea, typically at higher exposure levels (Woutersen et al. 1984, 1986; Saldiva et al. 1985; Appelman et al. 1986; Woutersen and Feron 1987; Cassee et al. 1996; Cassee, Groten and Feron 1996; Oyama et al. 2007; Dorman et al. 2008; Feron, Kruysse and Woutersen 1982). In hamster studies, tracheal and laryngeal tissues were more sensitive than the nasal cavity, although effects were observed at higher concentrations than in the rat studies (Kruysse, Feron and Til 1975; Feron 1979; Feron, Kruysse and Woutersen 1982), indicating a species-related difference. In a small number of animal studies, other adverse effects, namely reduced pulmonary bactericidal activity (Aranyi et al. 1986), increased airway hyperresponsiveness (Kawano et al. 2012), neurological effects (Ortiz, Griffiths and Littleton 1974; Shiohara et al. 1985), and altered gonad weight (Kruysse, Feron and Til 1975) were noted. Growth retardation and mortality were observed at the highest exposure levels (4,464–8,929 mg/m3) (Kruysse, Feron and Til 1975; Feron 1979; Feron, Kruysse and Woutersen 1982).
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (1999) categorized acetaldehyde as a class 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans). Acetaldehyde has been shown to be genotoxic and mutagenic, inducing DNA damage in the form of DNA adducts, DNA–DNA crosslinks, DNA–protein crosslinks as well as more complex adducts (reviewed in Albertini 2013), and mutagenicity in in vitro test systems (Environment Canada and Health Canada 2000) as well as in an in vivo inhalation study in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) knockout mice (Kunugita et al. 2008). Chronic inhalational exposure has caused carcinogenic effects in rats and hamsters at concentrations that induce tissue changes in the upper respiratory tract, with specific-related differences in concentrations consistent with the non-neoplastic effects. In rats, chronic exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in adenocarcinoma of the olfactory epithelium and squamous cell carcinoma of the respiratory epithelium occurring at the lowest exposure level (1,339 mg/m3) (Woutersen et al. 1986). In hamsters, chronic exposure at ≥ 2,946 mg/m3 acetaldehyde resulted in a significant increase in tumour incidence of the larynx (Feron 1979; Feron, Kruysse and Woutersen 1982).
Studies of short-term exposures in human volunteers provide evidence for asthmatics being a sensitive subgroup to inhaled acetaldehyde (Myou et al. 1993; Prieto et al. 2000, 2002b). An ALDH2 polymorphism (ALDH2-2, the non-functional variant, prevalent in 40 to 50% of the Asian population, which greatly alters the rate of acetaldehyde metabolism following alcohol consumption) may confer additional susceptibility to acetaldehyde exposure. Although an increased severity of acetaldehyde-induced effects has been demonstrated in studies using ALDH2 knockout mice (as compared to wild-type mice) (Isse et al. 2005; Oyama et al. 2007, 2010), in human studies, no significant difference in hyperresponsiveness was observed following inhaled aerosolized acetaldehyde (Teeguarden et al. 2008).
Mode of Action for Carcinogenesis
The weight of evidence points to a non-linear (or threshold) mode of action (MOA) for acetaldehyde carcinogenesis. The pattern of genotoxicity and mutagenicity is consistent with a cytotoxic (secondary to a proliferative response), rather than mutagenic (critical early event), MOA for carcinogenicity. Tumour development is proposed to be related to the occurrence of tissue damage and is dependent on saturation of capacity for acetaldehyde metabolism, enhanced cellular proliferation, and mutation in the nasal cavity.
There is evidence that the toxic effects of acetaldehyde may be due, in part, to an overwhelming of the acetaldehyde detoxification capacity at the site of exposure. Evidence indicates that acetaldehyde toxicity is associated with decreased ALDH activity, and is most predominant in ALDH knockout mouse models. In addition, decreased upper respiratory tract uptake of acetaldehyde at elevated concentrations appears to be related to ALDH activity. Following saturation of the metabolic capacity for acetaldehyde, the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde is proposed to be dependent on the induction of cytotoxicity, leading to increased cell turnover from recurrent tissue damage and repair. While no studies examining the association between acetaldehyde inhalation and cell proliferation in the upper respiratory tract were identified, enhanced cell proliferation of the tongue, epiglottis, and forestomach (i.e. tissues related to route of entry) was observed in a rat study following administration in drinking water (Homann et al. 1997). In addition, acetaldehyde has been shown to induce DNA damage in the form of DNA adducts, DNA-DNA crosslinks, DNA-protein crosslinks as well as more complex adducts. These types of damage, under certain conditions including at high exposure concentrations and in association with tissue damage, lead to mutation.
The pattern of key events leading to tumour development resembles that observed for formaldehyde which is also proposed in the literature to act via a non-linear MOA for carcinogenesis. There is a high degree of similarity in formaldehyde and acetaldehyde carcinogenesis, including similarities in the structure and toxicity of the two compounds, the critical key events including DNA–protein crosslink formation, development of nasal carcinomas in animals at highly irritating and damaging concentrations, and limited evidence of genotoxicity in vivo.
Residential Indoor Air Quality Guideline for Acetaldehyde
The determination of a RIAQG is carried out in two stages. First, a reference concentration (RfC) is derived by applying uncertainty factors to the concentrations at which the most sensitive adverse health endpoint was observed. The RfC approach is used for the determination of a guideline to reduce potential health impacts such as those observed in key toxicological, controlled human exposure, and indoor epidemiological studies.
For the short-term exposure RfC, the exposure period is specified; in the present case, one hour. For the long-term exposure RfC, the exposure is considered to occur over months or years, up to a lifetime.
In the second stage, the short- and long-term exposure RfCs are compared with measured exposures in residential indoor air, and evaluated with respect to their technical feasibility. If the RfC is considered attainable where reasonable control measures are followed, the RIAQG is set equal to the RfC. If the RfC is considered unattainable with currently available risk management technology and practices, the RIAQG may be set at a higher concentration. Setting the RIAQG at a higher concentration than the RfC results in a smaller margin of exposure between the RIAQG and the concentration at which effects have been observed in health studies. Nonetheless, a RIAQG derived in this manner does provide a measure of health protection, while remaining an achievable target for improving indoor air quality when evaluating risk management measures.
Short-term Residential Indoor Air Quality Guideline
For short-term exposure to acetaldehyde, in a study investigating bronchoconstriction response in human volunteers, a provocative concentration required to produce a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one-second (FEV1) geometric mean for asthmatic subjects of 527 mg/m3 (95% CI: 142–1,149 mg/m3) acetaldehyde following a 2-minute exposure was identified (Prieto et al. 2000). The lower 95% confidence level of 142 mg/m3 was chosen as the point of departure, and uncertainty factors (UFs) of 10 to account for a use of a lowest observed adverse effects level (LOAEL) and 10 to account for additional sensitivity in the human population (e.g., more severe asthmatics, children, ALDH polymorphisms) were applied. Thus, the short-term RfC is 1,420 µg/m3. The Health Canada residential indoor air exposure studies provide a 24–hour integrated sample of acetaldehyde measurements, which does not represent acute or peak exposure. It is evident from these 24–hour measurements that the short-term reference exposure level is significantly higher than the median range of indoor air concentrations. Therefore, as this exposure limit is achievable in Canadian homes, the proposed short-term RIAQG for acetaldehyde is 1,420 µg/m3.
It is recommended that the short-term exposure limit be compared to a one-hour air sample.
Long-term Residential Indoor Air Quality Guideline
For chronic exposure, the most sensitive neoplastic endpoint was adenocarcinoma in the nasal cavity of male rats, with the most sensitive non-neoplastic endpoint being degeneration of the olfactory epithelium in rats. As discussed above, a strong body of evidence has also emerged to support the notion that acetaldehyde exerts its carcinogenic effect through a non-linear MOA, with non-neoplastic effects being precursors to a carcinogenic response. Therefore, derivation of an RfC for the neoplastic effects of acetaldehyde is based on the observation of the non-neoplastic effects. A no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 89 mg/m3 is selected, based on degeneration of the olfactory epithelium in rats (Dorman et al. 2008). Using an upper respiratory tract physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for acetaldehyde inhalation, the human equivalent concentration (HEC) calculated is 120 mg/m3. This value is adjusted for continuous exposure, resulting in an adjusted HEC of 21 mg/m3. Uncertainty factors of 2.5 to account for toxicodynamic differences between animals and humans, 10 for additional sensitivity in the human population, and 3 for uncertainty in the shape of the lower region of the concentration-response curve were applied, resulting in a total UF of 75. Thus, the long-term RfC is 280 µg/m3. The range of median indoor air acetaldehyde concentrations measured in Canadian homes from the Health Canada residential indoor air exposure studies for a 24–hour averaging period was 10.5 to 48.7 µg/m3, with the 95th percentile ranging from 35.6 to149.5 µg/m3. This indicates that Canadian homes would not exceed the RfC of 280 µg/m3. Therefore, the proposed long-term RIAQG for acetaldehyde is 280 µg/m3.
When comparing a measured acetaldehyde concentration with the long-term exposure limit, the sampling time should be at least 24 hours.
Residential Maximum Exposure Limits for Acetaldehyde
|Exposure period||Concentration||Critical Effect|
Increased airway responsiveness in asthmatics
Olfactory epithelial degeneration in the nasal cavity of rats
Levels of acetaldehyde in a typical Canadian home are likely well below both the short-term and long-term exposure limits, and accordingly are unlikely to pose a health risk.
Strategies for reducing exposure to acetaldehyde include controlling indoor emissions from combustion appliances and smoking. Control measures include the following:
- Not smoking inside the home.
- Properly install and maintain combustion appliances used for heating (e.g., gas and oil furnaces, wood stoves, gas water heaters), with venting outside.
- Use a higher fan setting when cooking on a gas stove, ensure that it vents outside, and preferentially use the back burners.
- When using and applying consumer products such as paints, adhesives, coatings and lubricants, inks, nail polish remover, and fragrances in the home, the area should be well ventilated, and the user should follow all label recommendations. These products should be kept well sealed and/or in non-occupied areas of the home not connected to the ventilation system, where possible.
- Prevent leaks from an attached garage to the house and make sure that there is an appropriate seal between the home and the garage, particularly for any door that connects the two.
- When performing home renovations, including installation of carpeting or vinyl flooring, and painting in the home, the area should be well-ventilated and the user should follow all label recommendations.
Use of these strategies will help reduce exposure to acetaldehyde and other indoor air contaminants, particularly those in combustion gases and consumer products, including other VOCs.
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Appelman, L.M., Woutersen, R.A., Feron, V.J., Hooftman, R.N. and Notten, W.R. (1986) Effect of variable versus fixed exposure levels on the toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 6(5), 331-336.
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Dorman, D.C., Struve, M.F., Wong, B.A., Gross, E.A., Parkinson, C., Willson, G.A., Tan, Y.-M., Campbell, J.L., Teeguarden, J.G., Clewell III, H.J. and Andersen, M.E. (2008) Derivation of an inhalation reference concentration based upon olfactory neuronal loss in male rats following subchronic acetaldehyde inhalation. Inhalation toxicology, 20(3), 245-256.
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Feron, V.J. (1979) Effects of exposure to acetaldehyde in syrian hamsters simultaneously treated with benzo(a)pyrene or diethylnitrosamine. Progress in experimental tumor research., 24(1), 162-176.
Feron, V.J., Kruysse, A. and Woutersen, R.A. (1982) Respiratory tract tumours in hamsters exposed to acetaldehyde vapour alone or simultaneously to benzo(a)pyrene or diethylnitrosamine. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology, 18(1), 13-31.
Flamant-Hulin, M., Caillaud, D., Sacco, P., Penard-Morand, C. and Annesi-Maesano, I. (2010) Air pollution and increased levels of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with no history of airway damage. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A: Current Issues, 73(4), 272-283.
Fujimura, M., Myou, S., Kamio, Y. and Matsuda, T. (1997) Inhibitory effect of indomethacin on tachyphylaxis in response to acetaldehyde-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 99(5): 620–623.
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Health Canada. (2010a) Regina Indoor Air Quality Study (2007): VOC Sampling Data Summary. Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Cat.: H128-1/10-617E-PDF
Health Canada. (2010b) Windsor Exposure Assessment Study (2005–2006): Data Summary for Volatile Organic Compound Sampling. Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Cat.: H128-1/10-618E-PDF
Homann, N., Kärkkäinen, P., Koivisto, T., Nosova, T., Jokelainen, K. and Salaspuro, M. (1997) Effects of acetaldehyde on cell regeneration and differentiation of the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 89(22), 1692-1697.
IARC. (1999) Re-Evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Vol 71World Health Organization;, Lyon, France.
Isse, T., Oyama, T., Matsuno, K., Ogawa, M., Narai-Suzuki, R., Yamaguchi, T., Murakami, T., Kinaga, T., Uchiyama, I. and Kawamoto, T. (2005) Paired acute inhalation test reveals that acetaldehyde toxicity is higher in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 30(4), 329-337.
Kawano, T., Matsuse, H., Fukahori, S., Tsuchida, T., Nishino, T., Fukushima, C. and Kohno, S. (2012) Acetaldehyde at a low concentration synergistically exacerbates allergic airway inflammation as an endocrine-disrupting chemical and as a volatile organic compound. Respiration, 84(2), 135-141.
Kruysse, A., Feron, V.J. and Til, H.P. (1975) Repeated exposure to acetaldehyde vapor. Studies in Syrian golden hamsters. Archives of Environmental Health, 30(9), 449-452.
Kunugita, N., Isse, T., Oyama, T., Kitagawa, K., Ogawa, M., Yamaguchi, T., Kinaga, T. and Kawamoto, T. (2008) Increased frequencies of micronucleated reticulocytes and T-cell receptor mutation in Aldh2 knockout mice exposed to acetaldehyde. Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 33(1), 31-36.
Myou, S., Fujimura, M., Kamio, Y., Bando, T., Nakatsumi, Y. and Matsuda, T. (1995) Repeated inhalation challenge with exogenous and endogenous histamine released by acetaldehyde inhalation in asthmatic patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 152(2), 456-460.
Myou, S., Fujimura, M., Nishi, K., Matsuda, M., Ohka, T. and Matsuda, T. (1994b) Potentiating effect of inhaled acetaldehyde on bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in asthmatic subjects. Thorax, 49(7), 644-648.
Myou, S., Fujimura, M., Nishi, K., Ohka, T. and Matsuda, T. (1994c) Inhibitory effect of a selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, OKY- 046, on acetaldehyde-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. Chest, 106(5), 1414-1418.
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Ortiz, A., Griffiths, P.J. and Littleton, J.M. (1974) A comparison of the effects of chronic administration of ethanol and acetaldehyde to mice: evidence for a role of acetaldehyde in ethanol dependence. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 26(4), 249-260.
Oyama, T., Isse, T., Ogawa, M., Muto, M., Uchiyama, I. and Kawamoto, T. (2007) Susceptibility to inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in Aldh2 knockout mice. Frontiers in Bioscience, 12(5), 1927-1934.
Oyama, T., Nagayoshi, H., Matsuda, T., Oka, M., Isse, T., Yu, H.-S., Pham, T.T.P., Tanaka, M., Kagawa, N., Kaneko, K. and Kawamoto, T. (2010) Effects of acetaldehyde inhalation in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase deficient mice (Aldh2-/-). Frontiers in Bioscience - Elite, 2 E(4), 1344-1354.
Prieto, L., Gutiérrez, V., Cervera, A. and Liñana, J. (2002a) Airway obstruction induced by inhaled acetaldehyde in asthma: Repeatability and relationship to adenosine 5'-monophosphate responsiveness. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 12(2), 91-98.
Prieto, L., Sánchez-Toril, F., Gutiérrez, V. and Marín, M.J. (2002b) Airway responsiveness to inhaled acetaldehyde in subjects with allergic rhinitis: Relationship to methacholine responsiveness. Respiration, 69(2), 129-135.
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• Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) are treated as distinct from ‘conventional’ weapons, and their stockpiling and use are particularly controversial.
• WMDs are divided into four general types: radiological, biological, chemical and nuclear weapons.
• For a well-equipped modern military, the battlefield utility of radiological and current biological weapons (BWs) is modest. Nonetheless, terrorists might find such weapons useful in inciting fear and causing economic and other damage.
• There is an existing norm, accepted by the great majority of states, against the stockpiling and use of chemical and biological weapons (CBWs). However, this norm could break down in the future.
Introduction: defining weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
While most of the chapters in this book focus chiefly on how warfare is conducted, and only address weapons within that context, any discussion of ‘weapons of mass destruction’ (WMDs) must have a somewhat different focus. This is because these weapons have been placed in a special category, marking the weapons themselves as being extraordinary and making their use uniquely controversial. Indeed, the term conventional weapons, which generally is applied to virtually all non-weapons of mass destruction, is telling, as it implies that such weapons are ‘normal’ and thus usable, unlike their WMDs counterparts. This focus on the weapon itself is unusual, and is in substantial contrast to the attitude towards most conventional weapons, which generally are treated more like various tools in a tool chest, some of which are appropriate for particular jobs but not for others, but all of which are ethically acceptable in a general sense, even if many of them ethically cannot be used in every situation.
Any reasonable recounting of the overall WMDs ‘story’, therefore, must address why these weapons have not been used in various situations where they would have promised military advantage. This is critical because, in general, one should expect that a weapon which is likely to yield military advantage will be used in warfare, and that its use will not be limited or prohibited by international agreement. Indeed, the very notion of prohibition seems slightly bizarre in regard to most conventional weapons.
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There are mainly two categories of foundations .First is open footings & second is pile foundation.
Here we are going to explore through the realm of Pile foundations.
Concept of a foundation:
For stability,the entire load of a building, needs to be properly supported on the substrata. This load comprises of dead load ,live load & wind load (added with seismic & snow loads in specific cases)
This transferring of load can be done either through open foundation ( which requires digging up to the hard strata) or it can be done through piling which does not require any pit.
Let us know piling :
Piling is a method in which the entire load of the building is transferred to the sub-strata by means of cylindrical concrete block placed in the soil. There is no need to do an open pit .
Overall process of piling :
1. A vertical cylindrical hole is made in the soil by any of the 3 methods explained later.
2.Pile reinforcement is inserted into the hole and placed in position.
3.Concreting is done in the pile.
Why Piling ?
Following situations shall illustrate the Piling as a good viable option:
- If the hard strata is quite below from the surface it is not practically feasible to dig an open pit up to that pit. There are safety hazards involved and also the cost of excavation and taking out the soil becomes quite expensive.
- Piling is also a good option if the nature of the underlying strata is not homogeneous. For example if there is a reclaimed land or filled up plot , then it is not possible to correctly estimate the safe bearing capacity of the soil below.
- In cases where ,the land is marshy of filled up with water, it is very difficult to do open foundation.
Types of Piles:
By virtue of the way in which the cylindrical hole is made in the soil, the Piles can be classified as :
1.Hand augured Piles :
This type of piling is manual process. The boring is done manually and it is called ” Auguring “. This type of pile can be taken upto a maximum of 12’00” and can be of diameter from 6″ to 10″. The capacity of such piles can be enhanced by providing one or more bulbs on the stem of the piles. these bulbs are technically known as Under-reams and hence such piles are also called as ” Under-reamed piles.”
2.Hammered Piles :
Here the soil is penetrated by the repeated strokes of a free falling hammer. there is a three legged stand which is erected exactly above the piling location. A dead weight is lifted by a winch through a pulley tied on the top of the stand. The winch lifts the dead weight above the ground.When the winch clutch is released, dead weight falls from an height of 15′ on the ground and penetrates inside the soil. Repeated strokes by the hammer takes the hole deeper to the required depth.
3.Bored with rotary cutters :
A rotary cutter bores the soil up-to desired depth.The cutter is mounted on a rig which can be easily moved to the desired location.
Which pile to use ?
The hand augured piles are the cheapest whereas the rotary piles are the costliest of the three types mentioned.
However, Due to lesser strength , their use is limited to the boundary wall columns or for buildings with 2 floors only.
Hammered and rotary piles can be designed for any capacity by increasing the Pile diameter.
Limitations of each type of piling:
Hammered type of pile is unsafe when there are old buildings in the vicinity. There may be safety risks involved due to the vibrations caused by the repeated hammer impacts on the ground.
Although the rotary piles are quite efficient and safe , their per meter boring cost of is 4 times as compared to hammered piles .
Relevant terms :
Cluster of piles :
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Tooth loss may result from a number of reasons, including periodontal disease, tooth decay, or traumatic injury. The ill effects of not replacing missing teeth can be:Dentures are removable solution for replacement teeth. Complete (or full) dentures are used to replace missing teeth for people with no remaining teeth. Partial dentures (or overdentures) replace just some missing teeth. Dentures are made primarily from acrylic resin.
Types of Dentures
Conventional Complete or Full Dentures: Conventional full dentures are removable teeth replacements that are made and placed after the remaining teeth have been removed and the gum tissues have healed. The healing process usually take from six weeks to several months, during which the patient may be without teeth or can use a temporary "immediate" denture.
Partial Dentures: When only some teeth are missing, a partial denture serves the purpose. The healthy teeth that remain act as anchors for the partial denture, using metal attachments.
Overdentures: Overdentures are conventional dentures with one or more of your natural teeth as anchors. Overdentures require preparation of the remaining teeth to provide support for the applicance, with the denture designed to fit right over them, resulting in a stable fit that makes eating easier and more comfortable.
Immediate Dentures: During the period between the removal of your remaining teeth and the final placement of your permanent conventional dentures, your dentist would put in place what is called an "immediate denture". This saves you from going without teeth as your mouth tissues heal and the bone stabilizes. Once in place, immediate dentures help reduce the initial swelling from the teeth removal. During the healing process, you may be required to make several visits to have the immediate dentures relined to adjust their fit. After the healing process is complete, permanent conventional dentures can replace the immediate dentures.
The cost of dentures depends on several factors, including:
Denture Preparation & Placement Procedure
Preparing for Dentures: During the first dental visit to evaluate the need for dentures, your dentist will examine your gums and supporting bone structure to identify the appropriate treatment plan. In some cases, oral surgery is performed to correct bony ridges that may interfere with the stability of the denture. In other cases, the remaining teeth may need to be extracted before dentures can be placed. After healing, impression of the gums to identify every ridge and crevice to ensure the best denture fit possible. In cases where teeth need to be removed, an immediate denture is typically fitted to enable proper healing of the extraction sites and serve as an esthetic replacement for natural teeth. The immediate dentures can be easily modified for changing ridge contours during healing until final dentures can be made. In constructing the immediate dentures, dentists will use a shade and mold chart to choose replacement teeth that will most closely match your natural teeth, minimizing changes in appearance.
Placing the Final Dentures: Complete dentures are made when gums are restored to a healthy condition and sufficient time has passed for healing. Complete dentures replace all teeth in the upper or lower jaws of the mouth. Gums will naturally shrink through the healing process of tooth loss, which normally takes from six to twelve months.
You should schedule for post operative care after delivery of your new dentures. It's not unusual to experience some initial discomfort. Minor adjustments to the denture can increase comfort and eliminate problems before they become more serious. Initially, a new denture may feel unusual in the mouth. The cheeks, lips, and tongue are very sensitive areas that require time to adjust to new dentures. It is not uncommon to bite one's cheek or tongue while acclimating to new dentures. However, persistent soreness or irritation should be reported to your dentist.
Denture After Care
Complete dentures, overdentures, and removable partial dentures must be removed at night while you sleep. This enables the patient's gums to be bathed by saliva, which aids in maintaining a healthy mouth and has important properties for controlling the naturally occurring flora found in the oral cavity. It also is extremely important to practice healthy dental hygiene when wearing dentures. There's a risk of developing a more serious medical condition should irritation result from improper denture hygiene. These conditions include, but are not limited to:
The gums, tongue and palate should be brushed with a soft bristle brush every evening when the dentures are removed, and each day before you insert the dentures to stimulate the gums and remove plaque accumulation. When removing dentures at night, brush the dentures carefully to remove any loose debris and plaque then soak them in a cleansing solution. Some patients keep their dentures in an ultrasonic cleaner, but keep in mind that an ultrasonic cleaner doesn't replace brushing. When cleaning your dentures, place a towel beneath the denture or clean them over a sink filled with water to avoid breakage.
In addition to adjusting to the feel of new dentures, it will also take some practice learning to chew with them. Begin by slowly chewing on very small pieces of soft food, using both sides of the mouth simultaneously. As your comfort and confidence increase you can progress to larger pieces of soft food and then proceed to harder foods.
Speaking may also require practice. It may be difficult to pronounce certain words. Usually, this problem is overcome within a couple of weeks.New denture wearers can adjust more quickly to their new prosthesis by practicing reading aloud.
With a well fitting denture and practice, denture adhesives may not be necessary. Denture wearers should expect the lower denture to fit somewhat loosely. They may need to learn how to use the muscles of the cheeks and tongue to keep the denture in place. Although this might sound bothersome, with practice, it becomes second nature.
Denture Readjustment or Replacement
If your dentures fit poorly, cause persistent mouth irritation, chip, crack, or break, it is important to see your dentist. Although most gum remodeling occurs within the first year, changes in gums and bone continue throughout one's lifetime. Over time this may result in ill-fitting or loose dentures and may compromise comfort and facial appearance. In addition, movement of the dentures on the gums may cause significant irritation. For this reason, it is recommended that complete dentures be remade or at least relined every five to seven years.
For more detailed information on Dentures, please call our office at (719) 597-6300 to schedule a consultation.
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Key Peninsula parents whose young children don’t go to preschool have an opportunity to prepare their kids for school through a new free program called Ready! for Kindergarten.
The program was developed in Kennewick, Wash. and introduced this past May at Minter and Evergreen Elementary schools for children who would be entering kindergarten in September, according to Michelle Harrison, a school readiness facilitator with Peninsula School District.
Ready! for Kindergarten provides parents with a “tool kit”of cards, beads, shapes, alphabet letters and other items for playing with their children.
Research shows that children’s brains are really developing between birth and age 5, Harrison said, so this program “helps parents have purposeful play at home with their kids.”
Parents attend a free 90-minute training session and are given their own games (tools) and instructions on how to use them.
Then they use the system at home to play with their children, making each playtime a learning experience.
“We encourage parents to play little games with their kids –– like when they go to a store, say “Let’s look for a letter ‘A’,”Harrison said.
“We’re trying to show parents that they are their children’s first teacher. So from the time a child is born, the more parents interact with their baby the more their baby is going to learn, because the parents are the most important people in babies’lives and they are going to learn from their parents,”she added.
Caren Halvorson, a volunteer who works at Vaughn, calls Ready! for Kindergarten “an amazing program.”
“Each age group gets different tools and goals. There are tools for 3- and 4-year olds, and goals for 4- to 5 year-olds.
“The goals ––we call them targets ––are things like being able to recognize the letters of their first name and being able to recognize 12-15 letters and their sounds by the time they get to kindergarten,”Halvorson said.
Robyn McGilvrey, a 34-year-old mother from Minterwood has taken Ready! classes for all three of her kids.
“We learn fun games and rhymes and so forth. I learned a lot of new games and things to do with my children ––new things that my kids like to do because it’s not the same old stuff we have at home,”McGilvrey said.
“The first time around we got sorting beads and we practiced motor skills by stringing the beads on a string. We also have card games. We keep everything in a special box so my kids know it’s a special time when we bring out that little box,” she added.
Six-year-old Reva McGilvrey liked playing with the Ready! tools. “We learned games like Toppett and Go Fish,”Reva said.
“The cards have pictures and a same number ––like three dogs. I like playing with mom with the cards. There’s another game with a little puzzle and you put the puzzles together and then you make a story out of them. It’s a learning game,” she said, moments before another gathering at Minter Creek Elementary School.
Harrison is a firm believer in the Ready! program.
“If your kid hasn’t done preschool, this is a great thing for them. It gives you the tools so they can catch up, This is a really great program,”she said.
“In kindergarten, kids that have been to preschool kind of get bored because they have to wait for the other kids to catch up. So this helps keep all the kids even,” she added.
The next free Ready! training session for parents will take place in February. The training and the tools are free for Key Peninsula families.
For information call the Early Childhood Referral line at (253) 530-1168, or email [email protected].
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22 August 1922: Michael Collins was shot dead on this day. He was killed in an ambush at Béal na mBláth (Mouth of the Flowers) near Macroom in Co. Cork by a party of the local IRA. Huge controversy surrounds the unfolding of events on that day. It is not certain if the ambushers knew that Collins was in the Free State Army convoy that they attacked or whether they even recognised him.
Late in the evening as the light started to fade the column was stopped by rifle fire in a narrow road that was overlooked by the IRA. Instead of putting the boot down and accelerating out of this death trap Michael Collins decided to fight it out. When the first shots were fired at the convoy, Emmet Dalton had ordered the driver to "drive like hell" out of the ambush. Collins himself countermanded the order and said "Stop! We'll fight them"
He stepped out of the armoured car he was being escorted in, the Slievenamon, and opened fire on the assailants. This proved his Nemeses as he became an instant target and was fatally hit. The general consensus at that time was it was a ricochet that took him out but that has been challenged in recent years.
The most recent authoritative account suggests that the shot was fired by Denis ("Sonny") O'Neill, an Anti-Treaty IRA fighter and a former British Army marksman who died in 1950.
Collins's men brought his body back to Cork where it was then shipped to Dublin because it was feared the body might be stolen in an ambush if it were transported by road. His body lay in state for three days in Dublin City Hall where tens of thousands of mourners filed past his coffin to pay their respects. His funeral mass took place at Dublin's Pro Cathedral where a number of foreign and Irish dignitaries were in attendance. He was buried in Glasnevin Cemetary Dublin.
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Cystic Fibrosis is a generalized, autosomal recessive disorder of infants, children and young adults with widespread dysfunction of the exocrine glands. Characteristics include chronic pulmonary disease, pancreatic insufficiency, abnormally high levels of electrolytes in the sweat and less frequently biliary cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus.
Cystic Fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disease.
Autosomal recessive genetic defect
Positive family history (rarely seen due to recessive nature)
Elevation of sodium and chloride concentrations in sweat (quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis sweat test)
Genetic screening if sweat test inadequate
Stool trypsin and chymotrypsin absent or diminished
72 hour fecal fat excretion - increased fat in stool
Decreased albumin, fat soluble vitamins
CF gene screen (reference lab)
Pseudomonas in respiratory secretions
Fantastic new books!
Complementary and Alternative Medical Lab Testing is chock full of references for over 100 diseases.
Nutritional Genetics is also a referenced resource with sections on over 100 diseases.
Great Health Quotes has wonderful quotations about health, healing, disease, doctors, and medicine, and it's FREE.
A Brief Introduction to Naturopathy and Naturopathic Medicine describes the history and modalities. It's also FREE.
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Today, many celebrate the Celtic festival of Samhain or Samuin (pronounced sow-an or sow-in)”. The word is derived from Old Irish and means roughly “summer’s end”. The festival celebrates the end of the “lighter half” of the year and beginning of the “darker half”. It is sometimes regarded as the “Celtic New Year”. The ancient Celts believed that the border between this world and the next became thin on Samhain, allowing spirits (both harmless and harmful) to pass through. The family’s ancestors were honoured and invited home while harmful spirits were warded off. It is believed that the need to ward off harmful spirits led to the wearing of costumes and masks to disguise oneself as a harmful spirit. The word Halloween is first attested in the 16th century and represents a Scottish variant of the fuller All-Hallows-Even (“evening”), that is, the night before All Hallows or All Saints Day when the church celebrates the unity of the church, visible and invisible, earthly and heavenly, the church penitent and the church triumphant.
But on All Hallows Eve, the 31st October 1517, a 34 year old Augustinian monk gave us another reason to celebrate today, when he nailed a statement to the door of the Schlosskirche in the Saxon town of Wittenberg. And so today also marks the first day of the Reformation. What triggered Martin Luther’s historic challenge to the Church of Rome was Pope Leo X’s decision to complete the rebuilding of Rome’s ancient and crumbling St Peter’s Cathedral. Or rather, should I say, how Pope Leo proposed to pay for the work. In order to raise the funds needed, he authorised Bishops to sell indulgences promising to deliver souls from Purgatory. One particularly energetic salesman was Johann Tetzel. Tetzel was a German Dominican friar assigned by the Archbishop of Mainz to collect the revenue in that part of Germany. Using a drum to gain attention, Tetzel apparently wrote praise songs with imaginative words like “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs.” Tetzel sold pardons for murder, for incest, theft, adultery, perjury and other crimes, all for hard cash. The pardons not only covered past sin but future sins also. With the blessing of the church, therefore, recipients could indulge themselves in the belief that they had bought their forgiveness. Luther vowed ‘to beat a hole in Tetzel’s drum’ and that is why he pinned his 95 thesis to the door of the church in Wittenburg.
On this very same weekend, in 444 BC, a similar Reformation occurred in Jerusalem. On this very day the residents of Jerusalem confessed their sin and renewed their covenant with the Lord, taking an oath of allegiance to God under their new Governor, Nehemiah. Nehemiah chapter 8 describes what led to that historic event. As we read it together, I want us to discern the abiding principles that will lead to another reformation, personal and corporate. There are really two parts to the story of Nehemiah. The first six chapters tell of the reconstruction of the walls of Jerusalem.
The last seven chapters tell of the reformation or renewal of the people of Jerusalem.
1. The Need for Renewal
1.1 Material Dissatisfaction
“The total given by the rest of the people was 20,000 darics of gold, 2,000 minas of silver and 67 garments for priests.” (Nehemiah 7:72)
They had finally made it. The walls were built, Jerusalem was secure. They were becoming prosperous. 20,000 darics of gold was about 1.1 metric tons. They could now settle down in their own towns in the surrounding countryside and enjoy the abundance of God’s provision. Settling down, surrounded by everything you need reveals only one thing. Dissatisfaction. Because we cannot find our deepest fulfilment in possessions. The need for renewal begins with material dissatisfaction, and,
1.2 Spiritual Thirst
“all the people assembled with one accord in the square before the Water Gate. They told Ezra the teacher of the Law to bring out the Book of the Law of Moses, which the LORD had commanded for Israel.” (Nehemiah 8:1)
Let me ask you, what is your primary reason for being here today? The Israelites gathered at the Water Gate, in their families for one purpose. They congregated to hear the Word of God. They asked for a Bible Reading. Renewal began with a dissatisfaction and with a thirst for God’s word. All the great events in Church history have begun in this same way. I recently discovered the biography of Bishop Francis James Chavasse. He helped found Wycliffe Theological College in Oxford in 1887 when he became Bishop of Liverpool. As the first principal of Wycliffe he wrote:
“As might be expected, the opening of the Hall was not received with enthusiasm in a conservative University. Evangelical principles were not in accord with the prevailing tone of Church life in Oxford, and the idea of planting a theological college was opposed by most of the leading Churchman of the day.”
Nevertheless the college thrived because it satisfied the thirst of many students for an understanding of God’s word, even the Greek New Testament studies at 7:30am in the morning before breakfast. As a result Wycliffe became a leading institution in training and sending missionaries throughout the world.
So what are you standing for your assurance? What are you using to quench your spiritual thirst? You will never be satisfied on a diet of praise songs and experiential books, useful as they are. Your spiritual thirst will not be met with fresh coffee after the service, or even around the baptistry, nor from the Lord’s Table. It is met by the Lord when His word is opened and read and digested and obeyed. Our praise, our study, our fellowship, even our baptism and communion find their meaning, find their significance only through the Word of God rightly interpreted.
All other activities are subordinate to this one. Much confusion and controversy in Ecumenical circles would be silenced if people realised where reformation and renewal begins. For unless the Word is taken seriously we are left adrift on a sea of fallible tradition, of fallen reason and subjective experience. Renewal begins when we realise that materialism won’t satisfy, and when, as a consequence, we thirst for God’s word. The Need for Renewal.
2. The Process of Renewal
Sometimes we are given the impression that charismatics have a monopoly on “renewal in the Spirit”, and evangelicals have a monopoly on “reformation through the Word”.
As if these were mutually exclusive, the one emphasising the Spirit, the other the Scriptures. This is a false dichotomy. Rebirth and renewal describe the same process:
“He saved us through the washing of rebirth and renewal by the Holy Spirit, whom he poured out on us generously through Jesus Christ our Saviour” (Titus 3:5-6).
Authentic renewal only comes through our response to God’s revelation of Himself in the Scriptures, and through the cross of the Lord Jesus Christ. It comes from nowhere else.
You cannot separate renewal from reformation. As we look at the process of renewal in Nehemiah 8, remember when Nehemiah uses the term “Law”, he means the first five books of Moses. That’s what they were getting so excited about. There was firstly,
2.1 Reverence for the Word
“He read it aloud from daybreak till noon as he faced the square before the Water Gate in the presence of the men, women and others who could understand. And all the people listened attentively to the Book of the Law. Ezra the teacher of the Law stood on a high wooden platform built for the occasion…Ezra opened the book. All the people could see him because he was standing above them; and as he opened it, the people all stood up. Ezra praised the LORD, the great God; and all the people lifted their hands and responded, “Amen! Amen!” Then they bowed down and worshiped the LORD with their faces to the ground.” (Nehemiah 8:3-6)
- The Word was read aloud for hours (Nehemiah 8:2)
- The people listened attentively (Nehemiah 8:3). If they’d had their own copies, they would have underlined the commands and made notes in the margins……
- The Word was read from a high pulpit (Nehemiah 8:4)
It was specially constructed for this purpose. Go into a Lutheran Church on the continent and what sticks out?
The pulpit is massive. When we visit Israel next year we will visit the Church on the hillside overlooking the Sea of Galilee dedicated to the “Sermon on the Mount”. Ironically it has no pulpit. Why? The denomination has not yet been touched by the Reformation. In many churches today you will find a permanent altar but a moveable lectern. What does that say?
- The people stood respectfully (Nehemiah 8:5) If you ever have the opportunity go to an Greek or Russian Orthodox Church you will see how they reverence the Word. Before the Bible is read, the priest walks around the Church with the Scriptures, and reverently kisses them before the reading. I think we have gone way too far the other way when we use our Bibles as table mats for our coffee cups at home groups. If not standing, perhaps we should remain silent a little longer after the Bible readings to remind ourselves that we have just heard God speak, then allow Him to apply it to us personally.
- The Lord so revealed was praised (Nehemiah 8:6). Notice that worship resulted from the reading of God’s word. Worship of God came spontaneously from the reading of God’s word.
Scripture reading was not merely an interlude between times of worship. It was central and it was lengthy. Indeed, they got quite emotional all because of a Bible reading. They bowed down with their faces to the ground. We might think such a posture would cramp your style, but no, this was how they showed their reverence for God, by bowing in humble submission, falling at His feet in adoration. They sensed they were in the presence of God. All because God’s Law had been read. There was a reverence for the Word.
2.2 Revelation through the Word
“The Levites… instructed the people in the Law while the people were standing there. They read from the Book of the Law of God, making it clear and giving the meaning so that the people understood what was being read. Then Nehemiah the governor, Ezra the priest and teacher of the Law, and the Levites who were instructing the people said to them all, “This day is holy to the LORD your God. Do not mourn or weep.” For all the people had been weeping as they listened to the words of the Law.” (Nehemiah 8:7-9)
On either side of Ezra were the Levites. Their job was to explain the meaning of the Scriptures, as Ezra read to them. Not only did the people listen reverently and attentively. Because its meaning was made clear, but they understood it. They understood how the Lord wanted them to live. The Holy Spirit opened the people’s minds to understand the Word of God so that inner renewal took place. Your mind matters. You cannot worship God or please Him without using it. That’s why every service should be a learning experience. This raises the question “how does God communicate with us?” He uses many different ways, He uses pain, our conscience, advice, dreams, and many other ways. But these are all subjective and therefore fallible. The ultimate way He communicates with us is through His living and active Word, sharper than any two edged sword. The Scriptures are literally God breathed. God speaks to us through them as they are reverently heard, correctly handled, rightly interpreted, appropriately applied, and willingly obeyed – and for each step in this process, we need to engage our minds.
The cults will try and disengage your mind from your experience. Our responsibility is to understand God’s word for today and obey it, not to go enticed by new and exotic teaching about life in heaven or about events not mentioned in the Bible. The reading of God’s word here brought the people to repentance. But that doesn’t mean we have to dress in black and go about in mourning. Look at verse 9 again.
“Then Nehemiah the governor, Ezra the priest and teacher of the Law, and the Levites who were instructing the people said to them all, “This day is holy to the LORD your God. Do not mourn or weep.” For all the people had been weeping as they listened to the words of the Law.” (Nehemiah 8:9)
What caused their distress? The realisation that they had been ignoring God by disregarding his word. They had grieved God. They had compromised themselves morally and begun to worship other gods as well. Renewal begins when we realise our thirst for God. Renewal continues when we reverence His word. Thirdly,
2.3 Rejoice in the Word
“Nehemiah said, “Go and enjoy choice food and sweet drinks, and send some to those who have nothing prepared. This day is holy to our Lord. Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength.” The Levites calmed all the people, saying, “Be still, for this is a holy day. Do not grieve.” (Nehemiah 8:10-11)
Their grief was real. But joy is never far from wholesome, healthy grief over sin. For repentance is always provoked by a God of mercy who forgives and restores. Soon a celebration was under way. Because this was a sacred day, Nehemiah told them to go home and have a party. There’s nothing incompatible here. The early church knew nothing of dull or solemn services. They called their meetings “Agape” meals or even “love feasts”.
Jesus invites us to be his guests at a celebration meal held in His honour. Renewal brought rejoicing. The Need for Renewal, the Process of Renewal and
3. The Results of Renewal
Renewal begins as people break down and weep over their disobedience. Three positive results followed.
3.1 A generosity toward those in need
“Then all the people went away to eat and drink, to send portions of food and to celebrate with great joy, because they now understood the words that had been made known to them.” (Nehemiah 8:12)
The party was open to all, because God’s blessings were for all. God had been generous with them, they were to be generous with others. Authentic renewal reaches the deepest recesses of our pockets. How we apply this depends on our circumstances. It could mean baking a cake for someone, or leaving a bag of shopping on someone’s door step. Your home group is a natural way to reach out too. See our church social events like the Wentworth Bonfire next weekend as a priority. They are great ways to welcome people and show we care. Renewal brings reconciliation and generosity. Renewal does not take us away from this world but into it. A generosity toward those in need.
3.2 A deepening love for God’s Word
“On the second day of the month, the heads of all the families, along with the priests and the Levites, gathered around Ezra the teacher to give attention to the words of the Law. They found written in the Law, which the LORD had commanded through Moses, that the Israelites were to live in temporary shelters during the festival of the seventh month that they should proclaim this word and spread it throughout their towns and in Jerusalem” (Nehemiah 8:13-15)
Renewal is a process, a deepening process, of coming closer to God. How does this happen? Renewal brings a thirst for God’s Word. More than a mere passive listening, the fathers of each family formed a special Bible study group to learn more about God’s will. Why? So they could teach their families. They took their responsibility very seriously. That’s a sign of genuine renewal. Maybe you feel too busy to be in a Home Group or Community Bible Study group. Let me tell you this. Your family will suffer more if you’re not in God’s word daily, than if you spend too much time at the office. Where else do we find out how God wants us to live than from the Maker’s Instructions?
Authentic renewal does not take people away from the Scriptures. Renewal does not lead them on from the Scriptures but back to them in a quickened interest. They wanted more. They studied God’s word, then shared it in their families. Renewal brings reconciliation and generosity, renewal brings a deepening love for God’s word, and thirdly:
3.3 An interest in Their History
“So the people went out and brought back branches and built themselves temporary shelters on their own roofs, in their courtyards, in the courts of the house of God and in the square by the Water Gate and the one by the Gate of Ephraim. The whole company that had returned from exile built temporary shelters and lived in them. From the days of Joshua son of Nun until that day, the Israelites had not celebrated it like this. And their joy was very great. Day after day, from the first day to the last, Ezra read from the Book of the Law of God. They celebrated the festival for seven days, and on the eighth day, in accordance with the regulation, there was an assembly.” (Nehemiah 8:16-18)
The effect in Jerusalem was dramatic but may not at once seem all that significant. Israel had forgotten her heritage, forgotten the mighty work of God in her past. The people showed a renewed interest in the Feast of Booths. The history of the feast goes back to their earliest days in the Promised Land. It was designed so that the Israelites would never forget that their ancestors had lived in tents in the wilderness. Once they reached the Promised Land and having tasted its fruits they were to make booths of branches and palms at harvest time each year as a commemoration.
The people’s dependence on God, their gratitude to him would be reawakened. This celebration therefore lifted their morale as they remembered what God had done for them. It was no accident they were a nation once more. They were discovering their roots once again.
Renewal will bring a deepening interest in our history as a church so that we can celebrate, like today, that we are members of the One Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church of the living and the dead. The history of God’s dealing with our ancestors is our heritage and our bloodline. It is a healthy antidote to an arrogance that thinks our generation alone has rediscovered Gods ways.
It provides us with the inoculation we need to discern where new teaching departs from God’s historic ways. Authentic renewal brings not only generosity toward the needy, a thirst for God’s word, but also an interest in God’s work in history. For then and only then, we can rightly praise Him and experience the renewal of His Spirit because we are being reformed by his Word.
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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT INSTRUCTIONAL – SE1610
Length of course:
10, 11, 12
Course Description: A study of the theory and operation of the American Government at the state, local, and national levels. Emphasis will be placed on the development of a national government system including the drafting of the Constitution, the development of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and civil liberties afforded to American citizens under the Constitution. Further study will include the development of the two-party system in the United States, and the foundation of state and local government. This course is designed to help young people acquire and learn the skills, knowledge and attitudes that will prepare them to be competent and responsible citizens throughout their lives. Emphasis will be placed on government institutions; simulations of the democratic process and opportunities for service learning. Additional discourse about the current problems facing our system of government will be included. This course is required for graduation and may be taken in the sophomore, junior, or senior year.
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Iridium OpenPort Satellite Communications
Beyond antagonizing the Japanese whaling fleet, the Sea Shepherd are also attempting to send back immediate video and pictures of illegal whaling in the Antarctic.
One such device that allows them to do that with relative ease is an Iridium OpenPort device. Specifically created for maritime use, the OpenPort allows ships like the Ady Gil to have an "always on" connection with the outside world. Though its data speed of 128kbps is painfully slow compared to high-speed broadband, it's nonetheless a feat of engineering to upload much of anything when you're in the middle of the Antarctic Ocean.
Unlike your sometimes-crappy cell phone signal, the Sea Shepherd will always have a way to dial home or send updates. Iridium has more than 66 satellites in space, offering pole-to-pole global coverage.
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Our Mission: Creating conditions for learning, so all students can succeed.
Our Vision for key stakeholders:
Teachers - create a nurturing learning environment of active engaged learners, regularly attend school, and are a good example for their students through professional and ethical behavior. Teachers also plan and carry out effective instruction using a variety of learning activities so all students can learn at their individual level.
Students - pay attention to their teacher, attend school regularly, and complete assignments. Students also ask clarifying questions, complete their homework, and get along with others.
Parents - ensure students come to school regularly, ready to learn. Parents also help with homework, read daily with their child and support teachers, coaches, directors and officials in conversations at home.
School District Staff - are technically competent, trustworthy and friendly. These employees are also hard working, good examples for students.
School leaders - create a shared vision, understand student needs and are helpful. Leaders are good examples for students and solve problems by collaborating with parents, teachers and the community.
Instructional Goal: At least 90% of teachers will meet or exceed an effective rating on the Utah Teaching Standards as measured by the North Sanpete School District Teacher Evaluation System (NSES). A percentage of teachers reaching effective or higher will be reported annually.
Student Achievement Goal: All students will show improvement including at least a year of growth or reach their IEP Goals each year as measured by SLOs, SAGE, DIBELS, WIDA, ACT, graduation rates, etc. Each school will report their success annually.
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ENG 100-650: Gaming for the Greater Good
During the first part of the course, each student will learn fundamental programming skills, such as language syntax, sequential and concurrent execution, iterative and alternative commands, and event-driven execution. These lessons will be taught in the context of 1-2 Object-Oriented languages. In the second part of the course, each team of students will create a computer game using their newly acquired programming skills. The game, however, must have some form of social relevance. As examples, the game might help a child with a cognitive or physical disability such as Cerebral Palsy or Autism Spectrum Disorder. The overall goal of the course is to integrate the games that are developed into the therapy and assessment laboratories at C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital.
More info: http://eng100.engin.umich.edu/list/sec650/
EECS 495: Accessible Software Systems Design
Using established software development methodology, build software system that combines new technology and also addresses disability or illness. Gain understanding and empathy for existing software/device approaches for accessibility. Frequently work with UM-affiliated hospital and/or specific disabled customer. Emphasis given to team-based development of large, complex, software system.
Courses Previously Taught
EECS 183: Elementary Programming Concepts
EECS 203: Discrete Math
EECS 270: Computer Organization
EECS 280: Programming and Data Structures
EECS 281: Data Structures and Algorithms
EECS 481: Software Engineering
EECS 496: Major Design Experience, Professionalism
EECS 497: Major Design Projects
Media Links Related to Courses Taught
Projects from some of my recent courses have been highlighted in the media. Here are some examples.
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Through the improvement of technology, digital financial innovation is improving as well which enables change in the way things are working in the financial institutions. For the most part. There is a dynamic change in technology which will affect how things work traditionally since our world today is enormously improving every minute because of technology which can be considered as digital financial innovation in the finance industry.
Automated teller machines, credit cards as well as debit cards, credit scoring and indexed mutual funds are among the famous examples of technological changes which have greatly affected the financial industry. In addressing old problems, there had been changes in the financial industry which may come in many forms including the utilization of devices such as automated teller machines.
Automated teller machines are examples of modernization in the financial industry which gives the customer a lot of benefit since they can save on their time and money in going to the banks. The machine is available 24 hours a day everyday so the clients won't have to go to the bank anymore. In just a short period of time, the use of cash on hand had been overshadowed by debit and credit cards which is considered as one of the most popular financial innovations in the industry. In line with this, people are now using this cards to do their transactions everyday since it does not require you to go to the bank and you can do it anywhere. Know more about finance at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance.
In spite of these, there are still numerous fintech innovation services firms who are struggling to keep up with all these changes. The compliance and regulation of these innovative changes in the industry is increasing the burden and work load for a lot of individuals since not all can adopt to the fast rising changes brought about by technology. Technological innovations are external forces which are only preferred by a few since people still believe in having changes caused about by internal factors and decisions.
This is not a position anyone would like to be in even if it is understandable. In some ways, the traditional way is the best way however since we are talking about financial services innovation, adapting to all these changes may help you improve and succeed in your business.
Notwithstanding the fact that this may mean changes in the opposing area, it might not stop here. Many companies and firms are already going about with these technological changes since there are also a lot of advantages that is brought about by these changes and they might not be able to do well with the competition. Taking into account international payments and peer to peer lending, it is very well-known that small software providers are upset about these old ways in dealing with finances.
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Today’s topic “what triggers you” means what pisses you off?
What hurts your feelings? What frustrates you? Hurts you?
What are the things that cause you to become the not-so-best version of you? What things cause you to bring out the animal side of you?
What causes you to enter the fight or flight mode? What things cause you to be mad or irritated by people?
Knowing what ticks you off is just the first part of this topic. The second is, what do you do when people push your buttons?
How do you handle it; do you just avoid it or pretend it never happened? Do you confront the person and give them a piece of your mind? Do you start a fight? Do you challenge them?
What do you do to handle the emotional stuff that you don’t like?
Most of us have a certain set of things that hook us, trigger us or get to us. In most cases, we also have a set of responses that we use each time we are frustrated or hurt by someone or something.
Download today’s worksheet to work through emotional triggers.
When they trigger you, what is your go-to response? Pause and think about it. What is the emotional home you run back to as a way of handling the things that push your buttons? Some people get angry, others get sad, and some get even.
There are a number of things you can do to cope with the things that trigger you. One device you can use is called “Spire.” It is a tracking device that tracks your breathing patterns all day long and it tells you when you are calm, when you are tense and when you are focused.
Most of us are unaware when we are tense and when we are stressed. The “Spire” helps you to know when you are stressed or tensed up. The first thing that you therefore need to deal with what triggers you is awareness that you have been triggered.
Most men will say they are fine when they are tense, but most women will sense that something isn’t right with their emotions. Women tend to be more in tune with their feelings than men are. It is important to be able to tell, to identify when certain things are causing you to be tense.
Once you have that awareness, the second thing that you need to know is where you are choosing to go when you are tense. Are you choosing to be frustrated? Are you choosing to get angry? Are you choosing to get upset? What is your “emotional home base”?
The third thing that you have to do is divided into three steps;
- Acknowledge the fact that you are upset.
- Appreciate the fact that you are in this emotion. Establish why you are feeling this emotion and know how your body is reacting in response to that emotion.
- Adjust to the emotion that you actually want. What would be a more useful way to respond to the situation? What would be a more effective way to handle this right now? What can I do to enjoy adjusting to this right now? If I did it with humor, creativity, love, laughter or joy, it would really be fun to do it right now!
Following the three steps above brings you back in charge of deciding how everything that upsets you can be handled. You are no longer on autopilot, reverting to the same preprogrammed script of responding to situations.
The three steps above can only work when you are triggered but retain some control of your senses. If you are so pissed that you can’t think straight, then you need to do one of two things:
- All emotions felt fully lead back to joy. When very angry, go into your room and set a timer to five minutes and feel every ounce of that anger. After about 5-10 minutes, you will be engulfed by this high level of peace within. What happens is that your body hits an internal circuit breaker to get you out of that anger or other negative emotion and bring you back to joy. You will have tears in your eyes, you will laugh or respond in any other way that shows you are now free.
- If the option above doesn’t work, do something else to break free from the grip of that emotion. For example, go straight to your bathroom and take an ice-cold shower for 3 minutes. Don’t touch the hot water, just stay in there with the cold water and just breathe. Do heavy, deep breathing while taking this shower. The experience of having the ice-cold shower will change your state and bring you out of the negative emotion. The experience of that shower will pump adrenaline through your system and you will emerge when you are a stronger, more resilient version of you. In this way, the experience that ticked you off will now seem insignificant and it will no longer bother you.
I hope this training on how to deal with your emotional triggers helps. Go out and practice the methods offered on how to deal with those triggers and put them to use each time you experience an unpleasant emotion.
Download the worksheet below to support you on your journey!
To Your Success,
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8mm pipe pvc
PVC pipe (UPVC pipe), that is, rigid polyvinyl chloride pipe, is made of polyvinyl chloride resin, stabilizers, lubricants, etc., 2 inch hdpe pvc pipe for water supply and then extruded by hot pressing. hdpe upvc pvc pipe is the earliest plastic material that has been developed and applied. UPVC pipe has strong corrosion resistance, easy bonding, low price and hard texture, but due to the exudation of UPVC monomer and additives, 9 inch pvc hdpe pipe it is only suitable for water supply systems with a conveying temperature not exceeding 45 °C .
9 inch pvc hdpe pipe SDR 13.5 SDR 11, PVC pipe means that the main raw material of the pipe is PVC resin powder. The types of PVC pipes are generally divided according to the use of the pipes: drainage pipes, water supply pipes, wire pipes, cable sheaths… Because hdpe upvc pvc pipe low cost, the raw material formulations are different, the compression resistance of various pipes, etc. All indicators are different. PVC water supply pipes are used with water supply accessories for water supply projects in buildings.
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The history of the Statue of Liberty began in the 1870s. That was when the idea for the statue began to surface in France. It was a gift by the French to the United States, which was celebrating its centennial.
In 1874 the designer Auguste Bartholdi conceived the idea for the structure. There were several people who worked on it however. The skeletal frame was created under the supervision of Gustave Eiffel, who would go on to create the famous Eiffel Tower. Inspiration for the statue was derived from various sources. Most notable among its sources is Apollo and the various sun gods.
Early Models and Construction
There were several models built early in the history of the Statue of Liberty. As far back as 1870, there was already a small scale model. It has survived though and remains in a museum in France. Another structure was built and is now in Brazil.
The idea was to have the statue completed in 1876, but by that time only a few parts had been finished. However, the early parts were shipped to the United States. It was shown for a fee in Philadelphia.
The money earned from the event was used to further fund the project. Two years later in 1878, the head was displayed at the Paris Exposition. Also at this time it was decided New York harbor would be its location, marking an important point in the history of the Statue of Liberty.
Funding and Completion
Part of the funding was raised by Senator Evarts and his committee. However substantial portions were also donated by the public. This was brought about when newspaper editorials criticized the rich and middle class for not providing enough financial support.
On July 1884 in France, the structure was completed. Almost a year later on June 1885 the parts were sent to New York from France. The parts were disassembled.
There were over 300 parts contained in over 200 crates. The arm and torch were already in America at this time. A vital point in the history of the Statue of Liberty was its dedication. This took place on October 28, 1886 by United States President Grover Cleveland.
Facts about the Statue
The structure is 151 ft tall. If you include the pedestal it would be over 300 ft. The head itself is 17 ft high and its width is 10 ft. It weighs over 200 tons. The cost for the entire structure was over $800,000. That amount of course was worth much more during that time.
During its early years the structure was utilized as a lighthouse. It also holds the distinction of being the first to utilize electrical power. In 1966 it was declared a historic place. The nearby island was also renamed Liberty Island. 22 years later in 1984 the statue was declared a World Heritage Site.
The history of the Statue of Liberty is not just a gift by one country to another. It also serves as an outstanding symbol of democracy.
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Public Power Communities Shine the Light on Innovation
Public power utilities, which are owned by the communities they serve, have an inherent interest in helping those communities to innovate and prosper.
Behind that dependable light switch, though, it’s a time of great change in the power industry, particularly with regard to how the power flowing to that switch is generated and distributed. America’s more than 2,000 community-owned power utilities are at the forefront of this change, one prominent example of the numerous ways public power is trying to meet the evolving needs of the customer base.
Generating Power On-location
Distributed generation is an ever-hotter topic across the country. It’s essentially the antithesis of the traditional way of doing things in the power business, which for many years has meant electricity being generated at a big power plant, then transmitted across the power grid to businesses, homes, and — ultimately — that light switch. With distributed generation, power is generated onsite, at a home or business, with the power grid serving more as a supplement or backup. Solar or photovoltaic power is driving an explosion of interest in distributed generation. There are other technologies in the mix, too, such as fuel cells, small wind turbines, and combined heat and power, but solar is the technology of choice at the moment in 95 percent of distributed generation, according to the American Public Power Association (APPA).
Consider the statistics: In 2011, distributed generation produced four gigawatts of power across the U.S. That’s expected to more than double by next year, and reach 20 gigawatts by 2020. That’s largely solar generation, driven by a 70 percent drop in the cost of photovoltaic installations since 2008, along with government incentives and support from forward-thinking utilities.
“We’ve seen explosive growth in photovoltaic, driven by what’s happening with the cost,” says Mark Rawson, senior project manager at the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD). The utility, he says, is interconnected with some 7,000 distributed generation systems. “We’ve been doing a lot of work with the expectation that this trend will continue.”
In Texas, solar installations are showing up all over Austin, according to Carlos Cordova, a spokesperson with public power provider Austin Energy. “The growing distributed solar footprint on thousands of Austin-area homes, public facilities, and commercial properties is clear evidence of the partnerships between Austin Energy and our customers.”
The trend, he says, has been positive not just for those distributed-generation users but also the local economy. “Incentive programs have helped our customers by sharing the cost of installing solar systems and spurred the development of the clean energy industry in our region,” Cordova observes. “Solar Austin, a local nonprofit group, estimates that Austin Energy’s solar programs have created more than 600 clean-energy jobs in our area. The solar program has helped spur the development of the solar and clean-tech industry by creating green-collar and professional jobs and attracting other related solar companies and investment.”
The folks who maintain the system live and work in the areas they serve. They know the areas they’re maintaining and that tends to enhance response time. Jeff Haas, Vice President of Membership, APPA
The utility’s focus on solar is likely to create a lot more business opportunities down the road if the area’s population grows as much as The Urban Institute predicts, adds Rodney Gonzales, deputy director in the City of Austin’s economic development department. “Supplying electricity to one million new residents brings about challenges,” he notes. “Embedded in these challenges are opportunities for supplying electricity to the end-user, such as solar installations at the home and business. The solar installations then lead to new jobs and businesses to support this industry.”
By the end of 2014, nearly 200 commercial projects had committed to install solar arrays in Austin, along with nearly 3,500 residential customers of Austin Energy. The developments were encouraged by rebates totaling $43 million since 2004 for the residential customers, plus $21 million in performance-based incentives for the commercial projects. “Combined, the residential and commercial installations — including some demonstration projects at schools and municipal buildings — total 23.1 megawatts of customer-sited, local-distributed solar,” Cordova says.
Benefits for Everyone
Why support and facilitate distributed generation in the first place? How could it possibly fit with the goals of a power utility to encourage customers to create their own power rather than buy it?
First of all, it’s essential to note that public power utilities have goals that are a good bit different from their for-profit counterparts. Their purpose in life is not returning a profit to investors, but rather serving the needs of the stakeholders in the community. “We are a community-owned utility, so our motivations are different,” says SMUD’s Rawson. “When we look at customer service, and we ask our customers what they want, they want choice.”
In 2011, distributed generation produced four gigawatts of power across the U.S. That’s expected to more than double by next year, and reach 20 gigawatts by 2020.
The needs that those stakeholders express are diverse, and include not just affordable power but economic development, environmental responsibility, and innovation. Distributed generation fits into those needs in a number of ways. “Our customers are asking for solar,” Rawson says. “They pursue solar for whatever their drivers are, whether they’re environmental concerns or they want to be independent and generate their own power.”
Distributed generation offers benefits for utilities, too. For example, just as conservation measures can help put off the need to construct costly new power plants, so can distributed generation. It reduces the need for backup power, too. And because distributed generation nearly always involves solar power, it helps utilities meet goals for increasing the amount of renewable, clean energy in the mix.
That just adds to the eagerness that many public power utilities have for supporting distributed generation, through rebates, assistance programs, and the customer’s ability to sell excess power back to the utility. The concept of net metering charges customers for the power they draw from the grid when they’re using more energy than their solar installation can generate, but credits them when their distributed-generation system has excess power that it feeds back to the grid.
Such benefits help make solar more feasible and attractive, says Sean Hamilton, general manager of the Sterling Municipal Light Department in Massachusetts. “The state of Massachusetts offers a very good solar renewable energy certificate program; there are tax incentives, and we offer net metering credits to commercial customers who install solar.”
Rebates are important because they help defray the cost of installation, which is falling but still significant. Austin Energy recently decided to take the enticements a step further by offering incentives to customers that lease their solar installations. Leasing eliminates the upfront cost to the customer, so rebates aren’t appropriate, but the utility rewards these types of customers with a special “Value of Solar” rate.
Solar power purchasing agreements put the benefits of distributed generation and green power into reach for many customers, says Hamilton. “A project like this allows all the customers to benefit from low-cost power, and not just those with the means; the utility offers interconnection benefits providing further cost saving to the project, which is reflected in the low-cost power.”
As Hamilton suggests, distributed generation isn’t feasible for some customers. Some are turned away by the upfront costs, and some are deterred because their structure is shaded by trees, or because they live in a high-rise condo. In many public power areas, these customers still have options.
Austin Energy, for example, is developing a community solar project in the two- to four-megawatt range. “Customers who are not able to install solar panels at their homes will be able to subscribe to solar energy once the local community solar project is completed next year,” says Cordova.
By the end of 2014, nearly 200 commercial projects had committed to install solar arrays in Austin. The developments were encouraged by $21 million in performance-based incentives.
Customers of SMUD have the option of buying what the utility calls SolarShares, rather than installing their own generation equipment onsite. The program has a fixed monthly fee based on usage, and by paying into the program customers are then credited each month for the power produced at a large solar farm in the area.
It’s worth pointing out that the planet also benefits from the focus on distributed generation, and renewable energy in general. At Austin Energy, for example, there was a goal of generating 35 percent of power from renewable sources by 2020, but it turns out the utility is on track to achieve that four years ahead of schedule. The new goal is now 55 percent by 2025.
The generation mix recorded by Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD) was 43 percent carbon-free by 2013, according to Rick Nelsen, economic development manager for NPPD. In California, there’s a statewide target of getting greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and then 80 percent below those levels by 2050. Rawson says his utility aims to beat that goal, getting to 90 percent below 1990 levels.
Making Distributed Generation Work
It could be that someday distributed generation can be efficient enough, and battery storage effective and affordable enough, that users could exist completely off the power grid and soak up the sun for all their power needs. In most cases, that’s nowhere near feasible at this point. “They still need the utility to be there,” Rawson says. “Photovoltaic can’t do it on its own.”
But that creates some challenges for utilities and customers. For example, the traditional electric bill primarily covers the actual cost of the power itself, but built into the payment is also the cost to build and maintain the distribution system that gets the power where it’s going. Imagine that a customer with distributed generation is able to cover the vast majority of his or her power needs through solar panels on the roof, and on some occasions is generating excess power back onto the grid, earning credits. That customer may end up with an electric bill of nearly nothing — but if that’s the case, who pays to maintain the power lines that give that customer a backup supply as well as the means of selling excess power on the grid?
We are a community-owned utility, so our motivations are different… When we look at customer service, and we ask our customers what they want, they want choice. Mark Rawson, Senior Project Manager, Sacramento Municipal Utility District
Utilities and regulators continue to sort out that issue. In some cases, the credit for excess power sold back to the utility is lower than the retail rate to buy power. In other cases, there may be a separate fee assessed to all customers to cover the transmission and distribution system. “We’re working toward making sure we get the pricing right,” Rawson says. “We want to be sure it’s fair.”
Utilities also must ensure that their systems can handle the intermittency and fluctuation that can come with distributed generation. If it’s a hot but very cloudy afternoon (not to mention a hot night after sunset), distributed-generation customers will draw a much greater load of power from the system. That creates challenges that researchers must address. “Given the intermittent nature of photovoltaic, what does it do to the system and how do we ensure reliability?” Rawson asks.
All systems are different, he notes, but he’s confident SMUD is ready to face the ongoing wave of solar installation that most people believe is in the not-too-distant future. “Our system design is robust enough that we can accommodate a lot more solar before intermittency of photovoltaic can cause reliability problems,” he says. And that’s good, because the utility prides itself on its support of distributed generation and solar power. “We view our role as being a trusted adviser to customers. We’re not a utility that’s putting up barriers to customers wanting solar.”
Local Control, Focus
A commitment to meeting such customer demands as distributed generation is just one of the ways public power utilities work on behalf of their communities. It’s really an overall attitude, those in the business say, a reflection of the fact that the actual customers are the only stakeholders — there are no owners or stockholders to please or reward. “Public power systems are a little more responsive to customer needs, because at the end of the day it’s not about making a dollar for your shareholder, it’s what your customer needs,” says Paul Zummo, manager of Policy Research and Analysis for APPA.
“One of the main benefits of public power is the notion of local control,” observes Jeff Haas, APPA’s vice president of membership. “It allows our business customers and the local public power utility to collaborate and work together to achieve common interests. In a nutshell, generally the community interests are aligned with the business that wants to locate there.” The public power utility, he says, is “working for the betterment of the community.”
“It ties to the idea of representative and local control — in government, and in this case, in the utility. Our customers are our stakeholders,” agrees NPPD’s Nelsen, who has served as chair of the APPA Economic Development Committee. “It’s very much a partnership relationship with our customers. It allows us to reinvest revenues back into the system, as opposed to paying dividends.”
Public power was formally established in Nebraska back in the 1930s, and it’s the only state where all areas are served by public power. The lack of profit motive and the proximity of leadership offer distinct pluses, Nelsen says. “It gives us somewhat of an advantage in terms of lower rates and high system reliability.”
Reliability is, first and foremost, a preventive concept — building and maintaining systems that can keep the lights on through all but the worst situations. It’s also about having repair crews nearby so that when something does go wrong, it can be fixed quickly. That’s a public power advantage tied to its very local nature. “The folks who maintain the system live and work in the areas they serve. They know the areas they’re maintaining and that tends to enhance response time,” Haas says.
Because public power utilities are owned by the communities they serve, they have an inherent interest in the well-being and prosperity of those communities. That makes them logical partners in economic development and support of local businesses. For example, Nelsen says NPPD’s economic development staff of 10 is heavily involved in helping businesses find ideal locations in the state, and helping existing companies grow and prosper. “We will do everything from helping screen communities to allowing you to maintain confidentiality and providing you information to make a decision,” he says.
Public power utilities, he adds, also do their best to help business customers keep costs in line. He cites one example from NPPD: “We have an economic development incentive rate on the energy cost that can be passed along to businesses.”
There’s also a strong connection to the needs of local schools and governmental agencies. In the Massachusetts community of Sterling, for example, the utility created a win-win situation with a local vocational technical school, rehabbing a very old building into an energy-efficient facility, providing training opportunities along the way, and saving money, too. Hamilton says the 1885 building “was cleared to the outside walls and has new counters, insulation, walls, LED lighting, a new HVAC system, as well as a vestibule in our entryway. This project is being done at a tremendous savings because of the work by the Montachusett Regional Vocational School,” he explains. “We also received a grant to perform energy-efficiency improvements in seven of our municipal buildings as part of a pilot to look at commercial programs.”
“Public power is committed to being responsive to community needs,” Haas confirms. “Our willingness to work with businesses to achieve a common objective and provide a return on investment all comes down to providing a benefit to the community. That’s something you’ll find is a common thread throughout public power.”
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As with many other types of math problems, dividing numbers is often easier to do with a pen and paper and the division worksheets below have been formatted to make printing them as easy as possible.
The 3rd through 5th grade division worksheets contain around 25 division questions. The title of each worksheet indicates the type and difficulty of the questions e.g. 4-digit by 2-digit. This, together with the grade level, will help you select the right worksheets to use as part of your child’s homework.
Click on the worksheets to view each one and then print out the ones that are best suited to your child.
The nine worksheets below are set up based on multiplication/ division tables. The worksheets go from dividing by 2 through to dividing by 10 and each one includes the related multiplication facts.
The two worksheets below have questions with a combination of different divisors:
If you are looking for practice with dividing decimals then this worksheet generator will help. It provides limitless questions and the number range and number of decimal places can be set among other options.
Just click on the worksheets you want to print and then either use the Print function in your browser or click the Print Worksheet option at the top of each sheet. There is also an option to print out the answers for each question. If you need an answer sheet, check the Show Answers box and then print another copy.
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Grazing: Setting the base stocking rate
August 6, 2015
I continue my efforts to better understand stocking rate, a simple, yet difficult, concept.
The reason rests with the way the stocking rate is calculated and the numbers that need to be known to achieve the correct number.
In my search to better understand stocking rate, I obtained a better appreciation for major land resource areas (MLRA) and ecological sites. For instance, by looking up the MLRA for the Dickinson Research Extension Center (DREC) ranch in Dunn County, N.D., the MLRA is 54.
I quickly jump to the "Web Soil Survey Home" to start the computer app. I can type in "Dunn County, North Dakota'" under the state and county tab to the left, and with three mouse clicks, I can enlarge the DREC ranch. The pasture of interest is one we call Section 16, and making Section 16 an "Area of Interest" allows me to focus the stocking rate question on this pasture. The pasture has 19 identified ecological sites, and the acreage and percent of the pasture that is made up of each ecological site are available.
After further consultation with a range professional, the estimated safe starting stocking rate of each ecological site within the pasture can be determined, and a weighted average across the 19 ecological sites for the total pasture estimated safe starting stocking rate is calculated.
Although these calculations are complicated, through the help of modern computer skills, these averages are easier to get. Certainly with the assistance of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) or the Extension Service through its local offices, the needed information can be gathered and reviewed.
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Essentially, once the weighted stocking rate average, based on known ecological sites, is calculated, any producer can proceed with stocking at the right number. Keep in mind that these initial numbers are estimates based on soil surveys conducted during many years by many individuals. These numbers always need to be ground-proofed and adjusted according to range conditions.
Range that has been abused and overgrazed would not be ready for even the recommended starting stocking rates. Other pastures that have had proper grazing systems established and been utilized properly through the years could stock above the starting stocking rate. That is where the establishment of a proper grazing system is critical and subsequent evaluation of the grazing plants is desirable.
Back to my quest to better understand grazing systems: I am, at this point, comfortable that grazing systems are the living source of nutrition for cattle, much like feed in pens is the sustaining food for cattle that are not grazing. The fundamental data that goes into any grazing system ultimately projects the acres per animal unit or animal units per acre that any given pasture can support for the growing season, as well as sustain a healthy plant community for future grazing seasons.
I doubt that most individuals will take the time to do all the inputs and calculations required to establish and maintain a grazing system on a particular pasture at a particular point of ground. But all producers should seek out a professional grazing expert who knows how to gather the input and make the correct calculations to establish and maintain a grazing system unique to a producer and point of ground.
Back to the DREC: Section 16 has had all the data collected, and after a review of the 19 ecological sites present within MLRA 54, the pasture will be managed with a twice-over rotational grazing system to complement and enhance the sustaining plant community.
The grazing season is projected to be 135 days, or 4 and one-half months. The stocking rate is based on peak forage production obtained from seasonlong grazing management, with anticipated improvements increasing forage production in future years.
For this year, Section 16 has three pastures of approximately 200 acres each. Based on the MLRA, ecological sites and historical production, the level of forage production is estimated to sustain 52,809 pounds of 1,000-pound cows, or 52.8 animal units (one animal unit equals a 1,000-pound cow plus calf) for 4 and one-half months while rotational grazing the three 200-acre pastures. That is .41 animal unit month (AUM) per acre, 11 acres per animal unit or 2.45 acres per AUM.
Thus, the current stocking rate is 2.45 acres per AUM or .41 AUM per acre. Either way, I have spent the last two hours trying to get these numbers straight. The math works, the range professional knows, and now I can put 52 1,000-pound cows out to pasture on Section 16.
May you find all your ear tags.
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CC-MAIN-2019-18
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https://www.tsln.com/news/grazing-setting-the-base-stocking-rate/
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| 0.941999 | 946 | 2.796875 | 3 |
ASTM D 5087-2021 “Determination of the Amount of Volatile Organic Foods (VOC) Emitted from Solvent-based Automotive Coatings and the amount Removed (Reduced) in voc Control Devices”
Meaning and use
4.1 This test method provides basic engineering data that can be used to determine the amount of VOC that can be delivered at the entrance of VOC control equipment (especially for the automotive industry). 6 Generally, this procedure can be used to determine the amount of VOC produced from the coating in the oven and incinerated, although the same procedure can be followed for other forms of VOC emission reduction (i.e., carbon, adsorption, etc.).
4.2 If all key factors (e.g., temperature, cleanliness, vibration, accessibility, etc.) can be adequately controlled, the test method may be suitable for direct use in the production environment.
4.3 The total amount of VOC removed from the process by the VOC control device is a function of the available amount given by the test method and the VOC removal efficiency of the control device.
1.1 This test method includes determining the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) released from the applied solvent-based automotive paint that can be used for delivery to VOC control equipment. This is achieved by measuring the weight loss of newly coated test plates subjected to solvent evaporation or baking in laboratory simulations of the production process.
1.2 This test method is applicable to VOC released by flash steaming and baking after painting.
1.3 This test method is applicable to solvent-based automotive paint materials and is intended to represent or simulate the production process. The same general principles apply to water-based paints containing volatile organic compounds (VOC), although this article does not provide specific procedure details to distinguish VOC from water.
1.4 This standard is not intended to address all, if any, safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory restrictions prior to use.
1.5 This international standard is based on the internationally recognized standardization principles established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guidelines and Recommendations issued by the WTO Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade.
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<urn:uuid:cbfb9e30-a40f-404c-a744-35a7647fb14c>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.lonroy.com/astm-d-5087-2021-determination-of-the-amount-of-volatile-organic-foods-voc-emitted-from-solvent-based-automotive-coatings-and-the-amount-removed-reduced-in-voc-control-devices/
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en
| 0.918952 | 488 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge of physicians and emergency medical technicians (EMT) regarding primary treatment for dental trauma and to assess the experience they have in treating dental injuries. The study population consisted of 70 military physicians and EMT during their military service. A questionnaire was distributed relating to demographic data, such as age, gender, position, and type of military service, as well as the following issues: past experience in treating or witnessing dental trauma, former education regarding diagnosis and treatment of dental trauma, assessment of knowledge regarding dental trauma, etc. Of all participants, only 4 (5.9%), all physicians, received education regarding dental trauma. Nevertheless, 42 (61.8%) reported they witnessed such an injury during their military service. Dental injuries were first seen by the EMT in 41.2% of the cases, by the physician in 25%, and by a dentist in only 7.3%. Overall, 58 (85.3%) of the physicians and EMT stated that it was important to educate the primary health care providers regarding diagnosis and treatment of dental trauma. Special emphasis should be given to providing primary caregivers with the relevant education to improve their knowledge and ability of dealing with diagnosis and treatment of dental trauma.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is based on additive technology in which layers of materials are gradually placed to create 3D objects. The world of 3D printing is a rapidly evolving field in the medical industry as well as in most sectors of our lives. In this report we present current technological possibilities for 3D printing in the surgical field. There are different 3D printing modalities and much confusion among clinicians regarding the differences between them. Three-dimensional printing technologies can be classified based on the basic material used: solid, liquid, and powder. We describe the main printing methods from each modality and present their advantages while focusing on their applications in different fields of surgery, starting from 3D printing of models for preoperative planning up to patient-specific implants (PSI). We present the workflow of 3D printing for the different applications and our experience in 3D printing surgical guides as well as PSI. We include examples of 3D planning as well as clinical and radiological imaging of cases. Three-dimensional printing of models for preoperative planning enhances the 3D perception of the planned operation and allows for preadaptation of surgical instruments, thus shortening operation duration and improving precision. Three-dimensional printed PSI allow for accurate reconstruction of anatomic relations as well as efficiently restoring function. The application of PSI is expanding rapidly, and we will see many more innovative treatment modalities in the near future based on this technology.
Lemierre's syndrome (LS) is a rare potentially fatal sequel of head and neck infection, classically described as thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein (IJV) with cervical space infection extending into the thorax. Our objective was to answer the clinical question: “Does Lemierre syndrome (LS) from odontogenic infection differ from nonodontogenic LS in regard to clinical sequence, treatment, and survival.” We reviewed the literature on the management of LS over the last two decades, with a focus on LS from odontogenic infection. Such a case is presented in order to portray the clinical sequence. Only 10 cases met the inclusion criteria (including the case presented). The recorded data were analyzed in comparison to large case series reviewing LS. Our data reflect the moderate differences in regard to IJV thrombosis and bacteriogram. There is an overall rise in published LS cases in the last 20 years. Odontogenic infection leading to LS is scarce, yet with survival rates similar to nonodontogenic LS. Repeated surgical interventions and aggressive wide spectrum antibiotic therapy remain the treatment of choice.
-This article reviews the management of mandibular body fractures in young children. Treatment principles of this fracture type differ from that of adults due to concerns regarding mandibular growth processes and dentition development. The goal of this fracture treatment is to restore the underlying bony architecture to its preinjury position in a stable fashion as non-invasively as possible and with minimal residual esthetic and functional impairment. The management of mandibular body fractures in children depends on the fracture type and the stage of skeletal and dental development; treatment modalities range from conservative non-invasive, through closed reduction and immobilization methods to open reduction with internal fixation. Disruption of the periosteal envelope of the mandibular body may have an unpredictable effect on growth. Thus, if intervention is required closed reduction is favored.
scite is a Brooklyn-based startup that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://scite.ai/authors/omri-emodi-P1L0k
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en
| 0.954603 | 1,018 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Our demands upon the Government of the Two sicilies are of a peculiar nature.
A treaty has lately been made with the King of the Two sicilies.
He was King of all the Spanish kingdoms and of both the sicilies.
The news of the revolt spread like wildfire throughout the kingdom of the Two sicilies.
In the South, the kingdom of the Two sicilies has already been torn in two.
He made himself supreme over the Two sicilies, which he now reunited under a single crown.
Had we any right to interfere in the negotiations between the King of the Two sicilies and his subjects?
The two sicilies continued to be thoroughly interpenetrated with the heresy.
Where there were no signs of improvement was in the government of the Two sicilies.
Nevertheless, the kingdom of the Two sicilies played an important part in the development of Italian literature.
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<urn:uuid:96d5f49a-72c9-4578-91a6-5f588c89226a>
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CC-MAIN-2016-40
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http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sicilies
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en
| 0.971684 | 193 | 2.890625 | 3 |
West Nile Virus - How it Affects Birding
It seems that the West Nile Virus is in the news every day. How does the West Nile Virus affect your birding hobby?
What Is the West Nile Virus?
The West Nile Virus can be gotten ONLY from a mosquito bite. It can't be transmitted from any animal or even an infected person. It is very rarely fatal, unless you are elderly. Most people who are bitten and infected never even know it.
Read up on the Relative Risk Level of West Nile Virus to find out just how few people really die from West Nile.
How did Birding become involved in the West Nile Virus?
Investigators want to know when a batch of mosquitoes is carrying around the West Nile Virus. It's really hard, of course, for them to track down mosquitoes and test them. However, some small percentage of birds die when they're bitten from mosquitoes, just as some small percentage of humans die. Most birds (and humans) don't, but a few do. When dead birds are found, it's easy to test them and see if the death was caused by West Nile Virus. Since there are so many more birds than humans, even though they are rarely killed, it's relatively common to find a few dead in an infected-mosquito region.
When people find dead birds, mostly blue jays and crows, they report them to their local police department. All birds can and do get infected, but since blue jays and crows are larger and numerous, they're the ones that tend to be found. If it happens to be West Nile that killed them, now the police know that West Nile mosquitoes are in the area.
Should I Stop Birding?
No!! If anything, the birds being infected means that we find out quickly that the infected mosquitoes are nearby. We find out BEFORE they bite many humans. They're like the canary in the coal mine. In fact, the more birds you have around, the more chance that one or two will die if infected mosquitoes are in the area. Remember, most birds don't die. So if you have a larger number of birds, you have a larger number that succumb to the virus if it's around.
What Can I Do?
First, relax. You're more likely to be slain by lightning than die from the disease. If you're truly worried, take common sense precautions against mosquitoes. Wear DEET repellant. Wear long sleeves and pants so there's little skin showing. Use natural solutions in any pond near you, and remove standing water. Best of all, put up a bat house or two!
Mosquito Information and Tips Main Page
Birding Help Hints Tips and Information
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<urn:uuid:5e2a383b-65a2-421f-b371-81ed3ae34e38>
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CC-MAIN-2016-36
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http://www.lisashea.com/birding/mosquito/westnilebirding.html
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en
| 0.957565 | 558 | 3.671875 | 4 |
|- Mayor||Hajibala Abutalybov|
|- Total||2,130 km² (822.4 sq mi)|
|Elevation||-28 m (-92 ft)|
|- Density||969.44/km² (2,510.8/sq mi)|
|Time zone||AZT (UTC+4)|
|- Summer (DST)||AZST (UTC+5)|
Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı), sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, or Baki, located on the western shore of the Caspian Sea, is the capital, the largest city, and the largest port of Azerbaijan. The existence of petroleum in Baku has been known since the eighth century, and in the tenth century, the Arabian traveler Marudee reported that both white and black oil were being extracted naturally there. By the fifteenth century, oil for lamps was obtained from hand-dug surface wells. In 1823, the world's first paraffin factory was built there, and in 1846, the world's first oil well was drilled in Bibi-Heybat. Javad Melikov from Baku had built the first kerosene factory in 1863. Petroleum remains the basis of Baku's economy.
The city entered a period of decline after the break-up of the Soviet Union, but has since recovered. While Azerbaijan has a high literacy rate, with a per capital GDP of $4,601 in 2005, its oil wealth had not benefited most citizens. Azerbaijan shares the problems of the former Soviet republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy.
During Soviet times, Baku was a vacation destination where citizens could enjoy beaches or relax in now-dilapidated spa complexes overlooking the Caspian Sea. However, scientists consider the Apsheron Peninsula (including Baku and Sumqayit), and the Caspian Sea, to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution. Soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT as a pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton.
These issues of pollution pose challenges to economic development as well as to the health of the people and the environment. Destruction of the environment for economic means reflects shortsightedness and lack of understanding of the importance of the environment in the sustenance of humanity, not only in Baku, but wherever it occurs.
The name Baku is derived from the old Persian Bagavan, which translates to "City of God." The folk etymology explains the name Baku as derived from the Persian Bādkube (بادکوبه ), meaning "city where the wind blows," due to frequent winds blowing in Baku. However, the word Bādkube was invented only in sixteenth to seventeenth centuries, whereas Baku was founded before the fifth century C.E.
Located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, on the wide Bay of Baku, and sheltered by the Baku Archipelago, the coastal terrain around Baku lies as much as 92 feet (28 meters) below sea level. Around the city there are a number of mud volcanoes (Keyraki, Bogkh-bogkha, Lokbatan and others) and salt lakes (Boyukshor, Khodasan).
The climate is hot and humid in the summer, and cool and wet in the winter. During the winter, gale-force winds sweep through on occasion, driven by masses of polar air. Strong northern winds (known as Khazri) and southern winds (Gilavar) are typical. Snow is rare, and temperatures on the coast rarely drop to freezing. The temperature for January is 33.8°F (1°C) and in July 82.4°F (28°C). The southwestern part of Great Baku is a more arid part of Azerbaijan, where precipitation is less than six inches (150mm) a year.
Land area totals 100 square miles (260 square kilometers).
During Soviet times, Baku was a vacation destination where citizens could enjoy beaches or relax in now-dilapidated spa complexes overlooking the Caspian Sea.
However, scientists consider the Apsheron Peninsula (including Baku and Sumqayit), and the Caspian Sea, to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution. Soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT as a pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton.
Modern Baku consists of three parts: The Old Town (İçəri Şəhər), the boomtown, and the Soviet-built town. The center of Baku is the old town, which is also a fortress. In December 2000, the Inner City of Baku with the Palace of the Shirvanshahs and Maiden Tower became the first location in Azerbaijan classified as a World Heritage Site. UNESCO's justification for the listing states: "The Walled City of Baku represents an outstanding and rare example of an historic urban ensemble and architecture with influence from Zoroastrian, Sassanian, Arabic, Persian, Shirvani, Ottoman, and Russian cultures."
Most of the walls and towers, strengthened after the Russian conquest in 1806, survived. This section is picturesque, with its maze of narrow alleys and ancient buildings: The cobbled streets past the Palace of the Shirvanshahs, two caravansaries (ancient inns), the Maiden Tower, the baths, and the Juma Mosque. The old town has dozens of small mosques, often without any particular sign to distinguish them from the next building.
More than 225 names of streets have been changed since 1988, in an attempt to erase links with the former Soviet Union. The first street to be built outside the Inner City, originally called Nikolayevskaya after Nicolas I, was renamed to Parlaman Kuchesi, because the Parliament of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic held its meeting in a building located at that street. During the Soviet era, it became Kommunisticheskaya Ulitsa. Now it is called İstiqlaliyyet Kuchesi, celebrating Azeri independence.
Baku was inhabited during the Stone Age, up to 100,000 years ago, and possibly a Bronze settlement existed there. Roman inscriptions dating from 84 C.E. to 96 C.E. were discovered near Baku, in Gobustan.
The apostle Bartholomew identified Baku as Albana. Local church traditions record the belief that Bartholomew's martyrdom occurred at the bottom of the Maiden Tower within the Old City, where a Christian church was built on the site of the pagan Temple of Arta. The fifth century historian Priscus of Panium mentioned the famous Bakuvian fires, the presence of which meant Baku became a center of ancient Zoroastrianism.
The earliest numismatic evidence found in the city is an Abbasid coin dating from the eighth century C.E. During this time Baku was a domain of the Arab Caliphate and later of Shirvanshahs, a Persianized dynasty of Arabic origin, who established a native Azeri state and were rulers of Shirvan, a historical region in present-day Azerbaijan.
Baku frequently came under assault from the Khazars, a semi-nomadic Turkic people who dominated the Pontic steppe and the North Caucasus from the seventh to the tenth centuries, and starting from the tenth century, by the Rus, a medieval state centered on Kiev, from 880 to the middle of the twelfth century.
Shirvanshah Akhsitan I built a navy in Baku, and in 1170, he repelled another Russian assault. After a devastating earthquake struck Shamakhy, the capital of Shirvan, in 1191, Shirvanshah’s court moved to Baku. A mint began operation.
Marco Polo (1254–1324) wrote of Baku oil exports to Near Eastern countries.
Between the twelfth and the fourteenth centuries, the city walls were rebuilt and strengthened. The Maiden Tower, the castles of Ramana, Nardaran, Shagan and Mardakan, and also the famous Sabayel castle on the island of the Baku Bay, were built during this period. Unfortunately, the rising level of the Caspian Sea engulfed much of the city and the famous castle of Sabayel went into the sea in the fourteenth century.
In 1501, Safavid Shah Ismail I besieged Baku. At this time the city was enclosed with strong walls with the sea on one side and protected by a wide trench on the land sides. In 1540, Safavid troops recaptured Baku. In 1604, the Iranian Shah Abbas I destroyed the Baku fortress.
Peter the Great of Russia captured Baku on June 26, 1723, after a lasting siege using cannons. The soldiers of two regiments (2382 people) were left in the Baku garrison. By 1730, the successes of the Shah of Iran, Nadir Shah, (1698-1747) in Shirvan forced the Russians to make an agreement near Ganja on March 10, 1735, and Russian troops withdrew from the city.
In 1795, Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar (1742-1797) invaded Baku to defend against tsarist Russia's policy of subduing the South Caucasus. In the spring of 1796, Baku surrendered to General Zubov of Russia, and General Pavel Tsitsianov was appointed the Baku's commandant. In March, 1797, tsarist troops left Baku.
Russian forces, led by Tsitsianov, attempted to besiege Baku during the third Russo-Persian War (1804-1813). Tsitsianov was killed in February 1806, by Huseyngulu khan of Baku, near the city gates during the presentation of the city’s keys to him. Baku was finally occupied by Russian forces, led by General Bulgakov, in September 1806, and Husayn Quli Khan was forced into exile.
The Treaty of Gulistan, in 1813, meant Baku was absorbed into the Russian Empire. On July 10, 1840, the Baku uyezd was turned into an administrative region of the Russian Empire.
The existence of petroleum in Baku has been known since the eighth century, and in the tenth century, the Arabian traveler Marudee reported that both white and black oil were being extracted naturally there. By the fifteenth century, oil for lamps was obtained from hand-dug surface wells. In 1823, the world's first paraffin factory was built there, and in 1846, the world's first oil well was drilled in Bibi-Heybat. Javad Melikov from Baku had built the first kerosene factory in 1863.
In 1871, an oil leaseholder named Mirzoyev built the first wooden oil derrick. Drilling was conducted primitively with balance arm, whim, and manual pump. Large-scale oil development began in 1872, when the Russian imperial authorities auctioned the parcels of oil-rich land around Baku to private investors.
Soon, Swiss, British, French, Belgian, German, Swedish, and American investors appeared in Baku, including Nobel brothers and Rothschilds, and an industrial oil belt, better known as Black City, was established near Baku. Beginning from the 1890s, Baku provided 95 percent of the oil production in the Russian Empire, and approximately half of world oil production.
Medieval seaside fortifications were demolished in 1861, to allow for the creation of the port and a customs house in the quay. Baku became a center of the eponymous province after the devastating earthquake of 1859, in Shamakha.
World War I
From 1914 to 1917, Baku produced 28,683,000 tons of oil, which constituted 15 percent of world production at the time. Germany did not trust Turkey in oil matters and transferred General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein from the Middle Eastern front with his troops to Georgia in order to enter Baku, through Ukraine, the Black Sea, and Georgia. Great Britain, in February 1918, sent General Lionel Dunsterville with troops to Baku through Anzali to block the German troops.
In 1917, after the October revolution, in the turmoil of the ongoing World War I and the breakup of the Russian Empire, Baku came under the control of the Baku Commune led by a veteran Bolshevik, Stepan Shaumyan (1878-1918). Seeking to capitalize on inter-ethnic conflicts, by spring 1918, Bolsheviks inspired and condoned civil warfare in and around Baku. During the infamous March Days, using the support of the Dashnak Armenian militia in the city, and under the pretext of suppressing the Musavat party, Bolsheviks attacked and massacred thousands of Azeris and other Muslims in Baku.
On May 28, 1918, the Azerbaijani faction of the Transcaucasian Sejm proclaimed the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) in Ganja. Azerbaijani forces, with the support of the Ottoman Army of Islam led by Nuru Pasha (1881-1949), started their advance onto Baku, eventually capturing the city from the loose coalition of Bolsheviks, Esers, Dashnaks, Mensheviks, and the British forces under the command of General Dunsterville on September 15, 1918. Thousands of Armenians in the city were massacred in revenge for the earlier March Days. Defeated Turkey withdrew its forces from Azerbaijan in the middle of November 1918. Headed by General William Thomson, 5000 English soldiers arrived in Baku on November 17, and martial law was imposed.
In February 1920, the First Congress of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan took place in Baku and prepared for an armed revolt. On April 28, 1920, the 11th Red Army invaded Baku and reinstalled the Bolshevik power. Baku became the capital of Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Since 1921, the city was headed by the Baku City Executive Committee, commonly known in Russian as Bakgorispolkom. On February 8, 1924, the first tram line and, two years later, the electric railway Baku-Surakhany—the first in the USSR—started to operate. The first buses appeared in Baku in 1928.
World War II
During World War II (1939-1945), Allied generals considered bombing Baku to wreck the supply of oil and thereby weaken the Soviet Union. During the Soviet-German War, 10 defense zones were built around the city to prevent possible German invasion, planned within the Operation Edelweiss. Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, said: "Unless we get Baku oil, the war is lost." The World War II Battle of Stalingrad, which took place between July 17, 1942, and February 2, 1943, was fought to determine who would have control of the Baku oil fields. During World War II, the growing demand for oil pushed Baku oil workers to reach record levels of extraction—23,482 million tons.
The first oil platform in the world, originally called "The Black Rocks," was built in 1947, within the city's metropolitan area. In 1960, the first Caucasus house-building plant was built in Baku, and on December 25, 1975, the only plant producing air-conditioners in the Soviet Union began operation.
In 1964–1968, the level of oil extraction rose 21 million tons per year. By the 1970s, Azerbaijan became one of the largest producers of grapes, and a sparkling wine factory was constructed in Baku. In 1981, a record quantity of 15 billion cubic meters of gas was extracted in Baku. Towards the end of the twentieth century, much of the onshore petroleum had been exhausted, and drilling had extended offshore. In 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the Bakgorispolkom, the first independent city mayor Rafael Allahverdiyev was appointed.
Azerbaijan is a presidential republic, in which the legislative and judicial branches have only limited independence. The president is an absolute ruler. Demonstrations are often suppressed with violence, there are reports of torture, and a strong censorship exists. Although Azerbaijan is a member of human rights bodies, several independent bodies, such as the Human Rights Watch, have deemed human rights there to be sub-par at best. Democratic and personal freedoms have been diminished by the government, wary of revolutions in Central Asia spreading to home turf. Elections there have widely been contested as fraudulent and seriously flawed.
Baku is divided into eleven administrative districts, or raions (Azizbayov, Binagadi, Garadagh, Narimanov, Nasimi, Nizami, Sabail, Sabunchu, Khatai, Surakhany, and Yasamal), and 48 townships. Among these are the townships on islands in the Baku Bay and the town of Oil Rocks, built on stilts in the Caspian Sea, 37 miles (60km) away from Baku.
The basis of Baku's economy is petroleum. Azerbaijan produces about 800,000 barrels of oil per day and 1 bcma of gas—with an historical peak of 1.2 million barrels per day by 2008 with equally large amount of gas expected. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, opened in 2006, transports crude oil 1094 miles (1760km) from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. The oil is pumped from the Sangachal Terminal close to Baku, via Tbilisi the capital of Georgia, to Ceyhan a port on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey.
The oil economy of Baku underwent a resurgence in the early years of the twenty-first century, with the development of the massive Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli field, development of the Shah Deniz gas field, and the expansion of the Sangachal Terminal. The old Inturist Hotel was one of Baku's largest, was renovated, but overshadowed by the newer Hyatt Park, Hyatt Regency, Park Inn and Excelsior.
Industries in Baku produce equipment for the oil industry. The city is the location of metalworking, shipbuilding and repair industries, the manufacture of electrical machinery, the production of chemicals and construction materials, and food processing. The Baku Stock Exchange has been operating since February 2001.
Azerbaijan's per capital GDP was $4601 in 2005, ranked 106 on a list of 181 countries.
Baku is served by the Heydar Aliyev International Airportand the Baku Metro. There were once trams. There are two official taxi companies in the city: the yellow Star cabs and the white taxis with blue sign from "Azerq Taxis." The van buses stop at any point along that route when flagged down or told to stop. Shipping services operate regularly from Baku across the Caspian Sea to Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnovodsk) in Turkmenistan and to Bandar Anzali and Bandar Nowshar in Iran.
In 2005, the population of Baku was 2,036,000 of whom 153,400 were internally displaced persons and 93,400 refugees. More than 90 percent of the population of Baku are ethnic Azerbaijanis. Up to 1988, Baku had very large Armenian, Russian, and Jewish populations.
The official language of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani, a member of the Oghuz subdivision of the Turkic language family. Russian is commonly spoken as a second language among the urbane. Two percent of the population speaks Armenian, and 6 percent speak other languages.
The new Azerbaijan constitution grants religious freedom and asserts that there is no state religion. More than 94 percent of the residents of Baku practice various forms of Islam (vast majority Shia). About four percent are Christians (majority Russian Orthodox Church, Georgian Orthodox Church, and Molokans).
Baku has three different Jewish communities, namely the Ashkenazim Jews, the Mountain Jews, and the Georgian Jews. Under Communism, the Soviets took most Jewish property in Baku and Kuba. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliev has returned several synagogues and a Jewish college nationalized by the Soviets, to the Jewish community.
As Azerbaijan's center of education, Baku boasts many universities and vocational schools. After Azerbaijan gained independence, the fall of Communism led to development of a number of private institutions. Baku also houses the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan founded in 1945. Public universities include: Azerbaijan Medical University, Azerbaijan State Economic University, Azerbaijan State Oil Academy, Azerbaijan Technical University, Azerbaijan University of Languages, Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University, Baku Academy of Music, Baku Slavic University, and Baku State University.
Society and culture
Baku has vibrant theater, opera and ballet. The main movie theatre is "Azerbaijan Cinema." The Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre is one of the most ornate music halls in the city. The State Philharmonic Hall with excellent acoustic conditions often holds performances outside. The Carpet and Applied Arts Museum exhibits the carpets from all periods, styles and from both Azerbaijan proper and the Azeri provinces in Iran. Baku also houses the country's largest art museum—Azerbaijan State Museum of Art, a depository of both domestic and foreign works of art, Western and Eastern.
Heydar Aliyev Palace is one of the main venues featuring sizable performances. Some of the most popular discotheques and night clubs include, X-Site, Capitol Night Club, Le Chevalier at Europa Hotel, Zagulba Disco Club, and Le Mirage.
Most bars are located near Fountain Square and are usually open until the early hours of the morning. There are several British and Irish style pubs, among them Corner Bar, Shakespeares, Finnigans, the Rig Bar, O'Malley's, and the Phoenix Bar. There is also a Jazz Club. The Baku International Jazz Festival is organized annually.
Notable beaches include Shikhovo and One Thousand and One Nights.
Baku has produced a number of notable figures in the sciences, arts and other fields. Notable scientists include: Soviet space program head Kerim Kerimov, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics of 1962 Lev Landau, fuzzy logic inventor Lotfi Zadeh, and philosopher Max Black, cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, and world champion chess grandmaster Garri Kasparov.
- Administrative, density and territorial units and land size by economic regions of Azerbaijan Republic for January 1. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- Population by economic and administrative regions, urban settlements at the beginning of the 2009. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
- Kazemzadeh, Firuz. The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917-1921. New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.
- Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Baku Commune, 1917-1918; Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972. ISBN 978-0691051932.
All links retrieved May 9, 2016.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site listing Walled City of Baku
- Baku Pages
- Baku travel guide and photos
- Azerbaijan Satellite view (Google Maps)
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Question: Chapter 3 in Rosenstand’s The Moral of the Story deals with the issue of moral truth—what is the morally right thing to do in a particular situation and what are the correct principles or guidelines for a living a morally good life? Moral subjectivism is the view that moral propositions are true only relative to the particular beliefs of a particular person or subject of experience; ethical relativism is the view that what is good, right, and morally correct is true relative to a particular cultural tradition and set of behavioral practices; and moral absolutism (this is what Rosenstand calls “hard universalism” is the view that there are universal moral truths or principles that hold for everyone, everywhere, at all times and under any circumstances.
The most common viewpoint adopted by college students today is ethical relativism, and this is probably because it seems to be the most tolerant and fair-minded position, in that it respects diversity and individuality. However, Rosenstand points to a number of problems with ethical relativism. Where do you place yourself on this spectrum of moral stances? Are you a moral skeptic or a moral subjectivist? an ethical relativist? a moral absolutist? If you have never thought about this before, now is the time to do so. Explain why you hold the viewpoint you do, and defend that view from what might be seen as at least one major difficulty with adopting that ethical stance. Alice Walker’s novel, Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992), presents a strong case against ethical relativism by denouncing the practice of female circumcision, or perhaps more accurately termed, female genital mutilation, a traditional practice of certain cultures that is seen as morally correct, as not only the right thing to do, but something that one is morally obligated to do. If you are an ethical relativist, you should be able to show why Walker is wrong for condemning this practice as morally wrong. If those who carry out the practice believe that it is the morally right thing to do, who is Walker, or who is anyone with different beliefs, to tell them they are wrong?
-read the Chapter 1,2,3, then answer the question above
-In the essay-style forums responses, you should express a point of view and support your view with good reasons, evidence, examples, expert opinion, etc.
-two pages, MLA
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This free color-by-note simple rhythms worksheet is designed to help young music students drill the whole note, half note, quarter note, whole rest, half rest and quarter rest. Grab your crayons. Let’s have some fun!
Print Music Theory Worksheet
Brown, Red, Skin Color, Light Gray, Purple, Light Blue
Note to Parents
If you’ve discovered a music theory worksheet that you’d like to share with your kids on this blog, but you’re not quite sure about about rhythms, rests, and note names – don’t worry. Here’s a link that will help:
About ‘Moses and the Ten Commandments’
God spoke the Ten Commandments to Moses in His own voice and wrote it on two tablets of stone by God’s very own finger. God gave these laws to Moses and the people on Mount Sinai. These commandments are the first part of God’s law system, where it summarized the hundreds of laws found in the Old Testament. It offers the basic rules of behavior for spiritual and moral living. One day, Moses destroyed the tablets out of his anger — a symbol of God’s laws being broken in the hearts His people and a reminder that we should always be careful of righteous anger that it does not lead us to sin. God then made Moses create new ones like the ones He had written himself.
Browse More Sheet Music and Music Theory posts:
Ode to Joy | Easy Piano Sheet Music – Play and Learn™ Edition
Flash Frog™ | Free Printable Music Flashcards for Beginners
Free Music Memory Game | Treble Clef Note Names
Pirate Quest | Basic Music Terms Game (Free, Printable)
Music for Little Mozarts | iPad App Review
Carnegie Hall Park (Matchbox Parking) | Music Theory Board Game
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ArticleRobson Forensic Animal Scientist, J. Tim Potter, Ph.D. was a contributing author on the book, Start with Safety: Horse Safety Guideline. Dr. Potter provides expert witness services toward the resolution of commercial and personal injury litigation involving all areas of equine science.
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE?
“Horses, mules and ponies are 5 to 15 times larger, 20 to 40 times more powerful, and 3 to 4 times faster than a human.
Parents and youth alike should realize that there are risks associated with equine activities. They should also clearly understand that preventative measures should be taken to reduce risks. Safety education, selection of a horse that matches the capability of the rider, use of protective equipment, adequate instruction, and appropriate supervision based on the skill level of the rider are vital to prevention of injuries.
It is important to understand there are risks associated with equine use and injuries may be severe. However, several studies show that horseback riding is safer than many everyday activities when protective measures are used. Steps can be taken to minimize risks and help make equine activities safe and enjoyable for all participants.”
Excerpt from page 1
Order Your Copy Online: www.ayhc.com/?mobile=no#!product-page/cn2k/6e16314e-fa50-c18b-2140-e19762de643d
EQUINE & ANIMAL SCIENCE INVESTIGATIONS
Robson Forensic provides specialized forensic experts to investigate a variety of issues involving animals, animal facilities, and their interactions with people. Our experts approach this casework from the perspectives of trainers, facilities owners, nutritional specialists, and more. Contact animal scientist, Dr. Tim Potter to discuss your case and how Robson Forensic can assist.
Animal Scientist & Horse Expert
Dr. Potter is an Equine Scientist with experience in both the academic and corporate sectors. He provides technical investigations, analysis, reports, and testimony toward the resolution of commercial and personal injury litigation involving areas of equine science, including nutrition, reproduction, behavior and training, safety issues, facility design and construction. Nutrition work includes feed formulation and production issues, on-farm feeding management, and analyses of interactions between formulated feeds and use of supplementation in the total diet. Reproduction work includes evaluation of nutritional status and reproductive efficiency, manipulation of the estrous cycle and effects of stress and/or environmental factors associated with reproductive status. Behavior and training work includes behavioral factors associated with training, and evaluation of potential abuse issues associated in the training process. Safety work includes evaluation of factors and scenarios that are related to safety, including lesson barns, safety issues at horse shows and at private facilities, and determining on-site person(s) of knowledge.
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SSWH15 The student will be able to describe the impact of industrialization, the rise of nationalism, and the major characteristics of worldwide imperialism.
d. Describe imperialism in Africa and Asia by comparing British policies in Africa, French policies in Indochina, and Japanese policies in Asia; include the influence of geography and natural resources.
55) JOURNAL ENTRY, “Imperialism”
At the start of the 18th century, the East India Company's presence in India was one of trade outposts. But by the end of the century, the Company was militarily dominant over South India and rapidly extending northward.
One of the best ways to learn about imperialism is to concentrate on an in-depth case study of a country before, during, and after it was colonized. This allows us to examine how imperialism changed a nation over time. India is an excellent candidate for such a case study on imperialism because it was by far the most valuable colony of the most powerful empire—the British Empire.
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HTML: A Brief History
CSS, HTML5, Web Design
Long ago in the far off land of Switzerland something very interesting began, and Al Gore wasn’t there.
|1989||Tim Berners-Lee proposes an Internet based hypertext system for sharing documents between disparate operating systems while working as a contractor at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). If you’re interested CERN is derived from Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire.|
|1991||The first publicly available description of HTML. It consisted of 18 elements greatly influenced by SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language).|
|1993||First proposal of HTML as a specification to the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). At the same time Dave Raggett was working on what he referred to as HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format) while working for HP (Hewlett-Packard) in Bristol, England.|
|1994||IETF creates the HTML Working Group.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was also formed by Berners-Lee at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS).
|1995, November 24||HTML 2.0 published as the first specification of the language.
|1996, December 16||CSS Level 1 published as W3C Recommendation|
|1997, January 14||HTML 3.2 published as W3C Recommendation.
The HTML Working Group had been closed in September of 1996 and all future development fell under the auspices of the W3C.
|1997, December 18||HTML 4.0 published as W3C Recommendation.
There were three variations:
|1998, May 12||CSS Level 2 published as W3C Recommendation|
|1999, December 24||HTML 4.01 published as a W3C Recommendation.|
|2011, June 7||CSS3 Color Module Recommendation|
|2011, September 29||CSS3 Selector Level 3 Module Recommendation|
|2011, September 29||CSS3 Namespaces Module Recommendation|
|2012, September 19||CSS3 Media Query Module Recommendation|
|2014, October 14||HTML5 published as a W3C Recommendation.
The large gap between HTML 4.01 and HTML5 saw the W3C strike off in a new direction incorporating elements of XML with HTML thus creating XHTML. They continued to work in this direction until a fissure arose in 2004 and members from Apple Computers, Mozilla Foundation, and Opera Software formed the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG). They pursued a specification they referred to as HTML5. On April 10, 2007 WHATWG proposed that the W3C adopt their HTML5 specification as the starting point for the newest recommendation. On May 9, 2007 the W3C’s new working group accepted the proposal.
|2016, November 1||HTML 5.1 published as a W3C Recommendation.|
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JSP Pages, JSP Documents and XML Views
An important part of JSP 1.2 is the definition of an XML syntax for JSP. A JSP 1.2-compliant container must accept files in both the old JSP 1.1 format, now formally called a JSP Page, and the new XML format, formally called a JSP Document.
A JSP Document has a root element named
<jsp:root> that defines the namespaces for the standard JSP elements and all custom tag libraries used in the page. All JSP directives and scripting elements must be represented by XML elements instead of the ASP-like elements used in a JSP Page:
<jsp:root xmlns:jsp="http://java.sun.com/JSP/Page" xmlns:demo="/demolib" version="1.2"> <jsp:directive.page contentType="text/html" /> <ul> <demo:myLoopTag items="myCollection" var="current"> <li> <jsp:getProperty name="current" property="lastName" />, <jsp:getProperty name="current" property="firstName" /> </li> </demo:myLoopTag> </ul> </jsp:root>
Besides JSP elements, such as the declaration and custom actions shown in this example, a JSP Document can also contain XML elements, such as XHTML elements. Examples here are the
It's not in the scope of this article to describe the complete JSP Document syntax. Note, however, that it's much more verbose than the JSP Page syntax, and is primarily intended to be used by tools. If you still want to use this syntax, I recommend that you read section 5, JSP Documents, of the JSP 1.2 specification.
When a container receives a request for a JSP Page the first time, it converts it to an XML document, similar to a JSP Document, before it performs validation and conversion to a servlet. This XML document is formally called the XML View of the page. The only difference between an XML View and a JSP Document is that all template text is wrapped within
<jsp:text> elements, using
CDATA sections to prevent problems with special characters that may be used in the template text:
<jsp:root xmlns:jsp="http://java.sun.com/JSP/Page" xmlns:demo="/demolib" version="1.2"> <jsp:directive.page contentType="text/html" /> <jsp:text><![CDATA[<ul> ]]></jsp:text> <demo:myLoopTag items="myCollection" var="current"> <jsp:text><![CDATA[<li> ]]></jsp:text> <jsp:getProperty name="current" property="lastName" /> <jsp:getProperty name="current" property="firstName" /> </demo:myLoopTag> <jsp:text><![CDATA[</ul> ]]></jsp:text> </jsp:root>
TagLibraryValidator described later in this article uses the XML View to validate a JSP Page.
Tag Library Deployment and Distribution News
With JSP 1.2 also comes a couple of simplifications for deployment and distribution of tag libraries: auto-discovery of tag libraries and distribution of multiple libraries in one JAR file.
Auto-Discovery of Tag Libraries
In JSP 1.1, you could refer to a tag library by letting the
uri attribute specify either the real path to the tag library or a symbolic name. If you used a symbolic name, you also had to map the name to the real path with the
<taglib> element in the
web.xml file for the application. JSP 1.2 adds a third, more powerful alternative: just drop the tag library JAR file in the
WEB-INF/lib directory and use the library's standard URI in the taglib directive.
Here's how it works. The Tag Library Descriptor (TLD) includes a
<uri> element that you use to define the standard URI for the library:
<taglib> ... <uri>/demo</uri> ... </taglib>
When the Web application is started, the container scans through the
WEB-INF directory structure for files ending with the extension .tld and all JAR files that contain files with the .tld extension in their
META-INF directory. In other words, all TLD files. For each TLD, the container looks for the
<uri> element and creates a map from the URI to the TLD that contains it. In your JSP page, you just have to place a
taglib directive with a
uri attribute value matching the URI in the TLD:
<%@ taglib uri="/demo" prefix="demo" %>
That's it! No more messing around with real paths (which may change, for instance, when you upgrade the library) in the JSP pages or
web.xml tag library declaration woes.
Multiple Libraries in One JAR File
A beneficial side effect of the auto-discovery feature is that you can bundle more than one tag library in the same JAR file. In JSP 1.1, a TLD contained in a JAR file had to be named exactly
META-INF/taglib.tld. This meant that a JAR file could only contain one TLD.
The auto-discovery feature, however, treats any file with a .tld extension in a JAR file's
META-INF directory as a TLD. You can therefore put multiple TLDs (along with the class files for the libraries) in one JAR file. This makes it easier for your users to deploy related tag libraries. Note that you must use the auto-discovery mechanism to deploy multi-library JAR files, since there's no way to specify the path to an individual TLD in such a JAR file.
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A collection that contains no duplicate elements. More formally, sets contain no pair of elements e1 and e2 such that e1.equals(e2), and at most one null element. As implied by its name, this interface models the mathematical set abstraction.
The above quote is from API specification regarding interface set. From that we can conclude the answer to your question depends on the defination of "unique", interface set just guarantees that e1 and e2 would not both appeared in the collection if e1.equals(e2) return true. Hope that helps James [This message has been edited by James Du (edited May 08, 2001).]
Hi Fraternity, The answer to your specific question is TRUE , the reason is that Set interface is implimented by HashSet class so, all the properties of Set are inheritted by the HashSet and it must deliver the contract of Set interface . The contract of Set interface is correctly quoted by James, so I am not quoting the same for want of space. However, you may want to see the entire discription of the same in the API. Hope this clears your doubt. Ravindra Mohan. [This message has been edited by Ravindra Mohan (edited May 08, 2001).]
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We all know that wool as the clothing material has been used throughout history and despite with the arrival of more complex artificial clothing fabrics, it continues to be used today as well. Generally, wool is used for making sweaters, blankets, quilts and other coverings to provide warm and comfort in the winters. Now so many products are made of wool and can be worn in summers as well.
Wool is taken out from the fleece of different animals. There are different types of wool and they vary from animal to animal. There is a huge number of advantages associated with the wool and that is the reason why demand for wool clothing remains on top worldwide.
Wool clothing can give you so many advantages and some of them are as follows:
1. Natural Fabric
As we know that wool is taken out from the fleece of animals so it is totally a natural fabric to make clothes. The good thing about wool is that it contains no synthetic chemicals. It is best to wear for those people who may be allergic to artificial clothing materials. Moreover, the most important thing about wool is that it can be harvested without killing the animals that produce it.
2. Warm and Cool
The woolen clothing creates pockets of air, which leads to a natural form of insulation. In cold weather, woolen clothes stay warm and when the temperature increases, woolen clothes help you to stay cool and look fresh. Woolen clothes are also useful against summer sweat, because they wick sweat and other types of dampness away from the body.
3. Fire Retardant
Wool is a fabric that does not burn easily. In fact, wool fabric will put out a fire itself when ignited. That is the reason why people from the fire departments use wool in their uniform to protect themselves from flames. The status of wool as a natural fire retardant means that it does not require to be treated with synthetic retardants.
4. Mold Resistant
As wool does not collect moisture, so it hardly ever attracts mold or bacteria. Since dust needs moisture to survive, so it tends to repel it as well. This important feature is best for people who have asthma, allergies or other breathing problems because will not react.
Wool is a very flexible material that allows it to provide support the joints and different pressure points on the body. This feature of wool makes it soft and comfortable for those people who are suffering from rheumatism or arthritis because it allows them to move with less pain. Wool trousers or bed sheets provide comfort during the sleep because wool supports the body and prevents it from little aches during the whole night.
6. Light and Strong
Wool is a lightweight clothing material but it is considered as one of the strongest and resistible materials available in the market. Unlike cotton or other artificial fabrics, wool fabric lasts longer and resists tears more readily. Moreover, its lightweight feature makes it a best choice suitable for casual wear to maintain comfort level.
Muhammad Azam is a professional writer and blogger. He has worked with so many renowned companies as a professional blogger. He has expertise in the field of fashion, lifestyle, finance, and technology. Currently he is working with the wool clothing company Woolme.com so to read the latest news regarding cashmere throws, alpaca throws, then visit the site.
Photo source: pixabay.com
Feature image: splitshire.com
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Improving Access to Emergency Contraception for Female Adolescents
By Jessica L. Barnack
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Emergency contraception (EC), also referred to as the "morning-after-pill", is a high dose of birth control pills, that can be given to women up to 120 hours after unprotected intercourse, to prevent a pregnancy. EC has been found to be highly effective in allaying fears of unwanted pregnancy, but effectiveness is highly dependent on how soon EC is taken after unprotected intercourse (Grimes & Raymond, 2002); therefore, adequate access to EC is crucial in order for women to benefit from the regimen.
On August 24th, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made the decision to allow women 18 years of age and older to obtain emergency contraception over-the-counter (OTC). The FDA's decision to make EC available to women OTC was an important one, but more needs to be accomplished in terms of increasing availability of EC to females under the age of 18. At present, in the United States female minors (aged 17 and younger) can only obtain EC at a clinic, or with a doctor's prescription. This limits teen's access to EC because it can be difficult for minors to get to a clinic or doctor, especially if they need parental permission, and some States allow pharmacies and hospitals the choice of whether or not to provide EC to women. Although unintended teen pregnancy is decreasing in the U.S., it is still a significant problem that is exacerbated by the limited access of many teenagers to reliable and effective birth control (Guttmacher Institute, 2006). Teenagers often lack the resources necessary to protect themselves from unintended pregnancies; therefore, limiting adolescents' access to EC creates a substantial barrier to reproductive freedom.
People who are in opposition to EC may be morally opposed to it or may believe EC will lead to risky sexual behavior, earlier initiation of sexual activity, and/or increased incidences of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In addition, some opponents may argue that if given increased access to EC, female teenagers will use it in lieu of other more reliable contraceptive methods (e.g., hormonal contraceptives) (Golden et al., 2001; Sherman, 2005). The purpose of this article is to summarize the research that has examined the effects of EC on female minors' sexual risk behaviors. This research provides no support for the contention that use of EC leads to sexual risk behavior or is associated with lower use of effective contraception.
In a preliminary study conducted by Roye (2001), young women (aged 14 to 20) were given a questionnaire about their sexual behaviors, and a supply of EC. One month and three months later, the young women were asked to fill out questionnaires, which assessed the effects of EC on the young women's sexual behavior. The 38 young women who completed both follow-ups did not report any significant differences in sexual behavior (e.g., condom use, contraceptive use, unprotected intercourse).
Using a larger sample size, Gold, Wolford, Smith, and Parker (2004) also examined how the advanced provision of EC would affect adolescent females' sexual risk behaviors. Participants were 301 women aged 15 to 20, who were either given an advanced supply of EC, or instructions on how to obtain EC at a clinic (control). Sexual risk and contraceptive behaviors were measured at 1 month and 6 months. At both 1 month and 6 months, there were no differences in reports of unprotected intercourse between the adolescents who were given an advanced supply of EC and those who were not. There were also no differences between the groups in terms of condom or oral contraceptive use at 1 month. At 6 months, the group that had been given an advanced supply of EC reported more frequent condom use than the control group. The researchers concluded that the only significant change associated with an advanced supply of EC was increased condom use.
In one study conducted by Raine and her colleagues (2000), 263 young women from a high-risk clinic population (aged 16 to 24) were systematically assigned to either receive an advanced supply of EC and education about it, or only education about EC (control). At follow-up (4 months), the treatment group was no more likely than the control group to have had unprotected intercourse; however, the treatment group reported less effective contraception use (e.g., oral contraceptives) than the control group. It should be noted that the less effective contraception use p value was equal to .05; therefore, it could be argued that the significant difference should be repeatedly found in subsequent research in order to conclude that a supply of EC leads to less effective contraception use. In addition, the sample in this study came from a high-risk clinic population, which limits the extent to which the findings can be generalized to all adolescents. The study conducted by Raine et al. in 2005, corrected these limitations, which resulted in different findings.
Raine and her colleagues (2005) conducted a randomized controlled trial of EC use with 2,117 women aged 15 to 24. About 25% (n = 483) of the sample were minors (age 15 to 17). Participants were either given pharmacy access to EC, advance provision (3 packs) of EC, or clinic access to EC (control). Outcome measures consisted of the number of times participants had used EC, number of pregnancies, contraceptive behavior, STI diagnoses, condom use, and other sexual risk behaviors. No significant differences were found between the three groups in terms of unprotected intercourse, oral contraceptive use, frequency of intercourse, frequency of condom use, consistency of condom use, or number of sexual partners. Harper, Cheong, Rocca, Darney, Philip, and Raine (2005) further analyzed Raine et al.'s (2005) sample, and comparing 964 adolescents (under the age of 20) to the adult women (aged 20 to 24) in the sample. There were no differences in sexual risk behaviors between adolescents and women from other age groups. The findings in this randomized, controlled trial are consistent and challenge the argument that increased EC access results in riskier sexual behavior
In another study, Walker, Torres, Gutierrez, Flemming, and Bertozzi, (2004) surveyed adolescents in Mexico, about their experiences with EC and other sexual risk behaviors. Of the 10,918 adolescents surveyed, 1,695 reported having experiences with EC. For females, experiences with EC meant they had used EC at least once, and for males, this meant they reported that their female partners had used EC in the past. Those adolescents who had experience with EC were more likely to report having used a condom the last time they had sexual intercourse, and greater knowledge about how to use a condom than adolescents who had no experience with EC. Therefore, the finding that EC experiences are associated with condom use appears to be consistent across U.S. and Mexican cultures.
As mentioned previously, opponents to EC often argue that increasing the availability of EC to female minors would lead them to use the regimen in lieu of more reliable contraceptive measures. In Switzerland, Ottesen, Narring, Renteria, and Michaud (2002) conducted a study that examined EC knowledge, attitudes, and sexual risk behaviors of 4,283 adolescents (aged 16 to 20). Of the 211 female adolescents who had used EC, there were no significant differences between one-time EC users and multiple-time EC users in their sexual risk behaviors (e.g., contraceptive use, condom use). These findings suggest that if adolescents use EC more than once, they are not necessarily using it in lieu of regular contraceptives or condoms. One possible explanation of this finding is that adolescents may be more diligent about using EC when an initial attempt to prevent pregnancy fails because they have a greater fear of pregnancy.
The availability of EC is important for teenagers' reproductive freedom, yet EC is still not available to teenagers in the way it is available to women aged 18 and older. In yet a further analysis of Raine et al.'s (2005) study, Rocca, Schwarz, Stewart, Darney, Raine, and Harper (2007) found that of the 14% of women who reported that on at least one occasion they did not use EC when they thought they should, the most common reason for not taking EC was that obtaining it would be too troublesome or inconvenient. This finding suggests that under some circumstances, women are in need of EC, but do not take it due to issues of accessibility. It is possible that unintended pregnancies result from such circumstances.
Raine and her colleagues have argued that there are several complex barriers to EC use, including a woman's perceived pregnancy risk, motivation to prevent pregnancy, knowledge about EC and how to obtain it, and having the resources needed to obtain it; therefore, providing adolescents with access to EC is only one part of the solution. The empirical evidence summarized above, is an attempt to dispel the myths that surround EC, which has yet to fulfill its potential in helping to prevent unintended pregnancies. In addition to educating adolescents about EC and increasing acceptability of the regimen, providing adolescents with adequate access to EC can help reduce unintended pregnancies without increasing risky sexual behavior, which has far-reaching positive effects for all members of society.
Grimes, D. A., & Raymond, E. G. (2002). Emergency contraception. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 180-189.
Gold, M. A., Wolford, J. E., Smith, K. A., & Parker, A. M. (2004). The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women's sexual and contraceptive behaviors. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 17, 87-96.
Golden, N. H., Seigel, W. M., Fisher, M., Schneiger, M., Quijano, E., Suss, A., Bergeson, R., Seitz, M., & Saunders, D. (2001). Emergency contraception: Pediatricians' knowledge, attitudes, and opinions. Pediatrics, 107, 287-292.
Guttmacher Institute. (2006). U.S. teenage pregnancy statistics: National and State trends and trends by race and ethnicity. Retrieved on September 30, 2007 from: http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/2006/09/12/USTPstats.pdf.
Harper, C. C., Cheong, M., Rocca, C. H., Darney, P. D., & Raine, T. R. (2005). The effect of increased access to emergency contraception among young adolescents. Obstetrics & Gynecololgy, 106, 483-491
Ottesen, S., Narring, F., Renteria, S., & Michaud, P. (2002). Emergency contraception among teenagers in Switzerland: A cross-sectional survey on the sexuality of 16- to 20-year olds. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 101-110.
Advance provision in a young, high-risk clinic population. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 96(1), 1-7.
Raine, T. R., Harper, C. C., Rocca, C. H., Fischer, R., Padian, N., Klausner, J. D., & Darney, P. D. (2005). Direct access to emergency contraception through pharmacies and effect on unintended pregnancy and STIs. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 54-62.
Rocca, C. H., Schwarz, E. B., Stewart, F. H., Darney, P. D., Raine, T. R., & Harper, C. C. (2007). Beyond access: Acceptability, use and nonuse of emergency contraception among young women. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 196, 29.e1-29.e6.
Roye, C. F. (2001). Routine provision of emergency contraception of teens and subsequent condom use: A preliminary study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 28, 165-166.
Sherman, C. A. (2005). Emergency contraception: The politics of post-coital contraception. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 139-157.
Walker, D. M., Torres, P., Gutierrez, J. P., Flemming, K., & Bertozzi, M. (2004). Emergency contraception use is correlated with increased condom use among adolescents: Results from Mexico. Journal of Adolescent Health, 329-334.
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While the German shepherd is one of the world's most recognizable dog breeds, the Akita -- a national treasure in his native Japan -- is less well-known. While both are large dogs with erect ears, the Akita and the German shepherd are very different canines. The American Kennel Club categorizes Akitas as members of the working group and German shepherds as members of the herding group.
At maturity, male Akitas stand between 26 to 28 inches tall at the shoulders, with females slightly smaller at 24 to 26 inches. The German shepherd isn't quite as tall, with males standing between 24 to 26 inches tall and females 22 to 24 inches. Full-grown Akitas weigh between 65 and 115 pounds, while German shepherds range from 50 to 90 pounds.
Coat and Color
The Akita sports a dense, soft undercoat and a straight top coat. All colors are permitted in the breed standard, including solid white. The German shepherd, also a double-coated breed, boasts a straight, dense top coat. While the German shepherd is classically portrayed with a brown body and black saddle, all colors are actually permitted in the breed standard with the exception of solid white. Both breeds shed fairly heavily and require regular brushing. The Akita is a relatively odorless canine, who grooms himself in a feline manner.
A German shepherd lives to please his person. He does best with an active owner or family -- he's too energetic and too much dog for couch potatoes. More independent and somewhat less active than the German shepherd, Akitas don't get on particularly well with other canines. Both breeds are naturally protective, although the Akita doesn't bark much. Neither breed is particularly welcoming to strangers. While early socialization is important for any dog, it's especially true for the aloof Akita. Let your Akita puppy meet as many people as possible, whether in your home or while out on walks or visiting friends and neighbors. Getting to know people early on can reduce possible aggressive tendencies in the breed.
Exercise and Training
There's possibly no dog breed as versatile as the German shepherd. This very smart, easily trained canine excels as a military and police dog, guide dog, search-and-rescue animal -- and he'll even herd livestock. He's happiest when he has some sort of job. While the Akita can certainly participate in canine sports, such as agility, he doesn't have the competitive drive of the German shepherd and doesn't take as naturally to training. The Akita Club of America recommends the breed for therapy work. Both breeds need a lot of exercise.
- Ibrakovic/iStock/Getty Images
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| 0.96254 | 551 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- Prepare a written checklist of materials necessary for a particular activity and place only necessary materials in the Biosafety Cabinets (BSC) before beginning work.
- Turn off Ultraviolet (UV) room light and BSC UV light before beginning work.
- Extra supplies (gloves, plates, media, etc.) should be stored outside BSC: material placed inside BSC may cause disruption to the airflow.
- Move arms in and out slowly, perpendicular to the face opening to reduce disruption of air curtain.
- Appropriate personal protective equipment must be worn. Lab coats must be buttoned. Gloves should be pulled over the knitted wrists of lab coat, not worn inside coat.
- Manipulation of materials should be delayed 1 minute after placing hands/arms inside BSC to allow air to stabilize and to "air sweep" arms.
- Do not rest arms on front grille. This allows room air to flow directly into the work area rather than being drawn through the front grille. Work with arms raised slightly.
- Do not block front grille with papers or materials.
- All operations should be performed at least 4 inches from the front grille on the work surface.
- Cabinet blowers should be operated at least 3-5 minutes before beginning work to allow the BSC to "purge" particulates
- Interior walls, interior surface of the window, and the surfaces of all materials to be placed in the BSC should be wiped with 70% ethanol or other appropriate disinfectant before use.
- Plastic backed absorbent toweling can be placed on the work surface (but not on the front grille) to aid in cleanup and spill containment.
- Place all material as far back in the BSC as practical.
- Active work should flow from the clean to contaminated area across the work surface.
- To minimize frequent in/out arm movement and maintain air barrier, do not tape biohazard collections bags to the outside of the BSC and upright pipette collection containers should not be used in the BSC nor placed on the floor outside the BSC (use horizontal discard trays containing an appropriate chemical disinfectant within the BSC).
- Potentially contaminated materials should not be brought out of the BSC until they have been surface decontaminated.
- Use techniques to reduce splatter and aerosol generation:
- Opened bottles or tubes should not be held in a vertical position.
- Hold the lid above open sterile surfaces to minimize direct impact of downward air.
- Open flames create turbulence which disrupts the pattern of air supplied to the work surface, and should not be used. If absolutely necessary, touch plate micro-burners which provide a flame on demand or electric furnaces are available. All flames must be off before disinfectants are used.
- Aspirator bottles or suction flasks should be connected to an overflow collection plastic flask containing an appropriate disinfectant, and to an in-line HEPA filter.
- If spilled liquid enters through the front or rear grilles, close the drain valves and pour decontaminating solution into the drain pans. After 20-30 minutes, collect the spilled liquid and disinfectant with paper towels.
- At the end of the work shift, the BSC should be surface decontaminated with 70% ethanol or dilute bleach.
The Office of Environmental Health and Safety is responsible for certifying Biosafety Cabinets and does this annually in August. In the meantime, if there is an issue with your fume hood and it is not functioning properly, immediately place a sign on the hood warning others not to use the equipment (ex: “Out of Service”). After you have placed the equipment out of service, you can place a Facilities work order to have the hood evaluated or you can call the Facilities front desk at 602-2368 if the matter is urgent.
All BSCs should be certified annually. If Biosafety Level 2 or higher materials are used in the BSC, the cabinet must be certified annually.
If the BSC is relocated, it must be re-certified prior to use.
The sash on a fume hood serves many purposes, but the most important one is to protect persons working in the laboratory. When the sash is closed it prevents any "leakage" of chemical fumes from the hood.
A closed sash also protects you from "escapes" caused by accidents. Shattered glass, chemical spills and vapors are contained in the hood if the sash is closed and an "event" occurs.
Closing the sash improves overall hood performance for other hoods in the lab and within the building. Also, in case of a power outage or hood ventilation failure, chemical vapors will not back up into the laboratory. Closing the sash for safety is a very healthy habit to develop!
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| 0.886276 | 1,005 | 2.546875 | 3 |
We often come across situations where something has gone wrong, or an end result is one that we don’t particularly like. We can see something is not right.
For example, a machine may be producing a large number of defective parts, a person may be taking a lot of sick leave or there may be delays in handing over tasks from one person to another.
These indicators are symptoms that something is wrong. In medicine, such a symptom would indicate the presence of a disease. In life and work, it indicates that something is not working right.
If we look at the issue as the resolution of a fault or a problem then one method to fix the problem is to identify the root cause of the problem.
The root cause can be defined as the “basic cause of something”. This is the fundamental reason for why a problem occurs. Root cause analysis (RCA) is a formal method to find root causes and correct them.
The steps in RCA are (in essence).
- Scope the problem and what you are trying to prevent.
- Collect data.
- Review the data.
- Work out what happened by asking “why” at each stage of the failure.
- The root causes are the ones that, when eliminated, will prevent the failure from happening again.
RCA is generally applied to problems in organisations. Factories will use it to understand why something went wrong in a process. The National Health Service (NHS) uses it to find out what went wrong in a patient care situation.
The point about a root cause is that it is a final cause – it does not lead back to something else that caused it in the first place.
This is a philosophical definition. A final cause can be thought of as the end goal of a thing, that for the sake of which a thing is done.
This makes final cause analysis (FCA) useful in looking at situations in general, not just problematical situations.
In RCA, the question to ask is “why?”. Why did X happen. Because of Y. Why did Y happen? Because of Z. Why did Z happen? Because it did. Z is the root cause.
In FCA the question to ask is “what for?” over and over again. Taking an example from the book “How much is enough”, you could ask:
- What is that bicycle for?
- To get me to work.
- What is work for?
- To make me money.
- What is money for?
- To buy me food.
- What is food for?
- To keep me alive.
- What is life for?
Life is not “for” anything. It just is.
So, from a philosopher’s point of view, before you know what you want from work, you need to know what you want from life, as that is the final cause of why you work.
Perhaps its possible to make better organisations by extending RCA to FCA and asking “what for?” much more.
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https://karthik-suresh.com/2017/06/22/what-for-the-question-that-uncovers-final-things/
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| 0.961468 | 646 | 3.59375 | 4 |
How to get chloride ions into the cell
For the first time, a molecular movie has captured in detail the process of an anion transported across the cell membrane by a light-fueled protein pump. Publishing in Science, the researchers utilized the unique synergy of a Free Electron Laser (SwissFEL) and synchrotron light source (SLS) offered by PSI to unravel the mystery of how light energy initiates the pumping process − and how nature made sure there is no anion leakage back outside.
Many bacteria and unicellular algae have light-driven pumps in their cell membranes: proteins that change shape when exposed to photons such that they can transport charged atoms in or out of the cell. Thanks to these pumps, their unicellular owners can adjust to the environment’s pH value or salinity.
One such bacteria is Nonlabens marinus, first discovered in 2012 in the Pacific Ocean. Among others, it possesses a rhodopsin protein in its cell membrane which transports chloride anions from outside the cell to its inside. Just like in the human eye, a retinal molecule bound to the protein isomerizes when exposed to light. This isomerization starts the pumping process. Researchers now gained detailed insight into how the chloride pump in Nonlabens marinus works.
The study was led by Przemyslaw Nogly, once a postdoc at PSI and now an Ambizione Fellow and Group Leader at ETH Zürich, in close collaboration with the ALVRA team at SwissFEL and the MX team at the SLS. It is one of the first studies to fully combine experimental capabilities at these large-scale research facilities, bridging the gap in time resolution to record a full molecular movie of a protein at work. Slower dynamics in the millisecond-range were investigated via time-resolved serial crystallography at SLS while faster, up to picosecond, events were captured at SwissFEL - then both sets of data were put together.
With the advent of FELs, the possibility of recording biological molecules in action became a reality, allowing observation of reactions from femto- to microseconds. However, for the slower steps in the millisecond to second range, FELs are not suitable. Expanding the experimental techniques to the synchrotron closes this gap. “At PSI, we are in the unique position to offer both setups to users in a synergetic way”, Florian Dworkowski, beamline scientist at the SLS, explains. “With the advent of the 4th generation upgrade for the SLS, we plan to expand the time resolution at the synchrotron even to the microsecond regime, closing the gap completely”.
“In one paper, we exploit the advantages of two state-of-the-art facilities to tell the full story of this chloride pump,” Nogly says. Jörg Standfuss, co-author of the study who built up a PSI team dedicated to creating such molecular movies, adds: “This combination enables first-class biological research as would only be possible at very few other places in the world beside PSI.”
As the study has revealed, the chloride anion is attracted by a positively charged patch of the rhodopsin protein in Nonlabens marinus’ cell membrane. Here, the anion enters the protein and finally binds to a positive charge at the retinal molecule inside. When retinal isomerizes due to light exposure and flips over, it drags the chloride anion along and thus transports it a bit further inside the protein. “This is how light energy is directly converted into kinetic energy, triggering the very first step of the ion transport,” Sandra Mous says, a PhD student in Nogly’s group and first author of the paper.
Being on the other side of the retinal molecule now, the chloride ion has reached a point of no return. From here, it goes only further inside the cell. An amino acid helix also relaxes when chloride moves along, additionally obstructing the passage back outside. “During the transport, two molecular gates thus make sure that chloride only moves in one direction: inside,” Nogly says. One pumping process in total takes about 100 milliseconds.
Two years ago, Jörg Standfuss, Przemyslaw Nogly and their team unravelled the mechanism of another light-driven bacterial pump: the sodium pump of Krokinobacter eikastus. Researchers are eager to discover the details of light-driven pumps because these proteins are valuable optogenetic tools: genetically engineered into mammalian neurons, they make it possible to control the neurons activities by light and thus research their function.
Text: Brigitte Osterath
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Are your kids being raised in a catholic household? Then it’s inevitable that they will be learning all about the rosary at one time or another. The rosary is a very powerful symbol in the catholic religion, but it can often be meant with some confusion by younger children. Here are some tips for helping you explain the rosary and all of its power to your catholic children.
- Ask Questions
- Explain Its Significance
- Review The Rosary Prayers
- Invited Them To Pray The Rosary With You
- Determine Whether They Are Ready For A Rosary Of Their Own
One of the most important ways to talk to your children about the rosary is to begin by asking questions. Ask them if they know anything about the rosary already. Find out what the church may have taught them in Sunday school lessons or what they may have learned on their own. Make sure to clear up any confusion or misguided facts they may have about the rosary and address any questions they may have as well.
A common mistake many individuals, especially those that are not catholic make is assuming the rosary is simply a piece of jewelry. However, true Catholics know that the rosary is so much more than a piece of jewelry. It is viewed as a very holy piece of jewelry that Catholics pray upon. Review the history of the rosary with your children and teach them how to pray the rosary.
There are said to be six major prayers used for praying the Rosary including The Sign of the Cross, The Apostles Creed, The Our Father, The Hail Mary, The Glory Be To The Father, and The Hail Holy Queen. Have your children become familiar with these to the point of memorization. However, make sure your children understand the significance of these prayers and why they are viewed with such high importance in the Catholic religion.
Practice makes perfect and we learn from observance. When your children see that you are praying the rosary they will quickly learn how to do it on their own. Try to explain the steps of the rosary to them as you go through it and be sure to answer any questions they may have. Say it slowly so that you children will have time to observe and learn at their own pace.
Because of their holy significance, rosaries should be given out with caution. Consider how well your children understand its power. A rosary that is handled without care or worn merely as a piece of jewelry may be viewed as disrespectful or even offensive to Catholics. Only allow your children to have a rosary if you are sure they are old enough to understand it is to be used during times of prayer only. When you determine they are old enough to understand its significance, then opt to purchase a high-quality holy rosary for them to pray to.
Are you a catholic parent? Have you taught your children about the rosary yet? What do you feel is the best piece of advice when teaching catholic children about the rosary? Feel free to leave a comment with your thoughts and suggestions!
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| 0.973158 | 643 | 2.75 | 3 |
Trends help put things in perspective as today's house price is high or low compared to last yer or 10 years ago. The data isn't as easy to find as one might expect so I'll try adding it to this article as I find it online or elsewhere. It's not clear how to account for inflation as a dollar today is worth far less than 10 years ago, or even less than 1950. The People History illustrates inflation nicely explaining that if you had $100 in 1950, and converted it to equivalent dollars in 2005, you would need $835.41.
So what exactly am I looking for? Data to explore how the size and features of our homes are changing, i.e. from a house with no garage to today's expectation that a house should have a 2-car garage (3-car in many locations where there is no basement).
- Size of houses and if available, how much land they sit on.
- Number of features, i.e. # bedrooms, bathrooms, garages and more.
- Cost of houses and the corresponding income to afford to buy a house.
- Type and cost of utilities needed to support a house, i.e. electricity, gas, etc … and cost.
The People History offered the following information for the decade spanning the 1950s.
- In 1950 a new house cost $8,450. Just 10 years later, in 1959 grew to $12,400 representing an increase of 47%.
- The average American income in 1950 was $3,210, growing 56% to $5,010 by 1959.
- The cost of a gallon of gas grew from $0.18/gallon in 1950 to $0.25 in 1959, a jump of 39%.
Found this fascinating photo essay on the Evolution of Households, from 1950 to Today at Women's Day. Here are some incredible facts and figures regarding home trends in the US:
- Average home has grown from 983 sq ft in the 1950s, to 2349 sq ft in 2000s … bur surprisingly, we spend 41% of our time away from home.
- Home ownership grew from 53% in the 1960s, to 58% in the 1979s (no statistics for later years).
- TVs started out with 24% of households owning one in the 1950s, to 90% in the 1960s … and then switched to remote controls at 29% in the 1980s. Surprisingly, there was no mention of electronics?
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| 0.959775 | 511 | 2.53125 | 3 |
On Erev Pesach, Jews throughout the world will sit down at the seder table: observant Jews of all denominations and none, secular and cultural Jews, humanist, socialist, feminist and LGBT Jews. Why? Why is it that not only observant Jews of all persuasions, but Jews who do not generally observe the rites and practices of Jewish life, choose to gather around the seder table? Why is it that in addition to the vast array of traditional haggadot, and the expanding variety of editions, published by the various progressive movements, there are so many other creative versions available? What draws so many variously identified Jews to Pesach?
It is our story, of course: the tale of the liberation of our ancestors from slavery. It is also clear that the first rabbis, who re-crafted the observance of Pesach, after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, by bringing the festival into people’s homes, and creating the first Haggadah (Mishnah, Seder Mo’eid: Pesachim), helped to ensure that the obligation to transmit the remembrance of the Exodus through the generations, as stated in the Torah (Exodus 13:8), would be fulfilled. And there is something else besides the compelling story of our people’s beginnings and brilliant rabbinic initiative: The tale of the Exodus is a source of continuous inspiration for all those, who still live in chains and for all those who, in solidarity with the enslaved, are determined to eradicate slavery.
It is shocking that slavery is still a reality today – and not just in countries dominated by pre-modern ideologies and practices. Slavery and human trafficking is rife in Britain, across Europe, and in the United States. And of course, we must not forget that every time we buy a cheap item of clothing in a shop on our own local high street, there is a huge probability that it has been produced by slave labour – including, child labour – in another part of the globe.
This year, T’ruah, ‘the rabbinic call for human rights’ in the United States, which has been engaged in an anti-human trafficking campaign for some time, has produced a new Haggadah, The Other Side of the Sea: A Haggadah on Fighting Modern Slavery (2015) to raise awareness and to inspire people to take action. But in doing this, T’ruah is not simply investing the festival of Pesach with new life. One of the key passages in the traditional Haggadah, Ha Lachmah Anya, ‘This is the Bread of Affliction’, concludes with the words, in a combination of Aramaic and Hebrew: Ha-shatta, avdey; la-shanah ha-ba’ah, b’ney chorin – ‘This year, slaves; next year, free people’. And so, we fulfil our obligation to observe the festival of Pesach, not simply by retelling and re-living the story of the liberation of our slave ancestors, but by committing ourselves to the struggle against slavery and human trafficking today. Chag Samei’ach!
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Wordless books provide an opportunity that no other book can offer—a personally crafted storytelling experience from you to your baby. “Reading” aloud from picture books with few or no words promotes creativity, is accessible regardless of reading level or language, and allows flexibility while honing in on what the baby likes most. You can take your baby on an imaginative journey—building vocabulary, comprehension skills, and emotions—just by adding your own words to a picture book.
Here are some tips for telling a story with wordless books!
- Pick a book that is visually interesting to you. Your level of engagement as you create the story will be much higher if you are looking at something you like!
- Look around the page for things that are happening. Are there characters? What are they doing? Is there scenery? What does it look like? Describe aloud what you see. This is your story. There is no right or wrong way to tell it—it’s up to you!
- Focus on facial expressions. Babies love faces, both in pictures and in person. Identify characters in the pictures and mimic their expressions and actions. Make up things that those characters might say, or faces that they might make, and see how your baby responds. Tailor the story to reinforce positive responses!
- Vary the tone and voices you use throughout your story. You can go from a low, slow voice to a higher, faster one. Your baby will follow changes in sound and be further engaged in this sensory experience.
- Sing your story! You can select characters to communicate musically (birds or whistlers, for example) and tell their parts in song. Even adding simple humming broadens the range of audio exposure for your baby.
- Incorporate exaggerated movements and gestures. Physical expression adds entertainment and helps develop motor skills. Clap your baby’s hands together, wave them in the air, pretend you’re a plane—act out movement together!
- Tell the story in different languages. If you live in a multi-lingual environment, wordless books provide the perfect opportunity for others to tell the story in their own languages. Encourage family members and friends to participate using familiar verbal dialects of their own!
- Let the story go where you want to take it! You don’t need an ending, nor does it need to make sense. You can use the same pictures to tell a different story every time. You can make a new story out of one picture. You can even create your own story for books that already have one! The most important thing is that you’re relaxed, happy, and bonding with your baby through a dynamic and imaginative exchange.
Just like playing make-believe, there is no one way to do something—it’s up to you and your imagination when you “read” wordless books. Everything you share is a unique moment between you and your baby that strengthens a loving bond and healthy developmental growth. Have fun, be silly, and enjoy sharing a story!
Here are some recommended wordless books for storytelling:
- The Red Book by Barbara Lehman (Houghton Mifflin, 2004)
- Wonder Bear (Dial, 2008) and Bunny Days (Dial, 2010) by Tao Nyeu
- Wave(Chronicle Books, 2008) and Shadow (Chronicle Books, 2010) by Suzy Lee
- Dinosaur by Peter Sis (Greenwillow, 2000)
- Where’s Walrus by Stephen Savage (Scholastic, 2011)
- The Snowman by Raymond Briggs (Random House, 1999)
- Pancakes for Breakfast by Tomie De Paola (Sandpiper, 1978)
- A Boy, a Dog, and a Frog by Mercer Mayer (Dial, 2003)
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Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body.
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?
It is considered the cause of most diseases.
One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to ..
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
The change that a cell undergoes from an unspecialized one to a specialized one is called
A feedback system consists of three basic components: q control center, a receptor, and a..
The process of using energy to build p the body's structural and functional components is called
When your digestive enzymes chemically break down beef proteins into their subunits (amino acids), this would be an example of
If the number of a person's catabolic reactions are greater than his or her anabolic reactions , then this person is
The abdomino-pelvic cavity is divided into quadrants by horizontal and vertical lines passing through the
Which of the following is not true of proteins?
They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their building blocks by the
removal of a water molecule between each two units
Which of the following statements is false?
Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully
Isotopes of the same element _____ in their atomic masses due to a _________ number of neutrons,.
Which protein types are capable of repairing other proteins that were damaged by stress or heat shock?
Amino Acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) _________ reaction?
If the half- life of I-131 is 2 1\2 months, how much radioactivity remains in the thyroid of a patient five months after treatment with this radioisotope?
Which of these statements is true?
Alpha particles are much more massive than beta particles, and if inhaled,inflict much more damage.
High energy radiation damages biological tissues because it
ionizes many neutral atoms, resulting in free radical formation
If you skip a meal and you later feel a lack of energy, your liver will split stored glycogen into smaller molecules known as
Cell membranes must be both "hydrophobic and hydrophobic . which molecule can serve both of these requirements?
Hair and nails are structural proteins. What is a good example of a functional protein
Which statement is false?
Each enzyme can catalyze many different types of reactions
they are easily denatured at several degrees above the body temperature
They are catalysts that are made out of protein
A. each enzyme can catalyze many different type of reactions
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the factory site for protein formation is capable of reading both the nucleic acid and language as well as the protein language. That molecule is known as
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?
the cells will lose water and shrink
Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, what best describes the events?
a lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material
Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
molecular transport through the membrane
Passive membrane transport processes include
the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.
The Na +/ K + pump functions to maintain a concentration gradient such that
potassium levels are high inside the cell and sodium levels are high outside the cell
A cell's membrane has been describe as a fluid mosaic meaning its like a mosaic of _____, in a sea of ____________.
Intravenous feeding is typically a 5% dextrose solution but this is a starvation diet, and patients will lose weight. Why don't they just administer a 10 % solution
it would result in a hypertonic extracelluler environment
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| 0.930839 | 925 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Contact: Rob Gutro
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Caption: In addition to monitoring weather on Earth, the GOES-R satellites will monitor weather in space caused by electromagnetic radiation and charged particles released from solar storms on the sun. Many people rely on space weather data, including pilots, farmers, satellite operators, electric power workers, and astronauts.
Downloadable video: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010900/a010936/
Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Usage Restrictions: None
Related news release: Two GOES-R instruments complete spacecraft integration
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Dr. John Lee
General Question About Natural Hormones
WHY ARE SO MANY WOMEN ESTROGEN DOMINANT?
Today, many women over the age of 35 are producing only 50% of the progesterone their mothers produced.
This is due to :
- Stress: Cortisol alters what message the brain sends to the ovaries.
- Diet: Highly processed "exhausted" food does not give the body the complex nutrients it needs to function optimally.
- Xenoestrogens: These are "foreign" estrogens that are found in pesticides, herbicides, plastics, salad dressings, etc. They damage the developing follicles of the fetus and cause problems in the future. Women produce less progesterone and men produce less sperm than they should.
- The worst side effects of estrogen dominance include: breast cancer, osteoporosis and infertility.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN SYMPTOMS OF ESTROGEN DOMINANCE?
- Decreased energy Depression/Anxiety/Agitation Memory Loss
- Low libido Fat Gain Mood Swings
- Headaches Fibrocystic Breasts Osteoporosis
- Lack of energy Hair Loss PMS
- Breast swelling Inability to Focus Sluggish Metabolism
- Frequent illness Insomnia Water retention/bloating
ESTROGEN LEVELS DO NOT FALL TO ZERO AFTER MENOPAUSE
Many menopausal women have had estrogen dominance. Mainstream medical doctors give these women estrogen without progesterone. This gives them hyperplasia. This leads to a D & C which leads to an unnecessary hysterectomy.
For menopausal symptoms, try natural progesterone for 3 months. If no relief, add a natural estrogen product. The progesterone may stimulate your estrogen receptor sites which have been tuned down by the body to prevent estrogen dominance. Restimulating them may help decrease hot flashes, insomnia, and vaginal dryness
DOES ESTROGEN PROTECT THE HEART?
Past studies did not compare equal groups of women. A recent study showed that after 5 1/2 years, there was no difference in heart attacks between women two took estrogen and women who did not.
PROGESTERONE HAS BENEFITS TO THE HEART
- Prevents coronary arteries from going into spasm. (Synthetic progestins like Provera
actually cause spasm).
- Prevents build-up in the coronary arteries.
- Blocks the adverse effects of stress
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO MEASURE HORMONE LEVELS?
Serum blood tests measure only the amount of progesterone that is bound to protein. Of this, only 5% is usable by the body, so this is an inaccurate number. Progesterone is fat soluble, so it does not mix with serum. A saliva test will measure the amount of progesterone that is actually available to the body.
You may be making enough progesterone but are under stress and making cortisol which actually causes a blockade of the progesterone. You become estrogen dominant. Breasts often swell (retaining water intracellularly) Augment with natural Progesterone
Exact cause is unknown. They grow faster when a woman is estrogen dominant. If not too large and causing pressure on the bladder, use natural progesterone. They will usually decrease 15 - 20% in 6-12 months. After menopause, they will atrophy.
FIBROCYSTIC BREAST DISEASE/PAINFUL BREASTS
Go off birth control pills! Take natural progesterone day 12-26 of your cycle. Start with a little dab and they go higher (crescendo effect) Results occur in about 3 months.
In older women, you may have hyerplasia. Check with your physician.
Younger women, you are probably making more estrogen (the hormone that builds up the bloody lining, Progesterone holds it in place) Either the progesterone quit too soon causing early bleeding or you were estrogen dominant which extends the time.
Cycle progesterone from day 12 - 26 in regular rhythm. When you quit the progesterone your period follows
CRAMPING / CLOTTING
Clotting is caused by blood that was not shed properly (not enough progesterone) The blood stays behind and comes out in the next cycle. Add
Cramping is due to estrogen dominance. This increases endometrial cells which can work up into the wall of the uterus and become very painful because the blood stays in the muscle and has an inflammatory effect. Restore progesterone which keeps the endometrial build-up inside the uterus.
Thyroid function often improves when natural progesterone is used as progesterone works with the thyroid hormone.
Progesterone helps combat cortisol interference and can help restore energy levels.
The prostate is the male version of the uterus. Just as Progesterone helps protect against uterine cancer, it also helps protect against prostate cancer. Men over 50 should consider supplementing with natural progesterone.
BUY NOW: » Helen Pensanti M.D. - Bioidentical Diosgenin
Helen Pensanti M.D.
Research Info Archives
- 3 Major Health Problems
- 5 Ways to Lose Body Fat
- 7 Edible Weeds
- 7 Steps to Healing
- 10 Foods You Should NEVER EAT!!
- 10 Things You Must Do To Beat Breast Cancer Now
- 10 Ways to Increase Energy
- Age Spots
- Alzheimer's Prevention Plan
- Aloe Vera Freeze Dried Capsules and AloeVera Liquid Concentrate
- Anti-Aging Tips
- Anxiety and Stress
- Arteries Clean
- Baby Boomers and Alzheimer’s Disease
- Bacteria and Viral Infections
- Bananas are healthy!
- Beating Breast Cancer with Nutrition
- Belly Fat
- Beta Glucan
- Beauty of Mathematics
- Bio-Identical VS Synthetic Hormones
- Bladder Infection Help - Parsley Tea
- Blood Clots
- Breast Cancer Inducing Chemicals
- Breast Cancer Profile
- Breast Cancer and Synthetic Hormones
- Buying and Preparing Fresh Fish
- Cancer Prevention Tips - Stay Cancer Proof
- Cancer Protection List - Household Items to Avoid
- Chelation Therapy
- Clustered Water/Healthy Immune System
- Cold Sores
- Cortisol and Weight Loss
- Calories and Calore Counting
- Dark Spots On Bananas - Anti Cancer
- Date Rape Drug Information - GHB
- Dental Problems
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes Travel Tips
- Diseases Do Not Just Happen
- Dr Helen's 1200 Calorie Diet to lose 45 pounds in 3 months
- Eating Genetically Modified Fruits
- Eliminate "White Poison" From Your Diet
- Estrogen Found in Foods/Herbs/Drugs/Chemicals
- Estrogen Inhibiting Foods
- Fatigue and Loss of Energy
- Five Keys to Restoration
- Food Toxins
- Foot Health
- General Question About Natural Hormones
- Hair growth in unwanted places
- Hair Loss
- Headache Check Lists - Headache Symptoms and Headache Causes
- Healing properties of garlic and onions
- Healing / Water Clusters
- Health Updates
- Healthly Foods Chart for Bone Health
- Healthly Foods Chart
- Healthy Food List
- Healthy Living Recipe Options
- Heart Disease - #1 Cause of Death In America
- Heart Disease and Women - Estrogen does not benefit the heart.
- High Blood Pressure - Hypertension
- Highlights from Dr Abraham's interview at the 6th Annual Anti-Aging Conference
- Holiday Meals
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) linked to Hearing Loss
- Hormone Studies
- Inflammation Reduction
- Insomnia Information
- Keeping Your Liver Healthy
- Laser Vision Correction
- LeAine Dehmer Clinical Skincare Specialist Answers Your Questions
- Long Life and Aging
- Lose 45 Pounds In 3 Months
- Mamograms - Infrared Thermography
- Managing Lactose Intolerance
- Mascular Degeneration
- Men and Progesterone
- Men's Prostate Health
- Microbes in an overweight body are more efficient at extracting calories from food.
- Mind Boosters
- Natural Cancer Treatments
- Natural Progesterone and Blood Pressure/Inflammmation
- Non Toxic Hair Dyes
- Olive Leaf Extract
- Organic Dark Unprocessed Chocolate
- Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Health
- Osteoporosis Prevention
- Osteoporosis - Softening of the Bones
- Overcoming Anxiety and Depression without Drugs!
- Parasitic Infections
- Parkinson's Desease
- Prostate Cancer & PC Spes
- Purify your Home without Poisons Chemicals
- Red Clover; Health Benefits of Isoflavones
- Phosphatidylserine (PS)
- Potassium In The News
- Preserving Your Sight
- Progesterone - Calming Effects
- Progesterone and Breast Cancer Study
- Progesterone, can we use that name?
- Progesterone, does it build up in your fat cells?
- Progestin VS Natural Progesterone
- Phyto-Progesterone is now called Diosgenin
- Recommended Supplements for Anti-Aging
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Seasonal Allergies
- Secret Remedies
- Shaping Children's Eating Habits
- Signs of Estrogen Deficiency
- Signs of Estrogen Excess
- Signs of Progesterone Excess
- Sinus Problems
- Six Types of Mothers
- Soy Foods May Protect the Body from Cancer
- Symptoms of Low Thyroid
- Synthetic Hormones and Breast Cancer
- Testosterone - how women can increase or decrease Testosterone Levels
- Thinning Hair
- Tips for Traveler's Health
- Top Ten Reasons to Get Off Synthetic Hormones
- Toxic Shampoos
- Type II Diabetes - Insulin Resistance
- Vaginal Dryness - High In Oxalate Foods to Avoid
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B
- Vitamin Bible and Healthy Tips
- Vitamin D - emphasizing the importance of supplementing with Vitamin D
- Vitamin E - may provide women with protection from breast cancer
- Vitamin K
- Ways to fit fiber in your diet
- Weight Loss
- Wellness Plan
- West Nile Virus
- What to look for in a Biological Dentist
- Why Natural Progesterone is better than Synthetic
- Women and Heart Disease
- Word... Water... Walk...
- Wyeth Pharmaceutical lies in study
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Providing hepatitis C virus (HCV)
therapy with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to people who inject drugs can
achieve rapid reductions in community prevalence of viraemia, according to
Australian research published in the Journal
of Hepatology. Uptake of HCV treatment increased from 10% to 41% after
unrestricted access to DAAs was rolled out in March 2016, and the proportion of
viraemic patients fell from 43% to 25%.
believe their findings have significance for the World Health Organization
(WHO) target of eliminating HCV as a public health threat by 2030.
of HCV as a global public health threat will require strategies that provide
DAA access to high-risk populations, often those who are highly marginalised in
society,” comment the investigators. “This study provides evidence that
relatively high rates of HCV treatment can be achieved among PWID [people who inject drugs] when DAA
therapy is made available without restriction.”
therapy using DAAs can achieve cure rates in excess of 95% with minimal
toxicity. The availability of DAAs was instrumental in the development of the
WHO target to eliminate HCV as a global public health threat by 2030. For
elimination to be achieved, 80% of people with chronic HCV will need to
receive DAA therapy, achieving a 65% reduction in HCV-related mortality and a
80% fall in HCV incidence.
Globally, people who inject drugs are
one of the communities most affected by HCV. Stigmatised, criminalised and
marginalised, people who inject drugs often face significant barriers accessing HCV therapy. But
the achievement of the WHO elimination target will only be possible with
widespread rollout of DAAs with corresponding reductions in the prevalence of
viraemia in the most affected communities.
Starting in March
2016, unrestricted, subsidised access to DAA therapy was provided to all
people with chronic HCV infection in Australia. Investigators analysed
surveillance data collected from people who inject drugs between 2015 and 2017 to assess the
impact of DAA rollout on treatment uptake and the proportion of people with
interviewed about their use of therapy and its outcome. Blood samples were also
obtained to determine the prevalence of HCV antibodies and viraemia.
The annual study
samples included ranged in size between 1995 and 2380 individuals. Approximately
a third of participants were women, between 1.4% to 2.1% were HIV positive and
0.5% to 1% had HIV and HCV co-infection.
prevalence declined significantly from 57% in 2015 to 49% in 2017 (p <
cure was observed in between a fifth and a quarter of people with evidence of
Among people eligible for treatment (excluding individuals with spontaneous cure), treatment
initiation rates increased from 10% in 2015, to 17% in 2016, and to 31% in
In the overall
sample, prevalence of HCV viraemia declined from 43% in 2015, to 32% in 2016,
and to 25% in 2017.
treatment initiation and viraemia were both highly significant (p < 0.001).
or relapse was observed in 18 people. “The clearly demonstrated potential for
PWID to be reinfected with HCV following successful DAA therapy is of concern,”
comment the authors. “We believe the best approach to reinfection is enhanced
harm reduction and rigorous monitoring for reinfection post-treatment with
access to DAA therapy for retreatment.”
Older age (above
44 years vs below 37 years) was strongly associated with DAA treatment, so too
history of opioid substitution therapy (aOR = 2.06; 95% CI, 1.30-3.26, p =
“Australia is in
an enviable position, with unrestricted subsidised access to DAA therapy among
PWID and well established, high coverage harm reduction and prevention
programs,” conclude the authors. “Findings from this study, including rapid
uptake of DAA therapy and reduced viraemic prevalence of active HCV infection
among PWID are encouraging and provide proof of concept that eliminating HCV as
a public health threat through HCV treatment as prevention is feasible.”
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Continuing with the series of long and short stitch shading lessons, here’s Lesson 2: Inside the Box. In this lesson, we’ll be stitching element one on the sampler, the two boxes in the top left corner.
At the end of this post, you’ll see a series of three videos on the basic long and short stitch. (I couldn’t quite cram it all into one 10-minute video!)
1. Project in hoop or frame, with Element One: Boxes centered in hoop (top left corner of the whole sampler)
2. #9 or #10 crewel (embroidery) needles (I use a #10)
3. Small, sharp embroidery scissors
4. DMC stranded cotton in the following colors: 814, 347, 349, 351, 353, 3855, 745, Ecru
NOTE: There is a difference between the step-by-step photos and the video tutorial for this lesson. In the step-by-step photos, I began the top of the box with bright red (349). In the video tutorial, I began the top row in dark red, (347) and worked six rows of color. The directions, however, are written with the bright red (349) as the first color, with five rows working to the lightest yellow (745). You can work the box either way, with five or six rows. If you work five rows, start with bright red (349). If you work six, start with dark red (347).
All stitching is worked with one strand of floss.
1. Begin with the smallest box.
2. Anchor your thread according to your favorite method, or use the method demonstrated in the video tutorial, part 1.
3. Work a split stitch line across the top of the small box in bright red (349).
Draw vertical lines, from the center to each side of the box, to mark your stitch direction. Use a regular pencil for this. The vertical lines will help keep your stitches straight up and down. (This is demonstrated in the video, part 1).
1. Bring your needle up through the fabric, about 3/8″ below the split stitch line, in the top center of the box. Take your first stitch over the split stitch line and back into the fabric. Now, working down the row to the right, space about six directional stitches more or less the same length all the way to the right edge of the box. This is illustrated in the video, part 1. after placing your directional lines (which are “long” stitches), go back to the center and work to the right, filling in “short” stitches of varying lengths, moving down the row.
2. You want your stitches to lie right next to each other, as they would in satin stitch, so make sure that you space them correctly – not too close that they bunch up, but not too far apart that you can see any fabric between them.
3. Continue working across the fabric to the right side of the box, alternating the size of your stitches between long and short. Vary their lengths. For a natural-looking long and short stitch (less formal and rigid-looking), stagger the length of your stitches between several lengths – some long, some a little shorter, then a bit longer, then shorter again, then shorter yet, then a little longer, then long, then short, then slightly longer, etc……! You want the bottom edge of your stitched row to be jagged, but you want ot keep an overall consistent length across the longest points of the stitches.
4. When you reach the right edge of the box, end with a long stitch on the pencil line. This is approximately what your progress should look like so far:
5. Now, move back to the middle of the box and work from the center to the left side of the box, doing the same thing.
6. If you’re like me, one side will look better than the other. I don’t know why this is! For me, the second half that I stitch always looks better than the first, even if I switch directions and stitch from the center to the left first.
Refer to the Long and Short Stitch Video, part 1, below, to see this technique worked out.
Subsequent Rows – up to, but not including, the last row
1. After the first row, each row is worked in the following sequence of colors:
—- Row 2: 351
—- Row 3: 353
—- Row 4: 3855
2. For subsequent rows, after the first row, bring your needle up from the back of your fabric into the first row of stitches, in the center:
3. Stitch some longer directional stitches from the center towards the right edge, dividing up the stitching area as you did with the first row (demonstrated in the video, part 2).
4. Stagger the entry point at the top of the stitches, so that some begin higher and some lower than the others. Work into the long stitches of the first row, about one-third the length up into the long stitches.
5. Work the short stitches of the second row high up into the first row of stitches, bringing the needle back down into the fabric to make a “short” stitch in the second row. Again, stagger your stitches, varying their length by varying where the stitches emerge in the previous row and where they go down into the fabric.
6. Continue from the center to the right edge, and then work from the center to the left edge of the box. You can find this technique demonstrated in the Long & Short Stitch Video, part 2, below.
You’ll work each row in this manner, filling in the square, until you get to the last row.
Make sure that you’re taking your stitches deep into the previous row, so that the colors blend well. Again, the video will help with this!
The Last Row
1. Split stitch the base line of the square in light yellow, 745.
2. Finish the last row in the same manner of the previous rows, but working the base of the stitches over the split stitch line, as you did with the beginning of the first row.
To help reduce “information overload” in one post, tomorrow I’ll post the rest of Lesson Two, which is the second box, worked on the diagonal!
You may p
rint, if you wish, a PDF of the entire lesson (including the second box):
Long & Short Stitch Shading Video Tutorial – Part 1
Long & Short Stitch Shading Video Tutorial – Part 2
Long & Short Stitch Shading Video Tutorial – Part 3
If you have any questions or comments, need clarification on anything, or have any suggestions that I’m able to implement concerning the lessons, don’t hesitate to leave a comment below. Additionally, you can subscribe to the e-mail newsletter (right hand column) or my RSS feed to ensure you don’t miss the next lesson! Advantages of the newsletter include that it’s in a better format for printing (compared to the webpage) and you can reply directly to it to send me an e-mail (and attach pictures, if you wish).
Long and Short Stitch Shading Lessons – Related Posts
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en
| 0.904192 | 1,596 | 2.78125 | 3 |
- Symptoms are divided into two categories: cognitive, or intellectual, and psychiatric.
- Differentiating them is important so that behavioral problems that are caused by loss of cognitive functioning are not treated with anti-psychotic or anti-anxiety medications.
- Cognitive, or intellectual, symptoms are amnesia, aphasia, apraxia and agnosia (the 4 As of Alzheimer's).
- Amnesia is defined as loss of memory, or the inability to remember facts or events. We have two types of memories: the short-term (recent, new) and long-term (remote, old) memories. Short-term memory is programmed in a part of the brain called the temporal lobe, while long-term memory is stored throughout extensive nerve cell networks in the temporal and parietal lobes. In Alzheimer's disease, short-term memory storage is damaged first.
- Aphasia is the inability to communicate effectively. The loss of ability to speak and write is called expressive aphasia. An individual may forget words he has learned, and will have increasing difficulty with communication. With receptive aphasia, an individual may be unable to understand spoken or written words or may read and not understand a word of what is read. Sometimes an individual pretends to understand and even nods in agreement; this is to cover-up aphasia. Although individuals may not understand words and grammar, they may still understand non-verbal behavior, i.e., smiling.
- Apraxia is the inability to do pre-programmed motor tasks, or to perform activities of daily living such as brushing teeth and dressing. An individual may forget all motor skills learned during development. Sophisticated motor skills that require extensive learning, such as job-related skills, are the first functions that become impaired. More instinctive functions like chewing, swallowing and walking are lost in the last stages of the disease.
- Agnosia is an individual's inability to correctly interpret signals from their five senses. Individuals with Alzheimer's disease may not recognize familiar people and objects. A common yet often unrecognized agnosia is the inability to appropriately perceive visceral, or internal, information such as a full bladder or chest pain.
- Major psychiatric symptoms include personality changes, depression, hallucinations and delusions.
- Personality changes can become evident in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Signs include irritability, apathy, withdrawal and isolation.
- Individuals may show symptoms of depression at any stage of the disease. Depression is treatable, even in the latter stages of Alzheimer's disease.
- Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations and delusions, which usually occur in the middle stage. Hallucinations typically are auditory and/or visual, and sensory impairments, such as hearing loss or poor eyesight, tend to increase hallucinations in the elderly.
- Hallucinations and delusions can be very upsetting to the person with the disease. Common reactions are feelings of fear, anxiety and paranoia, as well as agitation, aggression and verbal outbursts.
- Individuals with psychiatric symptoms tend to exhibit more behavioral problems than those without these symptoms. It is important to recognize these symptoms so that appropriate medications can be prescribed and safety precautions can be taken.
- Psychotic symptoms can often be reduced through the carefully supervised use of medications. Talk to your primary care doctor, neurologist or geriatric psychiatrist about these symptoms because they are treatable.
For more information, connect with the Alzheimer’s Foundation of America’s licensed social workers. Click here or call 866.232.8484. Real People. Real Care.
Alzheimer's Foundation of America 866.232.8484
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en
| 0.938163 | 748 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Our aim is to equip students with the tools and skills that they need to become proficient in the use of a PC and various software applications. Students have been given a very well equipped classroom with good facilities and resources, which include access to the latest Microsoft Windows operating system and Office applications. By being taught the theoretical principles and combining this with a plethora of practical activities, students will be able to become very literate in computing which is something that is absolutely essential for candidates in general, but even more so those wishing to pursue a career in this field in the future.
Students will be working on Functional Skills ICT courses. On this course they learn the features and mechanics of the Microsoft Office Suite (Word, Excel, Power Point, publisher and access). In addition to that, young learners will be introduced to lessons focused on Internet Safety, using emails, Vector drawing, Graphics Design, Engineering and Programming. Our main goal is to maintain a ‘student-led’ approach with activities that encourage students to work in teams and support each other in class.
KS3/4: Edexcel Functional Skills ICT L1 & 2
KS4/5: Edexcel Functional Skills ICT L2
Useful Website Links
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CC-MAIN-2019-47
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http://bromleybeaconacademy-bromley.org.uk/key-information/curriculum/ecdl-it
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en
| 0.946434 | 249 | 3 | 3 |
In Finland in 2021 the average carbon footprint of milk produced on the dairy farms of suppliers of the Finnish largest dairy cooperative Valio was 1.06 kilogram CO2 equivalents/litre. Last year, a number of 1000 dairy farms, about a quarter of Valio’s member dairy farms in Finland, calculated the carbon footprint of the milk they produced. A certified ”Valio Carbo” -environmental calculator is used in the calculation. The carbon footprint in Valio’s dairy farms ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 kilogram CO2 equivalents/litre. Valio’s goal is to reduce the carbon footprint of milk production to zero by 2035. Another dairy cooperative in Finland, Arla Suomi, daughter of the Denmark headquartered dairy cooperative Arla, reported in March 2021 an average footprint of their supplying farms of 1.03 kilogram CO2 equivalents/litre. To compare: according to the FAO, the world average is about 2.5 kg CO2 equivalents/litre. The goal of Arla is international to achieve carbon neutrality of milk by 2050. Arla Suomi, which operates in Finland (and has total of 447 Finnish supplying dairy farms) has set itself the goal of reducing emissions from dairy farms by 30 percent by 2025. All of Arla Suomi’s dairy farms have calculated the carbon footprint of the milk produced in the farm.
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<urn:uuid:c9a0994c-815f-4c3d-99d3-8d4629ca984d>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.th-mann.de/finland-2021-average-carbon-footprint-produced-at-valios-dairy-farms
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en
| 0.930055 | 291 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings.
Ser Alliser Thorne tells Jon and Sam that during the last winter, Thorne and his ranger companions were trapped in a massive winter storm and ran out of food; first they ate the dead horses, and later had to cannibalize the frozen remains of the dead comrades. Thorne nastily comments that Sam would have fed them for two weeks, and they'd have had his bones left over for soup.Tormund and Ygritte encounter Styr, the Magnar of the Thenn, and his party. Styr tells them that his party "got some supper" from a village. As his men roast a human hand over a fire, Styr fantasizes aloud about eating crows.
In the books
In the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, there are two known societies which are rumored to practice cannibalism: the inhabitants of Skagos and the ice-river clans of the Free Folk. According to The World of Ice and Fire, there are additional societies that allegedly practice cannibalism: the Adakhakileki, the inhabitants of the Cannibal Sands, and the Brindled Men who inhabit the south regions of Sothoryos.
It should be noted that the rumors about the aforementioned societies have not been verified.
In contrast to incest, kinslaying and violation of the guest right, there is no mentioning in the novels that cannibalism is considered as abomination by any of the Westerosi religions, or socially unacceptable. A very few book characters (Stannis and Dagon Codd) have expressed their disapproval of cannibalism, to the point of killing those who have been caught eating dead bodies.
There are horror stories about mentally ill people who used to eat human flesh:
- Danelle Lothston used to bathe in tubs of blood and preside over feasts of human flesh at Harrenhal.
- The Amethyst Empress's younger brother, who cast her down and slew her, was said to have practiced cannibalism.
The Mountain, at Tywin's command, is sent to Harrenhal to kill Vargo Hoat for his betrayal. Rather than simply kill Hoat, the Mountain cuts his limbs piece by piece, and feeds them as a "roast goat" to northern prisoners (among them Ser Wylis Manderly), even to Hoat himself. Jaime is filled with disgust to hear that; he wonders if the captives had any idea what they'd been eating, and decides it is better not to inquire.
There have been cases of resorting (or almost resorting) to cannibalism due to lack of food:
- During the Siege of Storm's End, Ser Gawen Wylde and more of Stannis's garrison planned on sneaking out and surrendering to the Tyrell army. Stannis wanted to send them to the Tyrells by catapult, but Maester Cressen persuaded him to keep the would-be traitors imprisoned, just in case the garrison ran out of food; it is unclear whether Cressen actually meant it, or he said it in order to dissuade Stannis from excessive cruelty that might have turned his troops against him. Luckily for the defenders, there was no need for that, since Davos smuggled into the castle enough food to sustain them till Eddard Stark arrived and lifted the siege.
- Euron Greyjoy tells his brother Victarion that he captured once four warlocks; one of them threatened him, so Euron killed and fed him to the other three. They refused to eat at first, but when they grew hungry enough, they had a change of heart. Since Euron is highly untrustworthy, it is unknown whether the story is true; it fits, however, Euron's cruel nature and his habit of tormenting and playing vicious mind games on his captives.
- When Theon arrives at Moat Cailin, he is told by one of the ironborn guards that Dagon Codd caught two ironborn eating dead bodies, and killed them both.
- While the Yunkai troops besiege Astapor, the besieged soon run out of food; first they eat cats and rats and leather, and finally resort to cannibalism: they gather in secret to draw lots and gorge upon the flesh of the losers.
- During the march of Stannis's host to Winterfell, four of Lord Peasebury's men are caught butchering and roasting one of the late Lord Fell's men. Asha Greyjoy (Yara's name in the novels) is horrified to hear that; she assumes those four were not the first to taste human flesh during the grim march - only the first to be discovered. Stannis sentences the four to death by burning. Much to Lord Peasebury's embarrassment, there are rumors that he knew what his men were doing, and might even have shared in their feasts. When he calls Ser Justin Massey craven, the latter retorts "Better a craven than a cannibal".
Cannibalism has been well documented around the world, from Fiji to the Amazon Basin to the Congo to the Maori people of New Zealand, especially among tribal societies, as a cultural norm. There is evidence that cannibalism has been practiced for hundreds of thousands of years, from the early stages of mankind to the modern era, initially due to food shortages, and over the years it has become a social custom.
The reasons for cannibalism among tribal societies have been the belief that by consuming a dead body - the eater gains the deceased's valued qualities, and also a symbolic expression of the domination of an enemy in warfare.
Cannibalism has been occasionally practiced as a last resort by people suffering from famine, even in modern times. For instance, multiple acts of cannibalism were reported during the Soviet famine of 1932–1933.
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https://gameofthrones.fandom.com/wiki/Cannibalism
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en
| 0.975801 | 1,216 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The only way to learn Mathematics is to do Mathematics!
Mathematics is the science of numbers and their operations. For an enjoyable experience of this subject, we must necessarily be able to relate it to the environment and focus on the development of thinking and reasoning skills. With this thought, our grade 3 students recently celebrated Math Week at Presidium, Indirapuram, on the birth anniversary of famous Indian mathematician, Sh. Srinivasa Ramanujan. The entire week was celebrated with fun-filled and interactive activities to achieve a wide range of objectives related to knowledge skills, application, attitude, appreciation, interest and values. A Math Quiz was also conducted, wherein various interesting and challenging puzzles, riddles, reasoning and application based questions were asked and discussed through a PPT. Students were also made aware of various amazing facts about the subject. They actively participated in the quiz with a healthy competitive spirit and got a wonderful opportunity to explore the beauty of Mathematics. The students had a great time and the week really got them to see Math in a different light!
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en
| 0.972467 | 223 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In the last 6 months TAP, the Portuguese Air Line has made the headlines in Portugal due to its sail to private companies.
TAP was created on 14 March 1945 by Humberto Delgado, who was Director of the Civil Aviation Office at the time. That was the year it acquired its first aircraft — two Dakota DC3s, with room for 21 passengers. But was only in 1946 that TAP could launch its first commercial route, between
Lisbon and Madrid service began on 19 September.
The exhibition TAP PORTUGAL: IMAGE OF A PEOPLE focuses on the design of the national airline, from 1945 to the present day. It highlights its contribution to TAP identity and to consolidate the image of a modern airline, qualified, safe and competitive, at the service of the Portuguese people and the communities around the world.
The items on display reflect the contribution of design to the collective awareness of TAP as a national symbol and to the identification of the Portuguese people with (their) flag carrier. Moreover, it shows the way it contributed to the construction and dissemination of the image of a people and their country across borders over the last 70 years.
More information here.
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http://hotelavenidapalace.blogspot.com/2015/07/tap-portugal-image-of-people.html
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en
| 0.973079 | 244 | 2.65625 | 3 |
If due to decay, damage or gum disease a tooth is non-restorable the only option is to have the tooth removed from the mouth.
This is usually done in surgery using local anaesthetic to numb the area around the tooth to be extracted. Some teeth will be harder to extract than others but never the less the procedure should be pain free. Full after care instructions will then be given.
In certain circumstances it may be necessary for the extraction to be referred on to an oral surgery department or for very anxious patients a clinic which offers sedation. These are options which will be discussed when planning individual patient treatments.
Wisdom Tooth Extraction
Wisdom teeth usually come through during your late teens or early twenties. In most cases wisdom teeth will erupt with little discomfort, however, as they are the last teeth to erupt, sometimes due to lack of space they can become impacted. Impacted wisdom teeth grow at an angle; this can be seen on routine x-rays at checkup appointments. If the wisdom teeth are causing you to have repeated pain and infection (periocoronitis) or are causing damage to the teeth in front, the dentist will usually recommend they are removed. In some cases this may require a referral for minor oral surgery.
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http://www.rdentalclinic.co.uk/treatment/tooth-extraction/
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en
| 0.949344 | 255 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) would have been President Obama’s crowning achievement linked to America’s ‘pivot’ toward Asia. The TPP itself is a trade pact between 12 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The aim is to cut any remaining tariffs, reduce non-tariff barriers and harmonize regulations in order to increase trade and lower costs among members of the trade agreement. The trade pact’s would-be members account for approximately 40% of global GDP.
President Trump, only recently inaugurated, has other plans. On Monday, January 23rd, 2017, Trump signed an executive order withdrawing the United States from the TPP negotiating process. Promising to protect American workers, he favors a bilateral approach to trade agreements and will pursue new trade agreements on a country-by-country basis.
America’s withdrawal from the TPP negotiations will have few, if any, immediate economic impact. However, it leaves the other negotiating members of the TPP in an awkward position. Greater access to the American market provided a strong incentive for countries—such as Japan and Vietnam—to carry out difficult reforms in their effort to meet the requirements of the trade pact. Now some leaders, such as Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, feel they’ve wasted valuable political capital. The United States’ withdrawal also dents its reputation as a reliable economic and political partner.
This offers China a unique opportunity to lead on economic and trade policy in the region. The Chinese government will probably make a renewed push for negotiation and passage of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). First put forward in 2011, the RCEP is less ambitious than the TPP, making it less impactful but more palatable to potential members. It would include 16 countries accounting for 30% of global GDP.
Although China has been a major beneficiary of the American-led international economic system, it has never seemed fully comfortable with it. Ratification of the RCEP—or similar China-led multilateral trade agreements—will allow China to set new rules. In time, this could allow the country to redefine the international trade system, quietly upending the system that has been in place since the end of World War II.
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https://www.mersolluo.com/trump-tpp/
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en
| 0.953894 | 456 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Ship’s stability calculations not only rely on the ship’s geometry but also on the knowledge of where the ship’s centre of gravity (G) is positioned. Although the distance of G from the keel can be ascertained for various conditions that the ship may be in, it is essential that it is accurately known for one specified ship condition.
To this end, the need to carry out an inclining experiment becomes necessary and from this, two facts should become known:
- the displacement; and
- the position of G in a known ship’s condition.
The inclining test is carried out to find the lightship KG at the lightship displacement. It is sometimes known as a ‘controlled list experiment’. By conducting the experiment by means of a series of weight shifts, the GM of the vessel can be ascertained under the test condition. This GM value can then be compared with the ship’s KM to obtain the vessel’s KG value: KM – GM = KG
The environment of the dry dock is ideal for performing such a stability check. While the vessel is in the dock, it is usually in its light condition, the water is still and the facilities for moving known weights are readily on hand.
Conditions for Carrying Out the Inclining Experiment
- The vessel should be upright.
- The moorings should be slack, allowing the vessel to be inclined without restraint.
- The vessel should be in still water conditions.
- The density of the water should be known.
- There should be no free surface action inside the ship’s tanks.
- The contents and weights of all the ship’s compartments should be known.
- Calm weather conditions should prevail.
- The vessel should be clear of all unnecessary personnel.
- The light condition displacement should be known from the builders.
- The fore and aft draughts and the mean draught should be noted.
The ship in an upright position, in its light condition, is fitted with a wire plumb line suspended from a high point on the transverse centre line. The ‘plumb bob’ on the end of the line is set into a horizontal trough of light oil or other viscous substance to dampen the movement of the plumb bob, once the vessel is inclined. Fastened to the edge of the trough is a graduated scale batten, measured in millimetres.
The inclining weights are then placed on board, preferably by the dockside cranes. These weights are usually fitted with a wheeled platform to assist movement on board the vessel, throughout the period of the experiment. Finally, all non-essential persons are sent ashore and the gangway is landed.
Conduct of the Experiment
The vessel is then caused to be listed over, by moving the weights of the ship’s centre line, to a measured, accurate distance in a horizontal direction.
Because the exact weight and the exact distance are known, a set of listing moments can be obtained.
List Moments + Displacement = GG1 (namely the horizontal shift in the ship’s C of G)
Unless the displacement value is known, it would be usual practice to carry out a draught survey prior to conducting the experiment in order to obtain the exact displacement figure.
Graphic Presentation (vessel floating freely)
- Consider the two similar triangles ABC and GMG1
- In triangle ABC: AB represents the length of the plumb line.
- BC represents the deflection when the ship is heeled.
- In triangle GMG1: GM represents the ship’s metacentric height in this condition.
- GG1 is the shift of ‘G’ due to the moving weight.
As the triangles are similar:
Then Tan Ø = GG1 + GM but Tan Ø = BC ÷ AB
Therefore: GM = GG1 × AB + BC
But GG1 = (w × d ) ÷ Displacement
Therefore: GM = (w × d × AB) ÷ (Displ. × BC)
Where: w × d = list moments (in tonne metres)
AB = Length of the plumb line (in metres)
BC = Deflection of plumb line (in metres)
Displ. (W) = Ship’s weight in this condition
Inclining Test – Example
A vessel is to undergo an inclining test in the following condition:
Displacement = 9,400 tonnes KM = 8.5 metres
Ballast on board =680 tonnes at a KG of 2.8 metres (FSMs = 166 tm)
Fuel on board =160 tonnes at a KG of 1.4 metres (FSMs = 200 tm)
Freshwater on board =80 tonnes at a KG of 3.0 metres (tank full)
The inclining weight on board = 60 tonnes at a KG of 9.0 metres. The plumb line has a length of 7.6 metres. The weight is shifted 6 metres horizontally and gave a deflection of 850 mm
Calculate the lightship displacement?
GM = (w × d × Plumb line length) ÷ (displacement × deflction)
GM = (60 × 6 7.6) ÷ ( 9400 × 0.85)
GM = 2736 ÷ 7990
GM = 0.3424 m
KG = 8.5 m – 0.3424 = 8.1576 m
Take moments about the keel:
Comm Weight x KG of Distance = Moment
Displ 9400t x KG of 8.1576m = 76681 tm
Ballast – 680 t x KG of 2.8m = – 1904 tm
Fuel – 160 t x KG of 1.4m = – 224 tm
F.W. – 80 t x KG of 3.0m = – 240 tm
Incl Wt – 60 t x KG of 9.0m = – 540 tm
FSMs – 360 tm
8420 t 73407 tm
Lt. Ship KG = 73407 ÷ 8420
KG = 8.7182 metres
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<urn:uuid:4fd3f408-c591-447f-b47d-8198f432af33>
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en
| 0.898792 | 1,332 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The workshop on Strengthening Evaluation in Natural Resource Management Research is part of an ACIAR-funded Small Research and Development Activity (SRA) on Assessing the Impacts of Natural Resource Management and Policy Research in Development Programs, with WorldFish and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) as partners. The SRA objectives included a review of literature to identify challenges in assessing the impact of NRMR programs and to propose a framework that addresses them.
Scientists should ensure that high quality research information is readily available on the Internet so society is not dependant on less authoritative sources. Many scientific projects and initiatives publish information on species and biodiversity on the World Wide Web without users needing to pay for it. However, these resources often stagnate when project funding expired. Based on a large pool of experiences worldwide, this article discusses what measures will help such data resources develop beyond the project lifetime.
An assessment is made of the Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares ) stock, using data from a sport fishery in the Pemba Channel off the Kenya-Tanzania border in conjunction with commercial catch figures for theIndian Ocean. The long-term maximum sustainable yield is estimated to be around 113,000 tons/annum; dataindicate that catch levels of yellowfin tuna in the Indian Ocean exceed the MSY by a dangerous amount.
The present study makes use of the fisheries survey data collected during the period 1984 - 87 by the multi-purpose research vessel RV Anusandhani in the waters of Bangladesh, Bay of Bengal. The data consists of twelve survey cruises directed at the shrimp resources (1985 - 87) and nineteen survey cruises directed at the demersal fish resources (1984 - 86). The biomasses for shrimp and demersal fish during the survey period were estimated, along with a detailed analysis of biomass distribution by depth zone and catch rates for important species of shrimp and demersal fish species.
Data from trawl surveys (1961 - 95) and annual production statistics (1971 - 95) were used to examine the status of demersal fishery resources in the Gulf of Thailand. Analyses were focused on biomass trends, population parameters and exploitation rates of dominant species, and assessment of excess capacity from fishing effort and yield estimates. The results indicate by 1995, the trawlable biomass in the Gulf had declined to only about 8.2% of the biomass level in 1961.
Food safety standards in the seafood trade between developing country exporters and developed country importers have been a topic of much discussion in the trade literature. As an important source of foreign currency earnings and employment for many lower income developing countries, stricter safety standards in seafood may have the potential to pose barriers to trade, especially for many Asian seafood exporters. This paper investigates the impact of stricter drug residue (chloramphenicol) standards on crustacean imports to Canada, the EU15, Japan, and the United States.
The Tuna and Billfish Assessment Programme is a 3-year programme designed to provide a better understanding of the stocks of tuna and billfish throughout the central and western Pacific and also to determine the status of the stocks of the commercially important species. It will provide data as a basis for the assessment of optimum yields and will provide governments with information upon which sound fisheries development and resource management can be based. The specific topics to be covered by the Programme are listed.
Aquatic agricultural systems (AAS) are places where farming and fishing in freshwater and/or coastal ecosystems contribute significantly to household income and food security. Globally, the livelihoods of many poor and vulnerable people are dependent on these systems. In recognition of the importance of AAS, the CGIAR Research Program (CRP) is undertaking a new generation of global agricultural research programs on key issues affecting global food security and rural development.
The CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (CRP AAS) was approved by the CGIAR Fund Council in July, 2011. Solomon Islands, one of five countries targeted by the program, began its rollout with a five month planning phase between August and December of 2011. Subsequent steps of the Program rollout include scoping, diagnosis and design. This report is the first to be produced during the scoping phase in Solomon Islands; it addresses the national setting and provides basic information on the context within which the AAS Program will operate.
In late 2012, a governance assessment was carried out as part of the diagnosis phase of rollout of the CGIAR Aquatic Agricultural Systems Program in Malaita Hub in Solomon Islands. The purpose of the assessment was to identify and provide a basic understanding of essential aspects of governance related to Aquatic Agricultural Systems in general, and more specifically as a case study in natural resource management.
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Cold forging: it is a forging forming method that uses the plastic deformation of metal under the action of external force, and uses cold mechanics to press or cold draw with the help of die to achieve the purpose of metal solid deformation and roughen the top of bar or wire rod at room temperature. Cold forging technology is mainly used to produce cold forging solid parts
, such as bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, pins and other parts. Cold upsetting is usually carried out on special cold upsetting machine, so as to realize continuous, multi station and automatic production. In the cold heading machine, the processes of cutting, heading, accumulating, forming, chamfering, rolling, warping and trimming can be completed successfully. The diameter of the maximum cold heading workpiece with high production efficiency is 48mm. The process diagram of cold forging bolt is a typical process of cold forging bolt. The multi position automatic cold forging machine for nuts is a big power automatic cold heading machine. The bar is automatically fed into a certain length by a feeding mechanism, which cuts it into blank, and then sent to the accumulation pressing and punching station for forming cold heading products by the clamp transmission and processing. The surface of the products looks beautiful and has a good finish.
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- The study from the University of Hong Kong suggests some may need booster shots to increase protection against Covid-19
- People in the city have been hesitant to get the jab, and only about 25 per cent of the population is fully vaccinated
A new study has found that recipients of the BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine have 10 times more antibodies than those who took Sinovac, with the latter generating levels that are “similar or lower” than the naturally occurring ones seen in recovered patients.
The findings by the University of Hong Kong, published in Lancet Microbe on Friday, could suggest the need for “alternative strategies” – including booster shots – to increase Sinovac recipients’ antibody concentrations and protection against Covid-19, according to the researchers.
The presence of antibodies is a sign of a previous infection, or that a vaccine is working to protect an individual, but a higher number of proteins does not necessarily mean a higher level of immunity. There is, however, increasing evidence that higher levels generally correspond with stronger and longer-lasting protection against infection.
Only around 25 per cent of the population has gotten the jab since the city's vaccination drive kicked off in February. Photo: AFP
The study, lead by epidemiologists Benjamin Cowling and Gabriel Leung, and virologist Malik Peiris, said that the difference in antibodies could mean substantial differences in vaccine effectiveness.
Lead researcher Cowling noted that moderate levels of protection are still better than none at all, and urged Hongkongers to get vaccinated.
“Don’t let the perfect be the enemy of the good,” he said.
Hong Kong has administered more than 4.5 million doses of Covid-19 vaccines as of Thursday – some 2.6 million of German-made BioNTech, and around 1.8 million of the mainland China-produced Sinovac. However, its vaccination drive has lagged since its start in late February, and only around a quarter of the city’s population is fully vaccinated.
For the antibody study, HKU researchers recruited 1,442 health care workers from public and private hospitals and clinics around the city, and collected blood samples from them at various intervals.
In the first batch of 93 fully vaccinated participants, antibody concentrations for the 63 BioNTech recipients rose “substantially” after the first dose and again after the second. The 30 Sinovac recipients, meanwhile, had “low” antibody concentrations after their first jab, and “moderate” ones after the second.
Researchers found the average antibody levels of a subset of 12 BioNTech recipients to be 10 times higher – at 269 – than those of an equal number of people in the Sinovac group, which clocked in at 27.
They also found that the BioNTech recipient with the lowest level of antibodies still had more than the Sinovac taker with the highest, and Sinovac’s antibody levels were about the same as, or even slightly lower than, those detected in people who had recovered from Covid-19.
Cowling said the gap between the two drugs was consistent with the discrepancies reported by the manufacturers in their third-phase clinical trials, which found BioNTech to 95 per cent effective, compared to 50.7 per cent for Sinovac.
Still, the latest study provided a rare head-to-head comparison of the two vaccines, he added.
The findings suggest a potential need for Sinovac takers – especially the elderly, who have weaker immune responses to vaccines – to get a third shot as a booster, Cowling said.
A joint scientific committee under the Centre for Health Protection will meet next Thursday to discuss whether a third Covid-19 vaccine dose may be necessary for some people.
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Allergies represent the body’s inability to deal with a typically benign substance. Including conditions like allergic rhinitis and hay fever, allergies are affecting a growing number of people each year. And more and more of them are turning to over-the-counter medications and prescription drugs to provide some relief.
These medications are often effective at relieving allergy symptoms, they do nothing to address the cause of the problem. We can provide a clear explanation for why individuals suffer with allergies and can create a treatment plan to address the underlying causes.
Common allergy symptoms include: sneezing, itchy eyes, runny nose, scratchy throat, sinus headache, and fatigue.
- For an optimal outcome it’s best to begin treatment the month before the allergies arrive.
Our team have practiced as Licensed Acupuncturists and Herbalists since 2002. After a careful intake we will create a customized treatment plan that addresses your specific concerns. Your treatment plan may include acupuncture, herbal supplements and lifestyle recommendations.
Herbs for Allergies
Used for thousands of years by healing traditions around the world, herbs have been a staple of effective headache treatment. They can be used to address both the symptoms and underlying cause of allergies. Safe, effective, and fast-acting, they provide an excellent alternative (or adjunct) to over-the-counter medications.
And while it’s true that herbs are readily available to those who seek them, there’s no substitute for the experience and knowledge of a seasoned practitioner who can advise you on which herbs are best for you.
Acupuncutre for Allergies
Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine practice that originated thousands of years ago. An acupuncturist inserts hair-thin needles in specific acupuncture points throughout the body to restore the body’s energy, stimulate healing, and promote relaxation. By optimizing systems in your body, acupuncture will provide a balancing and restorative experience.
Read more about 9 Hidden Causes of Allergies
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I am trying to wrap my head around the “why” of getters and setters and a little more about there limitaitons.
In the Meal Maker project we go through and add a whole bunch of these right at the start and I understand that we have a little indication not change the object etc but I want to understand what the context of that decision is so that I understand where I would and would not use them in the future.
From the documentation MDN mentions that getters and setters create a kind of pseudo-property. It sort of implies that the value you have collected and given the key is both there and not at the same time. So here are my questions.
Contextually, am I choosing not to actually change the ‘courses’ object because in the real world I would go to lots of restaurants and the meals would be different each time. There is therefore no point actually retaining the value of each course outside of that restaurant visit?
Given the getter and setters are working with pseudo-properties. Can I call the outcome of a setter outside of the object I have used them in? All our functions in Meal Maker are inside the menu object, I assumed that was so we could use this. but is it also so we can use the outcome of our getters and setters?
I am really enjoying this course but I am learning there is so many ways you can get to a single outcome and I am trying understand why you would pick a certain path. Sorry if the questions are super basic! haha
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The ultimate goal of all educators is to differentiate instruction. The idea behind differentiated instruction is to create learning opportunities that make allowances for differences in how individual students learn in order to ensure equal access to important academic content. Content may be modified for students who need additional practice with essential elements before moving on; however, the expectation is that modifications in other areas will ultimately allow all students to master the same key content.
By understanding how a student learns, educators can develop a homework style that is most beneficial to him or her. Education experts agree that most children are strongest in one of these main styles: visual, auditory, or kinesthetic.
Visual learners learn best when they can picture something in their minds. They absorb more from reading a book themselves than from having it read to them. Parents and teachers can help them learn by using flash cards for spelling and math.
Auditory learners learn best by listening and responding verbally. Auditory learners are excellent listeners. Educators who use verbal analogies and storytelling to demonstrate ideas are very successful with these types of learners.
Kinesthetic learners learn best by handling and touching things. They are movement oriented and have trouble keeping still. Kinesthetic learners are successful when acting out events or drawing diagrams about things worth remembering.
As educators we need to remember that successful students understand how they learn.
-Some of the information above was adapted from The Confident Learner, by Marjorie R. Simic
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A recent incident in Big Bend National Park, Texas, has highlighted the dangers of extreme heat as a 14-year-old boy and his stepfather lost their lives while hiking. The scorching temperatures reached a near-record high of 119 degrees Fahrenheit, exacerbated by a triple-digit heatwave sweeping across the region. This tragic event serves as a reminder of the need for caution and preparation when facing extreme weather conditions.
Heatwave Grips Texas and Oklahoma:
Texas and Oklahoma have been experiencing a prolonged heatwave due to a high-pressure “heat dome” system. This weather pattern has broken daily temperature records, leading to strained power grids and widespread power outages in some areas. As the heat dome slowly moves eastward, Gulf States such as Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama are expected to face similarly dangerous temperatures.
Fatal Hiking Incident:
The incident in Big Bend National Park occurred when a man was hiking with his two stepsons. In the intense heat, the younger stepson, aged 14, lost consciousness. The older stepson, 21, attempted to carry his brother back to the trailhead, while the stepfather rushed to get help. Unfortunately, by the time rescue teams arrived, the younger boy had passed away, and the stepfather was found dead in a vehicle that had crashed.
Big Bend National Park The Marufo Vega Trail and its Risks
The three hikers were navigating the Marufo Vega Trail, known for its challenging terrain, rugged desert, and rocky cliffs. This trail, located in the hottest part of Big Bend National Park, offers no access to shade or water, making it extremely hazardous to attempt during the summer heat. Officials emphasized the dangers involved in hiking in such conditions, cautioning against underestimating the risks posed by extreme temperatures.
Similar Heatwave Incidents in Recent Years:
Tragically, this incident is not an isolated occurrence. In recent years, numerous hikers have experienced extreme heat-related emergencies across the United States. Instances include the deaths of two experienced hikers and their infant daughter in California’s Sierra National Forest, where heatstroke was determined as the cause. Other incidents took place in South Dakota, Arizona, and California, highlighting the importance of recognizing and addressing the symptoms of heat exhaustion.
The devastating incident in Big Bend National Park serves as a solemn reminder of the life-threatening dangers posed by extreme heatwaves. As temperatures continue to soar and the heatwave expands into neighboring states, it is crucial for individuals to prioritize their safety when venturing outdoors. Being aware of the risks, staying hydrated, and seeking shade when possible are all essential precautions to prevent heat-related emergencies.
10 Best Places to Visit in US in June
News USA Today has a skilled online editor and content writer, boasting six years of experience in Media and Broadcasting. News, Finance, Sports, Travel, and Entertainment.
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The region still suffers from serious, systematic and ongoing violations of human rights and the rule of law:
- Armed conflict continues in several parts of the region (particularly Pakistan and India) with government forces, as well as insurgents, violating international humanitarian law and perpetrating human rights violations, notably unlawful killings and enforced disappearances;
- Calls for transitional justice (for instance in Nepal and Bangladesh) show the struggle to forge transitional justice mechanisms that will achieve justice yet still promote political stability.
- Various countries (Pakistan and the Maldives, as examples) struggle to find the correct balance between the judiciary and the other branches of government; and
- The Sri Lankan government, most notable among regional governments, has so far failed to respond adequately to intense domestic and international pressure to address its crisis of impunity and to account for serious human rights violations perpetrated by all sides to the country’s long conflict.
In response to these crises, as well as systemic weaknesses, ICJ’s work in South Asia focuses on four priority areas:
- Accountability for serious human rights violations;
- Access to justice;
- Independence of the judiciary; and
- Development and implementation of international and regional human rights instruments.
Accountability for serious human rights violations is a key area of concern in South Asia. Numerous legal, institutional and practical obstacles prevent accountability, and ICJ works at the national and regional levels to dismantle these obstacles, for instance by engaging in key litigation in national courts, and providing regional best practices.
Access to justice is the basic building block in international human rights law: it is both a fundamental principle and an indispensible tool for the realization of all other rights. It is crucial in maintaining rule of law, good governance and individual rights and entitlements within a legal system. Access to justice is illusory, however, if truth, justice and effective remedies are not provided.
An independent judiciary, in many ways, is the linchpin in the rule of law. It safeguards the Constitution and acts as a check against the arbitrary use of power by the executive, legislature and military. It ensures access to justice by holding the state accountable for its actions. And it protects the rights of individuals and minorities. The judiciary must be protected from executive interference, politicization and coercion or intimidation. Without a fully independent judiciary, there can no state accountability, no access to justice and no effective legal remedy.
Nepal Country Office
The ICJ Asia & Pacific Programme established a presence in Nepal in February 2005, following two high-level missions to the country in 2003 and 2004.
Although its work was initially in response to the protection needs of human rights defenders and to the escalating human rights crisis in the context of the war, the ICJ’s focus gradually shifted to supporting Nepali lawyers and the judiciary, constitution and legislation drafting, and transitional justice issues with the beginning of the peace process in 2006.
A broader scope of work
The ICJ has continued to maintain its focus on impunity and accountability for serious crimes and human rights violations committed during the war. At the same time, it has also broadened its work into areas of legal and justice reform as Nepal moves forward in its longer-term democratization process.
Transitional Justice, Accountability and Remedies
In Nepal’s fluid post-conflict political context, important issues – such as those relating to accountability for serious crimes and human rights violations amounting to crimes under international law that were committed during the war – are increasingly being resolved through “political consensus” by a handful of political party leaders, which has had the effect of systematically eroding an already weak rule of law, as well as entrenching impunity for serious crimes and gross human rights violations.
- Strengthening the judiciary through continuous engagement, and encouraging the development of a strong Supreme Court human rights jurisprudence
- Working with Nepali lawyers on strategic litigation
- Collaborating with national partners on agreed transitional justice issues to sustain a broad platform seeking accountability
- Engaging with political actors to ensure that outcomes of political processes – such as those relating to the establishment of transitional justice mechanisms – are in compliance with Nepal’s international human rights obligations
- Carrying out national and international advocacy
Justice Sector Reform
As basic structures of governance are being renegotiated in the post-conflict period, the judiciary has been, and will increasingly be, called upon to adjudicate and mediate between competing claims. The central premise of this strand of the ICJ’s work is to bridge the persistent gap between local communities and the formal justice system: by supporting the Supreme Court of Nepal in realizing a justice system that is worthy of public trust on the one hand; and empowering local communities in articulating demands and accessing remedies for human rights violations on the other.
- Producing accurate and reliable research on forms of injustice
- Encouraging skillful and effective policy dialogue among all concerned stakeholders
- Engaging in legal action to address ongoing violations
- Carrying out advocacy to advance reforms
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As nonprofits and venture-backed firms roll out new technologies to augment traditional classroom instruction, a chorus of skeptics has stepped forward to question their value. Haven’t school districts spent millions on interactive whiteboards, TVs, and computers without any material boost in student achievement to show for it? Instead of fetishizing the latest technological fad (and enriching the companies behind it), wouldn’t districts be better off investing scarce dollars on more important things like hiring more teachers and renovating dilapidated facilities?
These are fair questions. But as a former classroom teacher who now consults with both school districts and leading companies, I believe this moment truly is different for technology in education, and for one simple reason. Thanks to digital technology, we’re within sight of being able to personalize learning so that each student gets exactly what he or she needs, which is what good teachers have strived for since the invention of chalk and blackboards. The real question ahead is not whether but how educational technology can empower our students and teachers. To answer this question, we’ll need to rethink classroom activities and teacher practice across the educational system.
When I taught middle-school science in a tough public school in Washington, DC, I typically spent four hours every night trying to differentiate my lessons for the next day. My goal was to meet each student where he or she was with engaging, targeted material. On days when I failed to meet this goal, whether due to lack of time or energy, it was clear that a good number of my 115-odd students would end up either bored or lost. When teachers must choose between pitching everything to the middle or burning out and leaving the profession, it’s our kids who lose.
Today’s technologies are poised to liberate teachers from this dilemma. I used to spend hours scouring Google to find appropriate reading materials for my lesson plans. “Adaptive reading” programs basically automate the activity on which I routinely burnt the midnight oil. These programs continually assess students’ understanding and make new assignments based on specific needs and progress. They can also draw on a vast range of reading materials that data has shown to be effective at engaging young people.
Technology-enabled lesson planning is just the beginning. All great teaching boils down to a four-step, cyclical process. The first step is understanding what students need to learn. The second step involves sharing this information in a manner that students can take in. The third step is practice, giving students the chance to engage in content and master their new skills. The fourth is feedback, so that mistakes can be corrected and students can progress.
Research shows that this process works. In an influential 1980s study, University of Chicago researcher Benjamin Bloom demonstrated that students who were given daily feedback and worked with a tutor who personalized every aspect of their instruction performed better than 98 percent of students taught in the traditional fashion.
This is what great teachers strive for—and what emerging technologies can help them attain. If I were teaching in a tech-enabled classroom today, I would see easy-to-interpret data that identified each of my students’ needs every day. I would share that data, allowing each student to see exactly how much of the curriculum he or she had mastered and what challenges still remained. The same software that produces these reports would suggest materials and activities tailored to individual needs.
In a properly wired classroom, my students would work through daily, individualized “playlists” that moved them from virtual lab experiments to individual, adaptive practice balancing chemical equations and then to small-group instruction with me. They would receive instant feedback on each of these activities, and the playlist would adjust to ensure that each student was always moving forward. Because my students would always be challenged but not out of their depth, learning would feel rewarding, and they would be champing at the bit to take on the next, just-attainable challenge.
There’s already evidence that helping teachers teach—and students learn—in this way can improve educational outcomes. In North Carolina, the Mooresville Graded School District saw competency scores climb to 90 percent from 60 percent in the five years after it embraced digitally enabled learning. At Arizona State University, an adaptive-learning program has improved pass rates for students in remedial math courses to 75 percent from 64 percent. Dropout rates of these students have declined by 7 percent.
These improvements are a big deal. If we could use tech-enabled, personalized learning to achieve similar results for the entire student population, we could produce more than $300 billion in increased lifetime earnings of our youth every year, according to a recent estimate by the McKinsey Global Institute.
To be sure, these are early days. We still need great teachers in the classroom. The learning curve may be steep for teachers who have to master the technology and adapt their practice to optimize its benefits for their classrooms. In some ways, as with innovations in other fields, this will involve the proverbial challenge of “designing the airplane while flying it.” The rollout of these new approaches will almost certainly be uneven and imperfect at first. Just ask the courageous educators in the Los Angeles Unified School District, who are currently implementing an interactive, tablet-based curriculum designed to ensure that every student has access to 21st-century skills and technology.
But I urge educators to keep their eye on the prize, because this time is different. Technology can now amplify every aspect of great teaching, which is the key to raising student achievement. Technology can help students learn more and help teachers focus on human interaction with students, which is where they can add the most value. If we work together with open minds, this former teacher is convinced we can achieve extraordinary progress for our youth.
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Definition: disposed to avoid a person or thing; hesitant in committing oneself
Characters in Literature/Popular Culture: Lena (Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants), Edward Scissorhands, Celie (The Color Purple)
Common Portrayals: the new kid at school, the shy little brother or sister
Clichés to Avoid: the wallflower at the school dance; the shy girl/boy living in the shadow of a popular and successful sibling; the socially-awkward genius
Twists on the traditional shy character:
- Shy characters are so often quiet and retiring. For a twist, give your shy character a booming voice or a terrible temper
- Villains are hardly ever shy. One who has to overcome his fears to achieve his dream of world-domination would be interesting
- Instead of your character having to overcome his shyness, let it benefit him in achieving his goals
- Make your shy character glamorous or drop-dead gorgeous instead of drab, bland, and fashionably clueless
Build a worthy protagonist with a mix of unique strengths that will help him overcome obstacles and achieve meaningful goals.
This sample, along with the rest of the character trait entries, has been expanded into book form. Together, the bestselling NEGATIVE TRAIT THESAURUS: A WRITER’S GUIDE TO CHARACTER FLAWS and POSITIVE TRAIT THESAURUS: A WRITER’S GUIDE TO CHARACTER ATTRIBUTES contain over 200 traits for you to choose from when creating memorable, compelling characters. Each entry contains possible causes for the trait, as well as positive and negative aspects, traits in supporting characters that may cause conflict, and associated behaviors, attitudes, thoughts, and emotions. For more information on this bestselling book and where it can be found, please visit our bookstore.
Love working online and having your favorite description resources in one place? We’ve got you covered. The entries from the Positive Trait Thesaurus book have been integrated into our online library at One Stop For Writers. Now you can search and cross-reference between all our thesaurus collections quickly and easily. Interested in viewing a free sample? Register at One Stop and see all that this intuitive library for writers has to offer.
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Safety and Substation Maintenance - Instant Video
This 22-minute video covers safety precautions when working on substation equipment. Includes an overview of substation components. Describes how to de-energize transformers, switchgear, breakers, capacitor banks, and battery banks.
Introduction – 4 minutes
The role of substations in electricity distribution. An introduction to basic substation components and the purpose of each. Components include: Disconnects, transformers, switchgear, power factor improvement items, control circuits and their battery backups. Also includes an overview of the substation grounding system.
Testing the Grounding System – 3 minutes
Discusses maintenance schedules for substation grounding systems. Covers five safety considerations when approaching any job. Discusses precautions to take when testing a substation grounding system. Demonstrates two tests of grounding systems.
De-Energizing Equipment – 3 minutes
This section shows how to ground a piece of substation equipment after transferring its load, isolating, and de-energizing it. How to test for backfeed voltages, how to install grounds on a transformer, how to tag isolated equipment.
Tips on Testing – 2 minutes
Useful tips: Be sure you are working on the correct piece of equipment. Mark the area of the substation that is de-energized and where test procedures will take place. Ensure good communication with everyone working in the area, including those not involved in the test. If it is too noisy for auditory communication, be sure everyone understands hand signals that might be given during the test.
Transformer Testing & Maintenance – 4 minutes
Describes transformer components and the tests for each. Demonstrates these tests: Turns ratio test, insulation resistance test, insulation power factor test, oil analysis, gas analysis. Covers safety precautions to observe during maintenance activities including: Vacuum drying insulation, repairing tap changers, repairing connections, repairing insulators, changing oil.
Switchgear Maintenance – 3 minutes
Safety precautions to observe when working on substation circuit breakers, metering equipment, protective relays, and control circuits.
Battery Banks, Capacitor Banks, Security Systems – 3 minutes
Describes the proper clothing and tools when working on battery banks. How to de-energize, short, and ground capacitor banks.
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The government’s commission on racial disparities has called for a new apprenticeship recruitment campaign “highly-targeted” at young people “facing discrimination or disadvantage”.
A report published today by the commission claimed ethnic minority families have a mixture of “ignorance and prejudice” about apprenticeships.
That contrasts with white families, who show “a mixture of stronger traditions of understanding and respecting the apprenticeship system”.
‘Evident’ race and age disparities in apprenticeships
In their report, the commissioners expressed concern about “evident disparities in the take-up of apprenticeships across age and ethnicity”.
They analysed data which showed young ethnic minority people “are under-represented in the apprenticeship system, including both school leavers and those who take up apprenticeships in their early 20s”.
The commission adds that in London, before the levy was introduced in 2017, those from the black ethnic group were “well represented in apprenticeships overall – however, they were also more likely to be clustered in lower level and lower paid apprenticeships”.
It quotes a survey by Youth Employment UK which earlier this year found that 33 per cent of black respondents had never had apprenticeships discussed with them, compared with 13 per cent of white respondents.
Exclusive analysis published by FE Week in October found that ethnic minority 16- to 18-year-old apprentices made up just 7.7 per cent of starts in the first three-quarters of 2019/20, a finding that sector leaders branded it a “national disgrace”.
The race commission, which was ordered by prime minister Boris Johnson and has been chaired by former schoolteacher Tony Sewell, recommends a new recruitment campaign to tackle this issue.
‘Highly targeted’ recruitment campaign for young apprentices
Its report says the campaign should be designed partly by the Department for Education and the Department for Work and Pensions and delivered through colleges, Jobcentre Plus, and school career hubs.
It would use role models, employer testimonies, and data on potential earnings and progression, and would explore the factors which influence a young person’s career choices.
This includes parental engagement, peer influence, access to information, and employer links to students.
The campaign, the commission recommends, would be split into a pilot phase in “left behind” areas of England.
Followed by a national roll-out with a “well-evidenced, highly targeted” campaign, focused on getting young people into jobs in “growth sectors” as part of an apprenticeship.
There should also be “rewards” for providers for “successfully achieving this”.
DfE working to make role models ‘visible’ in campaigns
FE Week has reported over a number of years on the problems around, and the government’s efforts to rectify, the poor representation by ethnic minorities in apprenticeships.
The Department for Education’s public attempts to redress low ethnic minority take-up goes back to when Justine Greening was education secretary under Theresa May.
Greening was accused of being “all talk” after telling the Education Select Committee the government had a “big focus” on encouraging “a higher proportion of BAME [black, Asian and minority ethnic] young people going into apprenticeships”.
This was after FE Week found at the time just eight per cent of England’s young apprentices were BAME.
Since then, the DfE says it has “ensured that young BAME role models are visible in campaigns such as ‘Fire It Up’, and that we are hearing the voices of young apprentices (including BAME) through apprentice networks such as the Young Apprentice Ambassador Network, and the Apprentice Panel”.
And last month, the government has appointed former college lecturer and Grimsby MP Lia Nici as chair of the Apprenticeship Diversity Champions Network.
The Department for Education and Government Equalities Office, which is leading on the report, was approached for comment.
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Mouth soreness, also referred to as mouth burning syndrome (MBS), is characterized by chronic burning pain of the tongue, lips, palate, or the entire mouth. The exact cause of this condition is not known.
MBS alone is not a disease but a symptom of an underlying condition.
Some of the possible underlying conditions that can cause mouth pain are:
Mouth Burning Syndrome
In addition to pain, other known symptoms of MBS include tingling or numbness, metallic taste, changes in taste, and dry mouth. This condition can also cause other complications, such as emotional stress, difficulty sleeping, difficulty eating and chewing, and reduced quality of life.
To relieve the burning sensation sucking small pieces of ice may help.
Cold drinks throughout the day for pain relief.
Avoid foods that contain high acidic levels.
Avoid foods and drinks that aggravate or cause a burning sensation, such as hot drinks, spicy foods, and alcohol.
If the burning sensation worsens after brushing your teeth, change your toothpaste or use baking soda as a toothpaste or mouthwash.
ACUPUNCTURE treatment for the holistic regulation of the organism.
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It was thru the Jesuit priest Antonio Sedeño that the use of stone in building was introduced in Manila. After the great fire of 1583 where candles for the funeral of the fourth Governor General, Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa, consumed the then simple San Agustin Church and engulfed much of the other structures within the city, Sedeño proposed to then Bishop Domingo de Salazar to rebuild the episcopal house with the material, adobe from Guadalupe. After this, he built another structure of stone for the Jesuits.
Governor General Santiago de Vera then asked that Sedeño fortify the southern flank of Manila, the one facing Bagumbayan (now the Luneta) and just beside the beach (later to be reclaimed by the Americans to build present day Roxas Boulevard). There, he built a towering fortification, the Fuerza de Nuestra Señora de Guia, in 1586-1587 that was medieval in design. Rene Javellana, SJ, writing in Fortress of Empire mentioned that the design was derided for its design, being obsolete, and a waste of money.
Damaged by an earthquake, the seventh Governor General, Gomez Perez Dasmarinas in 1593, had the top courses of stone removed and the rest integrated to the walls, the cortina or curtain that he started building in 1590. Between 1653 and 1663, it was integrated into a new baluarte, resembling an ace of spades. The British invasion of 1762 breached the walls and the earthquake of 1863 damaged this part and later destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. It was in 1979 to 1992, part of the restoration of Intramuros that the Baluarte de San Diego took its present shape.
In 1984, archaeological diggings on the Bastion de San Diego led to the discovery of the concentric circles that can be seen today. It was proposed that the this was Sedeño’s tower which was later converted into a cistern, thus these circles. Today, gardens and pergolas have been added and the area not only for visitors but can be used for special events.
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Sir George Gilbert Scott would have been 200 today. The English architect was born on July 13th 1811 and over his 67 year life somehow managed to design and alter more than 800 buildings. That included work on 55 new churches, 16 church restorations, and 25 cathedrals.
There are just too many of his buildings to list, but ones you may recognize include the Albert Memorial, St Pancras railway station, St Mary’s Cathedral, St John’s College, and Lichfield Cathedral. Thankfully Wikipedia comes to our aid and offers up a full list of his building achievements.
Scott’s good work didn’t just extend to the buildings he created. Through his life he took many students under his wing who later made a name for themselves. Examples include his assistant William Bonython Moffat as well as pupils Charles Buckeridge, William Henry Crossland, and William White to name but a few.
Architecture also ran in the family. Although Scott was the son of a clergyman, two of his sons (George and John) became well-known architects as did his grandson Giles Gilbert Scott.
Scott was awarded the Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1859 and then five years before his death in 1878 he was knighted. As a final honor his body was laid to rest in Westminster Abbey.
We continue to enjoy the Google Doodles here at Geek.com, but Google has spoiled us with its animated and interactive doodles of late. We hope to see a return to them soon thrown in every so often between the celebratory pictures.
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Since earliest times, mankind has captured rain in order to provide a simple and accessible supply of fresh water. With the introduction of mains water supply, harvesting methods in the developed world have been largely reduced to the use of garden water butts.
In most buildings, naturally clean rainwater is left to wash away while expensive purified water is used for all applications with only a fraction being used for potable (drinking) use.
In recent years it has become harder to ignore this illogical way of using our natural resources. Water has become a valuable commodity. Increased awareness of the environmental issues surrounding water reserves, drainage and a cultural shift towards sustainability have also meant that rainwater harvesting is more effective and significant than ever before
The Basic Principles
The principles behind rainwater harvesting are simple. Any system has a method of collection (e.g. a roof), a storage vessel (tank) and a delivery facility (be it a simple on/off tap or pipe work system). Integrated rainwater systems still adhere to these elementary steps, but use modern technology to refine the process with automation and filtration.
Integrated Rainwater Harvesting Systems
The rainwater that falls onto a building’s roof is channelled through standard guttering and pipe work. Rather than going into the drain, the water passes through a mesh filter (to remove leaves or debris) before entering a storage tank. When needed, this water is then automatically pumped back into the building and, (after further filtration), is put to use in non-potable applications, such as toilet flushing, laundry or commercial wash down areas. Float level switches within the tank alert an electronic control device to divert to mains supply should the storage tank run empty. The system will always draw on harvested water first. System variations include the use of a header tank and booster sets, but in essence any integrated rainwater harvesting system follows the same process in its operation.
We use water everyday without thinking about it.
On average each person in the UK currently uses about 150 litres of water every day and much of this is wasted. In a domestic situation W.C flushing still accounts for the largest proportion of water use at 33% of average demand. Over 60% of water used in offices is used for W.C and urinal flushing. In both public and private buildings, reducing the amount of water required for flushing W.Cs and urinals result in huge savings. This is especially so when retrofitted into existing buildings where most W.Cs are still flushing with 9 litres of water and many urinals still flush 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
Did you know that in the UK, rainwater can be used for W.C flushing, washing machine and garden watering, with no further treatment needed?
50% of water in domestic homes and over 60% in offices does not need to be of potable water quality and can be replaced by rainwater.
Not only does rainwater harvesting help with demand on the water supply it also helps with relieving the drains during storms.
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN THE UK
The average UK rainfall is 1000mm/per year but most major urban areas receive less than this, with many areas receiving 600mm-800mm/year. The calculation for rainfall is spread across 12 months of the year and it is rare to have no rainfall for longer then 3 weeks (although this does happen sometimes). Regular rainfall is an advantage in that the storage can be smaller then if the rain fell in just one season. As at most properties have a mains water supply rainwater does not need to supply all demand as mains can be used as a back up in times of low rainfall.
If you would like any further information on rainwater harvesting or would like to arrange a survey with a view to installation, please call us on 020 8658 5122 or e-mail on [email protected]
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InSight's road to Mars was paved, in part, by the crashed remains of the landers that came before it. It's an easy fact to lose sight of when it's possible to watch a livestream of the landing on your smartphone: landing an automated spacecraft on Mars remains a very challenging task. The Soviet Mars lander 2MV-3 No. 1 never made it out of low Earth orbit after its launch on November 4, 1962, much like a whole series of US and Soviet Mars flyby and orbiter missions in the early 1960s. Some failed on launch, others didn't make it to orbit, and others stayed in orbit. And that's the easy part of the mission.
Mars 2 and Mars 3
The Soviet Union launched a pair of twin Mars missions in May 1971; each orbiter launched with a landing module, and each landing module carried its own little Prop-M rover, which would deploy on a tether cable and explore a small patch of the Martian surface -- on skis, even. Six months later, the Mars 2 lander became the first human-made object to crash into Mars when its parachute failed to deploy. Soviet officials blamed a systems malfunction, possibly triggered when the lander entered the Martian atmosphere at a steeper angle than planned.
A few days later, the Mars 3 lander landed safely on Mars, becoming the first human-made object to do so. But the Soviet triumph was short-lived, because the lander stopped transmitting after about 20 seconds; it managed to send home only a grainy partial image of what looks like the Martian horizon (which appears to be sideways due to a quirk of the camera, not the angle of the lander, which is believed to have landed upright). No one is sure why; something could have gone wrong with the lander's electrical or communications systems, or with the communications relay in the Mars 3 orbiter. Electrical activity in a large dust storm could also have damaged the lander's electronics.
Mars 6 and Mars 7
Another pair of twin Mars missions, Mars 6 and Mars 7, launched in August 1973. These spacecraft were meant to make close flybys of Mars, dropping off their landers along the way. Mars 6 plunged into the Martian atmosphere on March 12, 1974 and lost contact with Earth in the final seconds before its landing retro-rockets were supposed to fire. Mars 7 glitched during a maneuver on March 9, 1974, and missed the planet entirely, ending up in orbit around the Sun.
Mars Polar Lander
The US Viking 1 and Viking 2 landers succeeded in 1975, and Pathfinder and its Sojourner rover made it in 1996. But in 1999, after that string of successful touchdowns, NASA's Mars Polar Lander reminded us that it's called rocket science for a reason. It reached Mars on December 3, 1999 after nearly a year of travel through space as part of the Mars Surveyor '98 mission, but it never called home after landing. Later analysis suggested that the lander's engine had stopped firing while it was still high above the Martian surface, causing the lander to slam into the rocky Martian surface much too fast to survive. But NASA's analysts couldn't rule out other problems, like a micrometeoroid impact that might have damaged the lander's heat shield, a loss of control due to shifting weight or atmospheric buffeting, or problems with the terrain or other conditions at the landing site. Nearly a decade later, NASA's Mars Phoenix lander carried out most of the soil and climate studies MPL had been meant to do.
In June 2003, the UK Space Agency's Beagle 2 lander launched along with ESA's Mars Express mission. The lander carried instruments to search for signs of past life on the Martian surface. But on Christmas Day 2003, something went wrong. Beagle 2, like MPL before it, never checked in with Earth after its scheduled landing. Years later, in early 2015, the HiRISE camera aboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spotted the lander, perfectly intact and upright, sitting on the Martian surface. It turned out that two of the lander's solar panels had failed to unfold properly, so they blocked the lander's communications antenna. Beagle 2 had apparently arrived safely; it just couldn't call home.
Schiaparelli EDM Lander
The Spirit and Opportunity rovers landed safely in 2004 and 2005, and Curiosity joined them in 2011. But Mars stuck again in 2016. ESA and the Russian space agency Roscosmos had designed the Schiaparelli lander mostly to test soft landing technology for future Mars missions, but on October 19, 2016, the test ended badly. As the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope and the Mars Express orbiter (which had lost its own lander just a few years before) watched in realtime, Schiaparelli went ominously silent in the final minute of its descent. NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter photographed the crash site a few days later, and those images, along with the five minutes of telemetry data the lander managed to send home, are still being used to investigate the loss.
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Hereunder is an essay on mobile phone advantages and disadvantages which will discuss the uses of abuses of cell phones in modern life this mobile phone. Advantages and disadvantages of cell phones essay - forget about your worries, place your task here and get your quality essay in a few days. Free essay: mobile phones are known as cellular phone, wireless phone, or cellular telephone, which is a little portable radio telephone it is a combination.
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The 21st century has seen the advent of amazing technological advances, one of which is of the mobile phone nowadays, a mobile phone consists of camera,. Advantages and disadvantages of cell phones essay - cheap academic writing and editing company - get professional help with online essays, research. Free essay: advantage and disadvantage of increasing mobile phone use mobile phone is a good technology which is lacking from our lives. New the advantages and disadvantages of having a global warming to school of read this article in hindi essay contact with a mobile phones essay prompts,.
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Mobile phones are a vital piece of business equipment for many business owners and their staff while they offer substantial advantages, using mobile phones. Advantages and disadvantages of mobile phones for students - wireless service providers offer excellent packages and promotions for mobile phone users. Among the disadvantages of using a mobile phone are the hindrance they can pose 2 essay on mobile phone advantages and disadvantages smartphones:.
How to hire a reputable research paper writer easily advantages and disadvantages of using mobile phone essay test be essays and appended with. One of the major advantages of the mobile phone data collection mobile phone based surveys have other advantages and disadvantages. Mobiles are for accessorize our life here showing the pros and cons of using mobile phones according to the statistics, many people love.Download
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Many hydrangea species and cultivars offer the ubiquitous white, pink or blue flower globes on mounds of deep-green foliage. Oakleaf (Hydrangea quercifolia) stands apart from other species in both looks and habits. A native American species, oakleaf thrives in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 though 9. To grow this shrub in full sun, you'll need to make accommodations in its culture.
While the leaves of other hydrangea species are round or oval, oakleaf foliage is deeply lobed like that of an oak leaf. Additionally, unlike the vast majority of hydrangea foliage, oakleaf's leaves turn a deep maroon in the autumn. The plant can grow to 8 feet high and equally wide. It produces pyramidal clusters of white flowers in early summer that mature to shades of pink in autumn. The more direct sun the plant receives, the more the flower tones fade.
Most hydrangea species like sun, but not all day, every day. Experts at the United States National Arboretum recommend planting hydrangeas where they get full sun in the morning and some shade in the afternoon. Alternatively, plant shrubs where they get dappled sunlight all day long. Oakleafs, native to woodlands in the southeastern part of the United States, also prefer filtered sun or shade during the hottest part of the day. However, like other hydrangeas, the amount of sun they tolerate depends on the cultivar, the climate and the water available. The farther north, the more sun your oakleaf can tolerate, but you must compensate with generous irrigation.
If you grow oakleaf in full sun, it's worth your while to apply a good layer of organic mulch. Mulch is any material that you place on the soil over the roots of a plant to protect it from temperature fluctuations, keep down weeds and lock in humidity. Organic mulches such as compost or chopped, dried leaves also disintegrate into the soil and make it more fertile. For best results with a full-sun oakleaf, plant it in deep, well-drained soil and add a 3-inch layer of organic mulch across its entire root area, keeping it several inches away from plant foliage. You still need to irrigate regularly and generously in summer heat, but the mulch locks in the humidity and helps keep the oakleaf's roots cool.
The species that can take the most direct sun with the least concern is panicle hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata) that thrives in USDA zones 3 though 8. Panicle hydrangea blossoms resemble those of oakleaf, growing in elongated white panicles that turn toward pink or lilac with age. However, panicle produces buds on new wood, while oakleaf sets buds on old wood; while oakleaf starts blooming in the beginning of summer, panicle doesn't get going until mid-summer and continues offering flowers through September.
- The United States National Arboretum: Hydrangea Questions and Answers
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Hydrangea Quercifolia
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Hydrangea Quercifolia "Pee Wee"
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Hydrangea Paniculata
- Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: Hydrangea Quercifolia (Oakleaf Hydrangea)
- Monrovia: Penny Mac Hydrangea
- San Marcos Growers: Hydrangea Quercifolia "Snow Queen" - Oakleaf Hydrangea
- ANewsCafe: Humidity-Loving and High-Drama Hydrangeas with Daran Goodsell, Chico
- Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: Ask Mr. Smarty Plants: Leaf Burn on Hydrangeas
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
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The Oxford Comma : To Be Used Anywhere, Anytime or Never?
Ever heard of Oxford Comma or the Serial Comma? Well, as a blogger or a copywriter, it is a terminology that we are quite familiar with.
Many of you have likely been told that you must strictly adhere to using an Oxford comma, while others have probably heard that you should not use them at all.
Even I have had the same doubt. Since the day I started my career as a content writer this question has been haunting me, hence I delved into the world of grammar in search of the answer.
But what is the correct answer? What are the appropriate standards and regulations governing the Grammatical world? However, before we get to the truth, let’s learn about Oxford Commas.
What Is An Oxford Comma?
According to the Urban Dictionary, Oxford Comma is also called a Serial or Harvard Comma, and it is punctuation used immediately before grammatical conjunction. It gained its name and popularity because the Oxford University Press (OUP) style guideline makes it mandatory in its publications.
In simple terms, it is a comma that separates the last item in a series of list items, often preceding the words ‘and’, or ‘or’, such as the final comma in the list.
You might also be interested in : Art of Mastering Paraphrasing
What Is The Reason For The Ongoing Debate Over Its Use?
Before I answer this question, let’s look at some hilarious Oxford Comma fails by prominent entities.
Sky News published the following headline:
“World leaders at Mandela tribute, Obama-Castro handshake and same-sex marriage date set… “
From a glance, it might appear as if there was a startling whirlwind romance going on. The lack of a serial comma in this headline suggests that Obama might be marrying Castro in preparation for a new peace initiative.
Here’s another direct quote from The Times newspaper based on the Peter Ustinov documentary that says,
“highlights of his global tour include encounters with Nelson Mandela, an 800-year-old demigod and a dildo collector.”
I can picture how the brows of the reader would have shrunk while reading this.
Another hilarious Serial Comma blunder was spotted on the cover of the popular pet magazine, Tails
“Rachel Ray finds inspiration in cooking her family and her dog”
The lack of the absence of the several commas in this sentence suggests a creepy cannibalism behaviour.
Nevertheless, the most common debate that is widely found online over the argument of the use of the Oxford Commas goes in the format of the below sentence,
“I thanked my parents, Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello”
Because of the absence of the Serial Comma, it might be interpreted as saying thanks to my parents, who are Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello. In this case, the writer could have avoided this mistake by rearranging the sentence into
“I thanked Shawn Mendes, Camila Cabello and my parents”
This indicates that in the construction of any sentence, a comma is able to completely change the meaning of a sentence proving its crucial power.
So Why Is The Oxford Comma Debate Still Raging?
If you examine closely there’s nothing wrong grammatically with the sentence. While this may suggest that large newspaper firms aren’t carefully looking into their editing, the truth is that the newspaper editors are not required to adhere to the use of the Oxford comma. The Associated Press (AP) style is the go-to English style and usage guide for journalism and news writing predominantly in the United States and a few other countries.
The debate about whether to strictly enforce or completely prohibit the use of Oxford commas arises precisely because of the examples described above. Oxford commas may be regarded by many as an inherent means of preventing unruly grammatical errors, however, strict compliance with their usage could prevent good writing and may increase the amount of space in the text, causing difficulties in reading and comprehension.
While #TeamOxfordComma argues of its importance stating it leads to less confusion and clearer structure of comprehensions #TeamNoOxfordComma statues that it is a waste of space and a cause for pause.
Unarguable, in corporate communications and high-end writings like writing for publications that specifically mandate the use of OUP style or academic purposes, the precise and concise use of Oxford commas is extremely crucial.
English grammar rules favour sparingly using the Oxford comma when the sentence is vague, where the sentence might be interpreted differently without the commas. Thus, it is up to the writer to use the Oxford Comma at any point of the text as they deem necessary.
It is paramount to understand that the role of punctuation in a sentence is to provide the reader with clarity by eliminating confusion. Hence, in general use of it is entirely up to the writer to either use or exclude the use of Oxford Commas. However, be very cautious in omitting it as sometimes it could lead to serious misinterpretations.
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en
| 0.94262 | 1,069 | 2.609375 | 3 |
EUROPEAN STUDY UNCOVERS A FATAL ATTRACTION
DESPITE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE that supports the value and safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), public opposition to them has been, and might always be, strong. Why is that? Scientists and researchers at Ghent University in Belgium believe they have an explanation.
In a recent paper, Fatal attraction: the intuitive appeal of GMO opposition, post-doctoral researcher Stefaan Blancke explains the reasoning behind the discrepancy between public opinion and scientific evidence. Blancke, a researcher in the department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences at Ghent University, says that previous explanations for opposition weren’t enough. While the explanations — among them post-Christian beliefs, romantic notions about nature, and the lack of direct benefits for consumers — are on track, Blancke says that they fail to explain why opposition occurs in non-Christian cultures and why people do not reject every technology that brings no immediate benefits to consumers. It also doesn’t explain why people prefer romantic views, he says.
Using what Blancke calls a “cognitive approach,” he and the paper’s co-authors bring together ideas from the cognitive sciences, evolutionary psychology, and culture to rationalize the particular facets of opposition to GM technology.
“We argue that intuitions and emotions make the mind highly susceptible to particular negative representations of GMOs,” says Blancke. “We propose ways to rectify the current situation and improve science education and communication.”
In a meeting with Blancke and his colleague, Geert De Jaeger, a plant biotechnology professor at Ghent University, the pair explained how intuition tends to generate adequate responses in everyday situations. But intuition, they say, can break down when more complex or abstract ideas are confronted. Furthermore, if not dealt with through education, cognitive predispositions can result in deeply engrained biases that will persist no matter what the science says.
WHY OPPOSITION IS STRONG IN EUROPE
Blancke and De Jaeger say the European response has been different than in other parts of the world because GM technology was launched in a very different environment. For one, green organizations had much more power in European media and politics than they did in North America, which means that they were able to spread their messages much quicker.
Between 1996 and 1998, for example, Greenpeace launched in Europe and took up GM as one of its causes, says De Jaeger. The result was that they triggered emotions that were already in the minds of people.
Then there was the Pusztai controversy, which began in 1998. Árpád Pusztai, a United Kingdom-based scientist who was studying GM potatoes, publicly announced unpublished research claiming that the GM potatoes stunted growth and repressed immune systems. While he was suspended and banned from speaking publicly again, the damage was done.
Finally, following a series of food scandals in the 1990s, including Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the European Commission suggested the establishment of an independent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) that would be responsible for independent scientific advice on all aspects of food safety.
When one considers the environment of those years, it’s no surprise that GM technology never really stood a chance. At the time, though, no one saw it coming. De Jaeger and Blancke said that the scientific community expected that the public would accept GM technology spontaneously and “welcome it with open arms”.
“But, of course, they realized that that was not happening and then it was already too late because now you are in the defense position,” says Blancke.
“We were not really expecting that the atmosphere in Europe would flip so fast,” agrees De Jaeger. “We immediately realized that it would be a huge issue coming up, but we simply were not prepared. I think we expected too much that the advantages of the technology would be sufficient to convince the people that this was a start of a technology that could make a difference.”
THE INTUITIVE APPEAL OF ANTI-GMO REPRESENTATIONS
The researchers’ paper makes several interesting observations that explain the intuitive appeal of anti-GMO thinking. The human mind, they say, intuitively understands how the biological world functions.
“One constituent of this folk biology is psychological essentialism that amounts to the belief that organisms hold an unobservable, immutable core determining their identity and, thus, their development and behaviour,” says Blancke.
This likely explains why people show a preference for cisgenic organisms (plants containing no foreign genes) over transgenic organisms (those that have been modified with genetic material from another species).
But it’s not just psychological essentialism that influences thinking. Teleological thinking or religious beliefs also come into play. “GMO opponents accuse scientists who produce transgenic plants of ‘playing God’ and condemn their acts as against nature,” says Blancke. “Biotech food is often referred to as ‘Frankenfood’, suggesting that, as with Mary Shelley’s artificial creature, the technology will escape the control of the haughty scientists and result in horrific environmental doom scenarios.”
For De Jaeger, the paper was eye opening. “It clarified a lot,” he says. “I never was able to get a grip on the reason why the public was so opposed. Suddenly, I realized that with pure rationality it would be extremely difficult to explain what was happening. There were emotions behind it.”
While both Blancke and De Jaeger understand how public aversion to GM technology thrives, they were less clear on how to tackle that opposition. De Jaeger thinks that they should not only keep telling the facts of science but also explain the role of emotion to the public.
“I think we should also explain to people so that they are aware of the psychology behind their opinions and that these emotions are misleading them,” he says.
“I don’t think the [scientific] community should tackle those who oppose GM technology,” says Blancke. “I think they should go for the middle ground.”
And that’s just what organizations like EuropaBio do; they go for the middle ground. “NGOs are very vocal here,” says Katarzyna Jasik, communications manager of Agricultural Biotechnology at EuropaBio. “They are very good at that emotional fear mongering. It is something that is very difficult to tackle.”
Fear travels, often into the minds of European Union (EU) decision makers who want to keep votes come next election, says Jasik. “But when they do stand up for science, they see more acceptance,” she says.
EuropaBio works to educate the public and the middle ground by using social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, and through company on-site visits, like the trip to Bayer CropScience they planned for EU Biotech week. So far, their work has been successful. This year, the event attracted 35 curious minds. Of those, 25 were EU policymakers. •
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The “ice city” in Italy of World War I is a lesser known topic in the history of this war. However, it’s also one of the more interesting ones. It is a story of survival under exceptionally harsh conditions.
“The Great War differed from all ancient wars in the immense power of the combatants and their fearful agencies of destruction, and from all modern wars in the utter ruthlessness with which it was fought. … Europe and large parts of Asia and Africa became one vast battlefield on which after years of struggle not armies but nations broke and ran. When all was over, Torture and Cannibalism were the only two expedients that the civilized, scientific, Christian States had been able to deny themselves: and they were of doubtful utility.”
– Winston Churchill The World Crisis, 1911-1918: Chapter I (The Vials of Wrath) (1923)
World War I and Ice City
During WWI, the necessity to establish and maintain an outpost in a crucial position was a necessity to winning battles. Geography played an important role in the fluidity of those battles, particularly in the Alps. Fighting in these alpine areas of Italy became known as the White War due to the constant and struggling presence of snow and ice. The harsh elements of this region turned to be an additional, harsh enemy to defeat.
This is the story of an outstanding effort to create and maintain an outpost at 3343 meters (10,967′) of altitude.
A Brief Overview
World War I (First World War or the Great War) began on July 28th, 1914 and lasted until November 11th, 1918. Centered and fought in Europe, it involved more than 9 million combatants and caused 7 million casualties, turning out to be one the deadliest conflicts in history. It paved the way for a series of major political changes and ultimately – revolutions.
The conflict, raised soon as global war, saw the Allies (the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire) against the Central Powers represented by Germany and Austria-Hungary. Later, more nations would enter the war, redefining the protagonists: Italy, Japan, and the United States joined the Allies; while the Ottoman Empire, along with Bulgaria, joined the Central Powers (Quadruple Alliance).
The White War
The expression White War (in German Gebirgskrieg, which can be translated in “war in the mountains“) identifies the specific scenario and setting of the tactical strategies and events that occurred in the Alpine sectors (Italian front) during the First World War. Between 1915 and 1918, the Dolomites turned to be the operational sector, as the troops of the Kingdom of Italy were opposed to those of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
This front was characterized by battles fought in medium to high altitudes above 6561 feet of altitude, up to the Ortles Mountain Group along the southern border of the historical region of Tyrol. This formidable, harsh, and natural obstacle was highly exploited by the Austro-Hungarian Army. Being outnumbered by the Italian army during the very early stages of the conflict, they made the decision to withdraw to the peaks, which happened to dominate quite all of the strategic points needed to take advantage of the elevated positions.
Since the very first months, the Alpine front began to become more static, leading to the establishment of well-fortified lines that filled every single gap along the front. Even the highest peaks were occupied in order to create a continuous and inaccessible battle line intended to be held month or even years.
Surviving and Fighting in the Alps
The toughest issues that the armies engaged in on the Alpine fronts were those related to the impervious nature of the terrain (mostly craggy) and the extreme climatic conditions. The three main mountains have altitudes on average higher than 6000 feet, making them extremely hard to travel across. The further you began to move from the valley, the more transportation was necessary in terms of packing animals. Mules, and even men, especially on narrowed passages, had to carry very heavy loads of artillery materials.
Only with the progress of the conflict over the years did a dense network of roads, mule tracks, and paths become created. Such was the reality of reaching outposts in the most inaccessible places. In the last two years of the war, the use of cableways was finally systematized, but the very construction of these infrastructures, roads and cableways, was perhaps the undertaking that required more energy and sacrifices in this particular front.
On the highest peaks, the temperature variations were noticeable. Above 8200 feet, temperatures below zero were quite normal even in summer, and it snowed – often. In winter, the thermometer can drop several tens of degrees. During the White War, the temperatures recorded were lower than 28° F below zero. The climate could change quickly and storms were present through every season.
In addition, the winters of 1916 and 1917 were among the snowiest of the century. The slopes of the mountains were covered by layers of thick snow, even three times more the annual average. Obviously, all these factors made life extremely difficult for the troops to live at high altitude. It was no more a matter of life, but survival. The constant presence of snow and ice forced the men to continually excavate and clear openings and spaces. This led to an increased risk of avalanches.
Related, the post-war historian Heinz Lichem von Löwenbourg stated: “On the basis of unanimous reports from fighters of all nations, the approximate rule applies that in 1915-1918, on the mountain front, two thirds of the dead were victims of the elements (lavine, frostbite, landslides, colds, exhaustion) and only one third victims of direct military actions.“
Constructing The City of Ice
The Great War was indeed a period of cutting edge strategies and innovations. In fact, in order to catch the enemy by surprise and conquer even just a few meters on the defense line, generals and soldiers had to use the most innovative means and weapons for the time, also resorting to the most ingenious strategies.
An example? The Eisstadt, ‘City of Ice’, conceived and layered in 1916 by the Austrian Lieutenant and engineer Leo Handl. The construction began a few months later. The City of Ice happened to be an extraordinary system of tunnels and passages dug into the ice with the purpose of obviating the danger of external walkways, which had proven to be too exposed to machine gun fire and avalanches. The idea of creating a City of Ice dawned on Handl during a night in May 1916.
Together with six other men from the Austrian army, Handl committed to defend the Marmolada Glacier. In order to escape the fire by the Italian troops stationed along the Seratura Ridge, they started to descend in a crevasse. Handl was passionate about mountaineering and, once at the bottom of the crevasse, he discovered he could exploit the space below the surface to advance more rapidly towards enemy positions while staying sheltered both from bullets and adverse weather conditions. The temperatures inside the caves swung between 32°F to 41°F, much more tolerable than staying outside on the top of the glacier.
Handl thus began to forge the idea of building a real fortress made of corridors developed up to 7.5 miles at a depth of 197 feet, set as a temporary home for nearly 200 soldiers, which could host dormitories, kitchens, infirmaries, radio rooms, a chapel, cafeteria and safe places to store munitions.
The soldiers even brought power to the City of Ice from the small village of Canazei, located 6561 feet below. It was certainly very tough to live in that underground city, dominated by humidity and fear of being swallowed by the ice. Nonetheless, Handl’s idea indeed saved many human lives and remained a real stronghold. The City of Ice remained active until the defeat of Caporetto, which meant the consequential shift of the front to the southern position. Later on, the City of Ice was abandoned.
Ice City Today
With the melting of the great Marmolada glacier, many find tools and other objects of that period as they are brought to the surface. They are now preserved inside the Marmolada Museum, which is the highest museum location in whole Europe, located at almost at the impressive altitude of 9482 feet above sea level.
Nowadays, only a small amount of outstanding materials tell us the incredible story of the City of Ice. In fact, when the soldiers started to abandon the Dolomiti’s front, the ice tunnel which hosted the City began to collapse and melt.
Only in recent times, have other items been found and brought to the museum after the glacier melts. Thousands of other pieces of equipment are buried deep inside the silent and sullen glacier.
While you won’t be able to visit the ice city as a tourist, as Derrick did with a WWII Nazi bunker, the history of it is interesting just the same.
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America has survived many national emergencies. Presidents have dealt with innumerable crises. Being forced to sign a compromise-laden spending bill doesn’t qualify.
The announcement Thursday that President Donald Trump will declare a national emergency is an act of petulance. Trump’s spokeswoman said he would approve a stopgap budget to keep the government operating. But she also said he would go around Congress after lawmakers wouldn’t give him the money he wants to build a wall on the southern border. Trump was thwarted by House Democrats so he’ll show them: He’ll invoke the emergency powers of the presidency to tap other government sources for funding.
Assuming Trump follows through on his threat, he likely faces a court challenge. Legal scholars have said that declaring an emergency could give the White House authority to divert the U.S. military from other construction projects to work on Trump’s wall. But there is no statutory definition of “emergency,” and the laws that may empower Trump to sidestep Congress don’t give him carte blanche. There are technical requirements that must be met in order for the military to put aside other construction duties to build a wall.
That’s all related to the question of whether Trump can declare a national emergency to build a wall. Our view is that he shouldn’t.
His threat wildly oversteps the limits of presidential powers. Congress makes the laws and approves budgets. Presidents have veto power but they aren’t emperors.
Trump sought $5.7 billion in a spending bill for the wall and tangled with those unyielding House Democrats. The impasse led to the previous 35-day-long partial government shutdown. This week, all sides came together to hash out the spending bill that gives Trump just $1 billion or so for barriers. Without this deal, the government would go back into shutdown mode Friday at midnight. So Trump relented. Now he wants to bully his way to building a wall by justifying his action on national security and humanitarian grounds.
Border security is vital to the country, but Trump’s obsession with building a physical wall isn’t justified by facts on the ground. This is his political preoccupation, not an existential crisis for the United States. If he declares a national emergency that survives court scrutiny, Trump claims a victory at real cost to the balance of powers between the presidency and Congress. He undermines the Constitution.
In recent decades presidents have sought to expand their authority through the use of executive action. Trump’s threat to assert powers previously invoked during times of military conflict or natural disaster takes presidential prerogative to a new level.
If he succeeds, how will Trump next seek to impose his will on Americans? And what about the next president?
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en
| 0.953016 | 572 | 2.625 | 3 |
Jacques Audiard , 2009
Welcome to the Self-Access Centre materials database
The SAC is here to provide you with opportunities to study French outside class time. If you need advice and guidance on what to study, you should talk to your class tutor, who will help you identify your strengths and weaknesses and make recommendations on what to study.
A bit about the language
French (français) is a Romance language globally spoken as a mother tongue by about 110 million people. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in France. The rest live essentially in Canada (particularly Quebec, but with speakers and dialects across Canada, especially in Ontario and New Brunswick), Belgium, (particularly Wallonia and Brussels), Switzerland (Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Jura and also Fribourg, Valais, Bern), French-speaking Africa (31 countries, including Cameroon, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire), Luxembourg, Monaco, and certain parts of the U.S. states of Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. Most second-language speakers of French live in Francophone Africa, arguably exceeding the number of native speakers. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the Francophone country with the largest population.
It is an official language in 28 countries, most of which form what is called, in French, La Francophonie, the community of French-speaking nations. It is an official language of all United Nations agencies and a large number of international organizations. According to a survey of the European Commission, French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union. It is also the third-most widely understood language in the EU In addition, prior to the mid 20th century, French served as the pre-eminent language of diplomacy among European and colonial powers as well as a lingua franca among the educated classes of Europe. As a result of France's extensive colonial ambitions between the 17th and 20th centuries, French was introduced to America, Africa, Polynesia, and the Caribbean.
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| 0.948905 | 455 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Scientists have found that rapid air movement within clouds can speed production of raindrops.Weizmann Institute physicists have found that turbulence in clouds can accelerate rain formation, a discovery that may provide an effective tool for rain predictions.
In a study published in Nature magazine, the Weizmann team – Prof. Gregory Falkovich of the Physics of Complex Systems Department, graduate student Alexander Fouxon and visiting scientist Michael Stepanov – described a formula that makes it possible to calculate how fast tiny droplets within clouds cluster into heavy, rain-producing drops.
Clouds are formed by warm water vapors rising to the sky. When a cloud cools, the vapors condense into droplets that increase in size and are eventually pulled back to earth by gravity, causing rain. Simple as this cycle may sound, when and where exactly the rain will fall is extremely difficult to predict. Precipitation is influenced by myriad meteorological factors, such as wind, pressure, warm and cold fronts, and – as the new study reveals – the turbulent flow of air inside clouds.
The emergence of raindrops from the cloud occurs in two stages. First, tiny moisture droplets condense and grow gradually until they reach a diameter of 20 micrometers, or about 20 thousandths of a millimeter across. At this size, the droplets begin to crash into one another and cluster into larger drops about a millimeter in size. The collisions are mainly caused by a turbulent airflow creating vortices and eddies inside the cloud.
The Weizmann team derived a mathematical formula that predicts the collision rate of droplets in a turbulent cloud, which in turn makes it possible to forecast when the cloud will shed rain.
The study included the discovery of a mechanism called “the sling effect,” that explains the link between turbulence and rainfall. It reveals that turbulent vortices within a cloud act as small centrifuges that spin heavy droplets outward, much like a sling whirled around to discharge a stone by centrifugal force. The droplets “hurled” by a turbulent vortex are more likely to collide with one another than droplets floating peacefully about.
Calculations based on the formula have led the researchers to conclude in their report: “Air turbulence can substantially accelerate the appearance of large droplets that trigger rain.” In other words, rain will form faster in turbulent air than in still or smooth-flowing air.
Apparently, every cloud has a turbulent lining: turbulent flows of different magnitudes exist in all clouds. The Weizmann Institute formula, which includes such variables as temperature, humidity and wind speed, may therefore prove useful for improving the precision of numerous meteorological forecasts.
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| 0.925653 | 552 | 4.34375 | 4 |
The southeastern United States is known for its broad sandy beaches and visitors travel from across the globe to enjoy our coast. In the face of erosion, coastal communities are renourishing their beaches to help maintain tourism, provide local enjoyment and protect investment. It is more than just sediment data that goes into completing a beach renourishment project.
HOW THE PORTAL CAN BE USED:
The Grand Strand region of the South Carolina coast is a popular coastal tourist destination, annually hosting over 4.6 million visitors. Since the mid-1980’s the region has completed three major beach renourishment projects involving over 8 million cubic yards of sand.
This map illustrates some of the data layers available in the Portal, which are factors that impact beach renourishment project design – sediment type, sea turtles, shorebird nesting, and hard bottom areas. Note that for an actual beach renourishment construction project, more site specific information is gathered and evaluated.
Sea Turtle Nests (South Carolina)
Shorebird Nests (South Carolina)
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en
| 0.905053 | 214 | 2.9375 | 3 |
While wine is a relatively stable market, many elements can impact the vintage and production of winemaking, including frost, drought, insects, flavescence dorée (disease) and fungus, to name a few threats to vineyards and wine production!
All wines have a year date stamp on the container; this date lets you know when the grapes were harvested and are known as the ‘vintage’. We look at why this is important and what makes one vintage wine better than another.
Climate change will inevitably have an impact on winemakers.
Some traditionally cooler climates are reportedly experiencing warmer temperatures and, as a result, more flavourful fruit and wines. In contrast to this, many traditionally warmer locations are experiencing megadroughts and wildfires, which are devastating their vines.
Thankfully, grapevines are hardy and can bounce back with care and attention. Winemakers also tend to be robust and resourceful, so a problem rarely stays without a solution for long. They tend to do everything within their power to ensure they can consistently produce drinkable, award-winning or collectable wine year on year. A poor vintage can still produce high-quality wine in the right hands and vineyard management.
HOW THE WEATHER AFFECTS VINTAGES OF WINE
Weather changes are probably the biggest concern in the vineyard as that can greatly impact the quality of the wine produced.
In cooler years, grapes do not ripen as much as in sunnier years, producing an entirely different style of wine that can be jammier and increase the alcohol levels. Frost can change the yield a winemaker is expecting to receive. Heavy rainfall can cause the grapes to become watery, dampness or humidity can cause them to suffer from rot, and a hail storm can decimate a grapevine crop in minutes.
Bordeaux in France can experience a greater variety of weather which is why they are noted for producing a greater variation in vintage. While in places like Chile, the weather is consistently hot and dry and therefore, they tend to produce a more consistent vintage in Chile, although every bit as complex and enjoyable.
Larger wine brands will take advantage of blending grapes from different regions to ensure consistency each year. In contrast, smaller producers tend to accept the variations and instead use them to their advantage by producing a smaller and more sought after release.
VINTAGES OF CHAMPAGNE
Champagne vintage is different to the vintages of wine; it doesn’t always have a vintage on the label and can be labelled as non-vintage, which means it has been blended from different vintages.
True Champagne has to be grown and produced within the regions in Northern France, which has a variable climate that isn’t too hot, which results in some of the grapes not ripening fully. Blending vintages is the way to create consistency.
The sign of very good Champagne is the vintage on the label. This will let you know that the Champagne was produced from healthy grapes that could ripen fully due to the good weather conditions.
Wines that are noted to have a good vintage will often be of higher quality and, in turn, a higher price point. This is why the vintages of wine are such an important factor whether you are enjoying wine to drink, collecting or investing in wine, more so for the lantern, of course.
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en
| 0.964081 | 706 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Colonies are found in vegetation of moist, relatively well-drained lowlands, at lower elevations on mountain slopes, beach ridges where rye grass grows, and lower slopes of islands. Burrow systems often near rocky outrops and small streams (Cook and Klein 1999, Rausch and Rausch 1968). They were not found in dry lowlands or areas with much standing water (Rausch and Rausch 1968).
Cook, J. A. and D. R. Klein. 1999. Insular vole, Microtus abbreviatus. Pp. 623-624, in The Smithsonian book of North American mammals (D. E. Wilson and S. Ruff, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., in association with the American Society of Mammalogists.
Rausch, R. L. and V. R. Rausch. 1968. On the biology and systematic position of Microtus abbreviatus Miller, a vole endemic to the St. Mathew Islands, Bering Sea. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 33: 65-99.
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://akgap.uaa.alaska.edu/species-data/insular-vole-annual-range/
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en
| 0.833803 | 236 | 3.125 | 3 |
- What is a good Korean last name?
- Is Soo a Korean last name?
- What is the most beautiful name in Korea?
- What does Choi mean in Korean?
- Is Fang a Korean name?
- What is the most common Korean last name?
- Do Koreans have middle names?
- Why are Korean last names first?
- Why is Lee pronounced ee in Korean?
- Can same surname get married in Korea?
- Why is Kim so common in Korea?
- What is the best Korean girl name?
- What does Jeon mean in Korean?
- What does Jakku mean in Korean?
- What is the rarest Korean surname?
- What is the most popular Korean name?
- What does Woojin mean in Korean?
- Is Moon a Korean name?
What is a good Korean last name?
Hangul: 김 Meaning: Metal, gold, or iron.Lee.
Hangul: 이 Meaning: Plum tree.Park/Bak.
Hangul: 박 Meaning: Gourd.Gwan.
Hangul: 관 Meaning: Tube or pipe.Man.
Hangul: 만 Meaning: Just or only.Hak.
Hangul: 학 Meaning: Crane or learning.Jeong.
Hangul: 정 Meaning: Tablet, chisel, or quiet.Yang.
Hangul: 양More items…•Dec 29, 2019.
Is Soo a Korean last name?
Soo, also spelled Su, is a rare Korean family name, a single-syllable Korean given name, and an element in many two-syllable Korean given names. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write it.
What is the most beautiful name in Korea?
Beautiful Korean Girl Names With Lovely MeaningsMi-Ok (beautiful pearl)Mi-Sun (beauty and goodness)Mi-Young (everlasting beauty)Moon (smart one)Myung-Hee (cheerful joy)Sang-Hee (pleasant one)Sena (world’s beauty)Sun-Hee (goodness, pleasure)More items…
What does Choi mean in Korean?
Choi (Hangul: 최) is written with the Hanja character 崔, meaning “a governor who oversees the land and the mountain”. The surname Choi also means mountain or pinnacle.
Is Fang a Korean name?
Fang (Chinese: 方) is the 47th most prevalent Chinese surname.
What is the most common Korean last name?
Currently, there are about 270 last names in Korea, but the five most popular – Kim, Lee (Yi), Park (Pak), Choi (Choe), and Chong (Jung, Chung) – make up more than 50 percent of the population, according to recent national censuses.
Do Koreans have middle names?
There is no middle name in the English language sense. … Many Koreans have their given names made of a generational name syllable and an individually distinct syllable, though this practice is declining in the younger generations.
Why are Korean last names first?
Both the personal names are considered to be first names. The concept of a ‘middle name’ is not followed in South Korea. The surname comes before the personal names, reflecting how the family comes before the individual in South Korean culture.
Why is Lee pronounced ee in Korean?
The surname 이(李) has been derived from the most common Chinese surname ‘Lee(same Chinese character)’ That’s why it’s spelled ‘Lee’, not ‘Yi’ Of course there are some who don’t want to spell their surname ‘Lee’. They rather use ‘Yi’ or ‘Ee’ But it’s as you can see hard for foreigners to pronounce and illegible.
Can same surname get married in Korea?
Article 809 of South Korea’s Family Law bars marriage between any man and woman “with the same family name and the same place of origin”–members, in other words, of the same clan, believed to share a male ancestor.
Why is Kim so common in Korea?
Commoners often chose the names of lofty clans like the Kims, the Lees, or the Parks. … A basic unit of the Korean traditional kinship system is the clan, or bongwan, a group whose surname signifies a common geographical origin. Thus, different Kims can trace their lineage to different places, most notably Gimhae.
What is the best Korean girl name?
Popular Korean girl namesAhnjong: Peacefulness.Bae: Inspiration.Gi: The brave one.Hana: My favourite.Jin Ae: Truth, treasure, and love.Mi Cha: My beautiful baby girl.Soo: Charitable and noble daughter.Yun: Lotus flower.More items…•Nov 19, 2020
What does Jeon mean in Korean?
Jeon, buchimgae, jijimgae, or jijim refer to many pancake-like dishes in Korean cuisine.
What does Jakku mean in Korean?
자꾸 / jakku is an adverb that is used to describe something that is repeatedly done, and like many Korean adverbs that are also colorful examples of onomatopoeia, it is often used in repetition, for the sake emphasis.
What is the rarest Korean surname?
If you get a chance to meet people in Korea, you’ll soon figure out that the most common surname is indeed Kim. What about the rarest Korean surnames?…Common Korean Surnames.1. Kim (김)10.6 million2. Lee (이)7.3 million3. Park (박)4.1 million4. Choi (최)2.333 million5. Jung / Jeong (정)2.151 million5 more rows
What is the most popular Korean name?
Ha-yoon for girls and Do-woon for boys are the most popular baby names in Korea according to recent statistics….The 10 most popular boys names:Do-woon.Ha-joon.Seo-joon.Shi-woo.Min-joon.Yae-joon.Joo-won.Yoo-joon.More items…•Oct 30, 2017
What does Woojin mean in Korean?
treasure of the familyif you are talking about the stray kids Kim woojin. then It means ‘treasure of the family’ but i’m not sure it’s right because korean name meaning is about reading chinese character and I don’t know a lot about that.
Is Moon a Korean name?
Moon (Korean: 문; Hanja: 門, 文), also spelled Mun, is a common Korean family name. The 2000 South Korean census estimated that 426,927 people had this family name.
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A group of people with respiratory problems gets together on a weekly basis in a London hospital to sing songs and perform vocal exercises. Combining their love for singing with a desire to better cope with lung disease, these songs and exercises help patients associate their breathing with positive feelings. It’s more fun than a standard physiotherapy technique and it works.
People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) have damaged lungs that only allow them to breathe a certain amount of air in and out. This makes some people start breathing very rapidly, which only makes the problem worse. People with COPD should be breathing deeply and synchronize their breathing with their other activities like walking up stairs. Through singing, they learn better posture and breathing techniques at a manageable speed.
It’s not meant to appeal to everyone, but singing therapy helps boost the morale of patients who decide to give it a try. Singing therapy doesn’t show any change on the lung function test, but this is to be expected, since the disease is still there. The therapy just gives patients a better way to cope with it. They’re not going to be opera singers, but members of the singing group have reported feeling better after the musical therapy sessions.
Take the testimony of patient John Cameron Turner, age 77. He was diagnosed with severe emphysema in 2002, and has not found a medicine that has helped him. Yet, since coming to the singing therapy sessions, he has been able to do more activities than before. He is able to breathe better, so he doesn’t have to stop frequently on his half-mile walk home from the subway. He can also enjoy gardening. He’s also pleased with the social aspect of the group sessions and says the songs are “great fun.”
Read the entire article here: London hospital holds singing therapy group for people with breathing difficulties
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Three Surprising Everyday Things That Can Cause Hearing Loss
Rock concerts and MP3 players aren’t the only culprits when it comes to hearing loss. Read on to learn more about three surprisingly common things that can harm your hearing, and the steps you can take to protect yourself.
A hairdryer might be an important part of your morning beauty routine, but it could have serious risks for your hearing health. Experts estimate that noises over 85 dB can cause permanent hearing loss, particularly if prolonged exposure is a factor. Therefore, with the capacity of producing noise in excess of 100 dB, your hairdryer definitely belongs in this “at risk” category, especially if you are using it every day.
Protect yourself: If possible, choose a low dB model of hairdryer. When using it, hold it as far away from your ear as you can, and use its lowest (and quietest) speed setting. In addition, make sure to keep the filter clean, as a dirty or clogged-up motor will produce more noise.
Working with a sample population of 60,000 women, a recently published study in the American Journal of Advanced Epidemiology reported that, of those participants who took ibuprofen six or more days each week, close to 25% experienced some degree of hearing loss. Those who took ibuprofen only two or three days per week were still 13% more likely to report a decrease in their hearing ability. Medical experts believe that this phenomenon could be caused by the fact that ibuprofen can decrease blood flow to the cochlea and thus potentially impair its functioning.
Protect yourself: Talk to your doctor or health care professional to find alternative pain relief treatments that are safer for your hearing.
Popping your ears
Flying on an airplane or riding in a quickly moving elevator can cause pressure to build rapidly in the ears. To relieve this, many people “pop” their ears by blowing out through their mouth while holding their nose, or by sneezing. However, if done too forcefully, both these actions could result in permanent hearing damage from a torn eardrum.
Protect yourself: Patiently allowing the pressure to diffuse and equalize naturally may be a bit more uncomfortable, but it will help to safeguard your eardrums.
Information from Miracle Ear Blog
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KOALA LAND Koala Research Collaboration Project
KOALA LAND Koala Research Collaboration Project Mark Gerada Commissioned by Al Mucci, Dreamworld Australia January 2013
Koala Land acknowledges the traditional Yugambeh language people of the Gold Coast, and Elders past and present.
Contents The Perfect World 7 A National Icon 10 What’s Happening to Koalas? 11 It’s Not Too Late 20 Examples of Good Koala Planning 26 Where We Can Start 32 Planning for the future - Recommendations 34 Koala Timeline 60 Acknowledgements 61
Phascolarctos cinereus Phasco – from the Greek “phakolos” meaning pouch or bag, Larct – from the Greek ‘arctos’ meaning bear, and, Cinereus – from the Latin and means ash-coloured A family of marsupials of the order Diprotodontia, consisting of 13 fossil species, and only one surviving species, the koala. The Phascolarctidae dates back to 16 million years ago.
Only a few mammals have fingerprints – humans, primates and koalas. It is though that fingerprints have evolved for grasping and the ability to feel things through the skin. Koala fingerprints are so similar to human fingerprints that even with an electron microscope, it is quite difficult to tell them apart. What is amazing is that koala prints seem to have evolved independently. On the evolutionary tree of life, primates and the koala’s marsupial ancestors, branched apart 70 million years ago. It is believed that koala finger prints developed more recently because most of its close relatives, like wombats and kangaroos, lack them.
The objective of this report is to explore ways of creating a sustainable future for koalas on the Koala Coast, South East Queensland, Australia. For the purpose of this report, the Koala Coast includes the local government areas of Moreton, Redland, Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, Ipswich and Logan. As indicated by its name, this whole area once had the highest density koala population in all of Australia. Despite the Federal Government’s 2012 decision to classify Queensland’s koalas as vulnerable and add them to the Threatened Species List, there remains a lot of work to be done to stabilise diminishing koala populations. This report sets out achievable solutions for rebuilding koala populations based on information gathered from conversations with the people that have worked with koalas for decades. They are researchers, scientists, vets, carers, wildlife rescuers, zoo keepers amongst others. This collection of knowledge provides a picture of what we have to start doing now to prevent koalas on the Koala Coast from becoming extinct. It is clear that existing koala habitats must be maintained and protected and that these remaining fragments must be reconnected to create biodiverse environments where humans and koalas can co-exist. Koalas and the issues that affect their future cannot be addressed in isolation. It is therefore worth considering how the relationship between our lifestyles and the environment as a whole needs to adapt to allow this iconic species to survive.
Perfect world The koala prefers to inhabit low-lying flood
develop in their mother’s pouch. Later, the joeys
plains and regions with volcanic soils. Both are very
travel on their mother’s back and begin pap feeding.
fertile zones that produce koala food trees and tend to
The main source of food for koalas in South
be inhabited by a wide range of other species. To assume that all koalas need are trees
East Queensland is Eucalyptus tereticornis (Red Gum or Blue Gum) and Eucalyptus robusta (Swamp
dramatically oversimplifies the koala’s present
Mahogany) that is usually found in swampy areas.
situation and reinforces a common misconception
Australia has more than 700 species of eucalyptus
that the koala is an animal that does not do allot.
yet the koala can only eat approximately 25 species
Koalas do not simply eat, sleep and breed. They are
within this group. The actual species eaten by koalas
complex and they are particular.
varies from area to area. Food tree species that koalas
Koala life follows a regular annual cycle. Males
select in one area may be totally different from those
bellow and scent mark in the spring. They fight with
that koalas select elsewhere. Koalas usually favour
each other in the lead up to the summer months
trees that are 20 years old or more.
which is when koalas mate and give birth. Into the autumn and winter months, young koala joeys
Koalas need a full suite of leaves to make up a balanced diet. They prefer to eat the tips of fresh new growth where there is more nutrition and less cellulose and tannin. Dr Steve Johnston of the University of Queensland says that younger koala food are unpalatable for koalas. This means that koalas will not use young trees for food. Generally, for a koala to select a tree as food, it must be 7-10 years old with a minimum diameter of 10 centimetres at chest height. Extracting energy and nutrients from eucalyptus leaves is exceptionally difficult which is why koalas have the largest digestive system of any tree-dwelling animal. When koalas appear sleepy, lazy and drunk, it is because they are putting maximum effort into digestion in order to gain just a little surplus energy. 7
Koalas will eat for up to 3 hours a day and then sleep
Koala social networks are made up of systems of home ranges.
for 16 hours to digest their food. Koalas get enough water from their leaves, but in the hotter months when leaves are much dryer, koalas will come to the ground to drink water. In the hotter Queensland climate, koalas rest in order to dissipate heat. Due to the low-energy concentration of their diet, koalas live on an energy knife edge – they are the living definition of energy conservation. Koalas spend most of their time in trees, but move between trees frequently. They are capable of jumping between stronger branches of trees however this behaviour is very rare. They mostly move between trees by moving along the ground and their ability to do so is very important. Koalas tend to use 8-9 trees a day, some of which are non-food trees where they will spend time.
Koala society is complex. Just like humans, they need a sense of place and they need to know that they are safe. They also need to know that other
The perfect koala bush habitat requires structural
koalas are around. Koala social networks are made
diversity and biodiversity especially in the hotter
up of systems of home ranges which dictate social
climates of South East Queensland. It is made up
behavior. A home range is the area where a koala
of a mix of food trees and non-food trees with an
spends all its time and includes all the resources the
understorey of shrubs that provide shade in the
koala requires to survive and reproduce. In healthy
heat of the day. Koalas do not have a mechanism
koala habitats, koalas do not have to compete for
for dispersing body heat and are at risk of fatally
resources so competition for food trees and other
overheating in the summer months. During this
resources influences how koalas are distributed
period they will only eat in the cool of the evening
across a landscape.
and in the heat of the day in this period, koalas will
A koala’s home range represents the perfect
come to the ground for shade and retreat into the
balance in that it contains the minimum that a koala
thick understorey vegetation like acacia. They are
requires in order to survive. There can be some
also known to retreat into hollows and take cover
overlapping of home ranges as koalas do interact,
underground. Koalas have even been found in
especially in mating season. Koala young are called
wombat holes during hot weather.
joeys and typically spend the first 22-24 months with
To get from tree to tree, koalas move along the ground.
their mothers. After this period, the joeys become
using established pathways as they move around
koala population expands, the area required by this
independent and leave the mother’s home range to
from tree to tree. They also have a finely tuned
population increases proportionally.
ensure that inbreeding does not occur. Offspring
sense of smell and hearing. A sniff allows them to
take their genes out of their parent’s home range.
read what is present in their local surroundings and
Queensland adds that these figures differ from
Some joeys have been tracked as far away as 60
they can locate sounds from a source hundreds of
region to region depending on the availability of
kilometres from their mothers.
metres or even kilometres away.
resources. For example, further north in central
Koalas have a relatively low reproduction rate.
Koalas like a stable environment in the form
Dr Frank Carrick from the University of
Queensland where there is less water and koala
Usually they will have offspring every two years
of large undisturbed tracts of bushland that contain
food trees, there might be one koala for every 250
but if there is a drought, rates of reproduction will
their food trees. Dr Stephen Phillips, an ecologist
hectares, so an area of 3600 hectares further north
be much lower. Cooler, wetter times results in more
and a consultant at Biolink, says that a stable and
would only be able to support about 7 koalas. On
tree growth and provides koala populations with
healthy koala population should be made up of a
the Koala Coast where there is more water and
more resources in the form of fresh leaves. In these
minimum of 180 koalas and require a minimum
koala food trees, Carrick suggests there could be
periods koala populations will give birth to more
area of 3600 hectares. Of this area only about
up to 1440 koalas in a 3600 hectare (0.2 – 0.4
half will be inhabited at any one time. For the
koalas per hectare). Carrick says that the maximum
population to thrive and grow, about half of the
number of koalas an area very high in resources
communities requires the koala to have incredibly
population needs to be female and 60% of the
could be home to is 9000 koalas (2.5 koalas per
well developed navigation abilities. Koalas navigate
females need to be reproducing in any year. As a
The complex social structure of koala
A healthy koala population. Dr Stephen Phillips
A national icon
Australia is the only place in the world where koalas exist naturally. is why koalas have been a significant tourist
therefore is one of the only remaining areas where
as they are both unique and iconic. Al Mucci of
attraction for Australia for more than 50 years. In
koalas remain in their natural physical environment.
Dreamworld Gold Coast Australia argues that after
the 1997 report Koalas and Tourism: An Economic
the panda, the koala is the second most recognised
Evaluation, Tor Hundloe and Clive Hamilton
depends on the health of their surrounds. Koalas
animal in the world.
estimated that Koalas bring in more than a billion
are inseparable from their habitats and their habitats
dollars per annum to the Australian economy.
perform critical ecological services for the wider
Koalas are a species for special consideration
Mucci argues that koalas make people happy. People come to Australia specifically to see koalas and as such, koala populations significantly contribute to Australia’s tourism revenue. To people
Koalas are an integral part of our ecosystem and a significant biodiversity asset. The Queensland koala population of the Koala
The health of koala populations intimately
environment such as oxygen cycling and carbon storage. We can learn so much from koalas and apply this knowledge to understandings of other species,
overseas, the presence of iconic species like the
Coast is particularly unique because it is one of the
including ourselves. Koalas are symbolic of the
kangaroo and koala is central to the Australian
longest known ongoing populations. This population
health of the greater environment, of our ecological
identity. Tourists love the cute and cuddly which
has not been manipulated by modern humans and
relationships and our existence as a species.
What’s happening to koalas?
Koalas are perfectly evolved to life in the once undisturbed forests of the Koala Coast. But through the process of modifying these environments to reflect our own human desires, we have irreversibly destroyed the koala’s ability to survive. Here’s what we have done.... In a little over 200 years, the national koala
koala is competition for land. Koalas and human
population has dropped from around 10,000,000
populations are in direct competition for highly
koalas to less than 80,000. Some scientists estimate
desirable coastal land. The majority of Australian
current populations to be as little as 40,000 koalas
humans and koalas prefer to live in the same
nationally. The majority of this population reduction
places – along the fertile east coast of Australia.
has occurred in the last 100 years.
However koalas, with their specific habitat and
The most concentrated period of koala population
dietary requirements, are left with far fewer options
reduction was between 1919 and 1937, when koalas
for moving to alternative areas. Koalas need to live in
were hunted for their fur. In 1924 alone, 2 million
these places. We want to live in these places.
National koala population.
koalas were killed Australia wide. In August 1927, 800,000 were killed in a Queensland shooting season. In 1927 the world began to worry that koalas might disappear forever. In the United States President Roosevelt reacted by making it illegal to
80% of koala habitat has been cleared for agriculture and urban development.
own koala fur. By 1937 in response to widespread public outrage, the Australian government banned the slaughtering of koalas and declared them a protected species in all states. This is arguably Australia’s first wide-scale environmental rally. Today, the central issue for the survival of the
And 80% of koalas live on private land.
South East Queensland koalas.
- Australian Koala Foundation 11
What’s happening to koalas?
There are currently no regulations or incentives
rose by almost 1000 people every week. This
to monitor koala habitats meaning that 80% of the
accounted for 69% of the total population growth
remaining koala population is at risk. If the more
of Queensland. The Population by Age and Sex,
optimistic Australian population estimates of 80,000
Regions of Australia, 2010 (3235.0) survey shows
koalas are correct, then 16,000 koalas are safe and
that between 2005 and 2010, as many as 1400 people
living in protected areas. If the more pessimistic
were moving to the region every week, making
predictions of 40,000 koalas are correct, then only
it one of the fastest growing human populations
8000 koalas are safe Australia wide.
in Australia’s history. As a result, South East
The Department of Environment and Resource
Queensland also has the fastest growing urban
Management’s Koala Coast Koala Population
footprint in Australian history. This urban growth is
Report 2010 covered the mainland portion of
the single biggest contributor to the dramatic drop
Redland City, the eastern portion of Logan City and
in koala numbers in the region over the last decade.
the south-eastern portion of Brisbane City. It states
Queensland is rapidly clearing and building upon the
that through koala monitoring carried out between
rich and fertile lands that are critical to the koala’s
1996 and 1999, the “koala population was estimated
survival. These land use decisions are unsustainable
at approximately 6000 animals”. A re-survey of
and continue to have long term effects not only on
the same region between 2005 and 2006 “indicated
the health of our flora and fauna, but, by extension
that the population had declined by 26 per cent
significantly compromise our own health.
to approximately 4600 animals. In 2008, another
It is with sad irony that koalas remain the
round of comprehensive surveys revealed that the
emblem and identity for local governments like
population had undergone a steep decline to about
Redland City Council at a time when every koala
2300 animals, more than 50 per cent population loss
population on the Koala Coast is in decline. As Dr
in less than three years.” In 2009 the Department of
Darryl Jones from Griffith University points out,
Environment and Resource Management considered
koalas are a big part of why people choose to live
the koala population to be approaching functional
and holiday in Queensland. Yet koalas are simply
extinction. Despite the various stakeholders debating
not coping with Queensland’s rapid urbanisation.
the actual numbers, one thing remains indisputable –
The ongoing prioritisation of the use land for people,
the koalas of the Koala Coast are in big trouble.
rather than for the preservation of existing ecologies,
In their Regional Population Growth, Australia,
Between 2005 and 2010, as many as 1400 people were moving to South East Queensland every week.
is at the heart of why the koalas are disappearing.
2010-11 (3218.0) report, the Australian Bureau of
This is of critical concern from an ecological point of
Statistics reveals that between June 2010 and June
view and short sited from an economic point of view.
2011, South East Queensland’s human population
Dreamworld’s Al Mucci argues that if we do not 12
What’s happening to koalas?
rethink the way we use land, the unprecedented and terrifying expansion of Queensland’s urban footprint could result in koalas becoming extinct in the zone east of the Koala Coast’s M1 Motorway within 5
The following is a more detailed snapshot of what is happening to koalas;
years. Some scientists predict that this could take place in as little as 2 years. The Koala Coast was some of the best high density koala population in all of Australia where for over 50 years, koalas have been a significant tourist
01. Loss of habitat Trees. Humans cannot live with them, koalas cannot live without them. The obvious effect of widespread urbanisation
attraction. The extinction of koalas in this areas
is the clearing of bushland and koala habitat. If
would be a tragic loss for the Queensland economy.
koalas do survive the bulldozers, they have lost
Iconic places like Burleigh Heads tourist resort
their homes and become stressed. Loss of habitat
would have no Koalas. Despite its emblem, Redland
reduces the availability and quality of the resources
City Council would have no koalas.
that koalas need to survive and results in resource
The Koala Coast would be koala-less.
clumping. This is where koala distribution becomes
We have cleared and built on almost all the river
more intensified as survivers move to the remaining
flats and volcanic soil laden areas that can support the koala food trees. Despite the koala species evolving
patches of habitat. Koala habitat is removed every day and little
over 16 million years, yet we have transformed the
thought is given to how this bushland is removed.
koala’s world into a human landscape in just a few
When bushland is bulldozed, every single tree
short decades. Koalas are unable to adapt to the
is uprooted and all the understorey vegetation is
changes we have made to the landscape in such a
flattened. This is the technique that is currently
short time period.
employed for land clearing in new developments and
If you were to imagine that the 16,000,000 years it has taken for the koala to evolve were condensed into one day, then consider that we have wiped out 99.5% of the total koala population in one second.
kills most of the resident fauna. The small number of survivors usually manage to retreat and move into patches of nearby bushland. Their retreat increases the density of populations confined to these reduced areas and causes additional problems as individuals compete for resources and territory. A small number typically attempt to move back into a treeless environment with little success. Before clearing the land, developers hire spotters 13
What’s happening to koalas?
and catchers to remove and translocate koalas before
fragment of isolated bushland, the only way that they
the land is bulldozed in an attempt to conserve the
can do this is to walk along the ground to attempt
species. However, the captured koalas are usually
to access an area where there are trees and perhaps
translocated too close to where they were removed
from and will attempt to move back to their home
However, the urban environment is full of
range. This approach referred to as a soft cull as
barriers that prevent koalas from easily moving along
these translocated koalas usually die from the stress
the ground. Presently, the remaining koalas on the
of the translocation or their journey back to the
Koala Coast are living in isolated and disconnected
cleared land. Some koalas have a small chance of
islands of habitat.
surviving in fringe zones at the edges of less dense
Fragmentation of koala habitat.
Koalas need to interact.
Poorly planned urban areas disconnect koalas.
Fragmented koala populations not only become
urban developments. However within a decade, these
stressed, but also suffer from genetic issues. In a
koala populations typically also die off as they are
small fragment of bushland when it is time for a joey
cut off from adequate areas of forest and other koala
to leave its mother, the joey is unable to move away
from the mother’s home range and from its family gene pool. The koalas become genetically restricted
We have not provided adequate opportunity for the koala to respond and evolve. There is no point in protecting koalas if we do not also protect koala habitats. 02. Fragmentation of habitat The biodiversity of a locality is mostly contained within bushland and reserves. As these areas are broken up, separated and fragmented, animals such as the koala retreat to remaining bushland and become more confined. Koalas need food trees but they also need to be in contact with other koalas. In a
in this way because they are cut off and cannot breed with koalas in other areas. Inbred koalas develop deformities, become more prone to disease and stop reproducing.
03. Cars and dogs The koala living in the urban or semiurban environment has not developed the ability to recognise threats like cars and dogs. Cars and dogs are the biggest killers of koalas in the short term particularly as a fragmented habitat forces koalas to move around on the ground. Roads are also a major threat as they create barriers and separate koala habitat. If a road is in the path of a traveling koala, the koala will attempt to cross it despite the obvious danger. Collisions with cars have devastating consequences for koalas and according to according
Disconnected koala habitats results in inbreeding.
What’s happening to koalas?
to Wildcare Australia, kill about 300 koalas per year in the Koala Coast alone. The Australian Koala Foundation estimates that about 4000 koalas are killed each year by cars or dogs Australia wide. According to Dr Steve Johnston of the University of Queensland, between 1997 and 2007, 6500 koalas were euthanised in koala hospitals due to collisions with cars and dogs. 2011 saw 832 koalas admitted to the Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital. Kelsey Mostyn of Australia Zoo reported that in December 2011 alone, 87 koalas were admitted to Australia Zoo, 32 of which died from their injuries and 28 of which were euthanised. Cheyne Flannagan of the Koala Hospital in Port Macquarie New South Wales observes, “Without a doubt, the number one killer of koalas in my area are Staffordshire Bull Terriers - a great family dog but a woeful animal when it comes to wild life. Staffordshire Terriers go for everything out of their sense of loyalty and protection of their family pack. Second on the list is Blue Heelers, followed by Alsatians. After that it can be anything - even little Fox Terriers can do harm. We try to encourage potential dog owners to purchase dogs who are less
The way that we currently plan and build in koala habitats results in koalas not being able to safely move from tree to tree.
04. Fences Fences are a huge threat to koalas as they stop their necessary free movement along the ground. Fences might not directly injure and kill koalas but they can direct koalas into dangerous situations and bring them into contact with cars and dogs. Koalas can also become trapped within fence boundaries, and this is especially the case with pool fences.
likely to attack koalas such as Labradors and Cocker Spaniels.” Cheyne adds that predative wild dogs like dingoes and foxes are also responsible for koala
05. Stress and disease Koalas are also threatened by diseases like
deaths and injuries and that domestic cats and feral
Chlamydia. Chlamydia in koalas causes chronic
cats can injure small koalas.
infections in the urogenital and respiratory tracts. The disease causes pneumonia, infertility, blindness and ultimately death. The visible symptoms are conjunctivitis, known as “pink eye”, and urinary tract 15
What’s happening to koalas?
infections which cause incontinence, leading to a
To add to these complexities, Dr Geoff Pye, a Senior
condition known as “dirty tail” or “wet bottom”.
Veterinarian at San Diego Zoo, says there is also a
Up to 70% of koalas in the wild have been living with Chlamydia for quite some time. However the symptoms of the disease only manifest when
recently discovered koala Retrovirus B which is a secondary strain of the virus. Another issue that could effect koala health are
koalas become stressed and their immune systems
tree diseases like Myrtle Rust, a newly described
compromised. Their immune systems become
fungus that affects many Australian natives including
unable to fight the Chlamydia bacterium, which
some koala food trees. It is still too early to say what
then becomes dangerous and fatal. Koalas become
effect this will have on koalas, but given that Myrtle
stressed due to habitat loss, habitat fragmentation,
Rust can cause leaves to die as a result of infection,
dogs, road trauma and bush fires. It is thought that
this is likely to affect the availability of koala food.
Chlamydia has always been present within koala
Researchers have speculated on how koalas
populations, but with increased urbanisation and
have survived despite all of these health issues. As
insufficient koala planning, koalas are increasingly
Dr Frank Carrick of University of Queensland says,
showing obvious signs of clinical Chlamydia. Koalas
“The mystery is almost all koalas have Chlamydia,
are especially prone to the dangers of Chlamydia
and almost all koalas have Retrovirus, but not all of
when their home ranges are isolated due to
these koalas are sick or show signs of infection.”,
fragmentation of habitat – females stop breeding and
The scientific community is becoming more
reproducing and colonies die off.
confident that healthy koala populations are able
When koalas are monitored by scientists they
to protect themselves from the symptoms of such
are captured briefly and given a health check for
viruses and bacterium. This raises the question, do
Chlamydia and other health issues like urinary
koalas have natural immunities and antibodies?
tract infections, cystitis, cancers, malignancies,
What is certain is that the dramatic changes
bone marrow cancers, metabolic bone diseases and
in land use along the Koala Coast has been
Koala Retrovirus. There is still a lot to understand
catastrophic for koala populations. Surviving
about Koala Retrovirus, which changes the genetic
koalas are increasingly stressed and susceptible to
code of its host by integrating into the germ line.
the symptoms of threatening diseases. In order to
It is associated with Chlamydia infection and
maintain healthy koala populations, it is critical that
leukemia. Almost all koalas on the Koala Coast
we rethink the way we manage land in and near koala
possess retrovirus, which is passed on from parents
to offspring like any other gene. The Retrovirus is testable, but the results are still not 100% fool proof. 16
What’s happening to koalas?
06. Climate change
Different trees can respond to drought differently.
Climate change is occurring and it is changing the Australian landscape. Droughts are becoming more frequent and more extreme. The pace of change is alarming. Unlike most other mammals, koalas do not have a physiological mechanism for dispersing body heat. This makes them particularly susceptible to increased atmospheric temperatures which can cause fatal heat stress. Heat can kill koalas quickly. In the summer of 2009, the Gunnedah district lost 25 per cent of its koala population during a 15 day heat wave. The relationship between precipitation and soil is vital to koala survival across all habitat areas.
Eucalyptus tereticornis, the koala’s main food
Drought causes environmental stress for koalas
ource, tend to die back early on in a drought because
because dryer soils reduce the quality of koala food,
these trees have little capacity to deal with dry
minimising the number of trees koalas can eat from.
conditions. Another major food tree for the koala is
In hotter dryer times, koala distribution across a
the Ecalyptus robusta (Swamp Mahogany) which
landscape changes. In response to less available
tend to grow in wetland areas. If the wetland areas
resources, koalas spread out and in severe droughts
dry up, these trees will also die, forcing the koalas in
have been observed to disappear altogether. During
these regions to
times of drought the few surviving koalas become
koalas are unable to move they will ultimately die of
very important because as they enable populations to
recover when the drought breaks. Dryer climates tend to reduce tree heights, which
move to another location. If these
Both urbanisation and habitat fragmentation have resulted in less trees and a dramatic reduction
can be problematic because koalas prefer to inhabit
in understory vegetation in our contemporary
taller trees. Drought also reduces the moisture in
landscapes. These ecological changes exaserbate the
leaves and results in less new growth and less fresh
effects of droughts for koalas because there is less
tips which are the leaves that koalas prefer to eat.
shading and cooling available.
Droughts cause tree die back, a phenomenon which
Due to climate change, the only suitable habitat for koalas will be along the coast, but current urban development trends suggest that there will be no koala habitat remaining east of the M1 motorway by 2020.
As the climate gets warmer and dryer, koala
has the flow on effect of lowering koala reproduction
numbers are also affected by a reduction in koala
rates. This hinders a koala population’s capacity for
reproduction rates. Dr Sean Fitzgibbon from the
University of Queensland says that scientists are
What’s happening to koalas?
unsure if this is due to koalas mating less in times of
situation, bush fires also cause further fragmentation
drought or whether after conception, they then lose
of koala habitat.
their joeys. It is has also been found that it is more
Dr Stephen Phillips of Biolink has been
difficult for joeys to leave their mother’s home range
observing the koala population in the Tweed Coast
in times of drought.
in northern New South Wales for 30 years. In this
Droughts can be patchy and might only affect
region, the koala population was stable, but the
certain places within a landscape, forming what is
population suddenly and mysteriously crashed
known as a mosaic. Some koalas might survive in
between 2005 and 2010, declining by 50%. Dr
the mosaic because small areas of water retention
Phillips filtered through the possibilities and looked
exist in landscapes. These retention zones that remain
at how bush fires along the Tweed Coast might have
throughout drought affected areas are vital for the
effected the situation. There had been three major
survival of koala populations.
wild fires between 2006 and 2009 that affected
Dr Christine Adams-Hoskin, Dr Clive McAlpine
the whole region. As a result, the koala population
and Jonathan Rhodes have been undertaking
could not recover by recruiting new koalas from
climatic modeling of the Koala Coast area. These
surrounding areas and its population steeply declined.
scientists use climate models to predict rainfall and
Some of these fires were man-made where people
temperature and are attempting to map suitable
lost control of back-burning and land clearing fires.
climatic zones for koala populations in the future.
Such fire events have a devastating impact on all
Alarmingly, their models predict that by 2070 only
a very thin strip along the coast will be suitable as koala habitat. Yet, the majority of these zones are highly urbanised areas making it critical that the few remaining patches of coastal koala habitat are protected
08. The unknown On top of the above mentioned issues that are threatening and killing koalas, there are further problems that cannot be fully explained. An example of this has occurred in the Brisbane bushlands which
is made up of hundreds of hectares and has a koala
In healthy unobstructed koala habitats, koalas
population of about 500. However, this population
can generally move out of the way of fires. However
has been dramatically decreasing and scientists are
due to both koala habitats becoming increasingly
unable to identify the underlying cause. Could this be
fragmented and fire intensity increasing due to
related to stress?
higher and drier conditions, koalas are more likely to be trapped and burnt to death. To compound this
Dr Phillips explains that a 1-2% mortality rate in koala population causes an overall decline in
What’s happening to koalas?
population. In a population of 180 koalas where
Currently there is a disconnect between
females that are reproducing normally, it only takes
developers and home buyers. The average home
a few of the reproducing koalas to be killed, for the
buyer does not have sufficient options – generally
overall population to decline.
they get and pay for what is available and what they
If the koala was pushed to extinction, there
can afford. Many home buyers currently do not
would be major uproar. Dr Steve Johnston, says, “But
think beyond what is on the market and there is little
right now, it’s not on people’s minds, but 80% of
public discussion about other ways to live which
people would care.” So why aren’t we doing more to
could be both more affordable and less ecologically
save our national icon?
The story of the koala and the environmental
Australian Bureau of Statistics analysis of census
damage caused by wide spread urban development
data shows that houses are getting bigger, blocks
is a frightening reminder that our current actions
of land are getting smaller, family sizes are getting
effect our own future existence as a species. The
smaller and people are increasingly spending more
environmental stresses for the koala, such as those
time indoors. Furthermore, new developments around
driven by climate change, will also impact our human
the edges of our cities are rarely well serviced by
public transport, increasing our dependence on cars
Dr Jean-Marc Hero of Griffith University argues
and roads for transport. These areas are generally
that if our Australian ecosystem reaches a state where
inhabited by low socio-economic groups, which
there are no koalas, then “there’s no me and there’s
makes these groups the most vulnerable to rising fuel
The plight of the koala is evidence that the way
Large scale, single developer, greenfields
we are planning, developing and building is no
developments that are increasingly popular in
longer ecologically responsible. Traditionally we
Australia yet these developments are often culturally
have approached the environment as a resource,
disconnected from the sites that they occupy. We are
something to be exploited and modified for our own
currently planning and creating soulless communities
exclusive requirements without considering the needs
that, in some areas of the Koala Coast, are already
of other species. Presently we do not adequately
experiencing increased rates of crime and other signs
acknowledge that we actually rely on these species
of social instability. Many developments are designed
and ecosystems – we cannot survive without the
primarily around commercial and economic interests
trees, the forests and those species living within
and therefore do not foster a sense of community.
them. The koala’s plight is intimately bound to our
They offer limited possibilities for community
As stewards of the land, anyone that has any influence on land in koala habitat is responsible for addressing the koala issue.
It is not too late
So far this report has outlined the underlying causes of declining koala populations, particularly in the area of the Koala Coast. However, despite the koala’s presently catastrophic situation, there is hope. Dr Bill Ellis of the University of Queensland says, “The koala is quite tough, quite resilient, but they do have their tipping points and koala populations have their thresholds.” The Koala Coast population is at this point now. This is why it is critical to start implementing changes as soon as we can. The koala problem demonstrates that we are at a
critical moment for Australian culture and Australian ecology. For the koala to have a future, we must
website dlgp.qld.gov.au/guide-to-the-sustainableplanning-act/(Accessed 15 October 2012) On 30 April 2012, the Federal Government of
address issues that are central to Australian culture
Australia announced that koalas in Queensland, New
and acknowledge that they are intimately entangled
South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory
with our ecological and economic sustainability. We
will be classified as vulnerable, adding them to the
need to start taking action now.
threatened species list.
In May 2010 the Queensland Government released the South East Queensland Koala
These are the first steps in a long process. In the longer term, to act in the interest of koalas
Conservation State Planning Regulatory Provisions
will require us to think differently about the way we
and State Planning Policy 2/10: Koala Conservation
plan and aspire to live. To date, urban development
as a starting point for planning for koalas. The act
and koala conservation have not gone hand in hand.
covers the South East Queensland Koala Protection
And although the rate of people migrating to South
Area, which includes the seven eastern Local
East Queensland at the time of writing this report
Government Areas of South East Queensland -
has eased a little, new urban developments are still
Moreton, Redland, Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast,
being planned, which provide rich opportunities to
Brisbane, Ipswich and Logan. In setting out these
do something different. The complexity of these
statutory instruments, major efforts were specifically
new projects are exciting new design challenges
focused on the Koala Coast because this is the region
for creative planners and architects. They are also
where koala populations are experiencing the most
new business opportunities for developers, project
acute stress and risk of disaster. More information
managers, builders and tradesmen. There is the
can be viewed at the Queensland Government’s
potential for more business for everyone, however
We need to rethink and design more creatively so that koalas and humans can live together. We need to use space and resources more intelligently. 20
It’s not too late
with a different planning agenda and building outcomes. The complexity of ecological issues requires a more interdisciplinary approach. An approach that addresses planning, building, economic and ecological agendas simultaneously. It is impossible to separate out the concerns of each of these fields and address them in isolation - they must be considered as a singular complex entity. We have to pause, reflect and rethink some of our habits as a species. This might seem difficult, but in the long term is critical for the health and vitality of our environment, our lives and our economy. Now is the time to do something different and rethink how we build our communities. It is time to rethink our development assessment process so that developments support ecosystem health rather than compromise it. It is time to adequately value the ecological services these systems provide and which we cannot live without.
There is another way. 21
It’s not too late
It’s not too late
Reconsidering some fundamentals 01. Community Dr Marc Hero of Griffith University says that human identity is shaped by both a selfish component and by a social component, the latter which is driven by the desire to live within a community. To consider identity in this way provides clues for planning future living – and rethinking approaches to human habits. Thinking through social motivations also provides clues for how to work together as stronger communities, something that is currently lacking in many greenfield developments on the Koala Coast. How can we build communities with cultural identity, sense of place, common purposes and common goals. The Queensland Government’s Department of Environment and Resource Management adds, “We need to think about koalas both as members of a
02. Trees Although the Koala Coast’s koala situation is a complex problem, the one thing we do have control over is how many trees we establish or cut down. We not only have to stop removing koala food trees but also have to re-establish large areas with koala food resources. Trees are valuable living resources that allow a lot of other species to live. Currently, Queensland planning policy is not keeping up with this very basic requirement. Al Mucci of Dreamworld Australia says, “We humans have created a wall between ourselves and nature, and yet, we still like to go on holidays to nature.” Deb Tabart OAM of the Australian Koala Foundation adds, “We are scared of trees.” She argues that we are scared of branches falling, we still have an aesthetic delusion that eucalyptus leaves are unsightly on our lawns and, quite rightly, we are scared of bush fires. We need better planning policy to protect and value trees and to better live in their proximity. We need more effective bushfire strategies in place and more opportunities to build on bushland networks.
species but also as unique individuals - just like we do with our own pets”. This concept suggests an individual adoption scheme whereby residents within
03. Protection of habitat The Federal and Queeensland governments,
koala habitats become more directly aware and
functioning as representatives of the people and
responsible for their local koalas.
the land, needs to acquire areas of koala habitat in order to build up national parks and reserves. These are places that we would collectively own; places for everyone. Dr Stephen Phillips says that these protected lands are like creating a bank for the future.
It’s not too late
04. Connections For koalas, connectivity between habitats is
06. Economics There needs to be a common ground whereby
07. Education There needs to be a different approach to how the
critical. Geographical connections like corridors,
economic structures and government policy are shifted
issues facing the koala are publicly communicated.
bridges and tunnels are the key for allowing koalas
by creating incentives that support koala habitat and
Governments need to commit genuine funding to
to move from one patch of habitat to another.
allow creative energies to be more focused on planning
education that engages the community and links
Connections are needed to prevent inbreeding and to
places where koalas and humans can successfully live
our environmental health with the wellbeing of the
maximise genetic diversity. These connections need to
together. This means thinking more towards what Ellis
community. Dr Stephen Phillips of Biolink says,
be safe and free of roads and dogs. If there are fences
calls “Economies of Better”, instead of “Economies of
“The importance of biosecurity to our overall well
in these corridors, they need to be designed to allow
Scale”. If we plan for better ecological health we can
being needs to be more readily understood - for our
for koalas to safely penetrate them.
have more resilient, healthy and livable environments
environment, our economy, our way of life. The
exciting thing about this is that it inspires and opens
05. Management Koalas living in urban environments and on the fringes of urban environments require management by humans. This includes tagging and monitoring and providing medical checkups, genetic screening, genetic enhancing and translocation.
The challenge for developers and local governments is to enhance yields by including koalas.
Dr Clevo Wilson of the Queensland University of
up more opportunities for everyone.” Al Mucci of
Technology’s Business School has been investigating
Dreamworld Australia adds, “Awareness of the need
the commercial value of koalas and in particular,
for sustainable designs is a social awakening. It is
the economics of having koalas within residential
also a cultural necessity if the luxuries of our current
areas. He is finding that the presence of koalas in
lifestyles are to be preserved. If we are to co-exist with
neighbourhoods increases values of properties. The
koalas, then the time for creative action is now.”
aim of achieving healthy koala populations can potentially align the priorities of developers and ecologists.
- Dr Bill Ellis, University of Queensland
To replace a tree the size of a telegraph post, you need to plant 2000 saplings over 2 hectares. Australian Koala Foundation
It’s not too late
It’s a shared responsibility. 25
Examples of good koala planning Within and around South East Queensland, there are valuable case studies that have actively implemented koala and wildlife planning strategies with varying degree of success. This section gives an overview of these developments and the strategies that have been implemented in an attempt to make residential areas less destructive to local wildlife populations.
Progressive residential developments
out larger blocks of land to allow for the planting of new koala food trees. Koala Beach features streetscape planting of koala food trees, which the koalas started using after a 3-4 year period (scientists have said that koala food trees need to be 7-10 years old to be proper food trees). The path area is wider to
01. Koala Beach Koala Beach residential development is the best practice model for planning for koala conservation in
allow for bigger food trees, which also perform as a better road barrier for both people and koalas. There are speed limits on all roads and no dogs
Australia to date. Located near Pottsville in northern
or cats are allowed in Koala Beach. Some people
New South Wales, Koala Beach is a 300 hectare
who bought properties in Koala Beach and got rid
residential estate of 600 dwellings built on land that
of their dogs and others challenged the no dogs rule.
was previously a dairy farm. The preparation of the
A strong sense of stewardship developed from this
management plans for Koala Beach grew out of a
issue. The people collectively made a decision and
1993 collaboration between the Australian Koala
decided that small dogs would be permitted despite
Foundation and The Ray Group, a Gold Coast based
small dogs still being able to inflict damage to koalas
and being difficult to police. Some members of the
The Koala Beach development was promoted
community protested and successfully called for
as a koala friendly place. The development involved
the no dogs ruling to be returned. The people stood
building on land that was cleared for cattle and set
behind the principles of the development and in
Koala Beach retains koala habitat and corridors.
The number of road crossings at koala corridors are kept to a minimum.
Examples of good koala planning
a place for environmental education. The Koala
of development processes. This could be achieved
Beach development has been very successful as it
through university based research methodologies.
wildlife populations at Koala Beach, the Koala
demonstrates that other choices can be made and that
These types of developments need to be documented
Habitat and Wildlife Committee was formed and
there are other options for how we interact with our
and analysed so that we can collectively learn
chaired by Tweed Shire Council, New South Wales
and establish a best practice for wildlife sensitive
doing so developed a strong close knit community. In order to augment local biodiversity and
The success of this community is reflected
residential developments. The outcomes from these
environmental levy of about $100 per year to fund
in a sense of pride in the residents and this has
experiences must be implemented into mainstream
initiatives to support the local koala population.
contributed to the increased property value in this
Bush restoration has also been carried out at Koala
area. The economic benefits to this are obvious in
Beach that involves the replanting of koala food
comparison to another development - ‘Sea Breeze’
trees. Rare plants are managed which is helping
located just south of Koala Beach. Sea Breeze has
to re-establish threatened plants and grasses like
lower property values as it lacks the vision and
Anthraxon. Futhermore, due to the efforts to
commitment to sustainable living seen at Koala
conserve koala habitat, 26 other vulnerable species
National Parks and residents. Residents pay an
have also been conserved. Bird populations are
While the basic principals of Koala Beach
flourishing as there are also no cats present in the
work, there remains much room for improvement.
community as well as wild cat and fox monitoring
Although the development was carried out on
programs. An endangered local bird called the
already cleared land, sadly an extra 6.7 hectare
Bush Thick Knee has also started breeding again
section of Casuarina Melaleuca swamp forest was
at Koala Beach. The Bush Thick Knee provides a
cleared during building. Also, some of the bigger
great example of community stewardship. When
planted trees were blown over by wind because the
the Thick Knee began breeding, the sight of the
roots were not established enough early on in the
parent birds protecting chicks on the ground drew
development. We need to learn from the experience
human attention and volunteers began taking
of the developers at Koala Beach and give more
shifts to guard the birds from predation during
attention to protecting clumps of trees in reserves
their roosting periods. This kind of pride forms a
and backyards. Issues such as branches falling on
strong sense of social identity for the community.
roofs must be considered in order to allow larger
If residential developments are very large, this
trees to remain along side buildings.
type of social identity disappears. Koala Beach
02. Brolga Lakes Estate The Brolga Lakes Estate is a master planned eco village development on the northern foreshores of Moreton Bay in Brisbane. At the time of writing, the development was in design and planning phase. The property is surrounded by sensitive marine wetlands and located close to existing urban developments. The concept plan by Wayne Drinkwater proposes
Brolga Lakes Estate. Only 24.7% of the site is to be developed as residential and public space. The remainder will be koala habitat, hydroponics and aquaponics.
Koala Beach is a valuable case study for
has become a desirable place to live because of the
future wildlife sensitive developments. It provides
values of the community. The area has become an
rich opportunity to capture the knowledge and
attractive place to raise children in the bush and
experience gained from these experimental types
that 67% of the 158 hectares estate be dedicated to
Examples of good koala planning
wetlands and regenerated koala habitat, 24.7% be
and car speeds are reduced through the use of
Australia - Save the Bush and the local community.
developed into residential hamlets and public space
chicanes. However, Coomera Waters still lacks
This report focused on the importance of koala
and the remaining 8.3% be allocated to intensive
some critical strategies required to support koala
management, tree preservation and land degradation.
hydroponic and aquaponic production.
populations. Building covenants have been created
The report described that the creation and expansion
in koala corridors and residents can own dogs. Most
of tree corridors allows koalas access to the town
areas as spaces separate from the ecologies
significantly, the development approvals were rushed
area. These koalas have become a great tourist
surrounding them, the Brolga Lakes Estate adopts
to beat possible law changes and once approved,
attraction for Gunnedah and signify the ecological
the attitude that peri-urban spaces are important
bush clearing was fast tracked. The land clearing
health of the locality and of the people and wildlife
green spaces. Often green spaces in residential
destroyed significant areas of koala habitat. Although
living within it. Having said this, further tree
developments become weed encrusted cleared lands
patches of koala habitat remain, monitoring of koalas
planting efforts are required in the region as koala
or non-native forests void of natural fauna. By
is showing that there is not enough connected habitat
habitat only covers 6000 hectares out of an area
planning to conserve their green spaces as natural
to support a healthy population. In light of this, the
of half a million. At the end of 2011, the first steps
sanctuaries, Brolga Lakes rethinks how these peri-
inclusion of subsequent koala protection strategies in
were taken by Gunnedah Shire Council to develop
urban spaces can be transformed for the benefit of
this development are token and ineffective.
the Comprehensive Koala Plan of Management for
While most developers approach residential
the environment and the wider local community.
the Gunnedah Local Government Area. The council
These natural sanctuaries will add social, economic
says, “The management plan will guide development
and cultural value to the wider urban community. The Brolga Lakes developers hope to demonstrate that carefully planned developments can deliver the regeneration of high quality natural habitat that is not reliant on public funding to be maintained. The site aims to be self-sufficient in its use of water, energy and waste management by providing solar
Koala friendly towns 04. Gunnedah
planning, whilst seeking to ensure that a permanent free-living population of Koalas will continue to occur over the present range into the future.”
Now known as the koala capital of Australia, Gunnedah’s koala population has been stabilised and is now one of Australia’s largest and healthiest
05. Lismore 50kms south of the Koala Coast, Lismore koalas
populations. This once declining population
experienced a recovery between 1993 and 2010.
increased between 1970 and 1990 and now
Koala researchers like Dr Stephen Phillips have
koalas live in and around the town. The tree
observed this population for three koala generations
planting that took place in the 1990s to stop soil
and they are trying to understand why there has
erosion and salinity was helpful for farmers, and,
been a recovery. Located by the Richmond River,
unintentionally helped to stabilise koala populations.
which is a flood plain, the Lismore region was
development that attempts to be koala friendly.
A 1992 publication called Koalas & Land use in
cleared for timber and farming from the 1840s
It was built on land that was previously a pine
Gunnedah Shire, was produced by the National
which lead to a huge decline in koala numbers
plantation and a mobile saw mill. The residents of
Parks & Wildlife Service and was supported by the
between 1885 and 1930. Phillips believes that the
Coomera Waters are aware of koala populations
Department of Conservation and Land Management,
close management of the scattered food trees that
energy to all homes and implementing onsite biogas generation.
03. Coomera Waters Coomera Waters is another example of a
Examples of good koala planning
remain, has prevented bush fires and ensured that the remaining koala populations have access to trees and access to food resources. Lismore provides a case study demonstrating that there are land management strategies that can be applied in and around built areas that can support healthy koala populations. There is an urgent need to implement some of the Lismore region’s successful land management strategies on the Koala Coast.
Koala friendly road crossings 06. Compton Road land bridge Dr Daryl Jones of Griffith University School of Environment was responsible for having a land bridge built over Compton Road at Karawatha Forest, Brisbane to provide a continuous habitat over an existing road. The vegetation on the bridge is well
of 3 by 3 metres and a length of 80 metres. Designed to provide access for wildlife, it features a variety of
Compton Road land bridge - fencing keeps koalas off the road and guides them over the land bridge.
platforms, tubes and logs. In the peak of summer, 45 animals, including koalas, were recorded to use the underpass every night.
established and animals like gliders and possums are observed to use the land bridge every night. There is also evidence that koalas are using the bridge
08. Redlands koala overpass A new koala overpass is under contruction to link
although less frequently. Land bridges are the best
Conservation Park and JC Trotter Memorial Park
option for connecting bushland across roads but
near the intersection of Mount Cotton and Alperton
Jones observes that future bridges must be wider and
Roads. It has been designed for the Redlands
provide a more continuous flow of natural habitat.
Corridor as part of the Koala Retrofit Works Program. This program is aimed at reducing the
07. Compton Road underpass At Compton Road at Karawatha Forest, a long
number of koalas struck by vehicles on Queensland
underpass has been constructed with a cross sections
movement of koala populations. The Department
roads by building infrastructure to allow for the of Environment and Resource Management and
Examples of good koala planning
Griffith University will undertake a monitoring program to assess the effectiveness of the overpass structure. If successful, the new overpass design will
Other koala friendly initiatives 11. Purchasing at risk habitat
The Moreton Bay Road Underpass in Capalaba is a koala underpass that crosses Coolnwynpin Creek, linking koala habitats on both sides of the road. The underpass features a guide fence to ensure that koalas are directed to the safe crossing point under Moreton Bay Road and kept off the road.
During Jim Soorley’s Lord Mayorship at
An alternative to the land bridge concept is to
institution could become centres where genes are
In particular, in 1991 the Brisbane City Council’s
captured from koalas living at Pinjarra. This notion
land purchase protected an area of koala food trees at
provides another example of how rethinking our
Karawatha Forest, where the trees situated on what
approach can rebuild future koala networks.
used to be private lots. This is an excellent example of an effective local government driven initiative. and businesses contribute to protecting Brisbane’s most significant natural assets through payment of the
in order to leave wildlife habitat intact under certain
The levy is used for Council’s Bushland Acquisition
sections of road. This has been done at Eenie Creek
Program, where the funds are used to protect and
Road in Noosa where a bridge was built over a koala
enhance Brisbane’s natural environment. This helps
habit corridor. Although this land bridge has been
Council to achieve the Living in Brisbane 2026
an effective strategy for allowing koalas to safely
vision for a clean, green city.” In 2008, Brisbane City
cross the road, it must be part of a wider wildlife
Council set a target to purchase an additional 500
management strategy. Unfortunatley this is not the
hectares of bushland, and by July 2011 this target was
case at Eenie Creek as the approval of an aquatic
centre and a sporting area narrows the koala corridor.
that wildlife corridors remain unobstructed and that they do not bottleneck.
13. Private land owners Brisbane’s Mount Gravatt Environment Group, Fox Gully Bushcare, private land owners and environment groups are strengthening koala populations through bushland rehabilitation. These groups are achieving effective habitat consolidation by facilitating the cooperation of a diverse range of property owners to create appropriate koala habitats. The success of these wildlife corridors connecting properties like Fox Gully, Mimosa Creek, Mount Gravatt Reserve and Firefly Gully demonstrate what a ‘whole community’ approach can achieve. These approaches and initiatives need to be encouraged and rewarded through government subsidies and incentives
These nearby developments will make the land
regional wildlife management and planning to ensure
well as being a koala breeding centre. Other zoological
at-risk bushland and koala habitat was accelerated.
Bushland Preservation Levy in their rates account.
bottleneck. This example demonstrates the need for
mechanism to manage to manage koala genetics as facilities like Dreamworld Australia’s wildlife
construct roads that float above habitats and corridors
bridge less effective as they create a second wildlife
slowly restoring and reclaiming land, is interested
Brisbane City Council, the process of purchasing
According to Brisbane City, “Brisbane residents 10. Eenie Creek Road Bridge
architecture. The Queensland Government, who is in models such as Pinjarra Hills as it demonstrates a
be implemented in other projects across Queensland.
09. Moreton Bay Road underpass
by adopting an eco-model featuring eco-friendly
12. Pinjarra Hills Farm The University of Queensland’s Pinjarra Hills Farm, located fifteen minutes south west of Brisbane, was set up as a dynamic inland ecology research facility. This property showcases what can be done
so that koala habitat consolidation is more attractive. 14. Purchasing degraded land To date, the Department of Environment and Resource Management, in conjunction with Queensland Parks and Wildlife Services, Koala Policy and Operations, has bought eight degraded ex30
Examples of good koala planning
16. Increased plot sizes
grazing properties for the purpose of koala habitat
a strong respect for the natural environment. There is
regeneration. These properties are relatively small,
an extensive network of public open space, and land
but are very important as they are located in highly
along Hilliards Creek is retained as core habitat for
building lots to protect high conservation value
fragmented koala habitats and are recreating koala
koala populations and other native fauna, protected
bushland. By increasing the land to building ratio,
corridors. At the time of writing this report, more
from development. Other greenspace corridors
more koala habitat and food trees are retained in
than half of the proposed 61,420 koala food tree
supplement the koala habitat, providing a connected
saplings had been planted on these properties.
network of open public space that divides urban
Redland City Council increased the size of
Larger plots allow more backyard space for koala food trees.
In conjunction with the purchase of degraded land, State Planning Policy 2/10 Koala Conservation sets out performance indicators that respond to the challenge of supporting remaining koala populations. The policy prohibits urban activities outside the urban footprint, restricts the clearing of koala habitat in priority areas and defines koala safe movement criteria. We need to look out for opportunities to recreate koala habitats and corridors so that this planning policy can be implemented across the entire Koala Coast. The State Planning Policy 2/10 Koala Conservation can be seen at www.ehp.qld.gov.au/ wildlife/koalas/strategy/pdf/koala-spp.pdf
15. Kinross Road Structure Plan The Department of Environment and Resource Management and Redlands City Council have developed a detailed local plan that allows for koala connections in the Kinross Road Structure Plan. This is another example of the implementation of
and natural areas. A diversity of dwelling types
the State Planning Policy 2/10 Koala Conservation.
provides choice and affordability within a unique
Redlands City Council says that the plan is “a
urban place that enjoys the amenity and values of the
sustainable, integrated and well planned urban community with a distinct sense of place, built upon
Kinross Road Structure Plan creates koala connections.
Where we can start: in our own backyard We are incredibly fortunate to be able to share space with koalas and have this beautiful iconic animal coming through our backyards.
Residential backyards have enormous potential
koalas can cross over. If there are no dogs, talk to your neigbours about creating koala size holes in your fences so that koalas can move through when traversing the ground. The holes should be 30cm high. For steel fencing (such as Colorbond), timber corner escape posts can be positioned along fence lines to help koalas leave a property, and better still, these fence posts can have forks as koalas
to function as wildlife corridors for koalas and
perches. The posts should oppose each other where
other native species. Dr Stephen Phillips points out
fences intersect. Timber poles should be at least 10
that people living in koala areas are privileged as
these are extraordinary and unique places to live.
Other backyard initiatives to allow koalas to
Koala Coast backyards can assist in helping koala
move between tree to tree above ground level include
populations recover. If backyards are managed
wider fence tops to provide koala walkways, and
properly, scientists like Griffith University’s Dr
the provision of mini bridges, or planks of wood,
Darryl Jones are very hopeful that koalas will
between fences and backyard koala food trees.
If there are no dogs, koala sized holes allow koalas to move through our backyards.
actually use backyards and make them a part of their habitat. The Department of Environment and Heritage Protection recommends making fences koalafriendly so koalas can safely move in and out of each property. To make fences climbable, use timber posts and rails, chain wire or slats with at least 1 cm gap between each slat. Plant trees close to both sides of the fence so
We can share our backyards with koalas.
In our own backyard
For swimming pools, the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection recommend using a pool cover that is tight, secure and will not sink if a koala walks on it. Glass, Perspex or steel fences can keep koalas out of pool areas. Also, a thick rope which is attached at one end with a floating object in the pool (like an empty milk bottle) and the other end secured to a tree, post or fence, can save a koala from drowning by giving it something to help it climb out of the pool. There should also be a beach-type access where the water is level with part of the pavement so koalas can get out easily, or steps that are big enough to allow koalas to climb out. If we want koalas to survive, we have to alter some of our attitudes towards our pets. Ideally residents should be encouraged to choose not to own dogs or cats. However, given that these animals are an important part of many people’s lives, this is a difficult regulation to implement. In light of this, dog owners should be required to actively manage their pets in order to reduce risk to wildlife. In and near koala habitats dogs must be locked up at night and they must be leashed when walked. Rigorous dog training accreditation systems, aimed at achieving better coexistence with koalas should be supported by government funding schemes and incentives.
If it is safer for koalas, it is safer for kids - Dr Bill Ellis
Horizontal fence slats can make escaping a backyard easier for koalas. For metal fencing like Colorbond, a timber pole can provide a means for climbing.
Wider fence tops provide koala walkways. The provision of planks of wood between fences and backyard koala food trees means that koalas can avoid using the ground.
Koalas can get out of pools more easily if there are large steps or an access where the water is level with part of the pavement. A thick rope attached at one end to a floating object and the other end to a tree, post or fence can also save a koala from drowning. 33
Planning for the future: recommendations With active management, governing bodies can support healthy koala populations through a combination of planning, land management,
spaces that hinder movement within habitats must be removed. Both government planners and private investors
regulation and predator management. This will create
need to shift their focus to designing for ecological
environments that are designed to support koalas
health supporting the well being of wildlife and
and other threatened species. If semi-urban areas are
people. Investing more in planning to ensure that
designed to enhance local ecologies and if damaged
better places are created also means more rigorous
bushlands are repaired, scientists are confident that
monitoring of the resultant planning regulations to
koala populations can be stabilised.
ensure that they are adhered to.
The basic rule for the management of an area is simple -
Keep koalas off roads and away from dogs
If there are no dogs, fences can have holes for koalas to move through.
There needs to be consolidation, which includes protecting koala habitat and rebuilding koala networks. Koala Coast local governments require a
Remove the koala’s threats or keep koalas out. We have to better manage threats by rethinking roads, dogs, fences and buildings. Koala friendly design elements must be incorporated as standard operating infrastructures. Many koala populations require active management and, declining populations require recruitment. Road design and upgrades must incorporate means for koala movement under and over roads. Barriers in public
stronger and more unified strategy. Koala territories need to be established and these territories must be communicated. People living in and around these
New buildings can be raised for koalas to move under.
zones need to be educated as to how to best coexist with koala populations. We need to establish which
koala populations can be stabilised and what to do with the koala populations that are beyond population tipping points. In the long term, we need to rethink how we use
Roads can have overpasses and underpasses.
land. We need to think less about competing and planning for exclusive use and instead urgently need to develop plans for sharing land use with multiple
species. With this in mind, we have to look out for
domestic activities are benign for koala’s long term
In addition to protecting remaining patches
opportunities to create new koala habitats and new
of koala habitat, rules and responsibilities for
koala corridors. Building on existing guidelines
Another legislation precedent is The Bolivian Bill
nearby residential areas must be set out by local
and learning from the successful examples
of Rights. The Law of Mother Nature, or the “Mother
governments to minimise the impact urban areas
covered in the last section, the following
Earth” law, draws on indigenous concepts that
have on koalas and other wildlife. These could be
section outlines a suite of recommendations,
view nature as a sacred home – the Mother Earth
set out as formal agreements between developers
planning ideas and practical strategies that can
on which we intimately depend. As the law states,
or property owners and local governments.
be implemented to prevent Koala Coast koala
“Mother Earth is a living dynamic system made
populations from disappearing completely.
up of the undivided community of all living beings,
by government in the form of land purchases.
who are all interconnected, interdependent and
This would further enhance Queensland’s National
complementary, sharing a common destiny.” The
Parks network. National Parks protect flora and
law gives nature legal rights, specifically the rights
fauna, and they are for everyone, representing all
to life, regeneration, biodiversity, water, clean air and
Queenslanders. National Parks are about loving the
land in which we live.
02. Protection of koala habitat
Policy 01. A Koala Protection Act
Large protected koala habitats can be increased
Australia requires an act that legislates against human interference with remaining koala populations. This legislation must address the
There is little value in classifying Queensland’s
Local governments need to set out life long
management of koala habitat at a national level. A
koalas as vulnerable and adding them to the
covenants that recognise and protect existing
precedent for this act is the Bald Eagle Protection
Threatened Species List if the habitats and koala
and future networks of koala habitat patches and
Act, passed by the United States Government in
food trees are not protected.
1940 and prohibiting the killing or selling of bald
We need to protect all remaining areas of
eagles. This act was passed as the United States
koala habitat and acquire more land to augment
was in danger of losing their national icon forever.
and connect these habitats. Protecting existing
The act increased public awareness of the bald
bushland means retaining bush corridors to
eagle and has resulted in a partial recovery of
ensure connectivity. Where this is not possible,
populations in some regions and a slower decline
green corridors need to be recreated between
of the species in others. The Australian Koala
separate protected bushland zones. New residential
Foundation believes that a Koala Protection Act
developments can be greener if bigger proportions
could be legislation that stipulates that residents
of land are allocated to wildlife habitat. When
who have koalas on their property cannot harm
planning for new developments, ideally the valleys
them or remove their trees and must ensure that all
and the ridgelines should be kept as bushland.
04. Koala levy New and existing residential developments and town centres in and near koala habitats require a koala protection levy which can contribute towards the building and maintenance of koala habitats, corridors and koala hospitals. A koala levy will engage the community to manage themselves to monitor and help koalas. This will help to build a sense of shared responsibility. 35
05. Subsidies Subsidy systems for private land owners and developers that conserve koala food tree habitats need to be set in place. This includes subsidising land owners that assist in the process of recreating koala habitats and corridors. Land owners can be rewarded by meeting the requirements of a ‘Good Koala Planning’ checklist that could be incorporated into the development application process on a local government level and in Queensland’s Sustainability Building Rating System. Federal Government might supplement funds on a dollar for dollar basis. By doing this, our governments are investing for the future.
and surrounding areas in the initial planning stages, even where residential developments and town centres overlap with parts of the koala habitat. If grid systems are established as permanent markers, monitoring of koala populations can be ongoing. Rather than starting studies from scratch every time, a fixed grid can be constantly referred to in the future as an ongoing data base that is constantly updated at regular intervals, creating a much clearer and progressive picture of a koala population’s health over time. The koala mapping system developed for the Australian Koala Foundation koala atlas is at the forefront of mapping systems – it is a valuable tool however it needs to be further developed and refined.
An excellent initiative is “The Great Koala Count” in South Australia, where the public become “citizen scientists” by using a smart phone app to
06. Koala mapping Koala maps are the tool are a part of a
document koala sitings. This contributed to the building of a database koala population densities.
methodology for understanding koalas across a particular landscape. Dr Stephen Phillips explains that when he is monitoring and documenting koalas, he sets out a grid system across the landscape which become points of reference that provide a better sense for the condition a koala population is in. In larger patches of habitat, the grids overlap at 300 metre centres, and in smaller patches the grid centres can be closer together to provide more detail. Phillips suggests that science like this can be more cost effective if planned into a koala habitat
07. Tree mapping Dr Stephen Phillips recommends that koala maps should be layered with information about vegetation and soil to get an even clearer understanding of why koalas are or are not present in certain areas. In managing and expanding the mosaic tree species, local understandings and awareness of tree species can be developed where local koala food trees are known from
When looking for opportunities to spread koala habitat, we need to understand soil and vegetation.
neighbourhood to neighbourhood. Because of this
An example of a tree documentation system can
variation, detailed tree documentation on koala maps
be seen in Appendix D and F of Redlands Urban Tree
would be an invaluable resource. This process can be
Project (Redland City Council’s Biodiversity Research
begun in smaller areas, within and around residential
Project ), which can be found at www.redland.qld.
neighbourhoods and gradually expanded to include
the surrounding regions. This could become a part of
the role and management of community enclaves.
Establish, document, educate and replant. Once a community has local knowledge of their region’s vegetation mosaics, koala food trees can be replanted and integrated throughout
Planning 08. Buildings and boundaries
When planning for koalas and humans to coexist,
it is important to remember that koala populations are dynamic. Koalas constantly move around along the ground. Buildings are static, and boundaries are fixed.
neighbourhoods. Effective networks of koala habitat
Human boundaries, like fences and roads, need to
and corridors can be recreated through developing
be more organic. We need to alter, around, under
koala friendly streetscape landscaping and urban
and over without the threat of predators. With this
in mind, creative design ideas are required to create
The drip line for koala food trees needs to be at least 12 times the Diameter at Breast Height,
better quality higher density living for humans and more space for koala habitat and corridors.
meaning that no building can occur within this drip line. Tree and soil mapping on a local level can
09. Koala habitats
Planning for bigger zones of koala habitat and
lead to a greater system of maps and potentially a
functional and safe connectivity between these areas
national tree documentation system. With a better
will reduce koala stress levels.
understanding of the needs of trees, these maps
As we develop a better understanding of
can form a strong basis for the protection of trees
the thresholds and landscape ecologies in our
under provisions that can be set up by Federal and
environment, we can plan future land uses
Queensland government legislation.
Local tree maps will reveal opportunities to recreate koala habitat and corridors. 37
Dr Stephen Phillips says that the minimum land
There are two approaches with respect to how
area for of koala habitat in the Koala Coast area is
big or small lots of lands should be. One is that
50 hectares. According to Dr Frank Carrick, the
lots should be smaller with less backyard areas to
absolute maximum number of koalas that a 50
form well designed higher density residential areas
hectare well resourced area of habitat can support
and larger areas of land for bushland habitat. This
is 125 koalas, ideally about 20 koalas. Phillips adds
approach minimises the overall footprint of the
that 50% extra land must be allocated to koalas
development as well as improving local amenity by
so that they have the space to move if a bush fire
providing more greenery and areas for wildlife.
The second approach is to increase residential block sizes so that more koala trees are retained in
10. Koala corridors Patches of koala habitat must be connected to ensure the free flow of koalas to maintian genetic diversity. For these connections to be functional and safe, Dr Phillips recommends that bushland thoroughfares need to be at least 50 metres wide to be effective. Dr Carrick offers an alternative approach, he recommends that the corridor width should be twice the height of the trees in the corridor. Planning must consider designs for corridors that safely link patches of koala habitat and that are to be free of threats. Guidelines, need to ensure that the corridors do not bottleneck or become fragmented.
backyards. This approach also requires minimising
Koala corridors need to be at least 50 metres wide. Dr Stephen Phillips.
building footprints. Backyards become part of the overall greenscape that accommodates local koala populations. It is possible for a combination of both approaches to plot size be implemented. With careful planning, smaller lot higher density and larger lower lot density can work together. This not only allows for more flexibility allowing for more koala movement near koala habitat and corridors, but opens up more options for housing markets. It is envisaged that towns centres can be denser, with larger more penetrable lots towards the
There are many ways to arrange buildings and achieve the same densities, if not higher.
edges, closer to koala habitat and corrodors. These enclaves of dwellings would use land more efficiently by being smaller and more definable. Some koala corridors, or parts of, have the potential to be shared
11. Lot sizes
areas with passive land uses. This might include low
Currently the average Queensland building
scale grazing and agriculture. It might also include
block is around 600 square metres, however for the
the option for shared koala corridors to be privately
above mentioned minimum koala habitat areas to be
owned back yards.
achievable, block sizes need to be variable.
The layouts of these communities might start to reflect the qualities of koala home ranges.
stretches of roads that cannot be fenced. Increasing driver visibility is also important so more lighting at koala crossing hotspots will also help save koalas.
12. Fences While standard fences stop the movement of koalas along the ground, specially planned fences are required to protect koalas from domestic dogs, dingoes and cars. We need to explore the concept of not having fences to define every individual property. In some developments, communities might share common areas such as backyards that could then also be used as koala habitat. Having said that, fences do need to be constructed to keep koalas out of dangerous areas, especially along the more major roads and arterials. These fences need to guide koalas to locations where they can access road bridges and tunnels. Darryl Jones of Griffith University has designed a koala fence that has a lower rubber section that goes under the ground to stop the smaller digging animals from penetrating the fence.
Cameras that links back to koala hospitals are also suggested to monitor at hotspots. Drivers are usually devastated when they realise that they have hit a koala. It is also common for drivers to not realise that they have hit a koala at all. There needs to be more education about how to drive through koala habitats to minimise road fatalities. They need information regarding what to look out for when a koala has been hit by a car. Roadside koala crossing warning signs should also be modified so that they show koalas walking rather than a koala sitting in a tree. To put it simply, koala warning signs need to communicate exactly what a driver needs to look out for. Local roads require signage and speed reducing devices like speed humps and chicanes, strategies that were incorporated into the road design at Koala Beach. Speed limits can be variable depending on koala activity at certain times of the year. During the July to September koala breeding season, lower
13. Roads Gail Tucker of Central Queensland University
speed limits could be established in the evening hours when koalas are more active.
has been analysing the relationship between driver behavior and reflexes, and is finding that speed is the biggest killer of koalas on roads and most fatalities occur on straight stretches of road where people drive faster. Reduced driving speeds make minor differences to a driver’s overall travel time but saves the life of hundreds of koalas every year in
Fences keep koalas off roads and guide them to land bridges and tunnels.
14. Koala road crossings land bridges and tunnels
Koala-friendly road design sees the creation of
Koalas have been observed using underpasses of various sizes and there are a variety of options
permeable landscapes that allow koalas to move
that have already been implemented and that
around along the ground and maintain home ranges
are working well. Koalas are slow learners and
without having to directly interact with roadways.
changing their behaviours around roads remains a
In the short term, the most important strategy for
huge challenge. To date, the most effective ways of
preventing koala injuries and deaths is to keep
encouraging koalas and other animals to use tunnels
koalas off the road by constructing fences along
has been lining roads with special fences that guide
dangerous roads. In the longer, term the challenge
the animals to the underpasses. These fences are
is to make roads permeable, providing options for
made of a mesh, with sheet metal or rubber built
koalas to move under and over roads. The resultant
below ground level to stop smaller digging animals
land bridges and tunnels are invaluable for all
from passing underneath them. All roads faster than
60km/h that go through koala habitat should have
Fauna road crossings and associated fencing in new developments and existing neighbourhoods would need to be funded and managed between
Underpasses require furniture for koalas to safely move through in times of heavy rain.
these fences that safely funnel animals into the underpasses. There are opportunities to work with existing
the Department of Transport and Main Roads, local
drainage systems and culverts under roads to create
government and private property owners.
connections for koalas. In such situations, little
ledges or rails can be installed in drains and culverts
required between the bush and buildings. There
so that koalas can move over water in times of rain.
also needs to be good access to these zones for
Again, there must be fencing to guide and funnel
fire fighters and sufficient water hydrants. Dr Frank
koalas towards these structures. Retrofitting can be
Carrick says that a common rule of thumb for
expensive, so design strategies for achieving koala
bushfire safety is that trees should be a distance
connections need to be included early on in the
of twice their height from nearby buildings. When
planning process. As an approximate costing, at the
replanting koala food trees, bushfire movement must
time of writing, concrete ledges cost about $600 per
be considered. Having bigger buffers can be used
cubic metre, and treated timber pole systems cost
to allow koalas to escape fires. An example of this is
about $50 per metre.
in the Lismore region where koalas are able to avoid
Griffith University in conjunction with Redlands City Council have developed recommendations for different types of fauna underpasses. They
fires as they come through. This has allowed this region’s population to recover. The traditional fire knowledge and practices
recommend incorporating koala friendly “furniture�
of the Yugambeh language people need to be
near the openings of culverts and within the culverts,
incorporated into bushfire risk management planning
such as horizontal and vertical poles and netting attached to pylons and dead trees. For wider roads, Redlands recommends a separation between lanes,
16. Structure of the environment
Bushfire buffer zones are required between koala habitats/corridors and buildings.
High quality koala habitat has several stories
or skylights, to allow for light penetration down
of vegetation from the canopy to the ground.
into the underpass. It is important that entrance
Understorey made up of smaller plants and native
areas are rehabilitated with eucalypts, shrubs and
shrubs, provides shading and cooling for koalas in
grassy groundcovers and that the underpasses
the hotter months and is especially necessary in
are regularly maintained. Shrubs can also provide
times of drought. In areas that are being reforested,
shelter opportunities for other species. To date land
or where the understorey has been cleared, the
bridges have been less successful for koalas, which
understorey will grow back naturally if the weeds are
suggests that underpasses might be the better
removed and kept under control. Dr Bill Ellis and Dr
option for making roads permeable for wildlife.
Sean Fitzgibbon from the University of Queensland are experimenting with landscape modelling. They
15. Planning for bushfires Bushfires need to be planned for and managed. Bushfire buffer zones that have little vegetation are
have found that fast growing non-natives shade trees can be an emergency solution in locations where understorey has been cleared. Understorey and burrows keeps koalas cool in the hotter months.
17. Koala food tree replanting
18. Cleared and degraded land There needs to be an extensive strategic review
We need to spread koala habitat.
of agricultural land to pin point opportunities for
Recreating koala habitat is vital for long term
Incentives should be established for landowners
recreating koala habitat and corridors. By targeting degraded agricultural lands, these regions can again become useful resources in the form of koala habitat.
koala survival. With so little koala habitat remaining
who recreate koala habitat and developers who
on the Koala Coast, incentives are urgently
create koala friendly residential areas on degraded
needed for habitat re-growth on both private and
land. State and local governments can set examples
government owned land.
by demonstrating how their unused land can be
At the time of writing, small koala food tree
reforested with koala food trees. In some cases,
saplings cost around $1 each. Due to this low cost, a
does the government, on behalf of the environment,
high density of saplings need to be planted in order
buy some of these degraded agricultural
to account for saplings that do not survive. More
properties? As mentioned earlier, The Department of
developed saplings cost around $35 each. Dr Alistair
Environment and Resource Management is already
Melzer of Central Queensland University says that
undertaking such a scheme in the Kinross Road
once the plants are in the ground, they have to look
after themselves. There needs to be overplanting
The Queensland government has developed
of saplings to account for sapling competition with
approaches to analyse what is and is not degraded
faster growing grasses and understorey.
land through the Strategic Cropping Land Act
In recreating habitats, we need to consider
2011. This planning framework aims to create a
the process of koala repopulation would occur.
balance between agriculture, economics, society
Might new populations be established through
and ecology. Strategic Cropping Land addresses
translocating koalas from disconnected habitats
competing land uses from the agriculture, mining
where they would otherwise have no future? Might
and urban development sectors. It aims to protect
these koalas be bred under controlled conditions in
highly productive lands for cropping, and support
the wild like at Pinjarra Hills Farm? Or might these be
economic growth for regional communities.
koalas bred in zoos specifically for release into new habitats?
By undergoing heritage studies on particular sites, there also needs to be an exploration in the freeing up of some sugarcane land that can be allocated for new town centres and koala food tree 42
networks. Innovative young property developers in
floodplains are intact as koala habitat, the better
the Sunshine Coast area are already finding parcels
chance a koala population will recover after a
of degraded sugarcane land for bamboo planting.
drought. To ensure that water retention zones are
The bamboo is harvested and used as a building
maintained, the hydrology of an area must be a
material for new buildings on the same sites.
primary factor when planning urban developments.
Larger areas of degraded land provide
In light of this, we have to ask the question,
excellent opportunities to build koala friendly green
should we be building on flood-land? Deb Tabart of
fields residential areas that foster the sucessful
the Australian Koala Foundation ponders, “People
coexistence of humans and koalas. Landscaped
built in a floodplain and they got flooded. People
areas can enhance the koala food network. Existing
built in a koala habitat and the koalas died.�
koala habitats can no longer be cleared to make
Given there is already major fragmentation of
way for new suburbs. If new residential areas are
koala habitat, future planning needs to reconsider
to be planned, they must be planned as shared
floodplains, especially after the tragic losses
human and koala living areas. Utilising degraded
caused by the floods that swept through South East
lands are the way to achieve this. These new shared
Queensland in early 2011. The land that is not rebuilt
environments can demonstrate how to rework
on could become new bushland reserves. Instead of
existing residential areas and invite koalas back into
rebuilding in high risk flood prone areas, these zones
their old habitats.
could be recreated in memorial to human lives that
Recreating habitat is a slow process that
requires patience. It can take 10 to 12 years for
The Lockyer Valley town of Grantham has
koalas to start using rehabilitated areas again,
realigned some of its boundaries and roads. The
although in some cases, it has been less. This
town is reconsidering land use in the Grantham
process must start sooner rather than later.
Reconstruction Area in response to the 2011 floods. Property owners were offered the chance to swap
19. Flood plains As mentioned earlier, we need to consider the hydrology of an area as a part of the planning process. Floodplains, the most moisture retentive areas, contain the rich fertile soil that koala food trees thrive in, so the ability for soil to retain moisture
their low-lying land for blocks in a new residential development on higher ground. Many property owners took this relocation opportunity and the council now owns the title to land in the flood zone and is planning to use it for parkland, market gardens and farming.
is crucial to a koala population’s survival. The more 43
20. Walking paths and cycleways as shared koala connections
Koala corridors can be established also by the
Our society needs to be more aware of our food and water consumption and our waste
strategic planning of passive human circulation links
disposal. When planning future town centres,
such as walking paths and cycle-ways. By planting
consumption and waste l needs to be integrated
these areas with food trees, such passive spaces
into the infrastructure of the place. The design and
could demonstrate how to build multiple land uses
development of productive and sustainable gardens
into our planning methods. These shared circulation
and farms will help people to become more self
links also feature community gardens and smaller
reliant. These initiatives allow households to become
scale recreational facilities.
more aware of what they consume and waste,.
21. Sharing golf courses with koalas Golf courses have become safe places for koalas. Koalas can move in between the greens in a safe fenced area without the threat of dogs. Generally golf courses are, well protected from bush fires as they are closely managed and monitored. If
It’s about working with nature, not fighting it. Permaculture is an approach that can be
golf courses are in the vicinity of koala habitat, they
incorporated into a network of community gardens.
can also be used as koala friendly wildlife corridors.
Permaculture grows out of understandings of natural ecological systems and pre-industrial examples of
22. Rethinking agriculture – community gardens
Many industrial scale agricultural approaches
sustainable land use. Without healthy land, flora and care of the land so that all life systems, including those involving humans, can be healthy. In planning
which is why we are seeing more regions that were
for sustainable communities, we require agricultural
once fertile become degraded and unproductive.
systems that take care of all people so that everyone
Agriculture has become more about pricing wars,
has access to the resources necessary for living.
resulting in basic needs that are less affordable, and
Just as healthy ecosystems use outputs from each
practices that are destroying farms that have been in
element to nourish others, we humans can do the
families for generations. These agricultural practices
biggest national treasures.
Community gardens providing local areas with food and shared koala habitat.
fauna cannot flourish. Permaculture attempts to take
take from the earth without giving anything back,
are also killing the Great Barrier Reef, one of our
There are opportunities to share golf couses, bike tracks and walking paths with koalas.
Permaculture, is about working with, rather than against nature. It looks at plants and animals in all 44
their functions, rather than treating any area as a single project system. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. By acknowledging the relationships between various elements of an ecosystem, permaculture attempts to group of plants, animals and insects that are interdependent for mutual benefit. Some plants might be grown for food production, some to attract beneficial insects and others to repel harmful insects. It includes strategies such as companion planting where different food crops are planted close to each other to optimise nutrient uptake, pest control, pollination and overall productivity. Local indigenous knowledge of the Yugambeh language people and their understanding of the benefits of bush tucker, need to be built into this approach. Community gardens can be implemented on a large scale. As an integral part of planning for new town centres and reconstructing existing suburbs, governments need to be involved on a level that ensures that we use resources more wisely and minimise waste. The community garden network is something that all levels of society and business can be involved in. The network could be made up of a combination of backyard vegetable patches and large scale market farming. If larger supermarket brands can embrace organic and macro foods because they have identified a market for this type of produce, then they too can play a role in this new approach to the supply of food. Very importantly, strategically laid out community garden corridors can be used by koalas as links between koala habitats.
Economics 23. Reforestation as an investment
Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas
that contributes to global climate change. Carbon itself has an important role in natural processes such as in photsynthesis and respiration. Trees play a vital role in capturing and storing carbon through a process known as carbon sequetration. We can create opportunities for carbon sequestration by purposefully planting trees, which is one of the most promising ways of sequestering carbon to help mitigate climate change. By better understanding the relationship between koalas, trees, carbon and money, we can value add koalas. Valuing trees for their carbon storage potential is increasingly relevant as we enter
As households, we need to think more about what we take and what we waste.
an age of carbon accounting. Carbon storage will become increasingly valuable, making trees a sound economic investment. This economic perspective offers possibilities and incentives for preserving and augmenting koala habitat. The short term rapid return investment schemes resulting in the credit crisis of 2007 indicates that long term economics can be more stable and sustainable. Recreating koala habitats and corridors as a sustainable resource can provide such a secure investment alternative. Urban planning that conserves koala habitats and allows for koala populations to thrive should be rewarded. We need to think beyond land exploitation and rapid return development of land. Incentives and rewards should be established for activities that improve land health and biodiversity. Rewards might
Carbon offset and recreate koala habitat.
come in the form of a koala carbon credit system,
potential for employment opportunities through
planting koala trees to offset carbon emissions and
enhancing the carbon bushland matrix. Wade Oestreich of Queensland Parks and
Investing in reforestation ensures the genetic potential and future evolution of the koala. Dr Steve
Wildlife Service explains that the South East
Johnston says that we have to be more active about
Queensland Koala Conservation State Planning
monitoring and maintaining diversity in nature and
Regulatory Provisions has set out offset criterion that
the protection and rebuilding of koala habitats.
puts a value on trees. “In restricting and offsetting
He argues connective corridors are the vital link
the clearing of bushland habitat in priority areas of
between genetics and planning. By considering
the Koala Coast, for each mature koala habitat tree
the landscape and how it is divided from a genetic
that is removed, five new trees must be planted,
perspective, genetic potential can be maximised in
or a payment of $900 made to Department of
order to give koalas a better chance of adapting to
Environment and Resource Management to fund
changing landscapes. A larger genetic base also
work on acquisitions and rehabilitation�.
develops relilence against potential diseases.
The Australian Koala Foundation considers the value of a large old growth tree differently, claiming that a tree the size of a telegraph pole stores around one tonne of carbon, which is the equivalent to a carbon credit. If this tree were to be chopped down, it would require 2000 saplings covering an area of 2 Hectares to replace it in terms of carbon offsetting., At the time of writing, one tonne of emitted carbon dioxide is valued at AU$23. If strategic habitat and corridor replanting becomes a part of carbon offset tree planting schemes, these inventive incentives could boost neighbourhood morale, create a better sense of
24. Employment Planting new koala habitats and corridors as well as redesigning town centres requires a shift in
Replanting as carbon sequestration.
the way we think about infrastructure and resources. Rethinking planning approaches has the potential to create jobs. Rethinking architecture and building techniques can also stimulate economic activity. Building roads that are penetrable for koalas, retrofitting existing roads to allow for koala friendly connections and building new koala research centres and genome bank centres could also create jobs.
community, and provide opportunities and returns to society. Replanting activities have the potential to involve community - volunteers, conservation societies, community nurseries, universities and school groups. These schemes also provide
Management of koalas 25. The role of zoos Koalas in captivity can play a major role in the protection of wild koalas and their habitats. Zoos play a role educating their audiences people and creating awareness of issue impacting koala habitat conservation. Zoos are also centres for koala research as studying koalas in captivity provides a better understanding of koalas in the wild. Small captive populations can reflect some of the characteristics of wild koala populations. Zoos are well positioned to play a role in monitoring and managing regional wild koala populations. Local zoos can easily control the genetic diversity of their koala populations, which means that the rate of inbreeding within zoos is very low. With the immediate future of koalas in fragmented habitats being threatened by a lack of genetic diversity, captive breeding can play a part in recovering and maintaining the genetic diversity of koalas in the wild. Zoos are potential places to produce koalas for reintroduction in places where we need to both supplement koala populations and reintroducing koalas. Local zoos like the Koala Breeding Centre within Dreamworld Australia have the potential to become centres for reproductive biology for koalas. These organisations are well positioned to initiate
partnerships with local governments, property developers, community, research institutions and other like minded organisations that have a desire to further develop innovative strategic planning. Dreamworld presently collaborates with Griffith University’s Environmental Futures Centre and
Can zoos and koala hospitals play a bigger role in ensuring genetic diversity in disconnected koala populations?
University of Queensland’s School of Animal Sciences and is actively investing in conservation and education. Koala conservation programmes are marketable and can be communicated to the public, to zoo patrons and to potential buyers of properties in and near koala habitat. For example, zoos can be more transparent and direct in their signage and education, and could play a role in demonstrating good environmental practices to increase public understanding of the importance of conservation. A portion of revenue generated from koala interactions such as ‘Cuddle a Koala’ photographs, should go towards helping koalas in the wild. Zoos might commission books and artworks where funds generated from koala based material can contribute to koala and habitat conservation. Could zoos plan for free range enclosures that link into koala habitats? Given many zoos own or access properties that supply koala food, could some of these land be developed to support managed koala populations on them as well? Through collaborations between zoos, government, research and property development, could zoos assist in the formation of the connections between fragmented koala habitats?
There are many exciting possibilities for a reimagined future zoo. Could some reforested
investment, the centre is gaining wider support. Dr Steve Johnston of the Koala Research Centre
koala habitat in and around new town centres be
explains that the centre works as a genome bank – a
populated by koalas bred in zoos? Could a future
vital resource capable of reinvigorating genetically
zoo be one that has people living in and amongst
weak koalas populations. Using traditional captive
wildlife? This could be an exciting new model for
breeding in zoos and assisted breeding techniques
redefined human-koala relationships.
like artificial insemination, it is possible to capture
As koalas are popular attractions at zoos all
the genetic material of threatened populations
around the world, koalas can draw attention to the
so that these genes are not lost and can still be
dire situation faced by their species in their natural
available in the future. To date, the Koala Research
habitats of South East Queensland. International
Centre has already produced 32 koala joeys through
zoos are continuing to request trade koalas from
artificial insemination. Genes can also be captured
Australian zoos to keep their koala gene pools
during the translocation of koalas (see below).
healthy. The notion of revenue generated from
Dr Johnston and his colleagues are also
these koala transfers could be re invested into koala
developing techniques that use frozen koala semen
research and koala habitat conservation in Australia.
to produce offspring. They also plan to genetically
The funds raised by these transfers of captive
recover reproductive tissue from post-mortem
bred koalas to overseas zoos can play a role in
animals that arrive dead in koala hospitals or that
conservation of their wild cousins. Some immediate
have been euthanased because of road accidents
examples of where funds could have impact include
or dog attacks (noting that the dead koalas have
fostering of research , the replanting of koala food
to be screened for diseases such as Chlamydia
trees and the creation of new koala habitats.
before the tissue can be used). Johnston says that in the decade from 1997-2007, 6500 koalas
26. Koala genome banks An important back-up plan for South East Queensland koalas is being put into action by The University of Queensland’s Koala Research Centre who play an active role as a halfway house for koalas. The centre’s hands on management approach aims to assist koalas in habitats with little future. Funded by both university and private
were euthanised in koala hospitals, many of whose sperm could have helped in the genetic exchange programme. While this technology is not necessarily a panacea for all of the koala’s problems, it does give koala managers more options for koala conservation. The potential to do this in zoos and koala hospitals already exists. Genetics are captured and zoos and koala hospitals are becoming genetic reservoirs. This is a careful genetic control safeguard that maximises
genetic diversity and is a positive contribution to the survival of koalas. It is a necessary genetic backup for the species. Dr Johnston believes that mini Koala Research
27. Translocation of koalas Translocation should only be considered as a last resort if all other management options have been exhausted – where there is absolutely no hope of a
Centres should be planned into new and existing
population’s survival. Some Koala Coast populations
residential developments in and near koala habitats.
in decline might be used to restock neighbouring
These centres could form networks of koala halfway
koala populations that have a better chance at
houses, koala hospitals and genome banks.
survival. Koalas that grow up in a certain locality can
These mini koala hospitals could be established
adapt to life in another. Koala density and genetic
and funded through the previously discussed levy
diversity are two critical factors in determining
system. If developers plan to build near koala habitat
which koalas can be moved and to where. If indeed
and home buyers decide to live there, then they
translocation of koalas is to take place, Dr Stephen
become involved in koala conservation. They could
Phillips explains that young koalas approaching
play a role in rebuilding populations and habitats
the ages of 2 years old should be targeted. In an
by contributing to their neighbourhood’s mini koala
expansive environment, these young koalas would
hospital. The genes collected in neighbourhood
have moved to another home range by this age.
koala hospitals could be passed on to a central
The approach for translocation is to augment and
genetic propagation centre that breeds koalas to
supplement however we also need to preserve
build healthy populations in nearby reclaimed and
koalas in situ. As mentioned, Dr Steve Johnston says
that breeding in captivity programs are becoming
Communities with definable boundaries, each
Koala hospitals, genome banks and zoos can play a role in restocking koala populations.
more successful with each breeding season. If
containing koala genome bank centres, can become
incorporated into translocation programmes, these
units for managing and forming connections
captively-bred koalas might be able to augment the
between fragmented habitats. This might occur
genetic diversity in wild koala populations, especially
where it is absolutely impossible to create physical
those in isolated patches of habitat.
corridors between habitats and in places where
The big picture for the remaining South
the community becomes actively involved and
East Queensland koala populations needs to be
responsible for their local conservation. This
addressed. Phillips says we might contemplate the
management approach could be used to fine tune
koala success stories that are happening west of
usable koala habitats that are smaller in area than
the M1 Motorway on the Koala Coast. Currently, the
the recommended size, especially in inner city
koalas of Ipswich and the Hinterlands regions have a
better chance of survival than those in other regions.
Mini koala hospitals can be planned into residential developments.
There fore one option is to translocate overly stressed
Dr Stephen Phillips explains that a positive aspect
koala populations to these less developed areas.
of translocating individuals to an area with an existing
Having said this, this is a complex idea and extensive
population, is that these individuals become assimilated
assessments of koala densities would need to be
into existing social structures. Of course Phillips explains
undertaken in order to prevent overcrowding. Dr Christine
that the right locations and conditions must be carefully
Adams-Hoskin discusses climate change projections in
researched when moving groups or individuals as koalas
“What’s Happening to Koalas?”. If her predictions are
that are moved to a location that is too nearby will
accurate, then moving koalas west is not a good option
simply return to their old home range and will generally
due to predicted temperature rises. This indicates that
die. Translocation is an expensive option and generally
retaining the remaining smaller patches of Koala Coast
landowners bear the cost by paying the developer who
koala habitat east of the motorway as critically important
pays a koala translocator. At the time of writing, moving
for the genetic diversity of the species. Increasingly,
12 koalas over a 6 month period costs around $130,000.
Reconnecting koala habitats
humans have become the mechanisms for moving koala genes. South East Queensland might learn from the South Australian koala story. South Australia lost all of its koalas by 1924. In response, researchers translocated koalas from French Island in Victoria and established a colony on Kangaroo Island in the 1930s. In the 1950s and 1960s this population was then released to the mainland on the Eyre Peninsular, along the Riverland and in the Mount Lofty Ranges. Koala populations expanded dramatically into the Adelaide Hills, to the Adelaide metropolitan area and into the Strzelecki Ranges. Queenland also has a sucessful translocation story. In the early 1900s, koalas were introduced to St Bees Island in Queensland and today this population appears to be healthy and genetically diverse. Might some of these koalas be translocated back to the mainland where Koala Coast populations require restocking?
Koala friendly homebuyer’s checklist As demonstrated by the Koala Beach development,
A Koala Friendly Homebuyer’s Checklist might
responsible property buyers and koala awareness
can add value to a neighbourhood. It can create
01. Documentation of the history of koalas
a better sense of community through providing
and koala habitat in the area;
common collective goals. To promote koala friendly
02. Remaining koala habitats in the area and
programs and strategies in other neighbourhoods,
information as to if the property was ever
a Koala Friendly Homebuyer’s Checklist should
be built into the process of the property search
03. Koala numbers in the area;
and purchasing system. Such a checklist could
04. Koala food trees locations in the area;
then be implemented by local government and
05. Koala friendly road rules in the
communicated through real estate and property
developer literature. This will inform people as to
06. An outline of responsibilities of
how they can support koala populations if they buy
households for supporting existing
land or properties in or near koala habitats as well as
in reforested neighbourhoods.
07. An outline of community responsibilities, the local koala network and information of how to helping koalas in the area; 08. Instructions for what to do if a resident injures a koala or sees an injured koala; 09. The closest koala hospital; 10. Expanding koala habitat - the role residents can play in koala food tree replanting, and 11. A list of other fauna in the locality, including other threatened species.
Imagine: new places for people and koalas Imagine if town centres were to be designed to foster people getting together to look after their surroundings. We need to begin creating radically different places with the capacity to develop distinct identities from within. Communities should be encouraged to take responsibility for the health of their local environmental and have the means to actively improve it. To move forward, new pragmatic urban design
at University of Sunshine Coast, says, “To keep koalas
options need to be discussed. People do matter. People
safe now, and to recover koala populations for the
want to learn. And many people want better. Many
future, we are developing creative solutions which will
want the destruction of the environment and koala
bubble up through society. We are seeking innovative
habitat to stop, but right now they could buy a house
creative property developers.� The property developers
in an area where clearing has happened, but not know
of Generation Y are coming through, and they are
that their new neighbourhood was once koala habitat.
responding to new markets with new ideas.
There needs to be a stronger link with how and where
By planning and tailoring human needs and desires
we live and koala habitat loss. At the moment there are
to those of koalas, a healthier, more valuable and
not many ways for people to make this link.
more beautiful places to live and work can be realised.
As discussed earlier, new town centres and
The ideas included in this document acknowledge
residential developments can utilise degraded land so
social, economic and climatic pressures and consider
that all remaining Koala Coast koala habitats can be
our rapidly changing ecological relationships. The
protected. This opens up the possibility of recreating
recommendations laid out in this report have the
koala habitats and corridors from the outset of the
potential to create a more biodiverse future for South
planning process to strategically link existing koala
East Queensland characterised by a rich and fulfilling
environment for koalas and people alike.
In understanding koalas, they are helping us to be sustainable. They are trying to teach us. Society is slowly progressing, but we still need to make a quantum leap. We need models to inspire us. We need developers to take these models and guidelines on. - Dr Stephen Phillips
A new Australian dream...
Steven Boyd, a lecturer in Property Development 52
New roads could go over and under the land so that koalas can safely traverse the landscape.
Varying plot sizes provides opportunities for koalas to move through properties, and more accessibility for a wider range of home buyers. 53
Queensland has a long history of making big gestures. If the Gold Coast can have the tallest building in Australia, one of the tallest residential towers in the world, and one of the longest residential waterfronts in the world, then why can’t the region have the biggest man made wildlife corridor system in the world?
As the Koala Coast’s human population increases, penetrable landscapes can planned for by replanting and building on disused farmland. Town centres connected by roads above and below the ground will create connectivity for koalas. Future developments featuring denser building arrangements and surrounded by community gardens and reclaimed koala habitat.
There are many ways of arranging town centres to accommodate a range of housing types. Variation in housing types and achieving increased densities by using areas for building more efficiently will allow more space for nature and agriculture. There is something special in arranging densities and circulation networks around the needs of flora and fauna.
Queenslanders are some of the most beautiful residential houses in the world. They are also the perfect housing type for potential flood zones, have excellent environmental credentials in that they are cross ventilated, and allow koalas to freely move under them. It’s time to revisit the Queenslander and explore it in the modern context.
We can create new buildings to accomodate growing human populations and help koalas at the same time, we just have to build and use land differently.
Spreading koala habitat throughout existing suburbs. A case study in Upper Coomera demonstrates how the existing fabric of many Koala Coast residential areas can be reimagined. If parts of existing residential areas are replanted, koala networks can be spread across the entire Koala Coast landscape.
Koala Timeline 2012 The koala is listed as vulnerable in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.
2011 The Parliament of Australia’s Senate Inquiry into the health and sustainability of Australia’s koala population. 2010 National Koala Conservation and Management Strategy released. 2008 Australia’s prime koala population of South East Queensland dropped from 6500 to less than 2000 koalas in the last ten years. 2008 The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed the koala on its Red List of Threatened Species as “of least concern”. 2006 The Commonwealth Government of Australia advises that the koala is Not Vulnerable. 2006 Draft Koala Conservation and Management Policy Strategy released. 2004 The Australian Koala Foundation made an application to the Commonwealth Government to list the koala as Vulnerable across its natural range under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act of 1999.
1937 Public outrage at koala slaughtering forced Australian governments in all states to declare the koala a ‘Protected Species’. This is possibly the first wide-scale environmental issue that Australians rallied for. 1936 The world’s last Tasmanian Tiger dies in Hobart Zoo, just three months after being declared a protected species. (As a reminder of the koala’s situation, the AKF draws an analogy between the koala and the Tasmanian Tiger) 1933 Blinky Bill made his first appearance . 1930 Koala Park, the first private koala sanctuary in Sydney New South Wales, is founded by Noel Burnet. 1927 Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary founded in Brisbane, Queensland, the world’s first and largest koala sanctuary. 1927 In an August koala shooting season in Queensland, over 800,000 koalas were slaughtered. 1927 People all over the world began to worry that koalas would disappear forever. President Roosevelt made a law against having koala fur in the United States of America. 1923 Professor Wood Jones releases the first koala onto Kangaroo Island.
2000 The United States of America Government lists the koala as a ‘threatened species’ on May 9 under the US Endangered Species Act.
1925 The presence of abundant food for koalas in Southern California allowed the San Diego Zoo to become a recipient of a gift of two koalas.
1996 The IUCN listed the koala as “Lower Risk/Near Threatened”
1924 More than 2 million koalas were slaughtered for their fur.
1993 The Australian Koala Foundation and the Ray Group worked together on Koala Beach – the first property to be master planned and designed with the protection of the environment, especially koalas, as its priority.
1924 Koalas become extinct in South Australia
1986 The Australian Koala Foundation is formed. 1983 The first koala arrives in Japan. 1979-80 63% of koala population died in Eastern Queensland. 1960 A koala is born in San Diego Zoo, the first outside its native Australia. 1949 The first official koala survey is conducted. The National Survey revealed that many southern, central and western koala populations had disappeared, indicating that their distribution was contracting towards the coast.
1919 The Queensland Government announced a six month open season on koalas – in that period alone, 1 million koalas were killed. 1915 Extensive koala culling commences in Queensland. Koalas were killed with guns, poisons, and nooses. 1863 John Gould : “However difficult it may be for the European to discover them in their shady trees, the quick and practiced eye of the Aborigine readily detect them, and they speedily fall victims to the heavy and powerful clubs hurled at them with utmost precision…Like too many others of the larger Australian mammals, this species is certain to become gradually more scarce, and ultimately extirpated.” 1844 Robinson links the demise of the Aborigines to the increase in koala populations. 1841 Drawing of the koala from George Waterhouse’s
Marsupialia or Pouched Animals published. 1817 Georg Goldfuss describes Koala Genus as Lipurus cinereus. The order of priority defines name as Phascolarctos cinereus which means ash-coloured pouched bear 1816 Henri de Blainville describes Koala Genus name Phascolarctos 1810 George Perry-Arcana : “The Koala is supposed to live chiefly upon berries and fruits, and like all animals not carnivorous, to be of a quiet and peaceful disposition. Its only enemies must be the Raccoon and Dwarf Bear of that country… The Koala has more analogy to the Sloth-tribe than any other animal that has hitherto been found in New Holland…” 1808 The first scientific report about the koala was published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in London by Everard Home, the first naturalist to liken the koala to the bear. His description was obtained second-hand from Lieutenant-Colonel William Paterson, who stated that the native name was ‘koala wombat’, and did not mention the pouch. 1803 The first scientific account of a koala was published in Sydney Gazette. The newspaper reported the discovery of a new mammal in the woodlands west of Sydney. Also in 1803, John Lewin’s early representation of a female koala and her infant was dispatched to Sir Joseph Banks. 1803 The first koala to be seen at close range was captured with her two joeys and presented to Governor King. Colonists had sighted but never found such an animal before. Being the Governor’s new pet meant a portrait by artist and naturalist John Lewin. 1802 Francis Barrallier : “Gory [an Aboriginal assistant of Barrallier] told me that they had brought portions of a monkey (in native language colo), but thy [sic] had cut it into pieces, and the head, which I should have liked to secure, had disappeared. I could only get two feet through an exchange which Gory made for two spears and one tomahawk. I sent these two feet to the Governor preserved in a bottle of brandy.” 1801 John Lewin accompanied two expeditions as unofficial natural history artist, and drew a koala for Colonel William Paterson, the first known depiction of this animal. 1798 European Discovery : On 26 January in the vicinity of Bargo in New South Wales, John Price, who was the servant of Governor John Hunter, made the first recorded observation by a European of a koala. “… there is another animal which the natives call a cullawine, which resembles the sloths in America.”
Acknowledgements Al Mucci Director Dreamworld Wildlife Foundation, General Manager Life Sciences, Dreamworld Australia.
Cheyne Flanagan Supervisor at Koala Preservation Society of NSW Inc, Koala Hospital, Port Macquarie
Deb Tabart OAM CEO, Australian Koala Foundation
Kelsey Mostyn Australia Zoo
Dr Steve Johnston School of Animal Sciences, University of Queensland
Dr Rhonda Melzer Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Resource Management
Dr Stephen Phillips Ecologist, Biolink John Callaghan Dr Bill Ellis Koala Ecology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland Dr Sean Fitzgibbon Koala Ecology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland Dr Clive McAlpine Associate Professor, School of Geography Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland Dr Frank Carrick Adjunct Professor, Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, head of The University of Queensland Koala Study Program Dr Alistair Melzer Koala Research Centre of Central Queensland, Central Queensland University Dr Jean-Marc Hero Associate Professor, Environmental Futures Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University Dr Darryl Jones Associate Professor, Environmental Futures Centre, Environment, Planning and Architecture, Griffith University
Jon Hanger Managing Director, Endeavour Veterinary Ecology Pty Ltd
Adrian O’Doherty Koala Land blogger and social networker Pandora Nguyen Web designer Tega Brain Sub editor Mark Gerada Researcher, editor, conceptual planner, illustrator
Dr Geoff Pye San Diego Zoo Global Cathryn Dexter Applied Road Ecology Group, Environmental Futures Centre, Environment, Griffith University Dr Delma Clifton Central Queensland University Gail Tucker Centre for Environmental Management, Central Queensland University Rolf Schlagloth Wade Oestreich Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service Steven Boyd Lecturer, Property Development, Regional Engagement Coordinator, Faculty of Business, University of Sunshine Coast Riki Cooper Charlie Faye and his mob down at Fingal Head 61
A baby koala cries just like a human baby...
If your totem is koala, at initiation, they cut open
Two kids, back in the old day, a little boy and an
a koala and took the bladder and squeezed it in your
older sister come across a place where a clever man
mouth and made good medicine. If possum is your
lived, a healer, no-one was allowed near his place,
totum, then eat the possum kidney raw. My totem is
the kids didn’t know, and the clever man caught the
possum. It tasted bloody awful. I pissed green for
children, he caught the boy and started hitting him
with a stick, the little girl ran for help, the little boy climbed up a tree, and turned into a koala, and the
When I was working as a builder, there was a
little girl came back with the grandmother, and she
male koala that used to bellow at us every morning
fought the clever man with sticks, and the clever
when we started up our saws. Now I don’t see any
man had enough and turned into a willy wag tail,
koalas like in the olden days. In the olden days we
making a chattering sound. So willy wag tail tells
used to see koalas everywhere.
you there’s an evil spirit. Willy wag tails are not the evil spirit themselves, but they are telling you there’s
- Arty Williams, a descendant of the King of the Bundjalung Nation.
one nearby. Sometimes old people will see an animal and see its spirit. - Des, from down on the Nambucca River. Des’ mother is a Gumbangirr Person.
This report has been prepared by Ardent Leisure Limited trading as “Dreamworld Australia” (Ardent) in consultation with the contributors listed in the “Acknowledgements” section of this report (Contributors). This report has been prepared for the purpose of providing general information and exploring options for the creation of a sustainable future for koalas and the people of the Koala Coast, South East Queensland, Australia. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations of the Contributors are personal to the Contributors and are not to be taken as reflecting the views of Ardent or its employees. Ardent does not warrant that the information contained in this report is correct or accurate, and Ardent accepts no liability for any loss or damage suffered as a result of reliance upon this report. This report is the property of Ardent and must not be reproduced, copied or used in any way without the prior written consent of Ardent. © Ardent Leisure Group
All illustrations by Mark Gerada. The copyright of these illustrations remains with Mark Gerada. No illustrations can be reproduced, copied or used in any way without the prior written consent of Mark Gerada.
Published on Jan 20, 2013
Published on Jan 20, 2013
The objective of this report is to explore ways of creating a sustainable future for koalas on the Koala Coast, South East Queensland, Austr...
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by Sheryl Reichert
The Internet has become the place for “information highway robbery.” Phishing scams are phony and fraudulent emails with virus-laden attachments that should never be opened. Cyber criminals are the ones who are phishing (pronounced as “fishing”), and the victims are unsuspecting computer users in danger of having their identity stolen and bank account emptied.
Phishing emails will appear legitimate and will masquerade to be from a trustworthy entity, such as a bank, retailer, Internet provider, online payment processor, the federal government or even the Better Business Bureau. The message from a financial institution may state a problem has been discovered with your credit or debit card or bank account and immediate action is required. Often the urgent message is “click on the link or your account will be closed.”
However, if you click and open the attachment, then it’s likely your computer will be infected with nasty malware. Or, you will be redirected to a website and asked to provide personal financial information, including user names, passwords, bank account numbers, pin numbers, and credit card information – eventually resulting in identity theft.
Something else may happen if you open the attachment and get the virus. A series of pop-up messages will claim your computer is infected with dozens of viruses and offer to clean-up your computer for a fee. But, if you provide your credit card or banking information, then the scammers will have access to your funds and will steal even more of your money.
A recent phishing scam making the rounds is targeting Facebook users. The scam starts with a suspicious email informing Facebook users their account will be cancelled unless they follow a link to cancel the cancellation. The clever part is that the link appears to be official because it goes to a facebook.com address, but it’s really a third-party application running on the Facebook platform. The message will ask you to download the latest version of Adobe Flash, which will allow hackers to spy on your activities and take control of your computer.
The BBB recommends you should never provide personal information to anyone you do not know. If you have questions, contact the purported email sender directly (the bank or credit card company) to confirm if there is really a problem. Red flags of fake emails include misspellings, grammar errors or a generic greeting, such as “Dear Member” instead of your name.
Do not respond by clicking links or attachments but delete the email. Install reliable anti-virus software to protect your computer and empty your “trash can” or “recycling bin.” Also, keep a close eye on your bank and credit card statements for any unexpected or unexplained transactions.
The Better Business Bureau offers free educational information on how to be aware, informed and proactive so people can protect themselves against common frauds and scams. For additional consumer protection information, visit www.bbb.org or contact the Better Business Bureau (BBB) by phoning (858) 637-6199 during regular business hours. Or, call the BBB’s 24-hour Consumer Helpline at (858) 496-2131 or 1-800-600-7050 to obtain free information on local companies along with a list of BBB accredited businesses in a particular type of industry.
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There are four estuaries within the Nelson City area.
- The internationally recognised Waimea Inlet which straddles the Nelson City and Tasman District Council boundary
- The Nelson Haven, fed by the Maitai River and home to Port Nelson
- Delaware Estuary, framed by Pepin Island and Delaware Spit
- Kokorua Estuary to the north - only accessible by boat or with permission of landowners.
Estuaries are remarkable ecosystems teeming with life and critical to the lifecycle of many aquatic species. They are also home to a number of native and migrant birds.
The Waimea Inlet is of international importance for species such as the variable oystercatcher and migratory species such as wrybill and bar-tailed godwit. It is also significant within New Zealand for its banded rail and Caspian tern populations. The Waimea Inlet also has a number of small sand islands, e.g. Saxton, Oyster, Pig and Sand Island, which are important habitat for shorebirds to roost and feed.
Nelson City Council is working collaboratively with iwi, Tasman District Council, Department of Conservation and the wider community to implement the Waimea Inlet Strategy and Waimea Inlet Action Plan.
Shorebird surveys at the Top of the South Island have been undertaken by members of the Ornithological Society of New Zealand (OSNZ) since 1961. The reports ‘Shorebirds of Farewell Spit, Golden Bay and Tasman Bay’ (2013) (1.4MB PDF) and ‘Coastal Birds of Tasman/Nelson Region’ (2019) (7.1MB PDF) summarise information on distribution and numbers of shorebird and coastal bird for the Nelson-Tasman region and describe areas of international importance for shorebirds.
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David Houle, an admitted futurist, tells us we are in “The Shift Age”… one that many years from now, historians will look back upon and either praise our ability to clutch newness or lament our inability to move on from the past. I’d like to argue: the missing link in this statement is the median. Can we build our future, with lessons of the past fully in mind?
I would like to also add: can we push beyond identifying what we don’t have (Lack), and really both identify and cultivate what we do have readily available to us (Fat)?
This includes recognizing the value in the undervalued vestiges of what came before us (culturally… artistically… musically). What may have once been deemed obsolete, out of fashion, or otherwise lacking. Why value something based on its current level of appreciation?
Take the model of hip-hop: a musical genre (not to mention, a cultural phenomenon) built from literal scraps of music that had come before it. What is to be learned from Hip-Hop?
Hip Hop was created out of presence of both Lack and Fat. There was a lack of resources: alongside a shortage of Music Education in inner city schools, there was limited access to instruments (but a wealth of recorded matter). Conversely, there was a fatness in community… hip hop was born at a party, it was a communal happening that united a neighborhood through sound.
Lack versus Fat is an expression of the possibilities created when we re-evaluate what is available to a given community and what can be considered a deficit versus what can be reconsidered as a resource. The Lack perspective draws from comparison to unnamed others (or what is not available to the community). The Fat Perspective seeks to take stock of what a community has at their disposal (things that might be considered obsolete, or not useful).
I coined the term Lack versus Fat while remembering the old coffee can of bacon fat that sat perched on my Grandmother’s stove. A child of the Great Depression, she found value in what many of us now throw away. Think of the used Vegetable Oil from restaurants that know run converted automobiles around the world.
Taking stock of what might at first be deemed as a deficit (in the urban context, this may be abandoned lots and empty storefronts) and counting these things as Fat (or something of value [like space for gardens and pop-up galleries]) counters what we are taught to find worth in. This idea extends to building with reclaimed materials and maintaining physical media libraries to help revitalize cultural life in a neglected community (like in the case of artist/urban planner Theaster Gates’ Dorchester Projects). It also extends to shopping at Thrift Shops and staging performances in unconventional venues.
In a society so keen on planned obsolescence, Lack versus Fat seeks to continue to move forward while not leaving behind what could easily be crushed under the bulldozer of “progress”. In fact it seeks to use those things as resources.
Lack might create the pressure or need for immediacy in action (to solve a problem), but Fat is the fuel that can move us all forward towards a better future (and new solutions).
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19 July 2013
“New results to be presented today at the European Physical Society’s High Energy Physics conference (EPS-HEP 2013) in Stockholm, Sweden, have put the Standard Model of particle physics to one of its most stringent tests to date. The CMS and LHCb experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will present measurements of one of the rarest measureable processes in physics: the decay of a Bs (pronounced B-sub-s) particle into two muons.
The new measurements show that only a handful of Bs particles per billion decay into pairs of muons. Because the process is so rare, it is an extremely sensitive probe for new physics beyond the Standard Model. Any divergence from the Standard Model prediction would be a clear sign of something new.
Protons collide in the CMS detector, producing a Bs particle that decays into two muons (red lines) in this event display from 2012 (Image: CMS)
Both experiments will present results to a very high level of statistical significance (over 4 sigma for each experiment). These results are in good agreement with the Standard Model.
‘This is a great result for LHCb,’ says LHCb spokesperson Pierluigi Campana. ‘It’s precisely for measurements like this that LHCb was built. This result shows that we’re really putting the Standard Model to the most stringent test yet at LHC energies, and so far it’s coming through with flying colours.’
‘This is a process that particle physicists have been trying to find for 25 years,’ says CMS spokesperson Joe Incandela. ‘It demonstrates the incredible capability of the LHC and experiments like CMS that are able to detect such a rare process involving a particle with a mass that is roughly 1000 times smaller than the masses of the heaviest particles we are searching for now.’”
See the full article, with links, here.
Meet CERN in a variety of places:
THE FOUR MAJOR PROJECT COLLABORATIONS
ScienceSprings is powered by MAINGEAR computers
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| 0.901116 | 452 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Factors Affecting the Sterilization Effect of Ultraviolet Sterilizer
Ultraviolet sterilizer is an end product in water treatment. This type of sterilizer is relatively stable in the current market and is widely used in various industries. At the same time, this type of sterilizer is actually very close to our lives. Ultraviolet sterilizers are usually used for UV intensity testing. Ultraviolet sterilizers are also used in the sterilization of drinking water. Like the sterilizer that specializes in sewage treatment, we collectively refer to the sewage UV sterilizer. Although the sterilization effect of UV is also very satisfactory, there are actually many factors that can cause the UV sterilizer to fail to achieve the expected sterilization effect.
We summarized some factors that affect the sterilization effect of UV sterilizers are as follows:
1. The temperature of the disinfection environment
The ambient temperature will directly affect the radiation output of the ultraviolet sterilizer ultraviolet lamp. In general, the UV light irradiated by UV lamps is the strongest when the temperature is 40 degrees Celsius. In addition, some scholars believe that ultraviolet rays have the strongest bactericidal effect at room temperature, that is, about 20 degrees Celsius to 35 degrees Celsius. The lower the temperature of the sterilization environment around the ultraviolet sterilizer, the less the output of ultraviolet rays. The higher the temperature, the more ultraviolet radiation is absorbed due to the increase in radiation, so its output will gradually decrease. However, most microorganisms are sensitive to ultraviolet rays. When the temperature is relatively low, the low temperature can affect the output intensity of ultraviolet lamps. Some ultraviolet lamps output intensity at 4 degrees Celsius. In summary, the lower the sterilization temperature, the resistance of bacteria will increase and the ultraviolet sterilization effect will weaken. When the temperature is lower than 0 degrees Celsius, the sterilization effect will be completely lost and the disinfection effect will be affected. If the temperature of the disinfection environment is too high or too low, the disinfection effect of ultraviolet rays will be affected.
2. Disinfection time
Under a more standard disinfection environment, the UV disinfection time will also affect the disinfection effect. In 2002, the Ministry of Health's disinfection technical specifications stipulated that the ultraviolet air disinfection irradiation time was 30 minutes to 60 minutes. It was clearly stated in the disinfection precautions of the ultraviolet disinfection: During ultraviolet disinfection, the surface of the lamp should be kept clean and there should be no oil and dust. The disinfection environment should also be kept clean and dry to reduce dust and water mist. Only in this way can the best disinfection effect be achieved.
3. Ultraviolet intensity detection
The application of ultraviolet disinfection technology is very extensive and the detection of ultraviolet radiation intensity is also very important. In the process of sterilization by ultraviolet irradiation, it is necessary to ensure the intensity of ultraviolet radiation. If it is unstable, it will greatly reduce the effect of disinfection and sterilization.
The UVC UV light meter LS126C is dedicated to the measurement of UV sterilization radiation intensity. UVC UV light meter LS126C is an indispensable optical detection instrument for ultraviolet intensity detection.
The detector is located on the front surface of the instrument, which is convenient to use.
The probe is connected to the host using high-temperature wires.
The probe can be used in high-temperature environments.
The probe comes with a magnet and a detachable handle, which facilitates the fixing and operation during the detection process.
If you need to test the uv irradiation intensity of the UVC LED light sources, LS125+UVCLED-X0 probe UVC light meter can be used.
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| 0.896364 | 763 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Publications Warehouse does not have links to digital versions of this publication at this time
The presence of the Glacier Peak G ash and the underlying St. Helens Jy ash in laminated lake sediments near Marias Pass indicates that in this region the Continental Divide was ice free before about 11 400 BP. Macrofossils, pollen, and spores in these same sediments indicate establishment of shrubs, herbs, and scattered conifers by that time. At Sun River Canyon, about 90 km south of Marias Pass, presence of the Glacier Peak G ash in a postglacial alluvial fan indicates that glacial ice had receded upvalley from the canyon mouth and that the Sun River Glacier no longer existed by 11 200 BP. -from Authors
Additional Publication Details
Deglaciation of the mountainous region of northwestern Montana, U.S.A., as indicated by late Pleistocene ashes.
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Camp 165 was located in the Scottish Highlands. To locals Camp 165 was a basic Prisoner-of-War camp. However, Camp 165 also served another purpose.
Based in Watten, Caithness, Camp 165 was surrounded by moor. Its remote setting made escape difficult for POW's. Some tried but found the harshness of the surrounding land too much and they gave themselves up. It was originally an army barracks but in the spring of 1945 it was converted into a POW camp.
Camp 165 had two sections within it. Many low risk POW's were based in one section of the camp. Many were allowed to work on local farms and when a local young lady was found to be pregnant, eight POW's claimed to be the father. These normal POW's lived in what was known as Area A. They were allowed out of the POW camp but had to wear a high visibility uniform with a very visible diamond on the back. In one sense, local farmers relied on these men for their success. Within the camp, these POW's had access to a church, barbers, workshops and a theatre. Locals called these POW's “harmless” (Viscountess Thurso) and saw them as hard workers.
Camp 165 also had another area, which was not for low risk POW's. This was the part of the camp that was kept very secret and locals who worked there were sworn to secrecy. This part of the camp was known as Compound O. This area, effectively screened off from Area A, was the home for hard line Nazis who were brought to Camp 165 for re-education and interrogation. The inmates called Compound O “Little Belsen”. Inmates at Compound O included the likes of U-boat captain Otto Kretschmer, Hitler's personal aide, Max Wunsche and Paul Werner Hoppe, commandant of Stutthof concentration camp where 85,000 people were murdered.
Men held in Compound O were repeatedly shown films of Nazi atrocities. It was felt that such an approach might go someway to breaking their support for Nazi ideas. Those who showed suitable repentance were allowed to return to West Germany. Those who did not were sent elsewhere for further interrogation and possible trial.
Camp 165, the most northerly POW in mainland Britain, was closed down in 1948.
Very little now remains of Camp 165. A housing estate has been built where the camp once stood and many of those in Watten who knew about the camp or worked there are now dead. Recently declassified government documents have given historians an insight into what went on at Camp 165. Kretschmer must have suitably impressed his captors as he was released and returned to Germany. He rejoined the Germany Navy and in 1965 became Chief of Staff of NATO Command in the Baltic Approaches. He died in 1998 aged 86. Wunsche, despite his past association with Hitler, also returned to Germany and managed an industrial plant. He died in 1995 aged 80. Hoppe was returned to Germany where it was expected that he would be executed. However, he escaped custody once in Germany and went to Switzerland where he worked as a gardener until he returned to West Germany in 1952 believing that no one would remember him. Hoppe was wrong and he was re-arrested in 1953 and sentenced to nine years in prison. He died in 1974.
German Prisoners of War
German POW's captured in campaigns in Western Europe, were held in Allied POW camps. These came under the inspection of the Red Cross and all…
Max Wünsche was a senior figure in the Waffen SS during World War Two fighting in the Netherlands (1940), France (1940), the USSR (1941-43) and…
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In order to understand the reasons that led the workers to rebel against their employers, we must go back to the United States of the late 19th century. Workers back then were forced to work 14-hour days.
For more than a hundred and twenty-five years ago, May 1st has been regarded as the International Workers’ Day, an occasion in which the rights of the workers are celebrated, but not everyone knows that it began as the day when an 8 hour work day was claimed, and later it became a tribute to those who died in Chicago defending the dignity of the working class.
The late 19th century United States is the time that will allow us to understand the reason why the workers rebelled against their employers, who forced them to work shifts of 12 to 14 daily hours, for miserable wages and in horrible hygienic conditions.
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) celebrated a meeting in Chicago in 1884 in which the claiming of the 8 hour work day was agreed upon to begin from the first day of May, in such a way to make the conditions of workers in companies equal to the ones that were enjoyed by the public sector.
Among workers circulated a leaflet calling for a day of rebellion, not resting, a day of protest against oppression and tyranny, against ignorance and war of all kinds. One day to start enjoying eight hours of work, eight hours of rest and eight hours for what the workers pleased.
But social unrest grew until, during a general strike on May 1, 1886, dozens of people were killed in several US cities, although it was in Chicago (standard bearer of the urban movement city), where these events had the greatest impact.
That year, the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor managed to get the corporate sector to give in due to the pressure exerted by strikes all over the country. The then president of the United States, Andrew Johnson, promulgated a bill that established the 8-hour workday. Since employers didn’t want to comply with it, the workers of the industrial city of Chicago began a strike on May the 1st, which began with a protest of more than 80,000 workers led by Albert Parsons.
A meeting called by anarchist groups in Haymarket Square resulted in the death of fourteen people, including seven policemen, and authorities blamed these events on eight people, among which were the editors of the workers’ newspaper Arbeiter Zeitung, an ardent defender of labor rights.
That movement had been called and ignorant and disrespectful, a delirium of unpatriotic lunatic and manifesting that it was the same as asking for a salary to be paid without working anything at all.
They were August Spies, Samuel Fielden, Oscar Neebe, Adolph Fischer, Michael Schwab, Louis Lingg, George Engel and Albert Parsons, all militants of German origin, who were sentenced to be hanged after a controversial trial which included the presence of false witnesses.
However, Schwab and Fielden commuted their death penalty with life imprisonment, and Neebe for fifteen years in prison, while Lingg committed suicide in his cell, so only Spies, Engel, Parsons and Fischer were executed in November 11, 1887, a day that has been known ever since as the “Black Friday”.
It was the tribute to those known as the “Martyrs of Chicago” the reason why May Day as the day of workers’ struggle was introduced and popularizing the cause of the eight-hour day, to the point that the Second International, held in 1889 in Paris, officially declared International Workers’ Day.
After several years paying homage to those who died for labor rights, the eight-hour workday was proclaimed by the International Labour Organization in an international conference held in Washington in 1917, although most countries did not adopt it until two years later.
From that moment on, May the 1st became a holiday, with celebrations and peaceful demonstrations. And it is held that very day worldwide, except in Canada and the United States, where, despite being the birthplace of the defense of labor rights, this “party” takes place since 1882 every first Monday of September, the so-called “Labor Day” with a parade, concerts and picnics.
Currently, many countries reminisce May 1st as the origin of the modern labor movement. Others, such as New Zealand, celebrate it on the fourth Monday in October. In Australia, each federal state decides the date of celebration: the first Monday of October in the Australian capital, New South Wales and South Australia; the second Monday of March in Victoria and Tasmania; the first Monday of March, in Western Australia; and May 1st in Queensland and the Northern Territory.
In 1954 Pope Pius XII tacitly supported this day of collective remembrance by declaring it as feast of St. Joseph the Worker. In Portugal, this date began to be celebrated freely after the triumph of the Revolution of the Carnations on 25 April 1974.
Read Jason Hanold’s Life after the Olympics: what to do?
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| 0.97981 | 1,046 | 3.46875 | 3 |
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