rasdani/cohere-wikipedia-2023-11-en-1.5k-articles

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20231101.en_2638660_26	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeybone	Monkeybone	Phil Brotherton as Super Mansa, a two-sided messenger on a wheeled goose living in Down Town who gives Stu an invitation to Hypnos' pajama party.	1	12,567.172913
20231101.en_2638660_27	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeybone	Monkeybone	The comic book Dark Town, on which Monkeybone is based, was written by Kaja Blackley, illustrated by Vanessa Chong, and published by Mad Monkey Press. The journey from comic to film was initiated by a fan of the comic and member of the San Francisco animation community (Tom "Bags" Sacchi/ChasingDragons Productions NYC) who, without Blackley's knowledge, passed a copy of Dark Town on to one of Selick's producers, Denise Rotina. Selick fell in love with the book and vigorously pursued the rights. In a letter to Kaja, he wrote: "I've never felt any project was closer to my sensibilities than this one." The initial intention was to stay true to the source material, which can be seen in early designs from Selick's company, Twitching Image. However, as the project developed, it eventually evolved into Monkeybone.	0.5	12,567.172913
20231101.en_2638660_28	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeybone	Monkeybone	Initially the role of Monkeybone was to be played by Ben Stiller but Stiller dropped out to be in Mystery Men and was replaced by Tuturro.	0.5	12,567.172913
20231101.en_2638660_29	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeybone	Monkeybone	Much of the film's art bears a strong resemblance to that of Mark Ryden—for example, the bust of Abraham Lincoln as "The Great Emancipator". Stu's pre-therapy painting is very similar to Ryden's The Birth, and according to the credits, was painted by him for the film. The animation style and the themes of the opening sequence in which Stu first encounters Monkeybone are very similar to the work of Swedish cartoonist Magnus Carlsson. The film's plot is influenced by the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Cool World and Beetlejuice. Many critics mark a similarity between Dark Town design and Tim Burton's style. The film contains a large number of references to a parody religion called The Church of the SubGenius. In particular, the fictional fast-food chain "Burger God" was originally a SubGenius creation. Additionally, the repeated references to Yetis, and the scene in which Stu (whose body is possessed by Monkeybone) is struck in the head with a golf club by Hypnos in a dream sequence, also echo recurring themes in the Church of the SubGenius.	0.5	12,567.172913
20231101.en_2638660_30	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeybone	Monkeybone	Monkeybone was a failure at the box office; based on a budget of $75 million, the film grossed $5,411,999 domestically and $7,622,365 worldwide.	0.5	12,567.172913
20231101.en_1050149_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway	Spillway	In an intermediate type, normal level regulation of the reservoir is controlled by the mechanical gates. In this case, the dam is not designed to function with water flowing over the top if it, either due to the materials used for its construction or conditions directly downstream. If inflow to the reservoir exceeds the gate's capacity, an artificial channel called an auxiliary or emergency spillway will convey water. Often, that is intentionally blocked by a fuse plug. If present, the fuse plug is designed to wash out in case of a large flood, greater than the discharge capacity of the spillway gates. Although many months may be needed for construction crews to restore the fuse plug and channel after such an operation, the total damage and cost to repair is less than if the main water-retaining structures had been overtopped. The fuse plug concept is used where building a spillway with the required capacity would be costly.	0.5	12,563.784538
20231101.en_1050149_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway	Spillway	A chute spillway is a common and basic design that transfers excess water from behind the dam down a smooth decline into the river below. These are usually designed following an ogee curve. Most often, they are lined on the bottom and sides with concrete to protect the dam and topography. They may have a controlling device and some are thinner and multiply-lined if space and funding are tight. In addition, they are not always intended to dissipate energy like stepped spillways. Chute spillways can be ingrained with a baffle of concrete blocks but usually have a 'flip lip' and/or dissipator basin, which creates a hydraulic jump, protecting the toe of the dam from erosion.	0.5	12,563.784538
20231101.en_1050149_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway	Spillway	Stepped channels and spillways have been used for over 3,000 years. Despite being superseded by more modern engineering techniques such as hydraulic jumps in the mid twentieth century, since around 1985 interest in stepped spillways and chutes has been renewed, partly due to the use of new construction materials (e.g. roller-compacted concrete, gabions) and design techniques (e.g. embankment overtopping protection). The steps produce considerable energy dissipation along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin.	0.5	12,563.784538
20231101.en_1050149_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway	Spillway	Research is still active on the topic, with newer developments on embankment dam overflow protection systems, converging spillways and small weir design.	0.5	12,563.784538
20231101.en_1050149_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway	Spillway	A bell-mouth spillway is designed like an inverted bell, where water can enter around the entire perimeter. These uncontrolled spillways are also called morning glory (after the flower), or glory hole spillways. In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, this type of spillway is normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound.	1	12,563.784538
20231101.en_1050149_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway	Spillway	Some bell-mouth spillways are gate-controlled. The highest morning glory spillway in the world is at Hungry Horse Dam in Montana, U.S., and is controlled by a ring gate. The bell-mouth spillway in Covão dos Conchos reservoir in Portugal is constructed to look like a natural formation. The largest bell-mouth spillway is in Geehi Dam, in New South Wales, Australia, measuring in diameter at the lake's surface.	0.5	12,563.784538
20231101.en_1050149_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway	Spillway	A siphon uses the difference in height between the intake and the outlet to create the pressure difference required to remove excess water. Siphons require priming to remove air in the bend for them to function, and most siphon spillways are designed to use water to automatically prime the siphon. One such design is the volute siphon, which employs volutes or fins on a funnel to form water into a vortex that draws air out of the system. The priming happens automatically when the water level rises above the inlets.	0.5	12,563.784538
20231101.en_1050149_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway	Spillway	The ogee crest over-tops a dam, a side channel wraps around the topography of a dam, and a labyrinth uses a zig-zag design to increase the sill length for a thinner design and increased discharge. A drop inlet resembles an intake for a hydroelectric power plant, and transfers water from behind the dam directly through tunnels to the river downstream.	0.5	12,563.784538
20231101.en_1050149_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway	Spillway	One parameter of spillway design is the largest flood it is designed to handle. The structures must safely withstand the appropriate spillway design flood (SDF), sometimes called the inflow design flood (IDF). The magnitude of the SDF may be set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream. The magnitude of the flood is sometimes expressed as a return period. A 100-year recurrence interval is the flood magnitude expected to be exceeded on the average of once in 100 years. This parameter may be expressed as an exceedance frequency with a 1% chance of being exceeded in any given year. The volume of water expected during the design flood is obtained by hydrologic calculations of the upstream watershed. The return period is set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream.	0.5	12,563.784538
20231101.en_17333662_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern	Stern	The flat surface of any transom stern may begin either at or above the waterline of the vessel. The geometric line which stretches from the wing transom to the archboard is called the counter; a large vessel may have two such counters, called a lower counter and a second or upper counter. The lower counter stretches from directly above the wing transom to the lower counter rail, and the upper counter from the lower counter rail to the upper counter rail, immediately under the stern's lowest set of windows (which in naval parlance were called "lights").	0.5	12,553.72877
20231101.en_17333662_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern	Stern	The visual unpopularity of Seppings's circular stern was soon rectified by Sir William Symonds. In this revised stern, a set of straight post timbers (also called "whiskers", "horn timbers", or "fan tail timbers") stretches from the keel diagonally aft and upward. It rests on the top of the sternpost and runs on either side of the rudder post (thus creating the "helm port" through which the rudder passes) to a point well above the vessel's waterline. Whereas the timbers of the transom stern all heeled on the wing transom, the timbers of the elliptical stern all heel on the whiskers, to which they are affixed at a 45° angle (i.e., "canted") when viewed from overhead and decrease in length as they are installed aft until the curvature is complete. The finished stern has a continuous curved edge around the outside and is raked aft.	0.5	12,553.72877
20231101.en_17333662_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern	Stern	Other names for the elliptical stern include a "counter stern", in reference to its very long counter, and a "cutaway stern". The elliptical stern began use during the age of sail, but remained very popular for both merchant and warships well into the nautical age of steam and through the first eight decades of steamship construction (roughly 1840–1920). Despite the design's leaving the rudder exposed and vulnerable in combat situations, many counter-sterned warships survived both World Wars, and stylish high-end vessels sporting them were coming off the ways into the 1950s, including the US-flagged sisters SS Constitution and SS Independence.	0.5	12,553.72877
20231101.en_17333662_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern	Stern	As ships of wooden construction gave way to iron and steel, the cruiser stern—another design without transoms and known variously as the canoe stern, parabolic stern, and the double-ended stern—became the next prominent development in ship stern design, particularly in warships of the earlier half of the 20th century. The intent of this re-design was to protect the steering gear by bringing it below the armor deck. The stern now came to a point rather than a flat panel or a gentle curve, and the counter reached from the sternpost all the way to the taffrail in a continuous arch. It was soon discovered that vessels with cruiser sterns experienced less water resistance when under way than those with elliptical sterns, and between World War I and World War II most merchant ship designs soon followed suit.	0.5	12,553.72877
20231101.en_17333662_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern	Stern	None of these three main types of stern has vanished from the modern naval architectural repertoire, and all three continue to be used in one form or another by designers for many uses. Variations on these basic designs have resulted in an outflow of "new" stern types and names, only some of which are itemized here.	1	12,553.72877
20231101.en_17333662_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern	Stern	The reverse stern, reverse transom stern, sugar-scoop, or retroussé stern is a kind of transom stern that is raked backwards (common on modern yachts, rare on vessels before the 20th century); the vertical transom stern or plumb stern is raked neither forward nor back, but falls directly from the taffrail down to the wing transom. The rocket ship stern is a term for an extremely angled retroussé stern. A double ended ship with a very narrow square counter formed from the bulwarks or upper deck above the head of the rudder is said to have a pink stern or pinky stern. The torpedo stern or torpedo-boat stern describes a kind of stern with a low rounded shape that is nearly flat at the waterline, but which then slopes upward in a conical fashion towards the deck (practical for small high-speed power boats with very shallow drafts).	0.5	12,553.72877
20231101.en_17333662_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern	Stern	A Costanzi stern is a type of stern designed for use on ocean-going vessels. Its hard-chined design is a compromise between the 'spoon-shaped' stern usually found on ocean liners, and the flat transom, often required for fitting azimuth thrusters. The design allows for improved seagoing characteristics. It is the stern design on Queen Mary 2, and was originally proposed for SS Oceanic and Eugenio C, both constructed in the 1960s.	0.5	12,553.72877
20231101.en_17333662_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern	Stern	A lute stern is to be found on inshore craft on the Sussex, England, shore. It comprises a watertight transom with the topside planking extended aft to form a non-watertight counter which is boarded across the fashion timbers curving outward aft from the transom.	0.5	12,553.72877
20231101.en_17333662_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern	Stern	Some working boats and modern replicas have a similar form of counter, built to be water tight as described in the "transom stern" section above. These are being confused with lute sterns but as a lute is not watertight, a better term is needed. Chappelle in American Small Sailing Craft refers to a Bermudan boat with this form of counter, using the term "square tuck stern" to describe it. The term "tuck" is used in the northwest of England for this area of the hull at the sternpost, and for the bulkhead across the counter if one is fitted.	0.5	12,553.72877
20231101.en_2202457_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol	Cilostazol	Cilostazol, sold under the brand name Pletal among others, is a medication used to help the symptoms of intermittent claudication in peripheral vascular disease. If no improvement is seen after 3 months, stopping the medication is reasonable. It may also be used to prevent stroke. It is taken by mouth.	0.5	12,553.174667
20231101.en_2202457_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol	Cilostazol	Common side effects include headache, diarrhea, dizziness, and cough. Serious side effects may include decreased survival in those with heart failure, low platelets, and low white blood cells. Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor which works by inhibiting platelet aggregation and dilating arteries.	0.5	12,553.174667
20231101.en_2202457_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol	Cilostazol	Cilostazol was approved for medical use in the United States in 1999. It is available as a generic medication. In 2019, it was the 347th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800thousand prescriptions.	0.5	12,553.174667
20231101.en_2202457_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol	Cilostazol	Cilostazol is approved for the treatment of intermittent claudication in the United States and United Kingdom.	0.5	12,553.174667
20231101.en_2202457_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol	Cilostazol	Cilostazol is also used for secondary stroke prevention, though to date no regulatory body has approved it specifically for that indication.	1	12,553.174667
20231101.en_2202457_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol	Cilostazol	Cilostazol is dangerous for people with severe heart failure. Cilostazol has been studied in people without heart failure, without evidence of harm, but much more data would be needed to determine no risk exists. Although cilostazol would not be approvable for a trivial condition the Cardio-Renal Advisory Committee and FDA concluded that fully informed patients and physicians should be able to choose to use it to treat intermittent claudication. Patient and physician labeling will describe the basis for concern and the incomplete information available.	0.5	12,553.174667
20231101.en_2202457_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol	Cilostazol	Possible side effects of cilostazol use include headache (the most common), diarrhea, severe heat intolerance, abnormal stools, increased heart rate, and palpitations.	0.5	12,553.174667
20231101.en_2202457_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol	Cilostazol	Cilostazol is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C19, two isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 system. Drugs that inhibit CYP3A4, such as itraconazole, erythromycin, ketoconazole, and diltiazem, are known to interact with cilostazol. The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole, an inhibitor of CYP2C19, increases exposure to the active metabolite of cilostazol.	0.5	12,553.174667
20231101.en_2202457_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol	Cilostazol	A single report has been made of grapefruit juice possibly increasing the effects of cilostazol; some drug information sources list this as a possible interaction. The FDA-approved labeling of cilostazol notes that grapefruit juice (which is a CYP3A4 inhibitor) increases the drug's maximum concentration by around 50%.	0.5	12,553.174667
20231101.en_162197_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin	Duralumin	In addition to aluminium, the main materials in duralumin are copper, manganese and magnesium. For instance, Duraluminium 2024 consists of 91-95% aluminium, 3.8-4.9% copper, 1.2-1.8% magnesium, 0.3-0.9% manganese, <0.5% iron, <0.5% silicon, <0.25% zinc, <0.15% titanium, <0.10% chromium and no more than 0.15% of other elements together. Although the addition of copper improves strength, it also makes these alloys susceptible to corrosion. Corrosion resistance can be greatly enhanced by the metallurgical bonding of a high-purity aluminium surface layer, referred to as alclad-duralum. Alclad materials are commonly used in the aircraft industry to this day.	0.5	12,550.23343
20231101.en_162197_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin	Duralumin	Aluminium alloyed with copper (Al-Cu alloys), which can be precipitation hardened, are designated by the International Alloy Designation System as the 2000 series. Typical uses for wrought Al-Cu alloys include:	0.5	12,550.23343
20231101.en_162197_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin	Duralumin	2011: Wire, rod, and bar for screw machine products. Applications where good machinability and good strength are required.	0.5	12,550.23343
20231101.en_162197_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin	Duralumin	2014: Heavy-duty forgings, plate, and extrusions for aircraft fittings, wheels, and major structural components, space booster tankage and structure, truck frame and suspension components. Applications requiring high strength and hardness including service at elevated temperatures.	0.5	12,550.23343
20231101.en_162197_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin	Duralumin	2017 or Avional (France): Around 1% Si. Good machinability. Acceptable resistance to corrosion in air and mechanical properties. Also called AU4G in France. Used for aircraft applications between the wars in France and Italy. Also saw some use in motor-racing applications from the 1960s, as it is a tolerant alloy that could be press-formed with relatively unsophisticated equipment.	1	12,550.23343
20231101.en_162197_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin	Duralumin	2024: Aircraft structures, rivets, hardware, truck wheels, screw machine products, and other structural applications.	0.5	12,550.23343
20231101.en_162197_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin	Duralumin	German scientific literature openly published information about duralumin, its composition and heat treatment, before the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Despite this, use of the alloy outside Germany did not occur until after fighting ended in 1918. Reports of German use during World War I, even in technical journals such as Flight, could still mis-identify its key alloying component as magnesium rather than copper. Engineers in the UK showed little interest in duralumin until after the war.	0.5	12,550.23343
20231101.en_162197_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin	Duralumin	The earliest known attempt to use duralumin for a heavier-than-air aircraft structure occurred in 1916, when Hugo Junkers first introduced its use in the airframe of the Junkers J 3, a single-engined monoplane "technology demonstrator" that marked the first use of the Junkers trademark duralumin corrugated skinning. The Junkers company completed only the covered wings and tubular fuselage framework of the J 3 before abandoning its development. The slightly later, solely IdFlieg-designated Junkers J.I armoured sesquiplane of 1917, known to the factory as the Junkers J 4, had its all-metal wings and horizontal stabilizer made in the same manner as the J 3's wings had been, like the experimental and airworthy all-duralumin Junkers J 7 single-seat fighter design, which led to the Junkers D.I low-wing monoplane fighter, introducing all-duralumin aircraft structural technology to German military aviation in 1918.	0.5	12,550.23343
20231101.en_162197_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin	Duralumin	Its first use in aerostatic airframes came in rigid airship frames, eventually including all those of the "Great Airship" era of the 1920s and 1930s: the British-built R-100, the German passenger Zeppelins LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin, LZ 129 Hindenburg, LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II, and the U.S. Navy airships USS Los Angeles (ZR-3, ex-LZ 126), USS Akron (ZRS-4) and USS Macon (ZRS-5).	0.5	12,550.23343
20231101.en_227156_27	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian	Tinian	Tinian is about southwest of Saipan, from which it is separated by the Saipan Channel. It has a land area of , with its highest elevation on the Kastiyu plateau at . It is considerably flatter than Saipan. The island has limestone cliffs and caves. There is a variety of marine life and coral reefs surrounding the island. Its clear, warm waters are ideal for snorkeling, scuba diving and sport fishing.	0.5	12,549.185029
20231101.en_227156_28	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian	Tinian	Aguijan island, a small island lies to the south and Tatsumi bank, a fishing froun lie to the south east.	0.5	12,549.185029
20231101.en_227156_29	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian	Tinian	There is a variety of flora and fauna; the Tinian monarch is the island's only endemic bird species and it is threatened by habitat loss. The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Micronesian megapodes, white-throated ground doves, Mariana fruit doves, Micronesian myzomelas, rufous fantails, Saipan white-eyes and Micronesian starlings.	0.5	12,549.185029
20231101.en_227156_30	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian	Tinian	Surverys of bird populaitons in 1982, 1996, and 2008 has found that the bird population including native birds are ok. Examples of native bird species on Tinian include Mariana Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopusroseicapilla), Micronesian Honeyeater (Myzomela rubratra), and Tinian Monarch (Monarcha takatsukasae).	0.5	12,549.185029
20231101.en_227156_31	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian	Tinian	The population of Tinian was 3,136 (), which corresponds to less than 5% of all residents of the Northern Mariana Islands and a population density of 31 people per km2. Most of the inhabitants are Chamorros (about 75%) and members of various other groups of islands in the Caroline Islands. There are also minorities of Filipino, Bangladeshi, East Asian and European-descended people.	1	12,549.185029
20231101.en_227156_32	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian	Tinian	Much of the local economy of Tinian is dependent on tourism, however, tourist infrastructure is relatively poorly developed. The village of San Jose has several smaller hotels, restaurants, and bars. Agriculture is primarily on the subsistence level. The largest employers on the island are the government and the casino, which was legalized in 1989. As of March 2006, the island has plans to put in four new casinos. The 2010 census showed a population of 3,136 for the island.	0.5	12,549.185029
20231101.en_227156_33	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian	Tinian	Tinian Airport (TIQ) is small and serviced by Star Marianas Air, which operates daily scheduled flights to Saipan. Freedom Air, who previously served the island filed for bankruptcy in October 2013 and suspended all operations since March 2014.	0.5	12,549.185029
20231101.en_227156_34	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian	Tinian	The ferry boat service that operated twice daily between Tinian and Saipan ran at a loss estimated to be US$1 million a year, and has since ceased.	0.5	12,549.185029
20231101.en_227156_35	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian	Tinian	The local government is the Municipality of Tinian and Aguiguan, which also includes the uninhabited island Aguijan. The municipality has a land area of 108.1 km2 (41.738 sq mi). The 2000 census population was 3,540 persons, all living on the island of Tinian (Aguijan is uninhabited). The municipal seat and main village of the island of Tinian is San Jose, situated on the southwest coast. Mayor Edwin P. Aldan was inaugurated in January 2019, succeeding Joey San Nicolas.	0.5	12,549.185029
20231101.en_321954_54	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs	Vlachs	A royal chancellery document from 1223, connected to the foundation of the Cistercian abbey at Cârța around 1202, which was granted land, mentions it was built in the land of the Vlachs/Romanians. This is also the very first mention of the Vlachs in Hungarian documents.	0.5	12,548.860737
20231101.en_321954_55	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs	Vlachs	In the Diploma Andreanum issued by King Andrew II of Hungary in 1224, "silva blacorum et bissenorum" was given to the Saxon settlers.	0.5	12,548.860737
20231101.en_321954_56	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs	Vlachs	The Orthodox Vlachs spread further northward along the Carpathians to the present day territory of Poland, Slovakia, and Czech Republic, and were granted autonomy under the ''Vlach law''.	0.5	12,548.860737
20231101.en_321954_57	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs	Vlachs	In 1230 Constantine Akropolites, in his writing about the conquests of Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen, notes that the "Magna Vlachia" is next to Albania.	0.5	12,548.860737
20231101.en_321954_58	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs	Vlachs	Pope Gregory IX wrote several letters to the Hungarian king, in which he talks about the conversion of the Cumans who lived in the southern part of present-day Romania (Wallachia). In one of his letters he mentions the Vlachs, asking King Béla IV of Hungary to let them into his country: "for the sake of God, give refuge to those poor Vlachs who tried to escape from their Cuman rulers."	1	12,548.860737
20231101.en_321954_59	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs	Vlachs	In 1247, Béla IV of Hungary gives the "Land of Severin" to the Knights Hospitallers with two polities (kenezatus of John and Farkas), except kenezatus of voivode Litovoi which was left to the Vlachs as they held it. The land of Hateg is excepted, while the voivodate of Seneslaus the king keeps for himself.	0.5	12,548.860737
20231101.en_321954_60	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs	Vlachs	In 1247, a Hungarian royal document allowed the nobles of Hátszeg and Máramaros to settle Vlach families on their estates.	0.5	12,548.860737
20231101.en_321954_61	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs	Vlachs	In 1252 King Béla IV of Hungary, for his services in various foreign embassies, donates to Vince,Comes of the Szekler of Sebus, the land called Zek between the territory of the Vlachs of Kyrch, the Saxons of Barasu, and the Szeklers of Sebus, which once belonged to a Saxon estate called Fulkun, but has been uninhabited since the Mongol invasion.	0.5	12,548.860737
20231101.en_321954_62	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs	Vlachs	In 1256 King Béla IV of Hungary, upon the complaint of Archbishop Benedict of Esztergom, confirms the right of the archdiocese to tithes from mining wages and from animal taxes collected from the Szeklers and Vlachs to the king or anyone else, among the judicial, accommodation and taxation privileges of the archdiocese, with the exception of land rents from Saxons, but also from Vlachs from everywhere and from anywhere they came.	0.5	12,548.860737
20231101.en_50739_31	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido	Iaido	Many national and regional organisations manage and promote iaido activities. The following is a list of international organisations which include iaido:	0.5	12,534.851889
20231101.en_50739_32	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido	Iaido	Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK), established in 1895 in Kyoto, approved and recognized the discipline iaido.	0.5	12,534.851889
20231101.en_50739_33	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido	Iaido	The International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF) was established in Kyoto in 1952 and is dedicated to the promotion and development of the martial arts worldwide, including iaido.	0.5	12,534.851889
20231101.en_50739_34	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido	Iaido	International Kendo Federation (FIK), established in 1970, an international organization for Kendo, Iaido and Jodo practitioners, which many national Kendo federations are a member of.	0.5	12,534.851889
20231101.en_50739_35	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido	Iaido	All Japan Iaido Federation (or Zen Nippon Iaido Renmei) (ZNIR) was established in 1954 "in accordance with the Japanese bushido spirit to pass on the time-honoured system of Kobudo Iaido".	1	12,534.851889
20231101.en_50739_36	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido	Iaido	The World Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū Iaido Federation, established in Tokyo in 2011, is dedicated to ensuring the orthodox transmission of MJER Iaido to future generations worldwide, as well as promoting and preserving the development of other schools.	0.5	12,534.851889
20231101.en_50739_37	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido	Iaido	Zen Nihon Toyama Ryu Iaido Renmei (ZNTIR) established in Machida Japan after WW II was created as "Toyama-Ryu Shinko kai" established by Tokutomi Tasaburo and Nakamura Taizaburo who were Gunto Soho instructors at the Toyama Ryu Military Academy for the Japanese Imperial Army. Over time the "Toyama-Ryu Shinko-Kai" was renamed as Zen Nihon Toyama Ryu Iaido Renmei, and practice eight kata from a derivative of Gunto Soho.	0.5	12,534.851889
20231101.en_50739_38	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido	Iaido	Murayama City, the birthplace of iaido, operates a number of iaido experience and training programs. This includes training with some of the iaido masters and english speaking teachers in Yamagata.	0.5	12,534.851889
20231101.en_50739_39	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaido	Iaido	All Japan Kendo Federation (ZNKR/AJKF), a national organization for Kendo, Iaido and Jodo practitioners, member of FIK.	0.5	12,534.851889
20231101.en_20297447_23	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrewDog	BrewDog	In March 2018, BrewDog produced Pink IPA, a limited edition bottling of Punk IPA brought out to coincide with International Women's Day and intended to highlight the gender pay gap. The launch of Pink IPA was met with criticism of the beer's marketing campaign. On the day following the launch of Pink IPA, BrewDog published an article responding to the criticisms and emphasising the intended satirical nature of the product. Later that year, the Portman Group ruled that the labelling for Pink IPA breached Portman's Code of Conduct, upholding complaints from members of the public that the phrase "Beer for Girls", used on the packaging, was likely to appeal to under-18s. In a statement responding to the ruling, BrewDog dismissed the Portman Group's findings, saying "We're as bothered about this Portman Group ruling as we are any other – that is, not at all." In 2020, BrewDog CEO Watt placed Pink IPA at the top of a list of his "Biggest Mistakes", acknowledging that "Despite the good intentions, our execution was terrible. ... The backlash was justified."	0.5	12,532.420467
20231101.en_20297447_24	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrewDog	BrewDog	In May 2019, BrewDog was accused of stealing marketing concepts from public relations firm Manifest London, and from job applicants using fake interviews and other deceptive practices.	0.5	12,532.420467
20231101.en_20297447_25	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrewDog	BrewDog	In June 2021, a group of over 100 former BrewDog employees published an open letter criticising the firm's business practices and the treatment of its employees. The letter cited a "culture of fear" and claimed the company was "built on a cult of personality", with founder and CEO Watt singled out for particular criticism.	0.5	12,532.420467
20231101.en_20297447_26	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrewDog	BrewDog	Also in June 2021, BrewDog came under investigation by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) concerning the company's claim in three of 50 promotional tweets that ten 24 carat solid gold beer cans, randomly hidden in cases of beer, were worth £15,000. Some winners had their cans independently valued, uncovering that their cans were not solid gold as advertised in those tweets and were indeed gold-plated brass, valued at the lower price of £500. Watt contacted the 50 winners to offer a full cash amount, subsequently buying 40 of the cans out of his own money at a cost of £470,000.	0.5	12,532.420467
20231101.en_20297447_27	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrewDog	BrewDog	In July 2021, a BrewDog advert was banned by the ASA for 'misleading claims'. An Instagram post for its Clean & Press Hard Seltzer stated, "Due to advertising regulations we cannot claim this drink is healthy," but continued with a reference to a low calorie claim. The ASA challenged the nutritional benefits of the drink claimed in the advert.	1	12,532.420467
20231101.en_20297447_28	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrewDog	BrewDog	In January 2022, an episode of BBC One investigative series Disclosure interviewed "former employees who say they found it a miserable and uncomfortable experience," and "some loyal customers [who] now say they regret investing their savings in BrewDog." The Guardian later revealed that Watt had hired private investigators to obtain information on people he believed were propagating a smear campaign against him.	0.5	12,532.420467
20231101.en_20297447_29	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrewDog	BrewDog	In November 2022, BrewDog's announced an "anti-sponsorship" of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, criticising Qatar for their mistreatment of migrant workers and criminalisation of homosexuality. The company also stated that profits raised from the sale of Lost Lager during the duration of the tournament would be donated to help fight human rights abuses. The Unite union accused BrewDog of hypocrisy, highlighting the company's own controversies regarding its treatment of employees. It was also pointed out by multiple news outlets that despite this stance, BrewDog was still planning to show the event in their bars and that their beer was still being sold in Qatar.	0.5	12,532.420467
20231101.en_20297447_30	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrewDog	BrewDog	James Watt and Martin Dickie had a show in 2013 on American television channel Esquire Network which lasted three seasons. After the channel closed, BrewDog launched BrewDog Network, which features a selection of original content.	0.5	12,532.420467
20231101.en_20297447_31	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrewDog	BrewDog	Paradox Grain won a gold medal at the 2008 World Beer Cup in the Wood and Barrel-aged Strong Beer Category.	0.5	12,532.420467
20231101.en_584546_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka	Żubrówka	In Polish, the word is officially used for bison grass, while the name żubrówka has been used in folk terminology and colloquially. The name comes from the term zubr (, ), the word for the European bison in many Slavic languages and Baltic languages.	0.5	12,529.702628
20231101.en_584546_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka	Żubrówka	The brands Zubrovka and Żubrówka are registered by Sojuzplodoimport in Russia and Roust International in Poland.	0.5	12,529.702628
20231101.en_584546_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka	Żubrówka	Before 2010 Żubrówka was illegal in the United States because the grass it is made from contains coumarin which the FDA classifies as a "substances generally prohibited from direct addition or use as human food". Since 2011 the manufacturers have made a version of Żubrówka from rye grain which aims to have a flavor similar to the original.	0.5	12,529.702628
20231101.en_584546_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka	Żubrówka	Żubrówka Bison Grass Vodka is usually served chilled on its own. An alternative is mixing it with apple juice, a drink known in Polish as tatanka or szarlotka (Polish for "apple cake"); known in the UK as a Frisky Bison, and in the US as a Polish Kiss. It is sometimes served over vanilla ice cream, and another common mixer is ginger ale. A Black Bison is żubrówka mixed with blackcurrant juice. A Żubrate is mixed with a mate based lemonade, such as Club Mate.	0.5	12,529.702628
20231101.en_584546_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka	Żubrówka	Żubrówka is mentioned in Moscow-Petushki, a pseudo-autobiographical postmodernist prose poem by Russian writer and satirist Venedikt Yerofeyev.	1	12,529.702628
20231101.en_584546_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka	Żubrówka	In a letter dated July 31, 1892, Anton Chekhov writes to Natalia Lintvaryova: "To begin with, thanks for the Żubrówka. I drank five shots of it one after the other and found it does wonders for cholera."	0.5	12,529.702628
20231101.en_584546_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka	Żubrówka	The bison emblem (, "roaring bull") of Fighter Squadron 11, Lapland Air Command, Finnish Air Force, originated from the label of Polmos Żubrówka. It was introduced in 1941 as the emblem of PLeLv 46, on its Dornier 17 bombers, and later adopted by Fighter Squadron 11. Pilots of PLeLv 46 had seen the Żubrówka label while picking up Do 17 bombers from Warsaw.	0.5	12,529.702628
20231101.en_584546_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka	Żubrówka	Żubrówka is mentioned in a song J'ai Cru Entendre featured in Christophe Honoré's 2007 musical film Love Songs.	0.5	12,529.702628
20231101.en_584546_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka	Żubrówka	Żubrówka is featured in W. Somerset Maugham's 1944 novel The Razor's Edge (and in the 1984 film adaptation).	0.5	12,529.702628
20231101.en_24741111_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weev	Weev	Auernheimer was a member of the hacker group known as "Goatse Security" that exposed a flaw in AT&T security in June 2010, which allowed the e-mail addresses of iPad users to be revealed. The flaw was part of a publicly-accessible URL, which allowed the group to collect the e-mails without having to break into AT&T's system. Contrary to what it first claimed, the group revealed the security flaw to Gawker Media before AT&T had been notified, and also exposed the data of 114,000 iPad users, including those of celebrities, the government and the military. The group's actions rekindled public debate on the disclosure of security flaws. Auernheimer maintains that Goatse Security used common industry standard practices and has said that "we tried to be the good guys". Jennifer Granick of the Electronic Frontier Foundation has also defended the methods used by Goatse Security.	0.5	12,527.183945
20231101.en_24741111_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weev	Weev	The FBI opened an investigation into the incident, which led to a criminal complaint in January 2011 under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.	0.5	12,527.183945
20231101.en_24741111_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weev	Weev	Shortly after the investigation was opened, the FBI and local police raided Auernheimer's home in Arkansas. The FBI search was related to its investigation of the AT&T security breach, but Auernheimer was instead detained on state drug charges. Police alleged that, during their execution of the search warrant related to the AT&T breach, they found cocaine, ecstasy, LSD, and Schedule 2 and 3 pharmaceuticals. He was released on a $3,160 bail pending state trial. After his release on bail, he broke a gag order to protest what he maintained were violations of his civil rights. In particular, he disputed the legality of the search of his house and denial of access to a public defender. He also asked for donations via PayPal, to defray legal costs.	0.5	12,527.183945
20231101.en_24741111_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weev	Weev	In January 2011, all drug-related charges were dropped immediately following Auernheimer's arrest by federal authorities. The U.S. Justice Department announced that he would be charged with one count of conspiracy to access a computer without authorization and one count of fraud. Although his co-defendant, Daniel Spitler, was quickly released on bail, Auernheimer was initially denied bail because of his unemployment and lack of a family member to host him. He was incarcerated in the Federal Transfer Center, Oklahoma City before being released on $50,000 bail in late February 2011.	0.5	12,527.183945
20231101.en_24741111_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weev	Weev	A federal grand jury in Newark, New Jersey, indicted Auernheimer with one count of conspiracy to gain unauthorized access to computers and one count of identity theft in July 2011. In September 2011, he was freed on bail and raising money for his legal defense fund.	1	12,527.183945
20231101.en_24741111_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weev	Weev	On November 20, 2012, Auernheimer was found guilty of one count of identity fraud and one count of conspiracy to access a computer without authorization.	0.5	12,527.183945
20231101.en_24741111_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weev	Weev	On November 29, 2012, Auernheimer wrote an article in Wired entitled "Forget Disclosure – Hackers Should Keep Security Holes to Themselves," advocating the disclosure of any zero-day exploit only to individuals who will "use it in the interests of social justice."	0.5	12,527.183945
20231101.en_24741111_16	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weev	Weev	Auernheimer was found guilty of identity fraud and conspiracy to access a computer without authorization. Before his sentencing hearing, Auernheimer told reporters, "I'm going to jail for doing arithmetic". He was sentenced to 41 months in federal prison and ordered to pay $73,000 in restitution. Just prior to his sentencing, he posted an "Ask Me Anything" thread on Reddit; his comments, such as "I hope they give me the maximum, so people will rise up and storm the docks" and "My regret is being nice enough to give AT&T a chance to patch before dropping the dataset to Gawker. I won't nearly be as nice next time", were cited by the prosecution the next day in court as justification for the sentence.	0.5	12,527.183945
20231101.en_24741111_17	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weev	Weev	Later in March 2013, civil rights lawyer and George Washington University Law School faculty Orin Kerr joined Auernheimer's legal team, free of charge.	0.5	12,527.183945
20231101.en_597606_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duracell	Duracell	In 1964, the term "Duracell" was introduced as a brand, from "durable cell". Until 1980, the batteries also bore the Mallory brand.	0.5	12,526.936933
20231101.en_597606_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duracell	Duracell	P. R. Mallory was acquired by Dart Industries in 1978, which in turn, merged with Kraft in 1980. Kohlberg Kravis Roberts bought Duracell in 1988 and took the company public in 1989. It was acquired for $7 billion by The Gillette Company in 1996.	0.5	12,526.936933
20231101.en_597606_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duracell	Duracell	In September 2011, Duracell and Powermat Technologies Ltd. started a joint venture, called Duracell Powermat, to make small wireless chargers for mobile phones and small electronics, with P&G owning 55% of the joint venture shares and Powermat 45%.	0.5	12,526.936933
20231101.en_597606_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duracell	Duracell	In March 2012, along with Powermat Technologies, Duracell, under the Procter & Gamble corporate umbrella, founded the Power Matters Alliance (PMA), an alliance of leading industry and governmental organizations that is dedicated to advancing smart and environmentally sound wireless power. AT&T and Starbucks joined the board later that year.	0.5	12,526.936933
20231101.en_597606_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duracell	Duracell	On October 24, 2014, Procter & Gamble announced it would spin off Duracell in 2015 as part of a wider restructuring scheme. On November 14, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway declared its intent to acquire Duracell in an all-stock deal, consisting of $4.7 billion worth of P&G stock then owned by Berkshire Hathaway. The acquisition received regulatory approval from the European Commission in July 2015.	1	12,526.936933

20231101.en_2638660_26

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeybone

Monkeybone

Phil Brotherton as Super Mansa, a two-sided messenger on a wheeled goose living in Down Town who gives Stu an invitation to Hypnos' pajama party.

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Monkeybone

The comic book Dark Town, on which Monkeybone is based, was written by Kaja Blackley, illustrated by Vanessa Chong, and published by Mad Monkey Press. The journey from comic to film was initiated by a fan of the comic and member of the San Francisco animation community (Tom "Bags" Sacchi/ChasingDragons Productions NYC) who, without Blackley's knowledge, passed a copy of Dark Town on to one of Selick's producers, Denise Rotina. Selick fell in love with the book and vigorously pursued the rights. In a letter to Kaja, he wrote: "I've never felt any project was closer to my sensibilities than this one." The initial intention was to stay true to the source material, which can be seen in early designs from Selick's company, Twitching Image. However, as the project developed, it eventually evolved into Monkeybone.

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Monkeybone

Initially the role of Monkeybone was to be played by Ben Stiller but Stiller dropped out to be in Mystery Men and was replaced by Tuturro.

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Monkeybone

Much of the film's art bears a strong resemblance to that of Mark Ryden—for example, the bust of Abraham Lincoln as "The Great Emancipator". Stu's pre-therapy painting is very similar to Ryden's The Birth, and according to the credits, was painted by him for the film. The animation style and the themes of the opening sequence in which Stu first encounters Monkeybone are very similar to the work of Swedish cartoonist Magnus Carlsson. The film's plot is influenced by the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Cool World and Beetlejuice. Many critics mark a similarity between Dark Town design and Tim Burton's style. The film contains a large number of references to a parody religion called The Church of the SubGenius. In particular, the fictional fast-food chain "Burger God" was originally a SubGenius creation. Additionally, the repeated references to Yetis, and the scene in which Stu (whose body is possessed by Monkeybone) is struck in the head with a golf club by Hypnos in a dream sequence, also echo recurring themes in the Church of the SubGenius.

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Monkeybone

Monkeybone was a failure at the box office; based on a budget of $75 million, the film grossed $5,411,999 domestically and $7,622,365 worldwide.

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20231101.en_1050149_7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway

Spillway

In an intermediate type, normal level regulation of the reservoir is controlled by the mechanical gates. In this case, the dam is not designed to function with water flowing over the top if it, either due to the materials used for its construction or conditions directly downstream. If inflow to the reservoir exceeds the gate's capacity, an artificial channel called an auxiliary or emergency spillway will convey water. Often, that is intentionally blocked by a fuse plug. If present, the fuse plug is designed to wash out in case of a large flood, greater than the discharge capacity of the spillway gates. Although many months may be needed for construction crews to restore the fuse plug and channel after such an operation, the total damage and cost to repair is less than if the main water-retaining structures had been overtopped. The fuse plug concept is used where building a spillway with the required capacity would be costly.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway

Spillway

A chute spillway is a common and basic design that transfers excess water from behind the dam down a smooth decline into the river below. These are usually designed following an ogee curve. Most often, they are lined on the bottom and sides with concrete to protect the dam and topography. They may have a controlling device and some are thinner and multiply-lined if space and funding are tight. In addition, they are not always intended to dissipate energy like stepped spillways. Chute spillways can be ingrained with a baffle of concrete blocks but usually have a 'flip lip' and/or dissipator basin, which creates a hydraulic jump, protecting the toe of the dam from erosion.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway

Spillway

Stepped channels and spillways have been used for over 3,000 years. Despite being superseded by more modern engineering techniques such as hydraulic jumps in the mid twentieth century, since around 1985 interest in stepped spillways and chutes has been renewed, partly due to the use of new construction materials (e.g. roller-compacted concrete, gabions) and design techniques (e.g. embankment overtopping protection). The steps produce considerable energy dissipation along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin.

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Spillway

Research is still active on the topic, with newer developments on embankment dam overflow protection systems, converging spillways and small weir design.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway

Spillway

A bell-mouth spillway is designed like an inverted bell, where water can enter around the entire perimeter. These uncontrolled spillways are also called morning glory (after the flower), or glory hole spillways. In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, this type of spillway is normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway

Spillway

Some bell-mouth spillways are gate-controlled. The highest morning glory spillway in the world is at Hungry Horse Dam in Montana, U.S., and is controlled by a ring gate. The bell-mouth spillway in Covão dos Conchos reservoir in Portugal is constructed to look like a natural formation. The largest bell-mouth spillway is in Geehi Dam, in New South Wales, Australia, measuring in diameter at the lake's surface.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway

Spillway

A siphon uses the difference in height between the intake and the outlet to create the pressure difference required to remove excess water. Siphons require priming to remove air in the bend for them to function, and most siphon spillways are designed to use water to automatically prime the siphon. One such design is the volute siphon, which employs volutes or fins on a funnel to form water into a vortex that draws air out of the system. The priming happens automatically when the water level rises above the inlets.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway

Spillway

The ogee crest over-tops a dam, a side channel wraps around the topography of a dam, and a labyrinth uses a zig-zag design to increase the sill length for a thinner design and increased discharge. A drop inlet resembles an intake for a hydroelectric power plant, and transfers water from behind the dam directly through tunnels to the river downstream.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway

Spillway

One parameter of spillway design is the largest flood it is designed to handle. The structures must safely withstand the appropriate spillway design flood (SDF), sometimes called the inflow design flood (IDF). The magnitude of the SDF may be set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream. The magnitude of the flood is sometimes expressed as a return period. A 100-year recurrence interval is the flood magnitude expected to be exceeded on the average of once in 100 years. This parameter may be expressed as an exceedance frequency with a 1% chance of being exceeded in any given year. The volume of water expected during the design flood is obtained by hydrologic calculations of the upstream watershed. The return period is set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern

Stern

The flat surface of any transom stern may begin either at or above the waterline of the vessel. The geometric line which stretches from the wing transom to the archboard is called the counter; a large vessel may have two such counters, called a lower counter and a second or upper counter. The lower counter stretches from directly above the wing transom to the lower counter rail, and the upper counter from the lower counter rail to the upper counter rail, immediately under the stern's lowest set of windows (which in naval parlance were called "lights").

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern

Stern

The visual unpopularity of Seppings's circular stern was soon rectified by Sir William Symonds. In this revised stern, a set of straight post timbers (also called "whiskers", "horn timbers", or "fan tail timbers") stretches from the keel diagonally aft and upward. It rests on the top of the sternpost and runs on either side of the rudder post (thus creating the "helm port" through which the rudder passes) to a point well above the vessel's waterline. Whereas the timbers of the transom stern all heeled on the wing transom, the timbers of the elliptical stern all heel on the whiskers, to which they are affixed at a 45° angle (i.e., "canted") when viewed from overhead and decrease in length as they are installed aft until the curvature is complete. The finished stern has a continuous curved edge around the outside and is raked aft.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern

Stern

Other names for the elliptical stern include a "counter stern", in reference to its very long counter, and a "cutaway stern". The elliptical stern began use during the age of sail, but remained very popular for both merchant and warships well into the nautical age of steam and through the first eight decades of steamship construction (roughly 1840–1920). Despite the design's leaving the rudder exposed and vulnerable in combat situations, many counter-sterned warships survived both World Wars, and stylish high-end vessels sporting them were coming off the ways into the 1950s, including the US-flagged sisters SS Constitution and SS Independence.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern

Stern

As ships of wooden construction gave way to iron and steel, the cruiser stern—another design without transoms and known variously as the canoe stern, parabolic stern, and the double-ended stern—became the next prominent development in ship stern design, particularly in warships of the earlier half of the 20th century. The intent of this re-design was to protect the steering gear by bringing it below the armor deck. The stern now came to a point rather than a flat panel or a gentle curve, and the counter reached from the sternpost all the way to the taffrail in a continuous arch. It was soon discovered that vessels with cruiser sterns experienced less water resistance when under way than those with elliptical sterns, and between World War I and World War II most merchant ship designs soon followed suit.

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Stern

None of these three main types of stern has vanished from the modern naval architectural repertoire, and all three continue to be used in one form or another by designers for many uses. Variations on these basic designs have resulted in an outflow of "new" stern types and names, only some of which are itemized here.

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Stern

The reverse stern, reverse transom stern, sugar-scoop, or retroussé stern is a kind of transom stern that is raked backwards (common on modern yachts, rare on vessels before the 20th century); the vertical transom stern or plumb stern is raked neither forward nor back, but falls directly from the taffrail down to the wing transom. The rocket ship stern is a term for an extremely angled retroussé stern. A double ended ship with a very narrow square counter formed from the bulwarks or upper deck above the head of the rudder is said to have a pink stern or pinky stern. The torpedo stern or torpedo-boat stern describes a kind of stern with a low rounded shape that is nearly flat at the waterline, but which then slopes upward in a conical fashion towards the deck (practical for small high-speed power boats with very shallow drafts).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern

Stern

A Costanzi stern is a type of stern designed for use on ocean-going vessels. Its hard-chined design is a compromise between the 'spoon-shaped' stern usually found on ocean liners, and the flat transom, often required for fitting azimuth thrusters. The design allows for improved seagoing characteristics. It is the stern design on Queen Mary 2, and was originally proposed for SS Oceanic and Eugenio C, both constructed in the 1960s.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern

Stern

A lute stern is to be found on inshore craft on the Sussex, England, shore. It comprises a watertight transom with the topside planking extended aft to form a non-watertight counter which is boarded across the fashion timbers curving outward aft from the transom.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern

Stern

Some working boats and modern replicas have a similar form of counter, built to be water tight as described in the "transom stern" section above. These are being confused with lute sterns but as a lute is not watertight, a better term is needed. Chappelle in American Small Sailing Craft refers to a Bermudan boat with this form of counter, using the term "square tuck stern" to describe it. The term "tuck" is used in the northwest of England for this area of the hull at the sternpost, and for the bulkhead across the counter if one is fitted.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol

Cilostazol

Cilostazol, sold under the brand name Pletal among others, is a medication used to help the symptoms of intermittent claudication in peripheral vascular disease. If no improvement is seen after 3 months, stopping the medication is reasonable. It may also be used to prevent stroke. It is taken by mouth.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol

Cilostazol

Common side effects include headache, diarrhea, dizziness, and cough. Serious side effects may include decreased survival in those with heart failure, low platelets, and low white blood cells. Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor which works by inhibiting platelet aggregation and dilating arteries.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol

Cilostazol

Cilostazol was approved for medical use in the United States in 1999. It is available as a generic medication. In 2019, it was the 347th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800thousand prescriptions.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol

Cilostazol

Cilostazol is approved for the treatment of intermittent claudication in the United States and United Kingdom.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol

Cilostazol

Cilostazol is also used for secondary stroke prevention, though to date no regulatory body has approved it specifically for that indication.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol

Cilostazol

Cilostazol is dangerous for people with severe heart failure. Cilostazol has been studied in people without heart failure, without evidence of harm, but much more data would be needed to determine no risk exists. Although cilostazol would not be approvable for a trivial condition the Cardio-Renal Advisory Committee and FDA concluded that fully informed patients and physicians should be able to choose to use it to treat intermittent claudication. Patient and physician labeling will describe the basis for concern and the incomplete information available.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol

Cilostazol

Possible side effects of cilostazol use include headache (the most common), diarrhea, severe heat intolerance, abnormal stools, increased heart rate, and palpitations.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol

Cilostazol

Cilostazol is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C19, two isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 system. Drugs that inhibit CYP3A4, such as itraconazole, erythromycin, ketoconazole, and diltiazem, are known to interact with cilostazol. The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole, an inhibitor of CYP2C19, increases exposure to the active metabolite of cilostazol.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilostazol

Cilostazol

A single report has been made of grapefruit juice possibly increasing the effects of cilostazol; some drug information sources list this as a possible interaction. The FDA-approved labeling of cilostazol notes that grapefruit juice (which is a CYP3A4 inhibitor) increases the drug's maximum concentration by around 50%.

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